Table of contents

WELCOME SPEECH

Forewords from the Head of Committee

Assalamu Alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh.

The honourable, Rector of Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) and all Vice Rectors, the Dean of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty and all Vice Deans, all invited Speakers and Participants.

First of all, let us praise and thank to Allah Subhana Wata'ala, because his Blessings and Helpings, we are able to gather here to attend this conference.

Second, I would like to give our welcome to all delegates, speakers, and participants coming today in The Second International Conference on Statistics, Mathematics, Teaching and Research 2017 (2^nd ICSMTR-2017) "Advanced Research for Statistics, Mathematics, Sciences and Education for Enhancing International Publications" organized by Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, UNM.

List of Forewords from the Dean of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Faculty, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Forewords from Rector of UNM, CONFERENCE SCHEDULE The 2^nd ICSMTR, INVITED SPEAKER SESSION, INVITED SPEAKERS' ABSTRACTS, and Opening Ceremony Photographs are available in this PDF.

List of Conference Schedule and Speakers are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious disease that is still a major health problem, both globally and in Indonesia and is the leading cause of death worldwide in people living with HIV/AIDS. In Maros Regency, South Sulawesi Indonesia, the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis each year continues to increase and can result in death. This study aims to determine the relation of knowledge and attitudes with family role in prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis in Turikale Subdistrict, Maros Regency. This research is a cross sectional study and the sample total of 95 families selected by purposive sampling. The result showed that family knowledge (X² count = 3.865) and family attitudes (X² count = 5.251) had a value of X² count > X² table (3.841). This study showed a significant relation between knowledge and attitudes with family role in prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis. Suggestions for families and communities expected to constantly improve their knowledge in prevention of pulmonary tuberculosis by participating in health education activities.

Dengue is a mosquito-borne infection that has emerged become major public health issue and can result in death in Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Dengue fever has no vaccination, and no cure. Therefore, prevention through vector control is the primary method of public protection. The purpose of this study was to determine the roles of family knowledge and attitudes in preventing dengue fever in the regency of Maros. The research was conducted to assess the level of knowledge and attitude concerning dengue fever; data collection used a sample of 84 families selected by purposive sampling. The average of level of knowledge of dengue fever was 77%, and attitudes of respondent were 7%. The family knowledge (X² count = 13.566) and family attitudes (X² count = 26.698) had a value of X² count > X² table (3,841). This study showed a significant association of knowledge and attitudes, and that they were able to prevent the spread of dengue fever. Families and communities should constantly improve their knowledge and be proactive in preventing the spread of the dengue disease through campaigns and social mobilization.

Problem complexities have forced the decision makings techniques to shift to a more dynamic approach. In this study, a mixed decision-making methodology is introduced which integrates multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) techniques with qualitative group decision making approaches (Delphi, Brainstorming, and Nominal group technique). In addition, this study proposes a generalizable new multi-attribute group decision-making approach, with a group of experts who have a non-equal level of expertise. Feasibility of the proposed approach is tested with a case of a factor rating (Weighted Score method) MADM.

This study employed response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize microwave sterilization (MS) of oil palm fruit (OPF). RSM used experimental design CCD (central composite design) arrangement with three experimental factors: mass (330-1171 g), microwave power (80-800 Watt) and sterilization time (5.3-18.7 minutes) as main variables. This study adjusted significant level to 5% error (α = 0.05) with confidence level of 95%. MS affected moisture loss during MS significantly indicated by p-value experimental factors less than 0.05. The p-value of mass, power and time were 0.0001, 0.001, and 0.002 respectively. RSM provided predictive model to evaluate effect of sterilization time, mass and microwave power to moisture loss. Evaluation on normalized curve of MS treatment and lack of fit test of predictive model resulted p-value of 0.011 or less than 0.05 indicated no deviation of experimental data with the model. Determination of optimum condition for MS was conducted by evaluated the surface and contour plots obtained from response surface study. The optimum condition of MS was obtained from combination of heating 350.7 g palm fruit using microwave power of 639.29 W for 18.728 minutes. The moisture loss during optimum MS treatment was observed approximately 32.07%.

In every insurance company, the satisfactorily of policyholder is important to predict the future of the company. This leads to the point that one needs a system to classify policyholders satisfactorily. In this study, we proposed the used of machine learning, which is Support Vector Machines, to classify policyholders satisfactorily. Thus, we also need to focus on car policyholders' policy. These will be the risk factors that one will classify using Support Vector Machines. By defining risk, insurance company can predict uncertain events easier. If the selected risk factors are adequate then it will ensure the sustainability of the insurance company by avoiding bankruptcy. Hence, several risk factors need to be employed to gain a good explanatory for classifying the policies. It will result in empirical evidence that every insurance company desired most to improve their bottom line. Therefore, Support Vector Machines is claimed to result in a reliable data to classify policyholders satisfactorily.

K-Means Clustering (KMC) is a technique used in performing data groupings. The data classification procedure is based on the degree of membership of each member. The purpose of this study is to group the existing Provinces in Indonesia based on Population Density, School Participation Rate, Human Development Index, and Open Unemployment Rate using K-Means Clustering. The result reveals 5 large clusters in each center in South Sumatra, Lampung, DKI Jakarta, Central Java, and West Kalimantan.

The problem of poverty is one of the national and international problems that require serious attention. This study aims to describe the characteristics of poverty, especially the Bajo Tribal fisherman's residence and mapping the characteristics of poverty of the Bajo fisherman residence of South Halmahera Regency. This research is survey research, with proportional random sampling technique. The results showed that there is influence of fisherman's income on their house condition. In addition, it was found that the poverty characteristics of the Bajo Tribe's fisherman residence consisted of two categories, namely: semi-permanent house building quality as much as 54,83% and emergency as much as 32,25%. The results of this paper is expected to be an input in determining the policy, especially in addressing the problem of handling poverty, especially in managing housing or residence of the poor.

Sulawesi medaka fish (Oryzias celebensis) is one part of medaka fish that are endemic in the region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study aims to observe histological structure of the circulatory system of Sulawesi medaka fish. Morphological study showed that the heart is located in the anterior region of the Sulawesi medaka fish body. Histological study of the circulatory of Sulawesi medaka fish showed that the atrium has thin walls whereas the ventricles have thick walls. The contractions of the ventricle have high pressure and then the blood will be pumped through a bulbus arteriosus that is shaped like an onion. Bulbus arteriosus consists of fibroelastic tissue and some smooth muscles. Bulbus arteriosus, is a unique structure and is to dampen the pressure pulse that generated by the ventricle. According to the circulatory system of zebrafish showed that there were similarity between Sulawesi medaka fish and Zebrafish. In general the structure of the circulatory system specially heart and bulbus anteriosus in Sulawesi medaka fish has similarity with Zebrafish as well as other Teleostei fish. This results suggested that Sulawesi medaka fish can be used as model animals especially in the use of fish as animal models in research of cardiovascular disease.

Artocarpus lakoocha is a traditional plant found in South/Southeast Asia, which has been used for centuries as antelmenthic in form of an aqueous extract. This extract, also called puag haad in Thailand, contains oxyresveratrol, a stilbene, as a major active compound of puag haad. To evaluate biological activity of these tested compounds, cytotoxicity study was conducted to determine proper doses of the tested compounds in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. SH-SY5Y cells are a neuroblastoma cell line which can be used to study several neurodegenerative diseases in cell cultural models. This study aimed to examine cytotoxicity of A. lakoocha aqueous extract and oxyresveratrol in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells by XTT and LDH assays. The result of this study demonstrated that ≤25µg/ml of puag haad and ≤200 µM of oxyresveratrol did not show toxicity to SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The concentrations at ≤25µg/ml of puag haad and ≤200 µM of oxyresveratrol could be used to investigate neuroprotective effect using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Further studies are required to investigate the effect of A. lakoocha aqueous extract and oxyresveratrol related to neurodegenerative disease in cell culture system

The utilization of renewable energy sources are derived from non-fossil sources such as urban waste, animal manure, agricultural waste and other biomass sources are becoming increasingly important. Biogas is a renewable energy source produced by anaerobic fermentation of organic material. Biogas can be produced from animal manure, wastewater, and solid waste. Its composition varies, depending on the source material biogas Biogas is a renewable energy and fuel used to replace fossil such as kerosene and natural gas. This study aims to find out how much the production of biogas in the third installation of biogas reactor 4 m³ in the village of Tana Toraja Palipu. The research method with survey variants directly measure pH, temperature, and the production of biogas. The results showed pH of 6,49 input materials, output of 7.8, the temperature in the reactor an average of 29°C, ambient temperature Average at 26°C, biogas production average of 2,714 m³ per day. The potential of 1 kg of livestock waste to produce 0.117 m³ of biogas. In Palipu District the are 2561 pigs (data of Jun 2017) producing an average of 1 kg waste / day for a total of 2561 kg of waste per day. The potential of livestock waste in Palipu District of 2561 kg waste x 0,117 m³ = 299,637 m³, of biogas, equivalent to Liquit Petrolium Gas (LPG) 299,637 m³ x 0,06 kg, Kerosene 299,637 x 0,6 = 185,770 liters, Solar Oil 299,637 x 0,52=155,811 liters, Fire wood 299,637 x 0,35 = 1048,73 kg.

The process variables pressure, temperature and particle size were studied for optimization of linoleic acid by response surface methodology following a Box-Behnken design of experiments. The results indicated the effect of extraction condition on linoleic acid of the extracts produced SC-CO₂ gave the different effect. But, Analysis of the variance of the data indicated that there was no statistically significant difference between the other sample. Although there was greater variation within the sample, there was still no statistically significant effect of temperature and pressure on the extraction. The optimum conditions for linoleic acid yield from Swieteniamahagoni seed within the experimental range were found to be pressure of 29.02 MPa, a temperature of 67.88ºC and particle size 0.75 mm, and the predicted linoleic acid was found to be 34.91%.

The study aimed to investigate the development of students' views of nature of science (NOS) in cellular respiration context, including scientific knowledge is tentative, scientists are creative, scientific knowledge is based on empirical evidence, science is a complex social activity, and science has global implications. Grade X students (n=15) registered in English Program (EP) of a high school in Phitsanulok Thailand were taught about the NOS in cellular respiration context through the implementation of conceptual change approach. The intervention had been conducted in three repetitive cycles of action research, along with the utilization of a series of instruments: the Nature of Science Questionnaire (NOSQ) and Cellular Respiration Questionnaire (CRQ), nine 55-minute lessons, semi-structured observations, and semi-structured interviews. The result of content analysis and triangulation showed that the implementation of conceptual change approach in this study had been effective in enhancing students views of targeted NOS aspects, in which the highest improvement regarding scientific knowledge is tentative and scientist are creative. Integration of Nature of Science aspects in cellular respiration context can be used to enhance students understanding on tentativeness nature of science and the role of creativity in the development of scientific knowledge.

The research on extraction bioactive compound of cocoa pod husk waste and antifungal activity assay by in vitro has been done. The aim of research was to get a phytochemical components extracted from the rind of cocoa, phenolic content and test the bioactivity of extract cocoa pod husk against on pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. Pod husks used are dried. Samples were extracted by maceration with acetone-water (7: 3) and 70% ethanol. Each extracts were then analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the active compounds found in the extract cocoa pod husk. The results obtained by GC-MS analysis showed three major components of the compound in ethanol ie: Methyl-9,12-Dienoate Octadeca; 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) -, Methyl Ester; Hexadecanoic acid, 15-methyl, Methyl Ester. Whereas in acetone solvent compounds showed 4 major components, namely: Isopropyl myristate; 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic Acid, Dioctyl Ester; 9-octadecenoic acid (Z) -, Methyl Ester; Octadecanoic Acid, Methyl Ester. Acetone extract phenolic levels of 94.92 mg GAE / g extract and ethanol extract of 49.92 GAE / g extract. Antifungal testing by the agar diffusion method showed of extract cocoa pod husk with acetone able to inhibit the growth of the fungus Fusarium oxysporum (fungus pathogen on tomatoes), meaning that the extract has the potential to be developed as natural fungicides to suppress the growth of pathogenic fungi.

Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f sp. Cubennse (Foc) is a major disease on Banana plant which lost production more than 50%. This patogen is a soil-born disease and persistence until five years in the soil. Biological control is one of stratetegic diseases control need to applied to inhibit development of Fusarium wilt disease of Banana. The purposes of this study are (a) to isolate antagonistic bacteria from banana plant rhizosphere which has a good potensial to inhibit Foc growth by in vitro; (b) to know antagonistic mechanisms of selected bacteria by secondary metabolite production by in vitro. This study was carried out in Biology Laboratory Universitas Negeri Makassar with method as follows:(a). Isolation and purification of antagonistic bacteria from Banana plant rhizoaphere; (2) Test of dual culture; (3) Test of secondary metabolite substance. The result of this study showed that (a) there are four selected bacteria which have a good potential in inhibiting Foc growth by in vitro such as: Isolate B₆, B₈, B₂ and B₁ with inhibitor capacity 80.47%, 80.17%, 78.78% and 77.74%, respectively. (b) Inhibitor capacity of selected bacteria by chitinaze enzyme, pectinase and high antibiotic substance.

To survey rhizosphere actinomycetes as potential biocontrol against fungal disease of passion fruits, rhizosphere soil of the plant were used as an isolation sources. Twenty five strains were assigned to Streptomyces-like strain based on morphological properties of spore chain. Four strain with distinguishing characteristic based on the macroscopic appearance of colonies on different media, were recovery from rhizosphere soil of passion fruits plant suggesting that various Streptomyces spp. grow surrounding of plant roots. On an agar medium, four strains (11.43%) commonly formed a clear growth-inhibition zone against fungal pathogen of passion fruits, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicalix passiflori (FORP), indicating that this strains can produce antifungal substances. The present results indicate that four strain are a suitable candidate for the biocontrol of fusarium wilt.

This study aims to determine the level of education of horticultural farmers and their effect on behavior in the application of eco-friendly agriculture in Gowa regency. This research is a survey type, sampling with simple random sampling system. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. Data analysed with descriptive and regression statistic technique, A total seventy-five farmers as respondents. The results of the level of education of the farmers showed that seventy-five horticultural farmers sample, obtained the distribution of primary school frequency 33.3%, and 41.30% senior high school 22.7% senior high school, and graduate education easy 2.7%, farmers of most Junior High Schools. The result of free variable analysis with dependent variable, shows that, correlation coefficient is 0,786 it means have strong relation with education level to farmer behavior in application of environmentally friendly agriculture. The result of coefficient of determination showed 61.80% of farmer's behavior of environmentally friendly farming in Pattapang Village Gowa Regency of Indonesia. Suggestion, To the government and stakeholders to conduct eco-friendly agricultural counseling and training continuously to horticulture farmers.

The aims of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of the type of mold isolates obtained from "Wikau Maombo", the effect of incubation period of the mold isolates against antibacterial activity and the influence of the type and incubation period of the mold isolate against antibacterial activity. This research was experimental research which was to know the antibacterial activity by molds against bacterial growth of Esherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The Testing of antibacterial activity of the mold isolates were conducted using Well Diffusion method. The analysis of data used SAS software (Statistical Analysis System). The result showed that the type of mold isolates obtained from "Wikau Maombo" fermented significant effect on the antibacterial activity. The highest activity found in WM4 isolates which have antibacterial activity as much as 16.7 mm for E. coli and 17.4 mm for S. aureus. The incubation period of mold isolates significant effect on the antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity found on the tenth day with activities as much as 9.8 mm for E. coli and 10.2 mm for S. aureus. Interaction between species and incubation period of mold isolates significant effect on the antibacterial activity. The best antibacterial activity found in WM4 with ten days of incubation period.

Carbon has been synthesized from biomass materials ie cassava starch through a hydrothermal process has potential as dielectric material. The carbon synthesized from cassava starch through a hydrothermal process is then made into pellets, then tested capacitance value using a HIOKI 3522-50 LCR HiTESTER using conductive ITO glass as the electrode during measurement. This study aims to determine the dielectric properties of carbon synthesis through measurement on the value of capacitance. Through the measurement of capacitance values are used to determine the value of the dielectric constant. Measurements were performed with the two aspects, namely the measurement of capacitance with temperature and capacitance measurement of the frequency. The test results indicate a change in the capacitance value both to changes in temperature and frequency. While the value of the dielectric constant also shows the dependence on temperature and frequency. Based on the measurement of dielectric constant value of the carbon that was synthesized shows the level of ability of carbon material in terms of storing a charge. The synthesized carbon is a potential material as a dielectric material which can be applied in the manufacture of capacitors.

Menstrual cycle is a naturally occurring mechanism in a reproductive aged woman. The ability of a woman to identify the length of a menstrual cycle is important as a basis to determine the fertile period in the subsequent menstrual cycle. This research aimed to investigate the length of menstrual cycle of women in reproductive age. A regular menstrual cycle occurs in a regular pattern of length which can range from 21 to 35 days in adults. A subsequent cycle which occurs three to five days earlier or longer than the usual pattern would still be considered as normal. Meanwhile, a menstrual cycle which occurs twice in a month or once in more than two months would be considered as irregular cycle. The method implemented was an exploratory method through which menstruation periods of woman in reproductive age were recorded in three consecutive months. The research population was Biology students who are registered in academic year 2017. The participants were students who are registered in Reproduction and Animal Development subject. The data of menstrual period were collected from four study group which consists of 101 students. The result of data analysis on a total of 171 menstrual cycle showed that the average length of participants' menstrual cycle was 30.08 days. The total of participants showed regular and irregular length of menstrual cycle was 59.41% and 42.57% respectively.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the development of intensive shrimp farming in land – based ponds and its production and management. This study was carried out in traditional growth ponds of the farmers in Pankep regency, South Sulawesi. There were seven ponds used for shrimp growth with intensive system such as used of high quality feed, seed, probiotic bacteria, intensive aeration, minerals and vitamine. Shrimp growth ponds used intensively culture system with profile condition as follows : (1) water depth of ponds, 120-150 cm, feeding rate four times a day, water quality parameters were measured every day for, water temperature, pH, salinity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO). Average daily gain (ADG), Survival rate (SR), Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and MBW were measured every week. Stocking density every ponds was different, 49 - 56 idividuals/m². Feeding process was conducted four times a day: 08.00 am, 10.00 am. 14.00 p.m. 16.00 p.m. Culture periods were different per ponds between 105 - 112 days. All ponds used zero water exchange system and addition water from well for change loss water by evaporation. The results of this study showed that shrimp production, 1,778 - 3,664 kg; FCR: 1.28 - 1.4; ADG : 0.22 - 0.31; MBW 21 - 23, water temperature, 29 - 34 °C; pH 7.6 - 8.6; dissolved oxygen, 2.6 - 6.1 mg/L. Salinity 13 - 22 ppt. Water depth with range, 100-130 cm, survival rate (SR) 88 - 91 % and shrimp size in the final culture period average 43 individuals/m². In summary, Water quality parameters such DO, temperature, salinity, pH and others were in range suitable for shrimp growth and its productivity was 8,800 kg/ha. This study has benefit for shrimp growth performance, feed efficiency utilization and productivity significantly improve.

The albumin-rich of snakehead fish (Channa striata) extract (SHFE), has been developed as medicinal-food due to its antioxidant potential. This investigation was aimed to determining the effect of shelf life (1, 4 and 8 weeks) and temperatures (4°C; 30°C; 50°C) toward SHFE antioxidant capacity using tetramethoxy azobismethylene quinone (TMAMQ) enzymatic-based. The ascorbic acid was used as an antioxidant control. The fluctuated antioxidant capacities were found during different shelf life i.e. at temperature storage of. 4°C (4.17-6.49 µM); 30°C (7.72 -5.58 µM) and 50°C (6.60 - 6.11). Antioxidant capacity of SHFE was approximately 5.7 times higher than ascorbic acid which can to be a frame of reference for further in-vivo/in-vitro research of SHFE and its applications as a pharmaceutical food.

This study was conducted to determine the potensial of the leaves Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena Odorata) as pesticides and phytohormones on vegetable-leaved mustard greens (Barissica juncea). Concentration of ethanol extract of leaves Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena odorata) is 5, 10, and 15 %, and 0% as control. This study uses the full tool design (RAL) of data in regression and Anova analysis followed by BNT 5%. Kirinyuh leaf extract (Chloromelaena odorata) has the activity of pestisides on soil worm (Agrotis Ipsilon) and growth hormone on mustard plants. Various concentrations of ethanol extract given a different effect on the death rate toward gound caterpillar (Agrotis Ipsilon). For the analysis of variants that influence leaf extract concentration Kirinyuh (Chloromelaena odorata) with ethanol to death worm ground (Agrotis Ipsilon) showed that very influential or significant to mortality rates with the smallest Significant Difference Test (BNT) 1 % (0,01) = 0.89 and 5% (0.05) = 0.59, while different rotational states significant differences (significant) between each treatment in which a concentration of 10 and 5 % respectively differently 2.533 (a) as well as the concentration of 15 and 10% ie 4.083 (b) as well as 15 and 5% ie 5.050 (c). Chromatogram GCMS analysis of leaf extract of Kirinyuh yielded 2 peak compounds with prediction of Octadekatriknoik acid compounds and compounds with the main framework of Hexadekanoic Acid. This compounds as compounds organic pesticides.

The main objective of this study was the screening of some selected medicinal plants very popular in Provinsi of western Sulawesi, with respect to antioxidant capacity, and bioactive compound. All plants were extracted with the conventional method, maceration with methanol. Bioactive compound was measured by GCMS-QP2010 Ultra Shimadzu. The antioxidant capacity of the plant extracts was measured by their ability to scavenge free radicals such as DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl). These extracts resulted in a rapid increase and decrease of the absorbance and showed different hydrogen-donating capacity towards the DPPH radical. A lot of differences found and showing anti-oxidant activity of methanol extracts of different plant species. Among the species, methanol extract of Ficus septica, Cordoline sp., Celotia argantea, Physalis angulate, Kalandioe pinnata and Melostoma polyanthum, showed the maximum scavenging capacity of over 70.

Tropical rainforests are dwindling so that the protected areas of the tropics are very important. Sapling plants as part of the undergrowth plants are an inseparable part of the forest ecosystem and play an important role in the sustainability of the forests, including forests in the tropics. We examine the structure and composition of sapling plants in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Balloci resort, in two areas, which are Bukit Batu Putih and Gunung Bulusaraung. This national park is one of the protected areas in Province of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Species with the highest importance value index in Bukit Batu Putih are Tabernaemontana sphaerocarpa, Homalium guianense, Micromelum minutum, Lepiniopsis ternatensis and Melicope lunu-ankenda with a total of 191.84%, while the lowest are Planchonella firma, Coffea sp., Matthaea sancta, Ficus pumila and Syzygium ingens with a total of 1.58%. Species in Gunung Bulusaraung with the highest important value index are Daemonorops longipes, Actephilla excelsa, Memecylon paniculatum, Galbulimina belgraveana and Ficus gul with a total of 126.31%, while the lowest are Arenga pinnata, Pterospermum celebicum, Ficus ampelas, Antidesma bunius and Cyathea contaminans with a total of 2.68%. The value of Shannon-wiener diversity, Simpson's diversity index, species richness, Pielou's evenness index, and Rarefaction in Bukit Batu Putih is lower than that of Gunung Bulusaraung and only Simpson's dominance index is higher indicating of lower species diversity in Bukit Putih area. The value of similarity index between Bukit Batu Putih and Gunung Bulusaraung is 23.71% indicating that these two areas have a high difference in the structure and composition of sapling plant vegetation.

This study aims (i) to assess the level of understanding and misconceptions of Biology teachers in Makassar regarding cell concepts, (ii) to identify the Basic Competence in which the teachers pose misconceptions, and (iii) to identify the factors cause misconceptions on cell concepts among biology teachers in Makassar. The study is a descriptive study which implements Certainty of Response Index (CRI) as the method to identify teachers' misconception. Participants of the study (n=22) were selected through purposive sampling based on the representativeness of the school in Makassar area. The result of data analysis showed that there were teachers who possess misconceptions (40.30%), scientifically accepted conceptions (49.10%), and transitional conceptions (10.77%). The misconceptions were found in 6 Basic competences of the cell concepts. The highest misconceptions (55.68%) was found on Basic Competence 3.2. which require participants to distinguish transport mechanism on the (diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis) based on observation. There were several factors which cause the occurrence of misconceptions among the participants in this study, including low level of reasoning ability, low retention of knowledge obtained in undergraduate, lack of learning resources, incomprehensible terms, and low interest of Biology teachers on cell concepts.

The aim of the research is to determine the impact of Project-based Learning towards students' communication skills. This research is an experimental study that using Pre-Experimental Design with One-Shot Case Study. The subject of the research are students of Science Education Program, Universitas Negeri Makassar) who were attending Motion and Change course. The research instrument was a non-test instrument that can be divided into two types: rubric and questionnaire. Data analysis was using descriptive and inferential statistic. The result of descriptive statistic exhibits that there is an enhancement of students' communication abilities after implementation of Project-based Learning. Eleven out of twenty-nine students are above level 1 category. The inferential statistic reveals that Project Based Learning has an effect toward students' communication skills.

This study aims at developing valid, practical, and effective Blended based learning packages in Biology classrom for grade 11 senior high school level. This study developed two packages; 1) learning media based on Blended Learning and 2) the learning instruments such as lesson plans and learning material. The develompent model used to develop these packages are Hannafin and Peck Model. The model consists of four stages; need assessment, designing, development and implementation. The result of the need assessment shows that the need to develop blended based learning media for Biology subject in order to improve students' self-learning skill and explore their skill personally. In addition, it is expected that the students can learn Biology everytime and everywhere.

Traditional learning strategies were still dominated the pattern of lectures at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia. This strategy was not optimal to empower metacognitive skills of students. Problem Based Learning (PBL) is a constructivist learning strategy that could potentially in empowering metacognitive skills. The implementation of PBL has revealed various benefits, but there was also some weakness. Thus, it required a learning strategy, which is expected to cover that weakness of PBL as Questioning, Reading, and Answering (RQA) learning strategy. RQA is a learning strategy developed based on the fact that almost all students do not read the upcoming lecture materials, causing failure of learning strategy planned and finally the students' comprehension becomes low. Integration PBL and RQA is called PBLRQA learning strategy. This research was a research and development (R & D). This article reports the development and validation of the PBLRQA strategy. The research using 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, and Dissemination). The result of research showed that this learning strategy and its learning instrument to be a valid strategy and learning instrument of metacognitive skills empowerment. Teacher can use this strategy in other lectures and consider with the learning material characteristics.

This research was carried out to analyze the effectiveness of the Search Solve Create and Share learning integrated with metacognitive strategy [SSCS + MS] on the learning outcomes of students. A quasi experimental design has been used to compare the effect of traditional learning, SSCS, and SCCS + MS learning on the learning outcome of tenth grade students in Kupang, Indonesia, conducted in three schools. Three natural science classes of the tenth grade in the first semester of each school were involved in this study. The rubric of the learning outcomes by referring to Hart (1994). The research data were analyzed by ANCOVA and Least Significant Different test. The results showed that SSCS+MS learning model provides a higher learning outcomes of low academic ability than the SSCS and Traditional learning. As for the percentage learning outcome of low academic ability student's in SSCS+MS increase 34.06% higher than the high academic ability on the SSCS learning model 35.76% higher than SSCS and 35.76% higher than Traditional learning models and 42.54% higher than the high academic ability on the Traditional learning. These result indicate that SSCS+MS could empower students low academic. The SSCS + MS learning model improve the quality of learning.

The study was a descriptive research aimed to describe students' metacognitive skill based on their learning style. The study population was all first year students (n=150) in academic year 2016/2017 Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia. The sample were 82 students chosen through simple random sampling. The data was collected by using questionnaire adapted from MAI (Metacognitive Awareness Inventory) and SEMLI-S (Self Efficacy and Metacognition Learning Inventory-Science), and the learning style questionnaire. The research data were analyzed descriptively. The results of the study showed that (1) the learning style of biology students were visual, auditory, combination, and kinesthetic, (2) the metacognitive skills of biology students were well developed and (3) the metacognitive skills of biology students with visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and combinations were generally well developed. It was concluded that, biology students have the same metacognitive skill in all learning styles. The implications of these findings indicate that metacognitive skills of students need to be developed through learning process.

The level of public wellness in the world is heading to a critical point, one of the reasons is a poor dietary habit. One of effort to change a bad diet is through nutrition literacy program. The research aims to describe nutrition literacy profile, level of wellness profile and analyze correlation both of them. The method used was experimental and sample in this research was 30 nutrition house communities. Data on nutrition literacy were collected by literacy instrument related science concept in 3 indicators: water supplies in the body, protein function in muscle founding and various fat and consumption impacts. Sample's data of wellness were collected by water supplies in the body percentage, mass of muscle and fat in body percentage that measured by bio-impedance tools. The result showed (1) differentiation of nutrition literacy individual level (2) differentiation of wellness individually after the experiment (3) correlation between the level of nutrition literacy participants program and level of their wellness. In conclusion, nutrition literacy program through giving nutrition healthy and continuous education can increase nutrition literacy and level of wellness community.

The development of environmentally friendly technologies is now gaining important attention in the field of chemistry, one of which is the development of environmentally friendly organic solvents. Deep eutectic solvent (DES) is potential as an environmentally-friendly solvent because it is non-toxic, non-reactive with water, biodegradable, low melting point and easy and inexpensive synthesis to produce high purity DES. This study was aimed to test the potency and effectiveness of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) based choline chloride: 1,2-propanediol as co-solvent in biodiesel purification. DES used on the basis of Choline Chloride (salt) and 1,2-Propanediol (HBD) with a 1: 2 and 1: 3 molar ratio were applied to purification of biodiesel at concentration of 1; 5; 10; and 15% (w/w). And then will be compared between methanolysis and ethanolysis process. From the result of the research, it found that DES based ChCl / 1,2 Propanediol has good freezing point, density, and viscosity as solvent and can increase ester content or purity and yield of biodiesel in purification process. The highest purity of biodiesel was 98,88% at ethanol to oil molar ratio of 9: 1 and 5% DES in ethanolysis process.

Has performed the fabrication and characterization of actived carbon from charcoal coconut shell with the combination of activator HCl and NaOH. Fabrication is done in two stages, the characterization and activation. Conducted through pyrolysis carbonization batch at a temperature of 350 oC for 6 h to get charcoal. Activation is done chemically by immersing charcoal in the activator HCl for 24 h. Activated carbon with activator HCl back in activated with activator NaOH for 24 h. Characterization of activated carbon include the determination of functional groups with FTIR, morphology, and topography by SEM, the type of elements and elemental composition by EDS, specific surface area, total pore volume, and pore radius with methods BET and the identification of the structure crystallinity by XRD. Characteristics of activated carbon products with a combination of HCl and NaOH activator showed changes in the physicochemical properties of the base material charcoal coconut shell into activated carbon. The resulting activated carbon is polar with carbon element content 0f 94.93 % and has a smooth surface porous with a surface area of 5.041 m2/g, pore volume of 5.229 cc/g and pore radius of 20.74 Å. In Addition, the activated carbon produced is also semi crystal with a hexagonal crystal structure and pore structure of mesoporous size.

The purpose of this research is to conduct syntheses of chitosan macropore using ephichlorohydrin (ECH) as crosslingker and KCl as porogen. The synthesis process was done through three stages: first, chitosan dissolved in acetic acid and added KCl as porogen; second, crosslinking chitosan using epichlorhydrin and third, washing of chitosan crosslinked by aquadest to release KCl to produce pore. Chitosan and modified chitosan was characterized solubility on acid medium, fungtional groups using fourier transform infra red (FTIR), and photo micrograph using scanning electron microscoppy (SEM). Chitosan dissolved on acetic acid 5% medium, but chitosan-ECH and chitosan macropore insoluble. The FTIR spectrum of chitosan and chitosan modified there are no significant differences because they have same of functional groups. SEM micrograph of chitosan and chitosan-ECH showed smooth surface, but addition KCl as porogen on modified chitosan produced pore in the surface of adsorben. Adsorption experiments were conducted to study the removal of procion red dyes and optimum adsorption conditions were obtained at pH 2. Chitosan, chitosan-ECH and chitosan macropore showed precentage adsorption for procion red respectively were 68.0%, 61.0% and 78.8%. Chitosan modification with crosslinking and porogen addition proved to improve stability and adsorption ability of chitosan.

Waterlogging Stress influences crop productivity, especially high commercial crop like tobacco, which is very sensitive to an excess of water. This type of environmental stress might happen because of unpredictable season occurred in tropical region, including Indonesia. Global climate change as a consequence of rapid growing industries all over the world might responsible for this. This study aims to investigate the response of some Nicotiana tabacum varieties which are treated with periodic waterlogging stress. Some morphological aspects including plant height, stem diameter, leaves width and the emergence of adventitious roots were investigated. In addition, total chlorophyll content was also measured as physiological parameter. Three different varieties are used such as var. Jepon Pelakean, Jinten, Manilo and Morakot. Data were analyzed using One-Way Annova followed by Tukey post-hoc analysis. In all morphological aspects var. Jepon Pelakean demonstrated best responses compared to other varieties. Meanwhile, we observed a sharp decline of total chlorophyll content in var. Manilo under this periodic waterlogging stress. The overall results suggest that each variety of tobacco possess a specific mechanism against periodic waterlogging stress.

Manufacture of gold jewelry is one of the manufacturing processes involving several dangerous chemicals. These chemicals are used for melting, refining, welding, electroplating, and polishing the gold metal. This research aimed to determine the health risk as the resulted of the exposure to copper and nitrogen dioxide of the goldsmiths in Malimongan village Sub wajo, Makassar city. The research used observational design with the environmental health risk assessment approach. The 30 environmental samples and 30 human samples were chosen using the simple random sampling. The data were analyzed using the Environmental Health Risk Analysis and processed using Microsoft Excel and IBM SPSS version 21. The research results of indoor concentrations copper from measurement point all represent bellow 1 mg/m³. The highest concentration is 0,07390 mg/m³ and the lowest is 0,0015 mg/m³, the mean concentration of Copper is 0,0268 mg/m3. As for NO₂ measurement point also is concentrations below 3 ppm, the highest concentration is 0,020 ppm and the lowest is 0,010 ppm, the mean concentration of nitrogen dioxide is 0,0154 ppm. The non carcinogenic risk to copper of the goldsmiths showed that the average is 3,927. From the 30 people indicated 23 goldsmiths (76,7%) at risk had RQ≥1 and 7 goldsmiths (23,3%) had risk RQ≤ 1, the health risk NO₂ average is 0,05947. In conclusion, from all of respondent 30 people (100%) had RQ≤1. Goldsmiths has shown risks of exposure copper but not nitrogen dioxide.

This research aims to obtain the moisture and fat content in the determination of the concentration of PAH in the Green Mussels (Pernaviridis L) around the coast of Makassar and viewing the content of PAH in the green mussels at each station. Based on the analysis of moisture and fat content, the higher the content the smaller the PAH concentration will be obtained. PAH concentrations in the green mussels in 17 station sampling are only found on 3 stations. These stations are analyzed and acquired the highest moisture content at station 8 (IKI 1) which allows to obtain the PAH concentration in small quantities. It is supported with fat content that slightly greater than the green mussels on station 14 (UTA 1), while the higher fat content that is at station 17 (LAE 1) indicates the ability of a green mussel to deter the PAH accumulated in the body of green mussels so that its content has decreased. The total of PAH concentration from each sation, the sampling of the green mussels retrieved most at station 9 (IKI 4-5 cm) with the large size i.e. 336.56 ppm, it caused by the area that is not too far from Sukarno-Hatta port area as well as the Makassar industrial area (KIMA) as well as the activities of motorcycle traffic that is very crowd. Based on the rule of MKLH that the PAH content in thw samples of the green mussels are already not comsumable so that we need to be careful especially for the communities around the coast of Makassar. Furthermore, this research is beneficial for researchers who are willing to conduct further research about the causes of the high content of PAH in Green Mussels around the coast of Makassar. Also, researchers will be able to expand such research in other locations.

Zn metal is the base on ZnO making as I invisible ink. Zn metal can be obtained from battery waste and become the target of this research. Synthesis of nanoparticles through several stages is the determination of stirring time, characterization and application of ZnO as invisible ink. Colonized white ZnO colloidal nanoparticles, optimum agitation time of 60 minutes, particle size 10.03-46.24 nm, gap energy of 3.5 eV. The wrutzite hexagonal crystalline lattice system. The ZnO nanoparticle colloid application provides a purple glow on yellow filter paper and luminescence for HVS paper, cardboard, and bill

Has been done a research about performance test of gelcasted porous ceramic as adsorbent of azo dyes. The method of synthesis porous ceramic used was gelcasting method. The monomers used was acrylamide (AM) with crosslinkers was methylenbisacrylamide (MBAM). The polymer formed acts as a pore template. Variation of AM:MBAM ratio used at 6:1; 12:1; 18:1; 24:1. Characterization of gelcasted porous ceramic carried out were the density, porosity, morphology, and percent adsorption of ceramic to azo dyes. The results showed that the lowest density occurred at ratio 6:1 of 15.82 g/cm3 with the highest porosity of 36.86 %. The morphology test indicated the presence of open and closed pores in the ceramic body. The highest adsorption percentage occurred at the ratio 6:1 against to congo red, acid orange, and direct blue with adsorption percentage respectively 39.72%; 48,38%; 32,26%.

One type of microalga that can be cultivated as biodiesel raw material candidate is Skeletonema costatum. This study aims to determine the effect of nutrition physiological stress on the growth and 1,150,000 cells / ml at 72 hours and the lowest cell density in the treatment of stress that without the provision of Si of 550,000 cells / ml. Based on Dunnet test there was no significant difference between the growth of S. costatum the treatment of stress control treatment with 25% Si and 50% Si stress, but there was a significant difference in growth between the control and the treatment of stress Si 75% and 100%. S. costatum microalgae morphology can be seen that with the increasing stress of nutrient Si indicates cell lysis much experience.

The aim of this research is to produce senior high school chemistry instructional tools based on investigations which is valid, practical, and effective and can empower critical thinking skills, metacognition, and mastery of buffer solution chemistry concepts for students. The method used are 1) the initial observation, 2) arranging the draft of instructional tool, 3) the development and verification of instructional tools, and try out and dissemination. The developmental phase in this research refers to the developmental model of 4-D (define, design, develop, and disseminate). Subject of the research are students class XI from state Senior High School (SHS) Bantaeng regency for limited try out test and chemistry teachers of SHS that amount 15 persons from Makassar city, Maros, Gowa, and Takalar regency for disseminate test phase. The research is 1^st and 2^nd year researches of plan 3 years. The first year is limited trial test and the second year is disseminated test of instructional tools. The results of the this research are obtained senior high school chemistry instructional tool based on investigations namely Investigation Lesson Plan (ILP), Investigation Model Book (IMB), and test and non-test instruments which are valid, practical, and effective based on the results of limited trial and disseminate test. The research result also shows the critical thinking skills and metacognitive of students generally are in the medium and begin to develop category, and concept mastery for buffer solution with high category. Furthermore, the teachers' responds toward ILP and IMB are positive and practice category.

This study aims to describe the teachers' perception of Green Chemistry, an area of chemistry that focuses on the design of products and processes that minimize the use and generation of hazardous substances. The description of Green Chemistry is based on the teachers' perception of a Green Chemistry paradigm and how to integrate this perception into the chemistry learning process for their students. The perception and integration of Green Chemistry to achieve sustainable development in the field of chemistry needs to be promoted, especially among educators for spreading to their students. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to 35 teachers in a Chemical Analyst Vocational School, Makassar, Indonesia. The questionnaire was based on the indicators related to the principles of Green Chemistry including prevention, economic atom, chemical synthesis safe, designing safer chemicals, solvents and compounds safe aides, design for energy efficiency, use of raw materials renewable, stages reduction reactions, use of catalysis, material design decomposition, instantaneous analysis for pollution prevention and chemical which are naturally more secure to prevent accidents. Data were analyzed descriptively to determine the percentage of teachers' perceptions of green chemistry in learning. The results showed that, in general, the majority (97.14%) of teachers at this Indonesian school reported knowledge of Green Chemistry but only 32.30 % were aware of the concept of Green Chemistry. Furthermore, 47.42% of the teachers think that green chemistry does not need to be put into learning curriculum and 31.38% believe need to be included in the learning process. These finding demonstrate that the concept of Green Chemistry has not been socialized among teachers of Chemical Analyst Vocational School of Makassar. For this reason, there is a need for developing a learning model in chemistry teaching that responds to our vision for a sustainable future.

This research is a descriptive study that aims to analyze the mastery of basic chemistry of prospective chemistry teacher students on chemical bonding. The Subjects were studentsof Chemistry Study Program, State University of Makassar that enrolled in 2016 that consisted of ICP (International Class Program) and non-ICP Program. The instrument used is Three-Tier multiple-choice test of chemical bonds that consist of 20 items. The average percentage of ICPstudents who understand, lacked understand, and misconceptions for all indicators are: 47.00, 21.5, and 31.5, respectively while for non-ICP students are 43.90, 25.20, and 30.90 respectively.

Along with the development of times, there is a growing need for internet among the society. This is not limited to the world of education, somehow. In the world of education, especially higher education, if a lecturer wants to increase his/her rank, he/she needs some publications either in the form of journals, books, or seminar proceedings. One of publications a lecturer commonly does is a seminar both national and international seminars. In conducting the seminar registration, it requires an information system that can accommodate the registrant's data. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to design a web-based conference information system (eConf). This information system was developed using SDLC (System Development Life Cycle) method.

Implementation of strategy in an organization requires strategy of weapon (weapon strategy), that is information technology system effective and efficient. This research activity is focused on the development of pre-marriage education application based on multimedia. The purpose of this study is to (1). Developed a premarital based on android application design model using functional modeling; (2). Develop features of the android premarital course suite that covers all components technically. The design of this study uses object oriented methodology with functional modeling of Unified Modeling Langeage (UML), to meet the needs of visual modeling specifications. Unified Modeling Langeage (UML) modeling diagram is grouped into three (3) categories, namely structure diagram, behavior diagram and intraction diagram. The application of premarital android based courses generated with the development version will help prenuptial course participants to access all premarital learning materials. Content of material prepared there are two, namely: the material in conceptual and material in the form of audiovisual / multimedia. The achievement of this android-based preliminary application program will be a new paradigm in learning, so premarital course participants can make this application as a supplement, complement and substitution.

The Visual Basic Application (VBA) programming application has become a new choice by researchers to work on numerical solutions, since it is accessible to wider user. Although the solution of harmonic oscillation has been done in previous research, however numerical solution using VBA was still limited. In this study we solved and plotted the numerical solution using VBA and obtained a solution of simple harmonic motion that is very close to analytical solutions. It is concluded that the results of harmonic oscillation motion analysis obtained with numerical solutions using VBA provide the same characteristics with analytical solutions, for both Euler and Runge-Kutta second order methods. In this work we have shown how the Euler and Runge-Kutta second order methods were applied, so that it can be exploited by another user.

The long-term goal of this research is the development of Information System of Scientific Works at Universitas Negeri Makassar that can be accessed by various parties related to the publication of the final assignment of students anytime and anywhere without any time and location limitation so that the final assignment of students can be published and protected from plagiarism. Specific targets achieved from the development of this system is the creation of information system of scientific work that will be useful for tracking the final assignment of students and the publication of the final task of students so that plagiarism can be minimized and or prevented. This is in accordance with the Directorate General of Higher Education DIKTI No. 152/E/T/2012 on January 27th, 2012 about the Publication of Scientific Works. To achieve these objectives, the information system mining process will use the Plomp Development Model (1997) consisting of a preliminary investigation phase; design phase; realization/construction phase; test phase, evaluation and revision; and implementation phase. The development of this information system uses PHP programming language based on CodeIgniter Framework with MySQL database.

Epilepsi is an abnormal condition of brain activity that can be recorded by using Elecktroencephalography (EEG). On epilepsy patient, most of the recording is interictal wave that in form of spike wave and sharp wave. This study has goal to classify whether the interictal waves are spike wave or sharp wave. The study was conducted in two stages Identification and Classification. Firstly, The epileptogenik wave were identified by shifting the baseline of each wave to select the best baseline that contain all data of the wave, then doing normalization of it to get the features of frequency, amplitude 1 and amplitude 2. Secondly, Back propagation Neural Network method is applied to classify it. Classification is done by using 200 data consisting of 120 training data and 80 testing data. The results show that classification using binary sigmoid activation function give same recognition rate of 91,25 % for all variation of learning rate.

According to the theft report received by Indonesian National Police in 2014, 9112 motorcycles were stolen, the number of motorcycle thefts decreased by 43.87% in 2015. And in 2016, motorcycle theft again increased by 1.23% from the previous year. Due to this problem, an alternative solution is needed to improve motorcycle security. One way to improve the security of the motorcycle is to modernize the motorcycle security system from conventional way to high-tech by utilizing the development of information technology (IT). In this study, we explored ATMega328 microcontroller on Arduino Promini board which is controlled using a smartphone with Android platform to build a motorcycle security device. Controls made through the smartphone to activate or to disconnect the electric motorcycle circuit through the relay. We conducted tests to measure the effectiveness and the time required by the device to be active based on different distances. The results of this test indicate that the device took a longer time if it is turned on from a longer distance. As for turning on or off a motorcycle, the device took 0.5 seconds at a minimum distance of 1 meter and took 1.5 seconds at a maximum distance of 15 (fifteen) meters. It is also found that to turn on a motorcycle engine, it took 0.5 seconds at a minimum distance of 1 (one) meter and 3 seconds at a maximum distance of 15 (fifteen) meters, and it took 0.5 seconds at a minimum distance of 1 (one) meter and 4 seconds at a maximum distance of 15 (fifteen) meters. The results obtained shows that the proposed method can be potential motorcycle security as an alternative solution.

Long-term goal of this research is the development of a Research Management Information System at the Universitas Negeri Makassar that can be accessed by various parties related to research anytime and anywhere without any time and location limitation so that the disclosure of research management information can be done from the level of the study program to university level. Specific targets achieved from the development of this system is the creation of an information disclosure management situation both in terms of proposal entry, selection and review of proposals as well as progress reports and logbooks obtainment in reports of transparent and appropriate budget usage that is useful for the leadership of the University in taking policy related to the next research. To achieve these objectives, the information system development process will use the Plomp Development Model (1997) consisting of a preliminary investigation phase; design phase; phase realization/construction; test phase, evaluation and revision; and implementation. The development of this information system using PHP programming language based on CodeIgniter Framework with MySQL database.

This article presents a mini smart greenhouse climate control using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), and Android phone supporting android applications and a system for plant realtime monitoring. In this system the optimized data are collected from the wireless sensor nodes and then the data are analyzed for an expert climate control using fuzzy logic in order to optimize water usage and energy consumption. The fuzzy logic parameter is used and implemented using Arduino board. The data from different sensors are aggregated to repeatedly monitor temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity in the greenhouse. The information from the greenhouse climate is received by the sensor node, it is transmitted to the wireless node through a wireless protocol. This system uses nodemCu wireless module for data transmission from the end devices to the web server node. With the information from the web server node the farmer can monitor and control the greenhouse climate automatically using android application.

The selection of the best employees is one of the process of evaluating how well the performance of the employees is adjusted to the standards set by the company and usually done by top management such as General Manager or Director. In general, the selection of the best employees is still perform manually with many criteria and alternatives, and this usually make it difficult top managerial making decisions as well as the selection of the best employees periodically into a long and complicated process. Therefore, it is necessary to build a decision support system that can help facilitate the decision maker in determining the best choice based on standard criteria, faster, and more objective. In this research, the computational method of decision-making system used is Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). The criteria used in the selection of the best employees are: job responsibilities, work discipline, work quality, and behaviour. The final result of the global priority value of the best employee candidates is used as the best employee selection decision making tool by top management.

Security in a transaction activity is crucial, in digital communication that irresponsible parties can tap all objects sent in the form of bits, the use of cryptographic algorithms such as Base64 and Word Auto Key Encryption can be a solution that produces a secure ciphertext, base64 algorithm which can encode all objects such as text, image, and audio files into text form and the result is re-secured with Word Auto Key Encryption algorithm, the results of this research get better security by combining the two algorithms.

Decision Support System is a system commonly used to assist management in assisting decision-making in top managerial sections, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is one of many decision-making methods that can be used to select the best alternative from a number of alternatives based on certain criteria, one of the methods that can be utilized is the Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realite (ELECTRE) method that works based on the concept of outranking using pairwise comparisons of each alternative based on appropriate criteria, this paper applies the ELECTRE method in a web based application that can be employed for input and output dynamic for alternative, criteria, user values and also a fast ranking process, the choice of web based application because there is many research about decision support system but only few that applied to application, and this research tries to applied ELECTRE method to web based application.

Decision Support System is a system commonly used to assist management in assisting decision-making in top managerial sections, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) is one of many decision-making methods that can be used to select the best alternative from a number of alternatives based on certain criteria, one of the methods that can be utilized is the Elimination Et Choix Traduisant la Realite (ELECTRE) method that works based on the concept of outranking using pairwise comparisons of each alternative based on appropriate criteria, this paper applies the ELECTRE method in a web based application that can be employed for input and output dynamic for alternative, criteria, user values and also a fast ranking process, the choice of web based application because there is many research about decision support system but only few that applied to application, and this research tries to applied ELECTRE method to web based application.

Keeping the data intact without changing becomes an important factor in a communication, the data itself has many forms such as text data, audio data, image data and for secure every form data an algorithm Base64 are needed, Base64 algorithm is used as data format to transmit data due to the result of base64 itself, but Base64 algorithm is not safe enough because it is easy to decoding and get the original form data, therefore need additional security and in this research combined with Hashing Variable Length (HAVAL) algorithm, HAVAL algorithm has a way work secures and compresses plaintext, so the encoding result from Base64 is re-secured and compressed using HAVAL algorithm with length of hashing 32 bit or 4 bytes so when data transmission process will not take many bytes of data compared with Base64 algorithm

Cryptography is a field of science that can be learned to secure data and information, cryptography is used in almost all communications both in network and non-network; and one of the algorithms could use is RC4 algorithm, publication about RC4 algorithm is quite a lot but the discussion is dominant only theory alone does not complete the RC4 algorithm process in detail and applications only show input and output none of the processes include, in this research paper illustrates the process of RC4 algorithm in detail and with visualization to demonstrates the work of RC4 algorithm to make it easiest for readers to learn cryptography

Monitoring the soil moisture generally done by manual observation of researchers in agriculture area. It is obviously take a long time, especially when monitoring the declining level of soil moistur. This practice is less efficient especially when examining the level of soil moisture contained plants in it. For that we need a solution to improve efficiency in terms of use of time and in terms of facilitating the monitoring of soil moisture conditions. Our proposed system to monitor soil moisture uses Libmium Waspmote as a microcontroller. The process of sending data from the sensor to the Internet network and then to the database server took about 10-15 seconds. This was influenced by the process of taking data from the board and also the delay when the sensor connected to the available network. The results of system testing showed that the system can work in a way if researchers leave the soil with high humidity then researchers want to monitor soil moisture at a certain moisture level, then the researchers simply set the level of humidity that wants to be maintained by the application system. If the soil moisture content is equal or less than the point set on the system, the system provided notification immediately.

Electronic learning based on Information and Communication Technology is one of the backbone behind the success of distance learning because it is actually able to save cost, time, and resources. To optimize the quality of this learning, more variety and interactive content with the support of multimedia elements (such as text, images, animations, sounds and video) is required. This research proposes a design of web-based lightweight interactive multimedia application combined with a game approach to support distance learning. This design employs web technologies based on pure HTML5, CSS3, and AJAX scripting that offer rich interactivity and lightweight performance. This research produces an interesting and fun learning application design that able to motivate students to self-learning.

The equation of the minimum time trajectory (the brachistochrone) does not contain the gravity acceleration explicitly. The proof of the gravitational field effect on the trajectory is revealed by solving functional for the uniform gravitational field and nonuniform gravitational field for the central gravity in this article. The Findings revealed that the effect of constant gravity acceleration is inversely proportional on the arc length of the cycloid, except at g = 0 m/s², which means that the trajectory could not be formed without gravity acceleration at a location where a particle are not affected by the gravitational field, whereas in nonuniform gravitational field, the particle's trajectory is not a cycloid and lies in two quadrant. The curve in first quadrant is a mirror image of the curve in fourth quadrant and vice versa. The difference trajectory between uniform and nonuniform gravitational cases is the proof of the existence of the gravitational field effect.

The process of vulcanization in the formation of NRL products is influenced by temperature at which the drying temperature has important role in the process of crosslinking that can affect the mechanical properties of NRL films produced. This study discusses about the effect of drying temperature on the mechanical properties of NRL films with modification of corn cob NCC filler obtained from the hydrolysis process with sulfuric acid. NCC filler is made of dispersion system involving polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersion agent. The resulting product was prepared by mixing NRL compound with modified NCC filler with a polyvinylpyrrolidone dispersion agent by coagulant dipping method. The coagulant utilized in the process of formation of NRL films used 10% calcium nitrate and NRL films which formed with variation of drying temperature 100°C, 110°C, and 120°C for 20 minutes. In this study mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation at break, and M₁₀₀ dan M₃₀₀ of NRL films has been analyzed. The results showed that mechanical properties such as elongation at break increased with the higher of drying temperature, it was different with tensile strength, M₁₀₀ and M₃₀₀. In addition, in this study crosslink density and morphological of NRL films were also analyzed.

A fine aggregate fraction that passes No. 200 is filler that affects the performance of a hot asphalt mixture. The usual Portland cement used on the asphalt mixture is Portland cement type 1. it will be tested using portland cement type1, type 2, type 3, and type 5. The chance of road damage is greater in wet than dry. The loss of asphalt or adhesion attachment can lead to weak bond between the asphalt/binder and the strength of interlocking and friction on the aggregate. If the binding strength is reduced or weak, the damage occurs on the aggregate and the asphalt consequently the structural value becomes reduced. Reduced structural values of weak bonds are often referred to as stripping processes. Aggregate attachment level with asphalt can be increased by adding anti stripping. The results showed that the best filler exprission of Portland cement type 1, type 2, type 3 and type 5, was the highest stability filler. This is owned by type 1 and type 5 filler. Portland cement type 1 type stabiltas value is 1,296.10 kg while the type 5 value has a stability of 1317.20 kg.

Estimated value of construction industry in Indonesia in 2016 is Rp. 1.303 trillion, in 2017 is Rp. 1.460 trillion and in 2018 is Rp. 1.640 trillion. Especially for the value of the infrastructure industry in 2016 is Rp. 708 trillion, in 2017 is Rp. 795 trillion and in the year 2018 is Rp. 891 trillion (Office of Public Appraisal Services (KJPP), 2016). The Ability to produce concrete of each company is different, depending on the foresight in calculating material costs, carefulness in the management of materials to be wasted a little, buying materials for cheap prices, the use of the right tools, optimizing tool operation, selecting factory location, and placing human resource to manage production process, whose ultimate goal is to get the lowest cost (production cost) in producing concrete. The objectives of this study are to design the cost estimation of Beton Production and to identify factors influencing the cost of Beton Production. The study was conducted on 38 (thirty eight) factories in Java. The method used is doubled linear regression using SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. This method is chosen because it is a technique that can be used to analyze and predict the contribution of a potential variable for overall reliability. The estimated model is Y = − 2351,577 + 1,386 X₁ + 0,856 X₂ + 0,656 X₃ + 279,253 X₅ + 3,041 X₆ + 2,576 X₈, with Y = cost of production, X₁ = Use of cement (kg/m³), X₂ = rubble stone usage (m³/m³ of beton), X3 = sand usage (m³/m³ of beton), X5 = additive usage (liter/m³)), X6 = tool period (year), X8 = time of equipment operation (hour/month).

On the data structure course, there are some problem appear during the learning process. The main problem that occurs is lack of comprehension data structure in theory related to implementation practical teaching. In other case, the classic teaching method considered as one of problem caused. The comparison between classic teaching method and CDIO approach are the learning result with CDIO are better because this model aims at ability to practice and innovate based on learning theory and problem which may be faced in real life. This article will discuss the general conditions and problems of classical data structure learning and completion efforts using visualgo.net as a learning media.

In this research stand-alone data logger device that can be used for measuring solar panel power characteristics is introduced. With RTC and SD Card installed on the device, the energy produced by solar panel is measured, then data are stored in CSV format that is compatible with MS Excel. Stand-alone feature makes it suitable for monitoring solar panel systems installed on remote area. Research result exhibits that all device sub systems are working perfectly. Voltage sensor convert the output voltage range of solar panel 0-24V to suitable voltage for microcontroller 0-5V. Real Time Clock (RTC) is able to show real time hours, minute and seconds of every measurements. Current sensor could measure the current with similar result compared to standard lab instruments. Despite data stored to SD Card, a 16&2 LCD display real time measurement results. Overall, the device works very well as if standard data logger instrument, but featuring real time monitoring and computer compatibility data.

In 2006, Kemendiknas RI have done big enough investment in developing national computer network, called Jardiknas. Based on observation, there are quite a lot unproductive ICT center, is previously established in vocational schools. The study aims to find the suitable model of ICT management for Vocational High School (VHS). The model is expected to give the cultural contribution on the quality of education.

This study aims to analyze Nitrogen and Carbon contents in the soil of a mangrove forest in Tongke-Tongke, East Sinjai. The stations were determined by purposive sampling based on the age of mangroves. As a comparison, one station was selected from the outside of mangrove areas (non-vegetation station). There were six stations: Non-vegetation, 1-years-old, 5-years-old, 10-years-old, 27-years-old, and 30-years-old stations. Each stations consist of two substations. Purposive sampling also employed to decide the soil and sediment sample from the mangrove forest. The sample were collected to find out textures and content of Nitrogen and Carbon. 200g sediments (1m x 1m) were taken from each stations used a spade and put them in the labelled plastics. The sample analyzed in laboratory. The result showes that the value of organic Nitrogen is around 14.40 ton ha^-1 th^-1 to 28.80 ton ha^-1 yr^-1. Organic carbon content value ranged from 30.36 ton ha^-1 to 31.14 ton ha^-1.

This research is conducted to optimize cross flow turbine performance with multi nozzle and compare with cross flow turbine performance using only single nozzle. The results showed that turbine cross flow with multi nozzle has more optimal performance because the water jet energy from the nozzle is more effective to move the turbine blade runner with a more stable rotation so that the output power and turbine efficiency is more optimal.

The selection of the bridge is fundamental thing to Sei Anak Muara Bulan 2 Bridge Planning. After knowing the results of capacity analysis of land and pile support capacity, ease of implementation, determine the selection of foundation planning decisions. The results of AHP implementation indicate that the aspects of land and pile carrying capacity are the main priority criteria with the amount 61.7% as the reason to determine the choice of bridge foundation and the result of alternative is the foundation of equal to 42,2%

This research is directed to sound absorption performance test on single-reflex bandpass type speaker box from a fiber of Areca Nut with polyurethane and gypsum matrix. The variables of this study change the frequency into 3 types namely, 125, 250 and 500 Hz and then modify the sound pressure into 10 types, namely, 31.5, 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 16000 Hz. The preparation of the research material begins with a cutting of the areca nut, splitting, drying, picking fiber, chopping, and blending, sieving, making 3 types of sheet-shaped, mixing polyurethane with gypsum and printing specimens. Preparation of research materials in the form of box specimen type single reflex bandpass which is then tested with the method of buzz and sound pressure (SPL). While the value of voice pressure (SPL) circularly on the axis X, Y and Z obtained the highest average value 57 dB on the Y3 axis and the lowest average value of 51.59 dB on the X2 axis.

The effect of dynamic soil-structure interaction is really important to be examined. Moreover if the structure is nuclear power structure or multi-storey structure. In solving the dynamic problem caused by dynamic mass on the soil-structure and interaction, it will use wavelet transform. This study aims to examine the dynamic soil-structure interaction using ITM-FEM approach. In this study, soil is considered as a semi-infinite media in z-direction with unbounded domain in x-direction. The characteristic of material is considered as an isotropic, homogenous, and linear elastic material, and the material damping seems not dependent on the frequency. The dynamic soil-structure interaction using ITM-FEM approach is conducted by counting dynamic stiffness matrix { D^FE }, space truss, hexahedron solid coupling element between FEM and ITM.

This research aim to validation of gauging model of management of community college (CC) curriculum bases on pre-eminent potency of district and requirement of public. This research applies quantitative approach of planning non experimental type survey. Population at this research is lecturer and instructor community college 128 people. Management attribute of Community college curriculum applied as variable manifest in this research consisted of fourteen indicators. To test is manifest variables be valid indicators and reliabel in explaining construction of management variable of curriculum CC, hence data is analysed with engineering confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) applies software LISREL 9.10. Result of analysis CFA indicates that fourteenth of component or indicator from management of CC curriculum expressed is valid and reliabel. Known that factor loading or standardized loading factor (λ) from each variable is observed is ranging from 0.56 to 3.01 and t-value centres around 2.34 up to 10.68. Factor loading value fulfills receiving criterion that is λ ≥ 0,50. The same as to t-value which also fulfills receiving criterion because the value ≥ 1,96. Meanwhile, result of calculation variable reliability manifest from management of curriculum CC shows reliability 0,904. This value fulfills criterion receiving reliability ≥ 0,70 so is concluded that gauging model reliability from management latent variable of curriculum CC is good.

Embedding employability skills in learning requires a learning model that allows effective in improving employability skills of students Learning model that if able to meet these expectations is project based learning. This study aims to determine the contribution of project based learning to employability skills of students of SMK Package Engineering Skills Engineering in South Sulawesi. This research uses quantitative approach with non experimental design with sample size 325 students. Data collection uses questionnaires to obtain data on project-based learning implementation and employability skills. The data of the research were analyzed by using descriptive analysis and regression analysis which previously conducted normality and linearity test. Based on the results of the research is known that the implementation of project based learning model contributes to the development of employability skill students of machining engineering SMK 59.8%.

This study was conducted to determine the factors that influence the dynamics of the organization. The focus of the analysis in question is especially on students who are active in one student organization and then move to another organization on student activity unit at university in Makassar (case study on STIM Nitro and STMIK Handayani). The research methodology used is qualitative descriptive approach. Approach method is used to determine the factors that cause the move of students from the unit kegiatan mahasiswa (UKM) to the one unit kegiatan mahasiswa (UKM) to another. The results of the research analysis indicate that the reason for the students to move other UKM students is due to factors: 1). communication; 2). Not relevant to the field of science. Factor Communication among fellow administrators is considered ineffective, thus causing the move of UKM. The second factor indicates that the student experience in a particular UKM will be maximized according to the field competency at the selected concentration.

Learning performance could be affected by several factors, one of it is body fitness. This paper aims to describe the fitness and learning performance among polytechnic students. It is based on the findings and results of observing the second-year polytechnic students. Twenty-five girls do series of fitness test and competency test. As a result, students with lower BMI has higher VO2Max since they can run faster than their competitors. Students with higher VO2Max have better learning outcome than other respondents.

The accelerated development of information and communication technology (ICT) has an impact on ease of access to digital information. Information disseminated in the digital world is not always true and valid, thus vocational students as prospective professional workers should be equipped with digital literacy skills. One effort to improve student's digital literacy skills is by applying blended learning model that combines conventional learning model (face-to-face) with online learning model based on Learning Management System (LMS). This study aims at discovering whether there is a significant difference between control classes that apply conventional models with experimental classes that apply blended learning model. The research method used was Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design with 3 experimental classes and 3 control classes. The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in digital literacy skills between the control classes and the experimental class, which means that the implementation of blended models can improve students' digital literacy skills.

Education is a basic strategy in developing potential human resources and empowering unprivileged individuals to get life skills and knowledge which are recognized engines of economic growth and social development in any nation. TVET holds the master key for achieving this growth because it is driven by wheels of training skilled and entrepreneurial workforce needed in workplace. Also the strength and success of TVET lie in nature of their cooperation with industries. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the linkage between vocational high school (SMK) and industries in the field of information technology in Malang City. Quantitative design with descriptive approach in four (4) public vocational high schools selected with simple random sampling method with 32 participants. School management and Information Technology teachers are as the subject. The study findings showed that cooperation between vocational high schools with industries has great impact on the quality of vocational education as seen in the strong positive relationship. The study also revealed that various challenges of attaining quality vocational education in Malang. Still, the study revealed that common cooperation type that exist between SMK with industry is mainly Internship placement and job recruitment, on-job training with no significant cooperation in infrastructure.

Life skill skills for students with special needs are very important and valuable for them to get in education. This skills education program is a part of life skill. With this provision is expected they will be able to live independently by not / less dependent on others. This skill training focuses on the various skills to produce a product in the form of real objects that are beneficial to life. By learning the various skills expected, children with special needs can gain a perceptual experience, appreciative experience, and creative experience. Children with disabilities include blind children, hearing impaired, mentally disabled, tuna barrel, gifted child, and children with specific learning difficulties. Seeing the disorder they have a very varied intelligence. so there are children who have a high cognitive disabilities, but also have a low cognitive. Some have a severe disability and some are mild. Seeing this condition the kind of life skills that are suitable to be developed are general life skills and vocational life skills for children with disabilities. There are Types of life skills education for children with disabilities, severe disability and other disabilities children who have less developed intelligence life skills education in general life skills and vocational life skills. While blind children, deaf, deaf, and tuna barrel, gifted children and children with specific learning difficulties developed general life skills, academic life skill, and vocational life skills. Through the help of learning media can help children with special needs in understanding the content of the lessons and facilitating vocational skills.

This research aims at identifying: (1) the regional potency priority; (2) the relevance of vocational high school program with regional potency priority; and (3) the irrelevance factors of vocational high school program with regional potency priority in 34 provinces around Indonesia. This study employed both qualitative and quantitative design. The data was collected by employing website exploration approach, observation, documentation, questionnaire, interview, and FGD. As for the data analysis, it was conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of this study confirm that: (1) potency priority in the western part of Indonesia includes social and community service, agriculture, manufacture or creative industry, and marketing; in the central part of Indonesia it is predominated by agriculture, services, art, industry, fishery, and forestry; in the eastern part of Indonesia the potential priorities are mining, agriculture, and forestry. (2) The level of relevance of Vocational High School program with potency priority in the region reaches below 50% in 26 provinces and 8 provinces reach above 50%. (3) The irrelevance occurred due to weak coordination between vocational school policy stakeholders, the absence of clustering on potency priority in the region as a recommendation to develop vocational high school program, and the insufficient evaluation regarding post-implementation vocational high school development program.

This study aims to develop the Mobile Academic Exhibition information system that presents a solution of at least a platform for students of vocational to share the work or final project used mobile device as a potential medium. The purpose of this information system development is to help vocational students identify the work in one container information system that can be seen by the community, which ultimately provides benefits for students to be seen by industrial. Mobile Academic Exhibition (MAX) development method using the development of Extreme Programming (XP), XP is the most widely used approach to software development through several stages, namely: (1). Planning; (2). Design; (3). Coding; and (4). Testing. The result data will be tested using the effectiveness test and done to 102 samples. The use of research instruments is used to collect qualitative data from random responders and is expected to produce valid data. The results showed that 92.4% of the vocational school students could be accepted immediately after the industry saw the students' projects uploaded in the MAX system, 7.6% of the vocational school students were not accepted due to other factors (administration, attitude and ability to work).

This study aims to produce a needs analysis model of Vocational High School partnerships with the World Business and Industry. The type of research is research development with the end product of the partnership model of Vocational High School with World Business and Industry with partnership model design tool. Subjects of Vocational High School Makassar City with subjects of Electronics Engineering, Computer Engineering, and Networking. Based on the model requirement analysis phase, the following results are obtained: resulting framework of Vocational High School partnership model with World Business and Industry through initial investigation by studying theoretically and requirement analysis of Vocational High School partnership model with World Business and Industry, namely: (1) partnership objective of Vocational High School with World Business and Industry; (2) partnership model analysis; (3) problem analysis; (4) core strategies concept; (5) description of the contents of the memorandum of understanding; and (6) participation of Vocational High School partnership model with World Business and Industry in cooperation. The needs analysis section produces the framework of Vocational High School partnership model with World Business and Industry which is the stages in developing the partnership model.

Entrepreneurship is a process that aims to make changes and createnew things, which aims to generate welfare for the individual and add value to society. Subjects or entrepreneurship courses have become compulsory subjects that train to stimulate the students' interest to act actively in entrepreneurship in most of the vocational education in Indonesia at both vocational and university levels. Topic on entrepreneurial passion is barely studied. Therefore, in this study, the authors try to study conceptually the contribution of learning to passion that affects the entrepreneurialaction of vocational students. This study is based on literature review aiming to reveal the relationship between entrepreneurial learning, entrepreneurial passion and entrepreneurial action. The first part of this research is the introductory part of entrepreneurial learning that examines theoretical entrepreneurship learning and in the next section examines the relationship between passion and entrepreneurial action in relation to entrepreneurial learning. Finally, a conceptual model is proposed based on the study of the constructed theories and the results of the research and implications are summarized in the conclusion section as the basis for further research.

The objective of this research are to: (1) examine the structure of causal relationship among to the entrepreneurial knowledge (X₁), self-efficacy (X₂), readiness instrumentation (X₃), the intention of entrepreneurship (Y), and readiness to become entrepreneurs (Z); and (2) find the direct and indirect effects of a couple of variables of these five variables. This study uses ex post facto approach to which is conducted in both public and private vocational schools majuring mechanical engineering in Makassar. The population was all XII grade students totaling 366 students with a sample of 180 students. The data were collected by using questionnaires and documentation. The data was analyzed using descriptive and path analysis decomposition model. Based on the data analysis and discussion it is concluded that: (1) X₁, X₂, X₃ contributed significantly to the Y and the impact on the Z; (2) the results of the analysis of pathways shown the value of path coefficients in sequence: β₄₁ = 0.372, β₄₂ = 0.349, β₄₃ = 0.417, β₅₁ = 0.244, β₅₂ = 0.362, β₅₃ = 0.252, and β₅₄ = 0.344 with a residual value ε₁ = 0.419, and ε₂ = 0.294. To sum, the variable X₁, X₂, and X₃ simultaneously contributed for 58.1% to variable Z. Also, the variables X₁, X₂, X₃, and Y simultaneously contibuted for 70.6% to variable Z.

The study reports about the effectiveness of metacognitive-based learning model in learning mathematics covering learning completeness, students' learning activities, teacher's learning management skill, and students' response. Metacognitve-based learning model is model applied in learning mathematics optimizing the student's metacognitive skill, including five phase; (1) orientation, (2) presentation and information, (3) simulation, (4) guided training, and (5) self-training. The population of this study was taken from all of the Eleventh Year Students of SMA Negeri 4 Parepare in 2016/2017. Both samples of experimental and control class consist of 24 students for each. The data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics. The result of this study shows that the results of the analysis shows that the results of learning mathematics of students who are taught by applying the model of learning model of metacognitive skills-based learning is better than the result of learning mathematics students who taught without applying a model of metacognitive skills-based learning on mathematical material.

This study aims to find out 1) the validity of model development 2) the practicability model 3) the effectiveness model. This research uses Research and Development (R & D) development method which consists of 3 steps namely 1) preliminary study, 2) development, 3) evaluation and validation. Setting research done in Campus V State University of Makassar Jl.Jenderal Sudirman No. 56 City Parepare South Sulawesi. Research subjects on the implementation of the limited field testing is scholars of PGSD force 2016 which amounted to 30 people. Data collection techniques consist of delphi to find out of validity models, observation and questionnaire scholars response to find out of practicability models and test to know the effectiveness models,. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. The results showed that the model of learning andragogy based on community learning with expert validation test, the model is quite valid and feasible to use, Based on the test of practicability modesls, model is quite practical to use in learning the art of music and the model developed quite effectively applied in the learning of music in PGSD FIP UNM. Conclusion the models can stimulate the positive potential of students, both psychomotor potential, cognitive and affective, further participant participation in learning is very high, especially for music learning The first section in your paper.

This study aimed to develop learning tools of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model to enhance students' scientific thinking skills. This research was a research and development by modifying 4D model consists of define, design, development and disseminate. The subjects of the test result of the learning tool were the students of the Department of Home Economic, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Indonesia, in the even semester of academic year 2015/2016 as many as 30 persons and lecturers as many as 2 (two) persons. The data of research were collected by using observation sheet, questionnaire, interview guide, and documentation, thenanalyzed descriptively. The results showed that learning tools of PBL model were valid, practical, and effective to enhance scientific thinking skill of students. Lecturers can use this learning tool in other courses by modifying that learning tools.

The research aims to (1) obtain the validity of scientific inquiry instruments on Climate Change material; (2) analyze students' scientific inquiry activities based on the different time of problem distribution with multimedia; (3) Obtain students' scientific attitude during learning. The design was research &development. The participants were two classes of PGMI. Validity obtained from expert judgment, scientific inquiry activities obtained from observations during learning. Research shows that the validity of scientific inquiry instruments (multimedia, worksheets and scientific attitude sheets) are good and appropriate. Different time of problem distribution influence the students' scientific inquiry activity. Communication is a dominant indicator of the scientific inquiry activities in both classes. Cooperation and curiosity are a dominant scientific attitude in both classes.

Teacher competencies are an important requirement when creating excellent educational processes. This present study aims to develop a self-assessment instrument and norms tests to analyze teacher's social and personal competencies. This development of a self-assessment instrument uses a model which was suggested by DeVellis³. The items used in the test were constructed using a personal and social competencies indicator that was released by The Educational Ministry of Indonesia. The test results of instrument quality showed that: (1) Content validity analysis through IOC analysis showed 66 items out of 101 from this initial design are valid; (2) Analysis of language content through pilot study interviews showed the items of the instrument were easy to understand, although some self-assessment items contained typographical errors; (3) A discriminant power analysis showed that 48 items (from 66 items) were rated as having good index values; (4) Construct validity analysis using CFA shows the model used in this study fitted the criteria for validity; (5) Reliability analysis showed the alpha values for personal and social competencies were acceptable. This present study also developed a Norm to interpret the results of the self-assessment instrument which consist of three scales: High, Average, and Low.

Education as the long-term solution to prevent and recover disasters in any kind of society faces a new challenge, social network. The increase number of internet users especially those in young age (adolescence) brings many consequences, related with anti-terrorism as a novel disaster management. Indonesia has Pancasila as the nation ideology, but the effect of the understanding this ideology has not been explored yet. Educators have focused on the material that would appear only in the exam, and tend to neglect the material that would be appearing in the real life. Previous study found that students are the vulnerable target of terrorism ideology, so they should be protected and guided. This study aimed to analyze the effect of between believe of the nation ideology and understanding the sensitive words for adolescence students. This research focused on the grade of students understanding about several sensitive words which often used by media to describe certain act or group which resulted to phobia and generalization. This phenomenon becomes greater time by time, along with the least effort to filter the media which now become bias and set aside the journalism ethic. The object of the research involved for about 193 students in age 13 - 21 which claimed as adolescence and active internet users. They have asked to answer several questions related with their understanding to several sensitive words like, "individualism, fundamentalism, radicalism, and terrorism". Furthermore, the students' believe about Pancasila as the nation ideology will also be questioned, whether this ideology create or effect the vulnerability of the students. The important of the ideology for them, is questionable. The result will show the grade of understanding and vulnerability of adolescence population to react the issue that probably become a trigger to disaster in sociopolitical.

This quasi-experimental research aims to know the differences in student learning results from using various learning strategies: STAD, TGT, STAD combined with TGT, and conventional learning. This study used control group design posttest only. The population of this research is all students of class VII SMP in Makassar even semester of academic year 2016/2017. The sample was determined by employing simple random sampling technique which is preceded by testing their equality using grouping test. The hypothesis of the study was tested using ANOVA Test. The result of the data analysis shows that there are differences in learning outcomes between classes taught by STAD only, TGT only, and STAD combined with TGT. This suggests that learning strategies affect the learning outcomes. Further test results (Turkey HSD), shows the learning strategy STAD, TGT, and STAD combined with TGT has significant differences from the results of conventional learning. The students' achievement who taught with STAD approach had a significant difference with students who were treated with STAD combined with TGT. However, learning outcomes of students studying using STAD strategies have no significant differences with learning outcomes using STAD combined TGT.

This research aims to obtain a picture of attitudes and understanding of early childhood education teachers on the use of learning media Edu-Games My Profession as an effort to introduce various types of professions in early childhood education students. The developed product includes My Professional Edu-Games app guide that meets the contents feasibility aspect. This research is a research of the development of ADDIE model which has five main elements consist of Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate. The research data are analysed quantitatively to answer whether the product in the form of guide, material and application of Edu-Games My Profession has fulfilled the criterion of clarity. Products are tested on expert groups with a focus on the clarity aspects of content and applications. The result showed 1) early childhood education teachers generally understand that the use of media applications Edu-Games My Profession has not been used and is needed as a medium of learning to introduce various types of professions. 2) Early childhood teachers have commonly known that the use of Edu-Games My Profession learning media can assist students in recognizing early childhood interest in different types of professions., and 3) expert group test results have fulfilled the clarity aspect of content and application of Edu-Games My Profession.

This research aims to examine the effect of the use of Android-based career application on the self-efficacy of students in the selection of majors in high school. This research is a pre-experiment research on high school students in Makassar city, South Sulawesi. This research begins with development research and has been produced in previous research an Android-based career application named SIMPESA (high school student interest) that has been tested the validity and acceptance by psychologists and ICT experts and counseling counselor (counselor) to assist students in choosing majors in senior high school. The population in this research was all students of State Senior High School 5 Makassar-South Sulawesi class X. The sampling technique was using proportional random sampling involving 30 students of class X. The research design used is the use of pre-experimental design. The research instrument was using career decision making self-efficacy scale and focus group discussion. While the data analysis technique used t test. The results showed that there was a significant increase in pre-test and post-test averages in the trial group, where the post-test average score was higher than the pre-test average score. The conclusion of this research is SIMPESA android based career application have positive influence to self-efficacy students in selecting majors in senior high school.

Space ability can be interpreted with the ability of spatial. The Great Indonesian Dictionary mentions that spatial is anything related to space or place. It can be interpreted that the students' spatial ability demands their ability to understand the visualization of abstract objects or objects in the minds of students. This spatial capability itself will require the mastery of its geometric capabilities. Students' geometry ability mastery can be supported by the improvement of his cognitive style of how to receive, organize, process information and then organize them based on their experiences relating to how they think and solve the problems. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in spatial ability among students with the cognitive style of Field Independent with Field Dependent on learning Anchored Instruction. Population of this research was all students of class X IPA SMA Negeri 1 Takengon Regency of Central Aceh in the academic year 2016/2017. The samples of the research were 2 classes; those were X IPA 1 and X IPA 2, with the number of students was 30 for each class determined by purposive sampling. Data analysis was done by using descriptively quantitative. To know the difference of mean was by using t test of two samples. From the calculation results, it was concluded that there was no difference of spatial ability between students with cognitive style of Field Independent with Field Dependent, there was no difference of spatial ability between students with cognitive style Field Independent in class X IPA 1 with cognitive style Field Independent on learning Expository X IPA 2, There was no difference of spatial ability between students with cognitive style of Field Dependent in class X IPA 1 with cognitive style of Field Dependent in class X IPA 2.

One of the objectives of education in Indonesia based on the curriculum of 2013 (as stated in Kemendibud, 2016, p. 1 point 9) is to develop the mindset related to the learning system in attempt to enhance critical thinking ability. This paper will discuss the critical thinking skills and indicators developed in measuring students' critical thinking skills at the secondary school level. The characteristic used in measuring this ability was Watson-Glaser's critical thinking skill. Watson-Glaser was one of the figures in the development of critical thinking skills, In his work, he mentioned that critical thinking focuses on the relationship between rational thought and the process of education. The competencies measured by Watson-Glaser in developing critical thinking skills were Recognizing Assumptions, Evaluating Arguments, and Drawing Conclusions. This concept was expected to be used in the developing and improving individuals of professionalism as well as achievements and also in understanding students' learning both in school or outside the school.

The birth of a law aims to provide justice, order, and welfare in society, but the fact is sometimes when the law is present it can caused anxiety, which can binding an individual. Research that the author did in 2014 entitled: Suitability of sanctions against violations of students in the perspective of child protection law for teachers in SMP / MTs Negeri Kec. Barebbo Kab. Bone, South Sulawesi In 2014, the results shows that: Child protection laws make teachers fearful of punishment for students who violate school rules. Based on the data analysis there were 36 people from 45 teachers or 80% of respondents answered that the existence of child protection law makes them afraid to impose the punishment. This condition occurs because teachers, parents and the community at large do not fully understand the conception of punishment. Professional teachers should have professional, pedagogic, personality, and social competences. It should also supported by the theory of giving punishment. Punishment should be in harmony with error, fair, quickly decide, and applying the principle of giving trust to the student before punishment, punishment is standardized on behavior (students), punishing without emotion, and punishment has been agreed.

Every region in Indonesia, in the context of refferal vocational education development has the authority in determining the development policy of refferal vocational education program that suitable with the superior potential of each region. Refferal vocational education program is directed to produce a productive workforce or human resources and able to utilize the region economic potential so that in the long term will increase the independence of the region. Refferal vocational education function is also related to the provision of region economic driving force, where refferal vocational education is expected able to open broader thought for the graduates of refferal vocational education, so the graduates can develop their potential in producing and marketing the goods and services in accordance with the region potential. To achieve this objective, the mapping of the region potential needs to be done as an indicator in developing refferal vocational education where the determination of refferal vocational education skills program development needs to be considered and adjusted to the region potential. It is intended that the existence of refferal vocational education really useful for the region in advancing and developing its potential. The sectoral development approach that has improved the quality standard of Indonesian human resources to a certain extent, in the future needs to be followed by a development approach that takes into account the condition and aspirations of the region, not by a uniform approach. Human development strategies in the future should be able to identify the types of education and training that can place the workforce and educated graduates in job market that constantly demand skill improvement.

The objective of the research is to study the effect of the formative assessment models, the style of thinking, and the interaction of both variables on the students learning outcomes in History. The research was conducted at SMAN 2 and SMAN 5 Makassar in 2014/2015, by using experimental methods with samples of 84 students selected multi-stage random sampling. The findings of the research are as follows: (1) the learning outcomes of the students in History roommates are treated by the formative assessment models in each session are higher than those roommates are treated by the formative assessment based models after completing each competency, (2) the learning outcomes in the History of the students having divergent styles of thinking are higher than those of convergent style of thinking.

Theme-based instruction is one kind of communicative methods used in the teaching English reading comprehension. Use of Makassar local culture-based curriculum contents as a source of instruction content incorporated in this method is assumed to be able to facilitate English reading comprehension. This study is pre-experiment with the use of one-group pretest-posttest design. Its population was all students of grade 9 of 13 State Junior High School of Makassar in South Sulawesi province, Indonesia. Through the use of cluster random sampling, it took one class as the sample. It aimed to determine students' English reading comprehension achievement level by comparing between the result of pretest and posttest of students' English reading comprehension performance. Besides, the study identified the contribution of theme-based instruction method towards English reading comprehension achievement in the learning of English. Questionnaire and English reading comprehension test as instruments that used to obtain the data, in which they were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The finding of study showed that the level of students' reading comprehension achievement increased because their post-test reading comprehension achievement was better than the pretest. Furthermore, this instruction method contributed 91.6% towards the learning of the students' English reading comprehension achievement.

The effectiveness of domino card games as a learning media in learning Germany vocabulary for German language students at German Language Department. The aim of this study is to investigate effectiveness of domino card games in learning vocabulary. This stuy is a quasi experimental. The research design is a pre-test post-test control group design. The sampling technique used random sampling technique. Based on the sampling, the 26 students from Class A were set as the experimental group, while the 26 students from Class B were set as the control group. The data were obtained through the German Language vocabulary test in the pre-test and post-test. In this research, the data were analyzed by using t-test. The result showed 3.77 for t-value with the significance level 0.05. From the result, it shows that the significant difference of the German language vocabulary learning between experimental group and control group. It can be concluded that domino card games is an effective way fto learn Germany vocabulary.

There are some influential factors contribute to the low English proficiency of students at higher education. Those influential factors are: teachers' low competence, lacks of facilities and learning aids, and the most intriguing factor is students' anxiety. Foreign language anxiety is interesting phenomenon in the second or foreign language study and the researchers make study on students' anxiety to develop interesting teaching-learning process. Students' anxiety ranging from answering questions to asking questions to the instructor in class. This study aims to explore influential factors towards the students' anxiety in the English as a Foreign Language classroom at higher education in Indonesia. There were sixty four English learners as participants of this research. The participants were the students of English Literature Study Program Faculty of Language and Literature Universitas Negeri Makassar who attended Pronunciation Practice Subject. This study employed descriptive statistics showing the mean, standard deviation, percentage of the students' responses to the questionnaire. Through the use of questionnaire as the instrument of this study, this study identified some contributing factors to students' anxiety: they are (1) students' self-confidence; (2) lecturers' role in the classroom, (3) students' beliefs about material, and (4) lecturers' arrogance in the teaching-learning process in which the teacher presents the material very quickly without considering students' situation.

Indonesian and English vowels reveal different phonetic classification and symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). English has five long vowels: i:, ɜ:, ɑ:, ɔ:, and u:. The difference in phonetic classification and symbol overlooks subsegmental difference in aspiration that exists between the two. In English there are many sounds symbolized by short vowels: i:, ɜ:, ɑ:, ɔ:, and u: which are absent in Indonesian phonetic symbol. These sounds make difficulties to Indonesian speakers of English to identify for communication purposes. This study therefore aims to find out whether formal instruction improve the acquisition of English long vowels by Indonesian learners of English and to investigate which long vowels tend to be difficult to be transcribed by the students. The population of this study was the students who attended the English Phonology course of English Literature Study Program Faculty of Languges and Literature Universitas Negeri Makassar Indonesia. The study reveals that formal instruction improved the acquisition of English long vowels by Indonesian learners of English and the majority of subject gave wrong transcriptions on these two words, e.g., for word early, they transcribed like / :ʌrly/, / ierly/, / erli/, / eirly/, e-l-i/, / irli/, / irly/, / e:ly/, / irliy / and for word girl, they transcribe like / gir:l/, / ger:l/, / ger/, / gael/, / g-e-r-l/, / gerl/, / ge:l/, / ge;l/, / gi:l/.

Willems method is the most common method used for dental age assessment among Malaysian children. London Atlas method was recently introduced in 2010 and there was no study conducted using this method for Malaysian children. This study was conducted retrospectively by analyzing 150 digital dental panoramic tomograms of 5-, 10- and 15-year-old healthy Malay children attending Faculty of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia within the period from 2012 to 2016. The mean age estimated using Willems method and London Atlas method were compared to the mean chronological age. All data were analysed using RStudio software. The results of the study showed that intra- and inter-examiner reliability were 0.75 and 0.82, respectively. The mean chronological age for 5, 10- and 15-year-old groups were 5.49, 10.22 and 15.39, respectively. Significant differences were observed for 5- and 10-year-old groups between London Atlas method (P<0.05) and Willems method (P<0.05) when compared to chronological age. However, no significant difference was observed for 15-year-old group (P>0.05). Willems method is more accurate in determining chronological age for the 5- and 10-year-old groups compared to London Atlas method.

Dysmenorrhea is common among young women and could interfere studying concentration. This pain could be reduced by stretching. The study purpose was to determine the decrease of dysmenorrhea pain rate after being given abdominal stretching exercise on nursing students at STIKES TanawaliPersada, Takalar, Indonesia. A quasi-experimental study by pre-test post-test control group design on 96 random sampling samples consisting of 48 stretching intervention and 48 controls group. Abdominal stretching was given for 15 minutes, two times a week, for three weeks. Data analysis uses the tests of Mann-Whitney, Wilcoxon, and McNemar. The pain scale difference between intervention with control group on pretest was not significant (p value = 0,210), but posttest was significant with p = 0,001. A significance pain difference between the pretest and posttest intervention groups (p = 0.001). The difference in pretest and posttest control group pain was not significant (p = 0.068). Overall, there was a marked decreasing in the mean differences of pain value between the intervention groups and the controls with p = 0.000. This pain reduction was not affected by age of menarche and menstrual period. Therefore, abdominal stretching exercises suggested for young women to deal with primary dysmenorrheal in a non-drug manner.

There are various factors which can influence serum malondialdehyde level as a marker of free radicals of young adults, and night futsal sport was predicted as one of factors which can influence it. The purpose of study was to examine the effect of night futsal sport towards serum malondialdehyde level of young adults. This study used experiment approach by using pretest and posttest control group design. The subjects were 19 individuals selected using purposive sampling technique. This research was conducted at Futsal Field Indoor Beex Makassar. Collecting data was measured at 9 pm and 11 pm (30 minutes before and after doing night futsal sport with duration of 2 x 20 minutes). Blood sampling as much as 3 ml for examination of serum malondialdehyde levels, the blood was analyzed at the Enzyme-Linked Immune Sorbent Assay Laboratory (ELISA) in Universitas Hasanuddin Hospital. The data were analyzed by inferential statistics which consisted of normality test and Wilcoxon test. The data analysis result showed that sig value (0,878) was bigger than (0,05), and based on the comparation of pre and post test data, it can be concluded that night futsal sport did not significantly infuence the serum malondialdehid level of the participant.

In general, futsal sport is done during the day. However, the busyness in life and recent modern culture makes people shift their behavior to do futsal sport at night. This research has purpose to know the effect of futsal night-sport towards cortisol serum level in young adults. The method that is used in this research is quasi-experiment with pretest-post-test control group design. This research is conducted in Beex Indoor Futsal field, Makassar. The samples are chosen by using purposive sampling technique, at approximately 18 persons. The data collecting method to analyze the cortisol serum level is done at 9 pm and 11 pm Middle Indonesian Time Zone or before and after the futsal sport for 2 x 20 minutes. The area of sample collection of blood/incretion in the area of vena mediana cubiti has been disinfected by 70% alcohol. Vena blood is taken 30 minutes before and after the intervention for about 3ml by using spoit to check the cortisol serum level, and then the blood sample that has been taken will be centrifuged in Hasanuddin University Makassar Hospital. The data is analyzed by using Wilcoxon test. The result of the research shows that there is no significant effect towards cortisol serum level when doing a night futsal sport (p = 0.678). The conclusion of this research is that there is no significant cortisol serum level when doing a night futsal sport. The significance is determined based on p<0.05 score.

Diarrhea is still the second highest cause of the death in children under five in the world. Innovation programs continue to be sought to reduce the number of child death due to diarrhea and help diarrhea prevention in Indonesia. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of educational games called as Arbi Care on diarrhea prevention towards the knowledge of healthy behavior among preschoolers. This study used pre-post test control group design involving 120 participants whom fit the inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly divided into a control group of 60 participants and the intervention group consists of 60 participants. Data were analyzed using one-way MANOVA test. The results showed there were significant mean differences in knowledge of healthy behavior to prevent diarrhea between control group and intervention group. There was also a different increased inclination of mean score which is intervention group score higher than control group. Arbi Care is effective in improving the knowledge of healthy behavior to prevent diarrhea among preschoolers. Thus, Arbi Care is recommended to be the model to help prevent diarrhea in children using educational game.

Quality of service and patient satisfaction have a very close relationship. Quality hospital services will provide patients with satisfaction and be the beginning of building a strong relationship for a long period of time. The quality of service in supporting the implementation of the procedure has not been applied maximally. One of them is the lack of professionalism in providing services and information facilities that are still considered inadequate. This study aims to examine and determine the effect of service quality on patient satisfaction in RSUD Daya Makassar Data collection techniques that the authors use is an analytical survey with descriptive analysis approach verificative. Data analysis method using likert scale and sampling using non probability sampling. The population of this research is inpatient in RSUD Daya Makassar with method of determination of sample by using slovin method. Service Quality at Makassar General Hospital of all indicators, research results show the quality of service procedures at RSUD Daya Makassar with good quality. So this shows that tangible, reliability, and assurance variables affect patient satisfaction and empathy variables and responsiveness does not affect the patient satisfaction. Although tangible, reliability, and assurance variables have an effect on patient satisfaction, the Makassar General Public Hospital must maintain or even improve these three variables and for emphaty and responsiveness variables that have no effect on patient satisfaction, the RSUD Daya tries to pay attention to the short comings by looking at how employees pay attention to patients or see how to respond to a patient's wants or needs

Background: The high cost of care for patients with kidney failure is a serious problem and requires cost effective planning. Patients undergoing hemodialysis often lack nutritional intake and nutritional status. Factors causing low energy and protein consumption in patients with renal failure are socioeconomic factors such as depression, stress, lack of knowledge and poverty, the patient's own characteristics in the treatment process. Objective: Analyze and assess the magnitude of the costs incurred for patients with renal failure who undergo advanced age hemodialysis therapy through nutritional intake and nutritional status. Material and Method: In this study data were collected simultaneously at RSUP. Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo Makassar through cross sectional study. Qualitative and quantitative approach with descriptive comparative analysis and activity based costing method. Results: The results revealed that the leading cause of renal failure was based on the primary diagnoses of the disease, ranging from hypertensive renal disease, and comorbidities such as non insulin dependent diabetes, acute subendocardial myocardial, aneurysm of artery of upper extremity and other acute renal failure. Through calculation method Activity Based Costing (ABC), financing activity is lower, but can not be denied that there is variable cost per patient perceived kidney failure. Conclusion: Nutritional intake and nutritional status showed comparison with the Cost Effectiveness Analysis method that there was a difference between hemodialysis and non-hemodialysis patients of Rp.1.998.000, - this means that in non-hemodialysis group more effective than hemodialysis group

This research introduces alternative method in solving definite integration by parts. The integral is solved using an algorithm of the tabular integration by parts through transformation of integral limits. The results revealed that the integration by parts formula changed to a new form after transformation. The implication of this method revealed that the final solution between this technique and standard techniques in calculus text books are exactly the same. The problem in this method is the procedures becomes longer than usual, therefore, the authors has derived the five columns rule to simplify the problem. The explanation of each columns are as follows: the first column writes the positive and negative signs alternately, the second column is f(x), and then successive its derivative that lies below it repeatedly such that the derivative equal to zero, the third column is g'(x), and then its integral lies below it, the fourth column writes the lower limit (x = a) and the upper limit (x = b), and the fifth column is the transformation of integral limits, i.e. the lower double limit {u(a)v(a)} and upper double limit {u(b)v(b)} on the integral respectively.

Mathematical model to elaborate the prevalence of diabetics has been determined by diabetes complication (DC) model. In the DC model, people with diabetes were classified into two compartments, uncomplicated diabetics (D) and complicated diabetics (C). Diabetes is known as a disease caused by lifestyle and genetic factors. A bad lifestyle leads a susceptible individual to become a diabetic. Bad lifestyle is strongly influenced by risky social interaction. In the other side, a genetic factor is the main cause of the diabetes genetic disorder birth. Consider these both factors, the DC model was developed into a susceptible diabetes complication (SDC) model. Susceptible individuals were involved in the calculation of risky interactions. The SDC model is a first order nonlinear differential equation. The number and the change of individuals in each compartment can be determined from the solution of this model. In this paper, the SDC model is applied to predict changes of diabetics prevalence in the United States. As a result, the SDC model is good enough to predict the prevalence.

Study of graph from a group has become an interesting topic until now. One of the topics is spectra of a graph from finite group. Spectrum of a finite graph is defined as collection of all distinct eigenvalues and their algebraic multiplicity of its matrix. The most related topic in the study of spectrum of finite graph is energy. Energy of a finite graph is defined as sum of absolute value of all its eigenvalues. In this paper, we study the spectrum and energy of detour matrix of conjugate graph complement of dihedral group. The main result is presented as theorems with complete proof.

An automorphism of finite graph G is a permutation on its vertex set that conserves adjacency. The set of all automorphism of G is a group under composition of function. This group is called the full automorphism group of G. Study on the full automorphism group is an interesting topic because most graphs have only the trivial automorphism and many special graphs have many automorphisms. One of the special graphs is graph that associated with group. The result of this paper is the full automorphism groups of commuting and non-commuting graph of non-abelian finite group, especially on dihedral and symmetric groups, according to the choice of their subgroups.

This study aims to create matlab code in estimating the parameters of cox regression model. The written matlab code consists of two algorithms. the first algorithm is to obtain the parameter estimation at the baseline hazard function derived from the weibull distribution while the second is on the cox model.The parameter estimation used in the first algorithm uses maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) and the second algorithm uses the maximum partial likelihood estimation (MPLE). The written matlab code is simulated to predict the survival time of DHF patients. The results is that age and thrombocyte are significant covariates affecting survival time of patients with DHF.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prognosis disease, preceded by overweight and obese, and followed by chronics and metabolic syndrome if the sufferer is not treated. The transition from such vulnerable person to overweight, obese, diabetes mellitus, chronics and metabolic syndrome is driven by interaction among its population. This paper considers two kinds of interaction, namely positive and negative interaction. The positive interaction impacts the person in such group population moving to the higher level of prognosis, while the negative interaction turns to the lower one. A mathematical model that represents its prognosis is governed regarding to two different treatments. The model is developed by consider the transition of every group of population due to the prognosis process. The existence of an endemic implicit critical point of the model is guaranteed in such parameter interval. The stability of the critical point is identified from the Jacobian matrix of the represented nonlinear system. The identification notices some parameter requirement that determined the local stability of the critical point. The simulations show that the diabetes mellitus population is not easy to be reduced.

A deterministic mathematical model with educational campaigns and ARV (Anti Retro Viral) therapy as control variables are formulated and analyzed using optimal control theory (the Pontryagin's Maximum Principle). We formulate the appropriate optimal control problem and investigate the necessary conditions for the disease control in order to determine the role of the asymptomatic stage and pre-AIDS stage of HIV infection and in the spread of HIV using of educational campaigns and antiretroviral therapy are used as the control items. The numerical simulation of both the systems i.e. with control and without control, shows that the combination of the two strategies helps to reduce a significant difference in the number of individuals in the asymptomatic stage of HIV infection, the number of individuals in pre-AIDS stage, and the number of individuals with full-blown AIDS.

Historically, group testing theory related to the testing of blood samples to identify a disease. Based on the algorithm, there are two types of group testing, Adaptive Group Testing (AGT) and Non-Adaptive Group Testing (NAGT). NAGT algorithm can be represented by a binary matrix M = m_ij, where columns are labeled by items and rows by tests (blocks). Criteria of matrix is m_ij = 1 if test i contains item j and the other m_ij = 0. On the other hand, the test results of each block are represented by a column vector, called outcome vector. Based on these representations, the problem of group testing can be viewed as finding representation matrix M which satisfies the equation Mx = y, where y is an outcome vector and x are tested samples. If there are d positive samples of n samples then we say d-Combinatorial Group Testing, abbreviated by d-CGT. This paper presents two constructions of disjunct matrix. The first construction based on generating of binary matrices and the second construction using modular equation. Furthermore, from the construction will be modified such that the new construction can be identified more than d positive samples.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the dynamic system of SIR model with climate factors for transmission characteristics of dengue fever in closed population. Human population is divided into three types, which are susceptible population, infected population, and recovered population, while mosquito population is divided into two kinds that are susceptible population and infected population contaminated by dengue fever virus. Five nonlinear differential equations are analyzed to obtain the equilibrium of the system and the basic reproduction number R₀. Next, the stability of the equilibrium of the system is dissected with three theorems using lyapunov. The results will be in the form of the disease-free equilibrium, the endemic equilibrium, and the basic reproduction number. The basic reproduction number R₀ is influenced by climate factors. If R₀ ≤ 1, the disease-free equilibrium will be asymptotically stable, whereas if R₀ > 1, the endemic equilibrium will become asymptotically stable instead. Based on the results, the dengue fever transmission is affected greatly by the climate of a region.

Insolvency of insurance companies has been a concern of parties such as insurance regulators, investors, management, financial analysts, banks, auditors, policy holders, and consumers. This concern has arisen from the perceived need to protect the general public against the consequences of insurers insolvencies, as well as minimizing the responsibilities for management and auditors. In this paper we propose an approach to avoid insolvency in insurance companies. A large number of methods such as discriminant analysis, logit analysis, recursive partitioning algorithm, etc., have been used in the past for insolvency prediction. However, the special characteristics of the insurance sector have made most of them unfeasible, and just a few have been applied to this sector. In this study we predict the insolvency using two different methods, there are Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Fuzzy Kernel C-Means (FKCM). The results are very encouraging and show that SVM and FKCM can be a useful tool for parties who are interest in evaluating insolvency of an insurance firm.

Fisherface is one of the popular algorithms used in face recognition, and is widely believed to be superior to other techniques, such as eigenface because of the effort to maximize the separation between classes in the training process. The purpose of this research is to establish a program of face recognition application using fisherface method by utilizing GUI applications and databases that are used in the form of a Papuan facial image. Image recognition using fisherface method is based on the reduction of face space dimension using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method, then apply Fisher's Linear Discriminant (FDL) method or also known as Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) method to obtain feature of image characteristic. The algorithm used in the process for image recognition is fisherfaces algorithm while for identification or matching face image using minimum euclidean. The method used in this study is literature study that is studying and reviewing various books or literature related to mathematical concepts that underlies the formation of fisherface algorithm to recognize the image of a person's face which is then applied in programming language, especially programming language Matlab7.10. While in the process of preprocessing used Adobe Photoshop CS4 application program, its goal is to make the face image to be uniform in terms of size and format so that the image is ready to be used by the system. The results show that for image recognition where the image of testing is the same as the training image, the percentage of program success is 100%, while for 73 facial test images with various expressions and various positions, 70 faces are recognized correctly and 3 faces are recognized incorrectly, so the percentage of success is 93%.

One of the most useful tool in Statistics Process Control is control chart. This technique has been used widely in industry and services. One of the most simple attribute control chart is p chart, when the item classified into to categories. In its development, if each item of quality characteristics classify in more than two categories multinomial control chart more appropriate. The classify such as Excellent, Good, Fair and Bad. However, if there is vagueness of the classification for each item, the fuzzy multinomial control chart is more appropriately used. By using triangular fuzzy number to calculate the representative value and simulation study, the control chart will be evaluated based on the value of average run length. For small shift of parameter p_i, the value of average run length when the process is in control closed to 370 and when the process out of control the value of average run length are decrease. Based on this this value, it shown that the Fuzzy Multinomial control chart is sensitive.

Geometry is a branch in mathematics having important and strategic role to develop learners' spatial and higher order thinking skills. Both of them can be achieved by learner whenever the concepts of geometry are studied through inqury-discovery process. Therefore, redefinition of all kinds of convex qaudrilateral and their properties through analysis and investigation with respect to measure of its angles or sides. This study are done to have primely structure of convex quadrilateral that implies to acheive the objective of geometry learning. The method of study is initiated by reviewing and evaluating recent references discussing definition and property of quadrilateral, and then create what should be invented. Based on the study has been done, it was obtained many kinds of quadrilateral based on angles or/and sides and then their property that shows primely structure of convex quadrilateral concepts.

This study applies the method of fractal-based 2D Fourier transform to determine an image of osteoporosis or normal based on the dimensions and intercept of the X ray image hand bones. The first step is to create a program to determine the dimensions and the intercept of image. It is determined by using a fractal method based on 2D Fourier transform. Testing the success of the program is done by input X ray image of the hand bones. The result shows that the program testing 2D Fourier transforms can be applied to determine the dimensions and intercept of the hand bones image. The classification of the normal and osteoporosis images is based on the dimensions and intercept values. Normal image has dimension <1.4 and intercept value > 34, osteoporosis image has dimension >1.4 and intercept value <34. Dimensional of osteoporosis image have higher than normal image but the normal image density is higher than the osteoporosis image. Classification results quite effectively to help diagnose osteoporosis.

A balanced incomplete block design contains finite set P with v elements called varieties and a collection of set B consisting of b sets called blocks to qualify: (i). each block contains k varieties, (ii). Each variety occurs in every r blocks, (iii). Each pair of varieties occurs in exactly λ block. In this paper we discuss the use of algebraic method to construct such designs.

Each student is born as an individual with different abilities both in absorbing and processing information received. Students have different speeds in analysing the acquisition of new information or knowledge, some are low, medium and high. similarly the time required is short, there is also a long time. As he absorbs, processes, and analyses the information, he has adapted accommodation and assimilation within his cognitive structure. This study aims to determine the speed of assimilation and accommodation of VII grade students who are highly capable, medium, and low in learning special triangle. The approach used is qualitative by using task-based interview. The researcher interviewed the subject using interview guidelines that have been compiled and tested. The questions are intended to guide the subject in performing the assigned task as a way of recording the speed of the accommodation and assimilation process. The tasks assigned to the subject are triangular questions containing new concepts such as special triangle properties, triangular lines, triangular drawings and triangular lines, calculating the number of outside corners and special triangles, and calculating the area From a variety of special triangles. Another tool in this study was the stopwatch to detect the speed of accommodation and assimilation of each student. Data analysis was done by three stages: studying data transcript, data reduction, and coding. The results of this study were from obtained high-ability students detected quickly in the process of accommodation and assimilation.

Reasoning and problem-solving are interrelated competencies and are two important competencies in school math learning including statistics. Both competencies are targets in the school's mathematics curriculum. The purpose of this study is to investigate the statistical reasoning of high school students in solving statistical problems i.e. the size of data center and standard deviation. The subjects of this study are students with high and low mathematical abilities obtained from mathematics ability test results given to 450 students of class XI from three different schools in Makassar, Indonesia. This research is a descriptive research with the qualitative approach. The results showed that in solving the standard deviation problem students with high and low mathematical ability to know the algorithm well and procedural can finish the calculation well but do not know the concept of deviation standard so cannot interpret the results obtained. It is also found that students with high and low mathematical ability to solve problems well procedural on the material of data centering, but cannot interpret the context in context, especially on median materials. In short, the two students had poor conceptions and poor reasoning in descriptive statistics especially in determining median and standard deviations. Other findings of students with high mathematical ability may represent in the form of graphs, diagrams, histograms and bar charts, whereas students with low mathematical abilities can only represent data in the form of bar charts, graphs, and pie charts.

Madrasah Aliyah (MA) or Islamic senior high school as a part of the national education system plays a big role in advancing the education in Indonesia. There are 7,260 MA institutions with 1,294,776 students. The big potential of MA must be accompanied by some efforts to improve the quality. One of the ways is by capturing and evaluating the quality of MAs through, for example, the results of the National Examination (NE). This study aims to capture the mathematics achievements of students of public MAs and private MAs (mathematics and natural science study stream and social science study stream). The population of the study is all of MA students in Indonesia who took the NE in 2016, with a sample of 291,972 students from 1,455 MAs across 38 districts/cities in East Java. The data of this study are the mathematics scores from the NE and the National Examination Integrity Index (NEII) 2016. The data were analyzed by: (a) determining the average of mathematics scores for each group of MAs (public and private MAs), (b) comparing the average of NE mathematics scores between groups, (c) determining the classification of the MAs based on the number of students and the regions, and (d) comparing the average of 'mathematics scores' in NE with the average scores of NEII for each of MA classification types. The results show that the mathematics achievement of public MA students is higher than the private MAs (for both study stream groups).

This study used research and development approach. It focus on metacognition strategis to build the students character. It aims to produce a valid learning device. The main products of learning device consisted of : (1) RPS, and (2) lesson book. The model 4D of research and development was applied, it consisted of 4 phases namely defined, design, development, and disseminate. This article explain the profile of learning device based on metacognition for character building of Introduction to Basic Mathematic. Validity of learning device was measured by the experts. The result of learnig device consisted of RPS and lesson book had been valid.

This paper is published from results of a study that aims to develop a model of mathematic learning that can improve the ability to solve Students mathematic problems. It's a learning management based on internet model. This model can be used outside the school through homework that can be controlled by the teachers by using interned media with Google Class application. Furthermore this paper provides information about the development of learning management based internet model abbreviated to "Lemansisnet" which is the development of the model and its learning tools refers to Plomp. The design of model components refers to Joice, Weil & Shower. To measure the validity, effectiveness, and practicality refers to the criteria Nieveen. Further, problem solving ability targeted to be improved refers to problem solving phases by Polya's. Validation process of the model and learning tools is done by six validation teams. Further, the valid model were tested at junior High School 2 Parepare. Based on the development process obtained model that are valid, effective, and practical. This model consists of 6 phases; 1) Problem orientation (on line) 2) Exploration; 3) Guided Training 4) Presenting results; 5) Reflection; 6) Self-Training (on-line).

This study aimed to develop learning media based on Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK) approach that was valid and practical and able to facilitate students' mathematical understanding ability. This research is conducted at State Junior High School 20 Pekanbaru. The subjects of this research are media experts and subject matter experts as validators and students of Grade 8th at State Junior High School 20 Pekanbaru. The objects of this research are learning media based on Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK) approach and students' mathematical conceptual understanding ability. Based on the validity test, the learning media based on Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK) approach was categorized as very valid with 86.20% validity rate. Based on practicality test, learning media based on Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK) approach was very practical for small group with 90.51% practicality level, and very practical for large group with 90.17% practicality level. Based on the students' mathematical understanding ability test, the learning media based on Visual, Auditory, and Kinesthetic (VAK) was very effective with 89.74% effectivity rate. From these results, the developed learning media was very valid, very practical, and very effective to facilitate students' mathematical understanding ability.

This study aims to produce a valid and practical educational game that can facilitate students' mathematical problem solving ability. This study is a development research using Borg & Gall model which has been modified. Subjects were technology and subject matter experts as validators and 8th grade students of State Junior High School 21 Pekanbaru for practically test and the object of this study are educational game and students' mathematical problem solving ability. The data were obtained through a validation process by validators, practicalities by students, and effectivity by students' mathematical problem solving ability test in the form of post-test. Data collection instruments are in the forms of validation sheets, practicalities questionnaire sheets and post-test for mathematical problem solving ability. The data were analyzed with descriptive analysis techniques. The educational game development results have been tested with validity degree of 84.1% (very valid), practicality degree of 85.42% (very practical) and effectivity degree of 80% (effective). From these results, it was identified that the educational game that developed was very valid, very practical and effective to facilitate students' mathematical problem solving ability

The objectives of the study were to find out the lecturers perception on: (1) the teaching and learning of mathematics using English as medium of instruction (EMI) at the International Class Program (ICP) of Mathematics Department of the State University of Makassar (UNM); (2) their students' English achievement after joining in the ICP program. The study applied qualitative research design. Interview was used to collect data. The participants were five lecturers from Mathematics Department. They were all mathematics lecturers (non-English lecturers) and most of them have limited English proficiency. The data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's qualitative data analysis. The study found that despite many constraints have been found in the program implementation (e.g students and lecturers low English proficiency), the lecturers believed that the program has many positive outcomes (e.g improving students' confidence and fluency in using English, at the same time they could cope with the content materials).

This article describes a study aimed to identify students' exploring ability of quadratic equations when using the computer in the guided discovery learning. It was a case study that focuses on algebra learning in the first year of pre-service mathematics teacher. Data collected through test and interview. The data analysis found that all students be able to discover that the graph of quadratic equations is a parabola. Students from the high and medium ability were able to explore relations between the change of the leading coefficient of quadratic equations and its graph. They were able to see that some quadratic equations do not have real roots and that this characteristic corresponds to the fact that their graphs do not cross the x-axis. Whereas the low ability students show that they have problem in using computer. They lacked understanding of the relation between quadratic equations and its graph. They are not able to explore the leading coefficient of quadratic equations.

The purpose of this paper is to get the instructional design of introductory course for computing Algorithms for students who have the low marks of Math. They have kinesthetic and tactile learning styles in their learning. The discussion in this study is important because in some private universities in Indonesia found, that the new students of Informatics Engineering Program and Information Systems, they have below average of Mathematics ability, which is under 53 out of 100 points. The design of courses are prepared by using the theory of learning by doing. The question raised is how to apply the theory of learning by doing on the design of course outline. The result shows that the design of course outline is compiled using system approach with Context evaluation model, Input, Process, Product (CIPP) by using external stimulus in the form of Mathematical reasoning software for computational Algorithm, and avoiding imitation Mathematical reasoning from the beginning class, because it does not match the characteristics of knowledge on this course that are classified as conceptual and metacognitive knowledge.

This research was examining students' mathematical reasoning by the open-ended approach. This research has a purpose to train students' mathematical reasoning abilities to think logically and know how much is the effect of open-ended approach to students' mathematical reasoning abilities. The subjects of this research are the students of 5th grade in elementary school Gugus I, Buleleng sub-district, Bali. The instrument using mathematical reasoning test which made by the researcher with reference to indicators of mathematical reasoning abilities of P4TK Yogyakarta. This research is a quasi-experiment research with randomized control group pre-test post-test design. The outcomes of the research tell us that in the experimental group, where the students in the experimental group were treated by open-ended approach during the learning process and the students in control group were treated by conventional approach during the learning process. Students' mathematical reasoning in the experimental group was better than students' mathematical reasoning in control group after post-test was given. Both groups had similar performance in the pre-test. Both groups were following common work schedule. Open-ended approach gave positive influences on students' logical thinking abilities.

This study aims to identify basic mathematics skills and understanding of new students of FMIPA Unsyiah. Prior to the beginning of August 2015, the research team developed an instrument to identify the basic skills of new students of FMIPA Unsyiah. The questions included in the instrument are developed based on some anecdotal or empirical input about students' misconceptions in some Basic Mathematics concepts. In this article, we will report the process of developing the instrument as well as the results of psychometric analysis performed to measure the quality of the developed instruments. Classical test theory analysis results reported in this article include the values of the point bi-serial indices and the difficulty indices obtained based on the student responses on the instrument. The data was obtained from the first administration participated by 325 new students. The result of item analysis shows that the point bi-serial indices of items in this instrument ranges from 0.269 up to 0.582 with difficulty indices ranging from 0.16 up to 0.92. The results indicate that items in this instrument can discriminate students' ability well and can measure students' ability from every level of ability, but revisions are still needed to improve it.

The SEA-Teacher Project purposes is to help students in developing pedagogical, teaching, and English-communication skills as well as providing experiences of studying the cultures of other countries. Student teachers who participate in this project should be able to develop their competence during implementation of (1) class observation, (2) teaching assistant, (3) teaching in classroom, and (4) reflection and lesson learned. This research aims to analyze the implementation of Strategy Assessment as Learning for developing pedagogical competence. This research used qualitative design that conducted with subject of Batch-4 SEA-Teacher Project student teachers in mathematics education. Research data were collected by questionnaire, observation, and interview method. The result of the research showed that Strategy Assessment as Learning help student teachers to do self-assessment in conducting teaching in classroom. Problems occur during the teaching and learning process in the classroom must be immediately addressed by student teacher with help of mentors. Student teachers discussed their weakness with mentors get fast-constructive feedback. Therefore, they used it as learning to improved their teaching while they still in SEA-Teacher Project.

This development research aims to produce learning instruments of mathematics material geometry based on Van Hiele learning theory to develop characters which are valid, practical and effective criteria. The product consists of four components, namely: Lesson Plan, Student Book, Student Worksheet, and Learning Result Test. The process of developing using 4-D model Thiagarajan consisting of 4 stages namely define, design, development and disseminate. The result of the research shows that the learning tools developed are valid, practical, and effective based on the validator and the results of the experiments evaluated. The validity was measured based on experts' validation which meet the criteria of validity, with each Content Validity greater than 75%. This indicates that the four components are in valid category. The practicality was measured by instructional management sheet shown by the fulfillment of every aspect that is in both good and excellent category. The effectiveness was indicated by the fulfillment of 3 of the 4 defined effectiveness indicators, among others: (1) The average percentage of classical completion of the learning result test is more than 85%, (2) the fulfillment of 7 of the 9 categories of student activities, (3) a positive response of 85% of each aspect being responded.

Thinking is the development of ideas and concepts within a person caused by the process of establishing relationships between parts of the information stored in a person. In the early stages, the object of thought is accepted by the senses, processed in the brain into concepts / ideas, and expressed into a representation. Elementary students who are generally in a concrete operational stage desperately need this representation to facilitate their understanding. This research is a qualitative research with the subject of 12 students grouped into 3 groups, namely: (1) group representation in the usual way; (2) representation group with percent; (3) representation group by degrees. This research is intended to describe the thinking process of students in representing images to symbols on fractional materials. The results show that the representations of these three groups are essentially similar. All of them follow the APOS process (action, process, object and schema). The difference only occurs in group 1, where group 1 tends to think procedurally, while groups 2 and 3 think analytically.

The Definition of absolute value was used to proof the representative theorem only. Furthermore, this definition will be no longer be used. Some students only use the definition to prove a particular theorem, then students use the theorem to solve the problem. Consequently, definitions will be forgotten and students' understanding of concepts will be lacking. This study establish the students of prospective mathematics teacher of Cokroaminoto University to use the definition of Absolute value to solve some real analysis problem. The research unit of this study is the 6th semester prospective mathematics teacher in Cokroaminoto University. This research conducted on semester 6 on academic year of 2016/2017. The study shows that (1) there are some prospective teachers have difficulties to form the problem as definition of absolute value, (2) they cannot conclude the final solution set for two or more solution set. This Research suggest to use Problem Based Learning to improve the prospective mathematics teacher in solving real analysis problem.

The purpose of this research is: to identify the necessary development, analyzing of characteristics and describing the validity and practicability of teaching material literacy mathematical nuanced. The method that used in this research is Research and Development which refer to the Borg and Gall that modified in three steps are: preface study, development and evaluation. The result of this research shows that: founding the teaching material that appropriates with the needed, has the current characteristics, a valid teaching materials and practices. The conclusion of this research is the existence of teaching materials developed to facilitate the students in Junior High School solve problems of mathematical literacy.

Geometry learning given to Mathematics education program, Faculty of Language and Science, Wijaya Kusuma SurabayaUniversity use various strategy and learning models even acquired maximum result. Students still have difficulties this to prove theorems, therefore concepts understanding is needed about triangle. One of the alternatives that can build up geometry concepts in students mains is by carrying out an approach of Rigorous Mathematical Thinking (RMT). The goals of this research are to describe processes and results of the development learning tools models of triangle using problem solving based on Rigorous Mathematical Thinking (RMT). This Research is a developmental one which carried out for the students of Mathematics education program, Faculty of Language and Science University of Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya academic year 2017-2018. The research object is learning triangle using problem solving approach. Two subjects are subject for validation and subject for limited try out. The learning instruments consist of validation sheets, observation of students activity sheets, students response sheets and test. The technique of data collection uses observation method, test, and questionnaire. Research yields teaching handbook, syllabus and student activity sheets.

This research was purposed to see the influence of cooperative learning model type think pair share in improving self efficacy of students on mathematics subjects This type of research was a quas experiment with the design of The One Group Pre Test-Post Test Design Participants in this research amounted to 25 students of grade VIIIC junior high school 1 Ajangale event obtained by using simple random sampling technique The data from this research was obtained by using self efficacy scale containing 16 items of question The data obtained from participants' answer were analyzed by One Way Anova using SPSS 2200 The results of this study reveal that the pretest score was obtained M = 48,08, SD = 8,046, while posttest score was obtained M = 60,76, SD = 5,600 The result of hypothesis testing on self efficacy scale on pretest and posttest obtained F = 41,827 with significance value p = 0,000 (p< 0,05) So, it can be said that cooperative learning model has a positive effect in improving self efficacy students on mathematics subjects.

The use of mathematics teaching aids in elementary school is useful not only for the acquisition of knowledge, but also for the formation of student awareness of his ability and the arrangement of his thinking in solving problems. This relates to the students' awareness of their ability to develop various possible ways in solving problems. The process of realizing and organizing of one own thinking is known as metacognition. The involvement of metacognition in learning provides great benefits to students in particular to strong mastery of the subject matter. The methods used in the study are: implementation of learning using mathematical teaching aids by applying metacognitive strategies, observations, tests, and interviews. The results showed that: (1) the utilization of teaching aids in learning mathematics provides excellent opportunities for planting understanding of the concept to the students based on their awareness about why and how a concept built and then can use the awareness to solve problems (known as metacognition), (2) train metacognition skills for elementary school students will be very good when done in learning mathematics by using teaching aids. Based on these reasons, it is important for teachers to train metacognition ability especially in solving mathematics problems for elementary schools students.

The purpose of this study is to better understand the use of three cognitive strategies, orientation, organization, and elaboration by students in completing word problems. The sample consisted of 54 senior high school students from three different school levels tested twice within the period of two months. The study found progress from the initial test to the final test, which is about the frequency of use of mathematical representation when students solve word problem that is written texts, drawings and mathematical expressions. Scores increase of significanly between initial test and final test in the firs and second groups, whereas the control group did not increase significantly. Each group gain a scores on the initial test of 26.7; 26.3 and 27.2, after treatment the scores on the final test became 36.1; 33.7 and 30.2. The study shows that the first group was more effective in using mathematical representations in the classroom than the second group and the control group. Students in the first group, second group, and control group tended to have different abilitiesin mathematical expressions and written texts when solving algebra and geometry problems, although none satisfactory. In conclusion, The Think Talk-Write + cooperative grouphad positive effects on students in the final test.

The observation shows that the average students who still have mistakes in solving the mathematic problems as the students have not yet understood the concept of the lesson well. One way to solve the problem of students' concept understanding is to apply the REACE learning model (Relating, Exploring, Applying, Cooperating and Evaluating) oriented towards creating an independent learning environment, liveliness, cooperation elements and the ability to help teachers create concepts. This research is a quantitative research quasi experimental type research with nonequivalent control group design, specifically to see the effect of REACE on students' mathematical concept understanding. The analysis results show that the average of experimental class (77,36) with the gain test 0,48 (medium category) is higher than the control class (55,78) with the gain test 0,48 (weak category). The test t count> t table (4,192> 2,005) means that the applying of REACE affected the students' mathematical concept understanding.

This study aims to see the errors of knowledge construction when students solve algebra problems. To get the subject of research conducted exploration to class VII students with given algebra task sheet in the form of analogy. Through Think out load method is enhanced by interview obtained verbal data. The results showed that the characteristics of algebraic construction errors in students include: no analogical reasoning, mistake in assimilation and accommodation, and happened pseudo thinking. In addition, mistakes were found in assimilation and accommodation of relationships and strategies.

What are the process and the result in developing mathematical skill assessment instrument in secondary school during numbers course? This study addreses the problem. The assessment follows bloom's taxonomy. The research is a developmental research by using 4D model limited into defining, designing, as well as developing. The data analysed by using the derscriptive rule. The product result of this study is an assesment intrument formed in rubric assessment involved performanc aspect assessed and perfromance qualities in the range of 0-4. The product validated and responded based on material, construction, language, objectivity, systematic, and practicability aspects. The result shows that the developed instrument got a great respon in the range of 84,27%. Researcher hope the study result contributes to increase the quality of assesment beside the teachers and practiciant develope in that based on bloom taxonomy.

This paper describes the process of intuitive thinking in a tortuous way to solve problem of sequence convergence by students Program Study of Mathematics Education, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education of Universitas Lampung. It is said to be tortuous because the student experienced several stuck in solving the problem. This study was conducted on 30 students, and there are 2 students netted as research subjects. Data is obtained from audio visual recording of student's think aloud and interview. The tortuous thinking intuitively can be explained in the following order. Student 1) understands the problem self-evidently and accepts the existing statement in the issue with intrinsic certainty and with overconfidence, 2) plans the problem solving immediately and tends to rush, through trial and error based on primacy effect, 3) carries out the planning in order to get behavior of the sequence's term; however he is stuck. Then the students go back to step 2) plans the problem solving and then continues to step 3). This can last several times. After finding the behavior of the term of sequence, students goes to the next step that is 4) makes extrapolation about solution, and then 5) declares the solution with complete sentence.

The objectives of the research are to know (i) the descriptions of students' reaction in following the training/coaching of abandoned children who drop out of school, (ii) the implementation of students' learning in following the training/coaching of abandoned children who drop out of school, (iii) the description of the change of students' behaviors in following the training/coaching of abandoned children who drop out of school in PPSBR Makkareso in Maros District. The research was evaluative research which employed Kirkpatrick model with the method of taking subject is qualitative. The subjects of the research where the participants of the program in Center for Youth Social Services (PPSBR) Makkareso Maros as the target of the program. The research employed purposive sampling. The data of coaching program evaluation where collected by using questionnaire, interview, observation and documentation which aimed to obtain more accurate data. The data analysis of the research covered preparation, tabulation, and implementation according to the research approach. The determination of evaluation criteria of research results was adjusted with the evaluation model employed. The result of data analysis on the evaluation of coaching program of abandoned children who drop out of school with Kirkpartick model reveal that : (1) the students' reactions of coaching program of abandoned children who drop out of school based on coaching material, coaching instructor, learning media, and method used is in very good category in Reaction Component Evaluation, (2) the evaluation of coaching program of abandoned children who drop out of school based on program planning, program implementation, monitoring, and evaluation is in very good category in Learning Component Evaluation, (3) the coaching program of abandoned children who drop out of school based on the change of behaviors and skills is in very good category in Behavior Component Evaluation.

Fragmentation of thinking structures is a phenomenon of constructing information in the brain that is inefficient, thus inhibiting the process of solving mathematical problems. Fragmentation of thought structures can be traced through erroneous constructs in solving mathematical problems. To overcome fragmentation, students need to defragment the thinking structures. Defragmentation is the thinking structure rearrangement through the process of checking, repairing, and ascertaining (CRA) in solving mathematical problems. Students defragment the thinking structure under the researcher assistance through the provision of "limited intervention". Limited interventions are conducted by facilitating the occurrence of disequilibrium, cognitive conflicts, and scaffolding. In this study, five types of defragmentation of thinking structures are described: (1) defragmentation scheme knitting to arrange the occurrence fragmentation of meaningless connections, (2) defragmentation of scheme activation to arrange the occurrence fragmentation of false-pseudo construction, (3) defragmentation of connections emertionto arrange the occurrence fragmentation of nothing connection, (4) defragmentation of scheme translation adjustmentto arrange the occurrence fragmentation of translation of thinking structure, and (5) defragmentation of schemeemertion to arrange the occurrence of fragmentation of construction holes. In this study, students were asked to complete the work sheet and spoke out what was being thought (thinkaloud). In addition, students were also interviewed to explore the data that had been collected. The research data used was the result of think aloud (in the form of written data, verbal, and expression) and interview result.

The purpose of this research is to describe the pointing gesture and teacher's speech SMPN 2 and SMPN 4 Ternate in learning mathematics accordingto information, initiation and feedback. Pointing gesture forms an integrated system with assertive and directive speech and contributes to mathematics learning. Information as an explanation in the conversation and example. Initiation in classroom conversation is a form of opening speech as a trigger/stimulus performed by the teacher with the aim of obtaining student responses. Feedback is teacher's comment on student response. The type of research is case study. In this research, case studies aimed at pointing gestureaccompanied by teacher's assertive speech in information, pointing gestureaccompanied by teacher's directive speech in initiation and pointing gesture accompanied by teacher's assertive in feedback. The result of this research are (1) pointing gesture accompanied by teacher's assertive speechin information, that is teacher giving explanation to student about concept or idea of mathematics in exchange structure of conversation of learning mathematics specially information, (2) pointing gesture accompanied by teacher's directive speech in initiation, that is the teacher asks the students questions about the concept or idea of mathematics in the structure of the exchange of conversation learning mathematics especially initiation and (3) pointing gesture accompanied by teacher's assertive speech in feedback, the teacher explains/elaborates concepts or mathematical ideas and affirming or justifies student answers.

Linear algebra is one of the subjects that will be taken by students of mathematics education department. Most of students' score was low. Thus, the purpose of this research was to analyze the students' difficulty in learning linear algebra. 35 students of mathematics education department were chosen as the participant. In collecting the data, paper and pencil test and interview were used. This research was a qualitative research. The result showed that the students' difficulty in learning linear algebra was very high which 88.63% students were not able to represent the symbol or notation, 88.11% students had difficulty in using the symbol or notation or ideas of mathematics and logical reasoning, 88,38% students had difficulty in comprehending the symbol or notation used by using logical reasoning, 91.77% students were difficult to check whether the symbol or notation or ideas of mathematics used has been applied correctly or not and use logical reasoning. It indicated that students' difficulties in learning linear algebra was very high. This is because students' understanding of the material and solving linear algebra problems is quite slow compared to other materials. Lecturers are also not optimal enough in the use of media and learning methods in learning linear algebra in the classroom.

This paper introduces the Modified Guided Discovery learning model as a conceptual framework for learning that focuses on improving students' analytical skills at the secondary level through guided discovery to solve major problem in student analysis activities. The method used in this study is a qualitative method. This conceptual framework focuses on two main theories, which are Guided Discoverymodel and cognitive systems in New Taxonomy Marzano. The result of this study is a syntax of learning model which starts from retreival, comprehension, problem statement, analysis, verification, and conclusion.

The purpose of this study was to identify students' errors in solving indirect analogical problems based on analogical reasoning components. Using qualitative design approach, the study was conducted at two schools in two different regions of Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia. The instrument used was analogical problems consisting of two problems where the source problem was symbolic quadratic equation problemand the target problems wastrigonometric equation problem. The findings of this study indicate that students could make error in each of structuring, mapping, applying, or verifying stage. But, errors can occur also in the combination of those anaogical reasoning components, such as structuring-applying.

This study focuses on developing learning design based on realistic mathematics education. The learning design developed related to the real life of students, so students are expected to enjoy and tend to like mathematics. The results showed that the realistic mathematics education design consisting of a lesson plan, a teachers guide, a student book, a student worksheet, and mathematics achievement test are in good quality, which meet the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. Mathematics achievement test as a research instrument meets the criteria of validity, sensitivity, and reliability. In learning process by using realistic mathematics education, the students are more active, have an energy and motivation to learn, so there is a good impact on the improvement of students learning achievement.

Argumentation is one important component in building an understanding of mathematics students. Argumentation is concerned with a person's ability to give reasons based on the facts to make a conclusion and is frequently used in mathematical proofs. Argumentation produce arguments that cannot be categorized right or wrong but it is valid or not, so a person's ability does not guarantee the validity of arguments, depending on his thinking process. This research aims to analyze the arguments using the Toulmin argumentation consists of: data, claim, warrant, backing, qualifier and rebuttal. The researchers grouped students based on skill level high and low then analyze the sixth component of argumentation used students and validitasnya in the process of proof. Qualitative Research methods are used to collect data in the form of the results of the work of students, think aloud, field notes, and the results of the interview. The results showed that students with low ability can make valid arguments with true claims whereas students with high ability can also produce a valid argument with wrong claims. Each component of the argument has different characteristics based on the student's ability level.

Geometry concept learning for grade VIII of secondary high school is possible to be taught using props, as these props are able to assist students in discovering the concepts and formulas that would be used to solve mathematics problems for better concept mastery. This learning is in accordance with the Indonesian 2013 curriculum where one of the geometry concepts is a circle. Therefore, this study is aimed at examining the mastery of circle concept in students who were taught using the props compared to the students who were taught using the conventional teaching. This study is quasi-experiment implemented in two classes. The first class were taught by using the props and the other class were taught by using conventional teaching in circle topic. The instruments in this study consisted of the circle concept mastery, teacher's ability to manage the learning, and students' activity during the learning session. The data were analyzed using Covariance inferential analysis and descriptive analysis. This study reveals that circle concept mastery of the students who were taught using props was higher than those taught using conventional learning. Teacher's ability to manage to learn with props was within the very good category, and the students' activity during the learning session was within the very active category. This study recommends that learning using props is one of the learning alternatives that can be adopted by the teacher to teach and increase students' mastery in circle topic specifically and in general increase students' mastery of the concept of geometry.

The aim of this study is to examine to what extent are the mathematics lessons of four teachers in Brunei Darussalam were dedicated to reviews. In total, 20 video-recorded lessons were collected and coded following the definitions provided by the TIMSS 1999 Video Study. The results indicated that 40% of the lessons were devoted entirely on review with 25% belonging to one teacher in particular. From the interview analysis, one of the key issues that emerged was the pressure of examinations in Brunei that led to the profound emphases on the pace of teaching placed by three teachers in relation to their review lessons. There exists a culture in Brunei where every teacher is obliged to do a lot of preparatory work before the examinations. However, there is also a possibility that the type of instruction that seems characteristic of the majority of the four Brunei classrooms may be a defensible, viable, and effective local solution to the problem on how to maximise test or examination performance. Importantly, this style of teaching may just be in harmony with the school culture.

The present research which is the continuance of the two-dimensional problem activities, addresses how the designed instructional learning support students in solving three-dimensional multiplication problems as well as grasping the concept of multiplication. Design research, which fits to answer the research question was chosen to reach those set objectives. Specifically, a hypothetical learning trajectory (HLT) was set consisting of learning goals, student activities, and the conjecture of their thinking and learning by applying the principle of Realistic Mathematics Education. Reflecting from the activities, the findings suggest that by creating hands-on activity, the students are able to make all different possible combinations of each kind of object. The use of tree-diagram model in the two-dimensional problems suggests the children use such kind of model.

The research aims at finding out how the development of social learning model based on metacognitive strategies or PS MEDIM model fosters the mathematics self-efficacy of students which is valid, practical, and effective. The product of this research is a social learning model based on metacognitive strategies that can foster self-efficacy in mathematics. The development is conducted simultaneously. This research is research development which refers to the modification of the development of Tjeerd Plomp model with 4 phases of development. There is also a trial test of PS MEDIM learning model that is conducted in class XI at SMAN 9 Makassar. The results of research. First, the model, instruments, and the learning tools of PS MEDIM are valid. Second, the model of PS MEDIM is eligible to apply in the classroom. Third, the model of PS MEDIM does not meet the criteria of practicality. It indicates that the components of the model of PS MEDIM has not been implemented as expected and does not meet the criteria of effectiveness. The student's activity has not been as expected. In addition, the teacher's ability for teaching and learning management is still in "medium" category.

This is a qualitative descriptive research that aims to describe students' thinking level based on Van Hiele theory on three dimensional materials by considering cognitive style. The subjects of this study were 2 students of class XII in SMAN 1 Pangkajene representing Field Independent (FI) cognitive style. The instruments used were GEFT (Group Embedded Figure Test), geometry test and interview guidelines. The GEFT test distinguished students' cognitive style for finding FI. Geometry test was according to indicators of thinking level which is based on Van Hiele theory. The interview guidelines contained a number of guides that aimed to explore and clarify students' answers in depth. Data were collected through tests and interviews and analysed using Miles and Huberman data analysis model. The result of the study shows that: first subject and second subject (FI-1 and FI-2) are at the "deduction level". The difference between the both subjects is the number of verification method performed. FI-1 was able to verify deductively through two ways while the subject of FI-2 is only capable of one way.

This article will give depiction of the long-term purpose of the society's participation in the learning process of children in Sangihe regency. This purpose is related to the principle of democratic learning, which highlighting that learning process has to correspond with the children's experience and needs. The learning material and activity have to integrate the students' knowledge and skill and they gained inside and outside the classroom. The learning source, both the object and the subject of learning, and especially the society, should be involved actively in the learning process. The society has some special knowledge about Mathematics and the knowledge should be explored in order to strengthen the regular learning at school, and also to strengthen the context related to skill and value. This research will cover some stages of identifying Mathematics learning process in the society, planning the instructional material in the form of thematic assignments, and implementing the instructional planning with the society as the facilitator or the learning partner for students. The related Mathematics concepts are the slope of the land based on the concept of trigonometry, and the model of function graph in an event happening on the field. This learning-research plan is open to variety of material and learning activity that will develop in the learning process, as a result of democratic learning.

Problem solving is an important competency for learners. The importance of this competence contained in the curriculum of education in Indonesia. Math problems have difficulty level that are high enough. The more complex concepts involved in a problem, the higher difficult level of the problem. Thus, solving mathematical problems require the ability to associate many concepts into a united concept to bring up as a key concept. The key concept results an appropriate problem solution. This paper describes the important stages students did in applying conceptual thinking in solving mathematical problems. This study is explorative descriptive study by qualitative approach. The subject is the male students of mathematics education department in Universitas Negeri Makassar. The instruments are mathematical problem solving tasks and an interview. The result describes the importance steps in solving mathematical problems based on conceptual thinking. Those steps are (1) describing problems, (2) associating problems, (3) determining key concepts, and (4) formulating solutions.

The study aimed to describe the profile of problem of solving grade VIII students at MTs Al-Murahmah, based on thinking styles. The results of the research show the profile of mathematics problem solving of; 1) concrete sequential student are: a) understanding mathematics problems, that tended to organize facts, b) conducting problem solving, that tended to work algorithmically in each stage problem solving; 2) abstract sequential students are: a) understanding the problems, which had tendency to process information abstractly, b) planning problem solving, namely the ability to analyze and present fact in form of mathematics symbol, c) conducting problem solving systematically and linear pattern, 3) concrete random student are: a) tended to be consistent in using guessing strategy or trial and error in solving mathematics problem, b) tended to use formulating pattern strategy by building solving pattern according to the way of thinking; 4) abstract random student are: a) tended to use guessing strategy or trial and error in solving mathematics problem, b) tended to show the basic difference in processing information received.

This study produces a performance-based mathematics learning model for the international class program (ICP) students in college. Hasil penelitian telah memperoleh Disain pengembangan – which according to plomp (2007) consisting of three output components, which is intervention outcomes, principle design (intervention theory), and professional development, and outcome components. The results of this study satisfy the criteria proposed by Nieveen (2007: 96), which is having a content validity, consistent internal (reliability), practical, and effective. The design of the development outcomes (which is the PMK-ICP Model) is implemented in lectures at universities with experimental settings by comparing PMK-ICP Models with other learning Models. The results of experimental studies, statistically concludes that there is a significant difference between the experimental group learning result that is using the PMK-ICP Model compared to the control group learning result that is using the conventional method using discussion method, so it can be concluded that the learning model of PMK-ICP is effective used in International Class Program students (ICP) Department of Mathematics FMIPA UNM.

To describe the kinds of metacognitive scaffolding which are necessary given, we carried out a test in the topic of three dimensional space to three senior high school students with high mathematics ability. The metacognitive scaffolding was given when they worked with the problems of which they refer to the four steps of Polya. An interview was also conducted to the students for the data triangulation. The findings suggest that, although the three respondents basically understand the problems, they have difficulties in setting a plan for problem solving as they are unaccustomed. In contrast, they relatively have no difficulties in applying the third step of Polya, i.e. applying the plan of problem solving as well as the fouth step because there was no MS given to them. Concerning the kinds of the given MS, monitoring is the most used, followed by planning, and evaluating. Moreover, based on the Polya's steps of which the MS given, the most frequently used MS is the second step, followed by consecutively the first step, the fourth step, and the third step.

This type of research is qualitative research. The focus of this research is to determine the logical thinking ability and adversity quotient from the Students of Statistics batch III FMIPA UNM and reviewed from the cognitive style. The population in this research is all batch III students of Statistics Department at Universitas Negeri Makassar. The determination of the subject in this study is carried out by referring to the results of cognitive style tests. Based on the cognitive style test results, the students are grouped into two, namely: groups of students who have field-independent cognitive style (FI) and student group which has a field-dependent cognitive style (FD). The data collection on this study uses the main instrument, i.e. the researchers themselves, in addition to the main instrument is also used supporting instruments, namely: (1) the instrument to know the Students' Cognitive Style: Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT), (2) Instrument of Logical Thinking Ability (TOLT), and (3) Adversity Quotient instrument (AQ). Based on the result of analysis of research data in the previous chapter, some conclusions from the results of this study are students' logical thinking ability dominated by formal logical thinking function of 68.5% and dominated by independent field cognitive style. Based on the taxonomy SOLO, subject GK-FD and GK-FI have an obstacle in finishing a matter of solving the problem, namely: (1) the subject does not have the adequate readiness and lack of planning to solve the problem, (2) the subject does the trial process in applying the formula or process but the formula or process itself is not appropriate to solve the problem. To Adversity Quotient (AQ), camper category is dominant compared to other categories (quitter and climber) and none of the students have climber skill. From this camper category there are 16 students (84.2%) who have independent field cognitive style and the remaining 2 students (10.53%) have dependent field cognitive style. Students that are in camper category have little spirit, little initiative, and his/her efforts are sometimes less than the maximum. Students in camper category are students who are satisfied with the circumstances that he has achieved now and not willing to take too much risk.

This type of research is a development research or it is known by the term of Research and Development (R & D). The focus of this research is to develop a logical reasoning ability measurement tool based on qualified Web and Android as a research instrument alternative solution. The implementation of this research is conducted on Statistics Department in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar. The subject of the study in question is the students of Statistics Department of Universitas Negeri Makassar. Measurement tool that will be developed is a Test of Logical Thinking (TOLT). The development of this information system using PHP programming language based on CodeIgniter Framework with MySQL database.

This study aims to determine the procedure and to assess the quality of test instrument development to measure students' high-order thinking skill on mathematics in Junior High School in Makassar. The type of this research is a Research and Development with formative research model through 4 phases: preliminary, self-evaluation, prototyping and field test. The research subjects were the students of class VIII Junior High School in Makassar. The results of the instrument validity test was valid because in CVI (Content Validity Index) and CVR (Content Validity Ratio) the total average score was 1 with category very appropriate or at the interval 0.68 - 1.00. The result of student response test is 68.5% on positive category because more than 50% students responded positively. The reliability test indicated that the total average score was 0.923 with very high category (reliable) because it was at the interval 0.80<r₁₁≤1,00. The analysis of level of difficulty indicated that the total average score was 0.41 with medium category because it was at the interval 0.31-0,700. The average score of the analysis of differentiator power was 0.30 with sufficient category because it was at the interval 0,20<Dp<0,40, and the analysis of measuring high-order thinking skill denoted that there were 14,71% included in good category, 38,24% in sufficient category, 32,35% in less category, and 14.71% in very less category that it produced the total average score 40.39 in sufficient category because 40 < (x) total score ≤60. Therefore, it is concluded that the students' high-order thinking skill at Junior High School in Makassar Makassar was in sufficient category.

This study aims to determine the effect of realistic mathematical approach to mathematics learning outcomes in terms of numerical ability of students of class VII SMPN 1 Enrekang. This research is quasi experimental research with research design used by researcher is treatment by levels of design. Methods of data collection used were the test of learning outcomes and numerical ability tests. Analytical techniques used are descriptive statistics and inferential statistical analysis with hypothesis testing using two-track anova and Tukey's advanced test. The results showed that: (1) there was a difference of mathematics learning outcomes between students who followed the learning with realistic mathematics approach and conventional learning in grade VII students SMPN 1 Enrekang (F arithmatic = 39,215> Ftable = 4.08), (2) there is interaction effect between realistic mathematics approach with numerical ability to mathematics learning result (F arithmatic = 4,730> F table = 4,08); (3) there is difference of mathematics learning result of student having high numerical ability following realistic mathematics approach and conventional learning of class VII SMPN 1 Enrekang (MD = 7,09; p <0,05); (4) there is difference of mathematics learning result of student with low numerical ability following realistic mathematics approach and conventional learning of grade VII student SMPN1 Enrekang (MD = 14,64; p <0.05).

The purpose of this study is to trace the metacognition of students in studying number theory based on behavioral learning theory approach. The steps of approach of behavioral learning theory consists of 5 phases, namely:(1) Cooperative selection as learning approach, (2) The Prepare the material of number theory on a particular topic in paper form, (3) Presentation of term paper by group member in front of class, (4) Responses of other group members to the material presentation of the designated group, and (5) Summarizing or asserting the material as well as positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. While the student's metacognition review in studying the Theory of Numbers consists of 4 levels, namely: (1) tacit use, (2) aware use, (3) strategic use, and (4) reflective use. The subject of this research is the students of Mathematics Education Department who are studying the Theory of Numbers, consisting of 56 students. The results of this study show that in general the level of awareness of metacognition of students of Mathematics Education Department is at level 1 (tacit use), and a small part Level 4 (reflective use).

In Thailand, the responsibility for waste management has been decentralized to the local administrative organizations. However, presently, it is still observed that most of the local administrative organizations fail to fulfill this duty due to the insufficiency of budget, and the limited area for managing waste. This study conducted the interviews with 410 sample households in 5 local administrative organizations. It was found that Khao Kho District currently and increasingly faced with waste problem as a consequence of both the expansion of the tourism and the growth of the community itself. In spite of this, 60% of the local administrative organizations within Khao Kho District possessed no process to manage the waste. Thus, the huge amount of accumulated waste has been left without properly handling. The limitation of these local administrative organizations was due to their mountainous landscape situated in the National Park area. And, according to the Thai law, this specific area was classified as a Conservative Forest (Zone C) and Watershed (Tier 1 & 2) implied that waste management could not be done without official permission. However, the households within this area were aware of the problem and collaborated with the local administrative organizations in applying 5R Principle to decrease the amount of waste from its source.

Sign language is different from spoken language that emphasizes both the audio and verbal aspects. There are two sign languages applicable in Indonesia, namely Indonesian Signal System (SIBI) and Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). SIBI converts spoken Indonesian language into sign language and follows the Indonesian spoken language's grammatical structure complete with prefix and suffix. In contrast to SIBI, BISINDO translates one word from the Indonesian spoken language in accordance with its context followed by an expression showing the ongoing events. We choose BISINDO rather than SIBI in line with the deaf' people's suggestions and requests out there to make BISINDO as an official Indonesian sign language to replace SIBI. This research aims to develop a translator model of BISINDO through computer vision technology such as Microsoft Kinect XBox and machine translation using Hidden-Markov Model (HMM) with optimal number of hidden states. We utilize skeleton data from Kinect sensor for feature extraction. There are four kinds of skeleton features used in this study consisting of the movement of the shoulders, upper arms, forearms, and hands. The experiment results by using this methodology successfully recognize the gesture of BISINDO with an accuracy is around 60%.

This study aims firstly to capture some linguistic aspects of ambiguity-based jokes and secondly to identify and explain the types of ambiguity involved in each joke. The data are 100 ambiguous jokes found on the Instagram account, "Dagelan". The result of the study is that jokes are formed with conversation, sentences consisting of independent clauses and subordinate/dependent clauses such as adverbial clauses, relative clauses, simple sentence from independent clauses, multiple independent clauses and even some jokes are just made from smaller linguistic forms such as words, and phrases. When it comes to the types of ambiguity involved, there are 10 types of jokes such as lexical ambiguity based jokes, around 38% of the total, followed by phonological ambiguity based jokes at 19%, and lexicalization of larger unit based jokes at 11%, pragmatic ambiguity based jokes at 13%, textual cohesion based jokes at 8%, syntactic ambiguity based jokes at 5%, orthographic jokes at 2%, multiple ambiguity jokes at 2%, type of modality jokes and deictic reference jokes at 1%.

This research and development is in the form of experiments in laboratory and field, designed four years. Aims to develop Model of Various Kinds of Food/Cake Based on Local and Ecopreneurship, one of Entrepreneurship's Leading Business Field topics a, b, c, e, j in UNM. The first year, was implemented Models Prototype Development of various types of food/cake in the laboratory. The second year, application of prototype model, development of training model for home industry, entrepreneurship teaching materials, training using prototype model of laboratory product. The third year, training development and fostering of home industry. The fourth year, evaluation meta of the results of research as comprehensively. The subjects of the research are chosen purposively five students from different regions will develop 10 kinds model of food/cake based on local and ecopreneurship. The 10 models of different food/cake are developed from local ingredients of fruits, tubers, vegetables that are abundant in season and environmentally destructive, processed into productive and marketable for people's livelihoods. Students become agents of product developers, reformers, home industry developers in the region. Data were collected with organoleptic test by panelist, document analysis, observation, questionnaire, interview, FGD, and analyzed by descriptive and qualitative. The result is 10 kinds of prototype product model that will be trained in the community for home industry and as entrepreneurial learning materials for students. The results of the research are evaluated to serve as the basis for further research design.

In this era decentralization, there has been an increasing transfer authority from central government to local government. As a result, some aspects of tourism management have been transferred to local level. This study uses the authority of the Berau local government to illustrate this. Using a descriptive case study with focuses on 7 sub-districts in the Berau Regency, the data were taken by personal observations made through visits and in depth interviews with the regent, head of culture and tourism office and 7 chiefs as the key informants. It was found that the Berau local government give limited authority to the sub-district offices to manage tourism in local areas, however, they do not provide adequate funding for tourism development. They are required to coordinate with the Culture and Tourism Office (CTO) in the Berau Regency. This leads to delays in the development of tourism. This can be seen in public facilities which are not properly maintained, and potential tourist attractions which are not recognized as such, and have not been taken over and maintained by the government. It is suggested that the Berau Local government should transfer authority to the sub-district offices for the sake of efficiency since they posses greater understanding of their areas of responsibility.

One of causes low households income of the traditional fishermen in Indonesia is due to seasonal changing issues (capturing and not capturing seasons). Thus, it has been affected to household's income of the traditional fishermen. We estimate affecting factors to household's income of the traditional fishermen in South Sulawesi Indonesia. The traditional fishermen of Barru District, are studied here as a case area that has low income during recent decades. Using Multiple Regression analysis with exponential functions, adjusted R², hypothesis testing of the regression (F-test and t-test), and followed by classical assumption tests (multicollinearity and heteroscedasticity) of the cross-section data from fieldwork, we found that the head households education, education fishermen's wife, number of dependents, dummy of differences housing of fishermen have been significant affected to household income of the traditional fishermen, whereas the age of the head household have not been significant affected.

The purpose of this study was to know the effectiveness of pay it forward model in foreign language learning to increase student's self-efficacy and academic motivation. One of the advantages of this model that every student has a same role in the class, and the students will be involved in the learning process. It will trigger the academic motivation and self-efficacy of students, as one of the most important aspects which must be noticed to increase student's academic and self-efficacy is they must feel being involved in the class actively. Data collection techniques consisted of scales and observation. The total of participants was 48 students (38 women and 10 men) of Makassar State University, Department of Foreign Language who have been studying in the third semester. All participants were given assent form to participate on this study. The data analysis technique used consisted of inferential statistic and descriptive statistic. Statistic inferential used was paired sample t test. The result of paired sample t-test analysis proved that the use of this model was effective in increasing student's academic motivation and self-efficacy, as significant value of the both variable was lower than 0.05.

The aims of this research are in order to identify, to examine, as well as to describe some essences of the best solution by empowering a comprehensive approach, as well as by examining a number of affective factors as its main path, for the sake of the communal land rights predisposing settlement according to Customary law community and to foreign investments company. This research is created by using a normative and empirical legal research and also historical study as its comprehensive supplementary data. The analytical method that is used in this research is analytical descriptive which is obtained from the qualitative and quantitative data about communal land dispute conflict customary law community at foreign investments company. The result of the research shows that the various ways to round off the dispute over the Communal Land of customary law community at foreign investments company, both The Litigation and The Non Litigation, have not been able to round off the dispute comprehensively, so that the new resolution is required by using a collaborative approach, between the legal and the custom law, based on local ability. But in its implementation, they still have got to deal with some obstacles, they are: politic, culture, social, economic as well as science and technology. As a recommendation, there is a hope that this communal dispute for the right of the custom law should not be used as a political intention of any factions for a personal and cluster interest as the purpose. In order to achieve a legal and human rights protection for the local people, regulation or deregulation should be initiated, related to the rearrangement for the using of the land. In addition, the distribution and utilization of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) companies should be in touch with the local people's live.

This article describes an investigation into the learning outcomes that transferred from a university content-based English for Academic Purposes (EAP) course. This study sought to answer the following question: How do the learners transfer L1 to the acquisition of L2 (English) linguistic item, particularly in lexical choice? The study objective is to describe the types of lexical errors. Therefore, it was a cross-sectional qualitative case study. The result is five types of lexical errors cover misspellings, borrowings, calque, misselection and semantic confusion. According to their source, borrowing and calque are from mother tongue. Misspellings, misselection, and semantic confusion are from target language. Lexical errors imply a lack of lexical knowledge and an inadequate use of vocabulary. Besides, they contribute negatively to communicative quality. Overall, the findings highlight the complexity of L1 influence during foreign language acquisition. However, the study does provide insights regarding the nature of L1 influence in English writing, particularly the lexical choice. Most importantly, the study shows that in some cases, L1 influence continues to play a role throughout writing.

There are several aspects related to the strategy of developing MSMEs based on the strength of local economic resources. This research aims to determine to analyze the influence of characteristics (social, economic, demographic) of the MSMEs workers in Makassar on working hours and determine the strategy development. This research is quantitative with econometric analysis tool. The results show the influence of economy (income and work experience) and demographics (age and gender) are very significant to the working hours of the MSMEs workers, while the social characteristics (education) is not significantly affect. In addition, income and age have a negative effect, while education, work experience, and gender have a positive effect on working hours.

This research aims is to know legal level understanding of Civic teacher as participants on Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Profesi Guru (PLPG) Rayon 124 UNM year 2017. The type of this research was descriptive research. The number of sample in this research was 31 Civic teachers at first generation who came from South Sulawesi and West Sulawesi province that spread in 17 district. The results of the research showed that teacher level understanding about legislation rule in the field of educators' profession was not adequate if PLPG graduation criteria is used as assessments standard. It means most of civic teacher does not understand yet the legal substance which related to legislation in the field of professions educators, it realized that one of teacher professionalism development indicator is that teachers know and understand every laws / policies in the field of education particularly related to their job as a teacher, so that every personal teachers show their attitude and awareness to the legal.

Higher education is one of the most important educational stages in a country. Most experts in various fields become proficient through higher education. Therefore, higher education provider or college should improve their education quality continuously. One of ways to improve their quality is by college excellence mapping. This mapping is held with aim to see the excellence of each providers in Indonesia. As a center of education, as well as research center, one that can be used as a mapping base is scientific publication. In this study, the excellence that is want to be seen refers to RPJPN 2005-2025 and RPJMN 2015-2019. Those are food; energy; technology and transportation management; information and communication technology, defense and security technologies; health and medicine technology; and advanced material. This mapping is done by The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education (KEMENRISTEKDIKTI) Republic of Indonesia. Hopefully, through this mapping, colleges will be encouraged to improve their education quality continuously.

The principal's competencies play a vital role in supporting quality of leadership. According to the Indonesia government regulation, principal has to hold five competencies which are: personality competency, managerial competency, entrepreneurship competency, supervision competency, and social competency. This study was conducted to describe the three of five competencies of principals. They were managerial competency, entrepreneurship competency, and supervision competency of elementary schools principals. Based on the results of study towards 42 samples of elementary school principals in Makassar, it was found that the mean score on the test results of the three competencies was in middle category. When it was analyzed on each item of competencies, the managerial and entrepreneurship competencies were in middle category, while the supervision competency was in the low category. The results of the research indicated that the local government needs to prepare for school principals through pre-service training in some area of principals' task.

This study aims to reveal (1) the reorganization of the Dutch colonial government structure in South Sulawesi, (2) shifts among local officials and (3) the bureaucratization of the Dutch colonial government in South Sulawesi during the pacific war of 1950. This research uses the method of archival research and Political Sociological Theory to reveal the dynamics of the bureaucratization of the Dutch colonial government during the period 1900 to 1950.

This research reveals about the supporter community of the Macz Man and Laskar Ayam Jantan dari Timur in providing support in Makassar. Supporter communities of Makassar Football Association (PSM) have rights and obligations and play an important role in coordinating fellow supporters who can control aggressive behavior. This research is aimed to develop supporter community of Makassar Football Association. Informants in this study are a community of supporters of the Macz Man and Laskar Ayam Jantan dari Timur with 15 informants in total. The type of research is descriptive qualitative research using survey method with policy research approach. Data analysis techniques using qualitative data analysis starting with collecting; testing, sorting, categorizing, evaluating, comparing, synthesizing and reflecting recorded data, and also reviewing raw and recorded data from interviews, observations and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the development of football supporter community should be free from the interests and involvement of political objectives. supporter communities of PSM are able to build social relationships, understand social behavioral factors, maximize their contribution to the progress of the community, psychosocial form in providing support that prioritizes culture, organization, loyalty and always wisely embodied with aggressive, religious, innovative and fanaticism by upholding the value of sipakatau, sipakainge and sipakalebi.

The supervision of the Regional People's Legislative Assembly as one of the functions of Parliament is the main pillar of democracy. The supervisory function should be measurable so that the performance of the members of Regional People's Legislative Assembly can be visible. The optimal performance of the members of Regional People's Legislative Assembly should be ensured in order that accountable and transparent governance can be achieved. On another dimension, members of Barru Regency Regional People's Legislative Assembly and members of Pangkajene Islands Regency Regional People's Legislative Assembly should have the same perception of the model of supervision of Regional People's Legislative Assembly. The same perception is expected to give birth to a positive synergy between Regional People's Legislative Assembly and Regional Government so that it will enhance an accountable and transparent governance that will ultimately enhance the welfare of society. The long term goal of this research is the inception of the policy in the for of Draft Model Regional Regulations (Ranperda) and the Code of Conduct Supervision Model of Regional People's Legislative Assembly based on performance against Regional Regulation in Barru Regency and Pangkep Islands Regency that has a good standard from legal and political side so that it can be manifest an accountable and transparent governance. The short term goals are (i) to develop a supervision mechanism of the Regional People's Legislative Assembly against the Regional Regulation in Barru Regency and Pangkep Islands Regency (ii) to develop performance supervision of member of Regional People's Legislative Assembly towards Regional Regulations in Barru Regency and Pangkep Islands Regency, (iii) to develop supervision model of Regional People's Legislative Assembly based on performance against Regional Regulation in Barru Regency and Pangkep Islands Regency, (iv) piloted supervision model of Regional People's Legislative Assembly based on accountable performance and valid through validation expert, practitioners review (Politician), response of Member Regional People's Legislative Assembly and a test model in Barru Regency and Pangkep Islands Regency. This studies was designed with qualitative method with data collection validation and techniques i.e., observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The stages are (i) data reduction, (ii) data display, (iii) verification and conclusion. Data analysis is done through : (1) analysis of validity, (2) analysis of practicability, and (3) analysis of effectiveness. The result of the research indicates that the Regional People's Legislative Assembly supervision mechanism against regional regulation in Barru and Pangkep regency is not optimal yet due to the absence of regulation which specifically regulates Regional People's Legislative Assembly supervision mechanism through Faction, Commission, special committee, work meeting, working visit and hearing, (ii) Regional People's Legislative Assembly performance in both Barru and Pangkep regency, especially those related to productivity, quality, responsibility, accountability, qualification is low and limited

The aims of this study is to identify and explain the contribution of Indonesian migrant workers income families, and how families cope with Indonesian migrant workersin the social and economic life in the District Lalabata Soppeng Regency. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. Electoral research informant is done deliberately in the 10 family workers. Namely data collection techniques of observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis of the data is qualitative analysis through the stages of reduction, presentation and conclusion. The results showed that the contribution of Indonesian migrant Workers in the family shown on the type of work performedindonesia migrant workers, salary aside for savings, and concern for migrant workers as the head of the family at the family's needs. This is evident from the amount of remittances workers to make ends meet for their family is a Indonesia migrant worker and her regular routine and not the workers send money to their families back home. Then, in order to meet the daily needs of Indonesia migrant workers and families send children then generally the wives of Indonesia migrant workers helped by the children looking for a second job as an active strategy for sustainable socio-economic life of the family caused by a lack of inadequate remittances of their husbands as workers to meet the needs of family life.

The Consumer Price Index is an index which calculates the average change in prices over a period, of a set of goods and services consumed by the population/households within a specific time. In this paper will be discussed about the forecasting of consumer price index of Indonesia using forecast package with R Software. The forecasting process this data using algorithms popularized by Rob J. Hyndman and Yeasmin Khandakar in 2008. By using this method, it is obtained a suitable ARIMA model to forecast CPI data Indonesia. The model most suitable time series is ARIMA (1,0,0).

This study aimed to determine the profile of the orphanage children from NTT and its impact on orphans from NTT of development patterns orphanages in Gowa district. Selection of informants research done on purpose at 8 informants. Namely data collection techniques of observation, interviews, and documentation. Analysis of the data is qualitative analysis through the stages of reduction, presentation and conclusion. The results showed that the background of socioeconomic conditions of the family, geographic location far from the school and the lack of adequate school facilities, as well as a desire to go to school that strong of children orphanage from East Nusa Tenggara is the driving factor of their parents to wander through an intermediary agent with the hope to afford tuition and living free. However, due to some orphanage upbringing less than the maximum so that many of those who complained. Parenting authoritarian and permissive applied by orphanage children auxiliaries including target children home from NTT quite an impact on the development of psychological, sociological, and on the education of orphans from NTT because generally they go abroad to Gowa still considered children so that attention and affection of supervisors and administrators of nursing as a surrogate is still very necessary, but it is less visible in the life at the orphanage.

The social environment is a challenge for the banking industry in Indonesia. The dynamic changes of the social environment influence the strategy and performance in the global competition of the banking sector in Indonesia. The objectives of this study are 1) to analyze the influence of the social environment on generic strategies, 2) to analyze the influence of generic strategies on bank performance, and 3) to analyze the influence of the social environment on the performance of the banking sector. Surveys are conducted on 101 banks through a set of questionnaires, which are given to the bank and collected directly by the researcher as well as by post to the president director and director of the banks in Indonesia. Data that have been collected are analyzed by using descriptive analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and linear structural relationship (LISREL) using structural equation models (SEM). The results of this study show three paths that influence the social environment, generic strategies, and the performance of the banking sector in Indonesia. First, the social environment that consists of public knowledge about banking, lifestyle society and distribution of public income has a significant influence on the generic strategies, which are low cost and focus. Second, low cost generic strategies and focus have a significant influence on the financial and organizational performance, while the social environment that consists of public knowledge about banking, lifestyle society and distribution of public income has a significant influence on the financial and organizational performance. Therefore, it is important for decision makers of the national banking sector to develop a strategy to enhance profitability and competitiveness of banks given the current competition.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of law enforcement on the protection of children victims of cybercrime in Indonesia. The method used is empirical legal research, which examines the law on social phenomena. The collecting data were from primary and secondary data. The primary data was based on the related institutions in handling child victims of cybercrime, and secondary data were collected through questionnaires administered to 4 (Four) selected Provinces samples. The results showed that the form of cybercrime experienced by the child as a victim dramatically increases every year and still seems to be weak in law enforcement. Public response to law enforcement from the aspects of law Substance, law enforcement, infrastructure facilities, inter-agency coordination is ineffective, and public responses to the handling of victims of cybercrime must be quickly addressed. This is a form of state responsibility for the protection of children victims of cybercrime. Thus, children can live and grow up to avoid the crimes that occur through the cyber development.

This study aims to determine the extent of the influence of spiritual intelligence, emotional competence, and social competence of leadership competence at the Makassar Airport Authority. The method of this study is an ex-post facto investigation with an explanatory survey approach. Data collection techniques used are instruments in the form of a Likert-scale problem involving 900 respondents. Data analysis technique is Lisrel analysis of structural equation model. The result of research that is spiritual intelligence have direct influence significantly to social competence, emotional competence have direct influence which is not significant to social competence. Spiritual intelligence has an insignificant direct influence on leadership competence, emotional competence and social competence has a significant direct effect on leadership competence. The implications of this research are spiritual intelligence, emotional competence, social competence into a model of predictors of leadership competencies that can be applied in the context of placement.

The purpose of this study is to apply the α-Sutte Indicator and ARIMA in forecasting data. α-Sutte Indicator is a new forecasting method that was developed in 2017 by Ansari Saleh Ahmar. To see the accuracy of these methods, the forecasting results of the α-Sutte Indicator will be forecasting methods compared to other items, namely: ARIMA. Based on the results of forecasting, it is found that α-Sutte Indicator has MSE and MAE values that are lower than other methods (ARIMA). This is supported by MSE data from α-Sutte Indicator smaller than ARIMA(1,1,1).

The purpose of this study is to apply the α-Sutte Indicator in forecasting data. α-Sutte Indicator is a new forecasting method that was developed in 2017 by Ansari Saleh Ahmar. To see the accuracy of these methods, the forecasting results of the α-Sutte Indicator will be forecasting methods compared to other items, namely: ARIMA and HoltWinters. Based on the results of forecasting, it is found that α-Sutte Indicator has MSE and MAPE values that are lower than other methods (ARIMA and HoltWinters). This is supported by MSE data from α-Sutte Indicator smaller than ARIMA(2,2,2) and HoltWinters i.e. 0.03; 3.06; and 3.15.

This research was conducted in order to produce a self-cleaning and glowing double layer glass and also to analyze its the optical properties. The glass was engineered by coating the surface with two layers, the thin film of carbon phosphor dots urea - citric acid and TiO₂. Methods of the glass fabricating and coating use simple methods that were sol gel and dip coating techniques respectively. Based on the test analysis of the optical properties by performing the wettability test, the glas that we produced has a contact angle of 0° (superhydrophilic). Once we dripped water ontu the glass, we observed that has the water has a spreading wetting. The glass that has been coated wth TiO₂ was resistant to fog or vapor (antifogging) as we did not observed any fog or droplets on it. This indicates that the surface already has self-cleaning properties. We then used UV to see glowing effect, and we observed that the glass has flourescent effect with emission wavelength around 570-590 nm which confirmed that we managed to get glowing glass.

Surface water is coming from rivers, rain, lakes, seas, and others seeps into groundwater, flows and comes into contact with the magma or hot, frozen bodies, boils and then forms water and steam (hydrothermal), due to specific gravity, temperature, and its pressure, this steam and hot water flows back to the surface through the fracture fields in the earth's crust. The research purposes are to identify the types of sediments and minerals found in the Hot Water Regions precisely located in Bulue Village, Marioriawa District, Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province. This research uses the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), resistivity meter, Electrode (potential electrode and current electrode) and Res2Dinv software for calculating the apparent resistivity based on the Wenner-Schlumberger configuration geometry factor and minerals dominance. Geoelectric results show silt and clay sediments are found to be dominant in Soppeng Regency hot springs. Silica is the central part that forms the rock, both rocks and rocks sediments. Furthermore, the result of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) of mineral for three soil samples is dominated by Sodium-potassium to Aluminosilicate (41%), Sanidine (35%), Sanidine (equal to 47%) (Sanidine is mineral found mostly in volcanic rocks).

This study discusses fractal analysis for characterization both geothermal and non-geothermal surface temperature. The data were obtained from Landsat-8 satellite imagery and analyzed by using Fractal method to produce complexity parameters (Dimension, Intercept, and Lacunarity). The result shows that the fractal method can be applied successfully to characterize and distinguish the pattern both these surface temperatures. The plots of all parameters exhibit that the geothermal surface has a convergence pattern, while the non-geothermal area has a divergence pattern.

In this paper, we report the isolation method of cellulose, alpha cellulose and microcrystalline cellulose from corncorbs waste in alkaline treatment NaOH 4%,6%,8%,10%,12%,14% and 17% solution. Dewaxing, dehemiselulosa, delignifikasi and bleaching is the stage of cellulose isolation. The MCC particles were extracted by acid hydrolisis with 0.1N HCl. The 4% NaOH concentration provides the highest α-cellulose content (60%) with total yield MCC of 84.53%. SEM, FT-IR and X-ray diffraction analyzes are used to determine of the MCC. FTIR spectra showed that each MCC had -OH group, stretching of C-O on cellulose fiber I and cellulose II. C-0 bonds shows a change in rotation of glucose residue around the glycosidic bond into Cellulose II. SEM analysis showed that the concentration of 6% NaOH has a morphological structure such as cellulose standard. The 8% NaOH concentration yields a CrI value of 98%.

This study is funded by The 2016 Indonesian Budget in the scheme of Graduate School Team Research. This study aims to develop an authentic assessment tool in Physics subject of Class X high school and to produce an authentic assessment tool that is feasible, effective, and practical to be used in the Physics subject of high school. The method used in this research is research development, which is developing authentic assessment tool in physics subject learning of high school. This research procedure refers to the development model by Thiagarajan, Semmel, and Semmel known as the four-D model ie define, design, develop, and disseminate. The result of this research is the product of authentic assessment tool of Class X high school Semester 1 on the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains that were categorized as feasible, practical and effective. It is indicated by percentage of average score of feasibility 91.35%, reliability 0.94, and percentage of average score of practicality 83.85%, and learning result completeness of 80%.

The aim of this research is to develop an authentic instrument of affective domain in high school physics, to produce an effective, practical and feasible authentic assessment instrument in High School Physics learning and to improve teachers' ability to designing qualified assessment to support graduate quality assurance. This research method uses four-D model approach which is tested in education unit of State Senior High School 3 of Gorontalo city. The results obtained are: First, the validity of the instrument through expert validation obtained the average coefficient of 0.75, it is meant in high validity with reliability of 0.99, and the feasibility of affective assessment instrument developed in percentage reached 86.46%. Secondly, the validity of the instrument's validity is 0.84, this is referred to in high validity with the reliability of 0.98. The practicality of development result instrument assessed by the teacher, get the average percentage of 88.19%, this percentage accumulated response from six physics teachers in State Senior High School 3 of Gorontalo city. Third, On the level of effectiveness is based on the valiadasition grains, with a significant level of 5% on a sample of 30 respondents. Level of validity reached 83.33% with the reliability of the instrument reached 0.86, or very good. Furthermore, to test the effectiveness based on student responses then obtained a percentage of 86.83%, so the instrument concluded feasible, practical and effective to use.

This research is a pre-experiment research that aims to: (1) Know the result of physics learning of class XI IPA SMA PPM AL-IKHLAS academic year 2016/2017 after being taught by quantum teaching method with TANDUR technique from cognitive aspect. (2) To know whether the average result of physics learning after being taught through quantum teaching method with TANDUR technique has reached the criteria of classical completeness. This research variable consists of quantum teaching method with TANDUR technique as independent variable and student physics learning result as dependent variable. The design used in this research is One-Shot Case Study Design. The subjects of the study were all students of IX IPA SMA PPM AL-IKHLAS academic year 2016/2017 with 25 students. The result of dekskriptif analysis shows that the result of cognitive learning of physics students after being taught through quantum teaching method with TANDUR technique is in high category. When compared with the value of KKM (Criteria completeness minimum), it is obtained that the percentage mastery learning students by 88%. The result of inferential analysis shows that the application of quantum teaching method of TANDUR has fulfilled the predetermined standard of classical completeness to the achievement of students' cognitive learning outcomes

Science process skills not only a learning approach but also as a result of learning. It is a basic skills in science and a tools of scientist to investigate the science phenomena. The focus of this research is to develop a valid and reliable of Science Process Skills Instrument (I-KPS). This research is Research and Development (R&D). The step of this research is theoretical construction, determination of assessment objectives, construction of items indicator, items construction, experts judgment, revising of instrument, the first field trial, revising of instrument, the second field trial, and finalization of instrument. The subject of field trail is 46 student of grade 10 of High School of 1 Bajeng, Gowa Regency. The instrument (I-KPS) specification are: (1) the type of item is essay test completed by scoring rubrics, (2) I-KPS could be assess science process skill for high school student, and (3) purpose of this I-KPS is cognitive test of science process skill. It is developed for measuring 6 (six) indicators of science process skills that is identification variable, hypothesizing, planning the experiment, predicting, communicating, and interpreting data. The content validity coefficient of I-KPS is 0.96. The result of empirical validation is 45 items are valid in topics of newton law, gravitational force, work and energy, momentum and impulse, and harmonic motion. The reliability coefficient of I-KPS is 0.935. The conclusion is I-KPS as valid and reliable instrument both theoretically and empirically.

Phenomenology research has been conducted that aims to identify the perception of prospective physics teacher to the model of learning based on local wisdom. The participants of this study consist of higher physics education students who have followed the courses of Physics Learning Strategy, Physics Curriculum Study, Learning Models, and Microteaching with the content of lecturing materials on the learning model based on local wisdom. The participants are 12 prospective teachers choosen based on their desire and interest of this learning model. The results of this study showed that the elements of learning model need to be taught at class room to grow Indonesian gold generation in 2045. The conclussion of this study is that prospective physics teacher agreed to the model.

Problem solving is the most important skill which physicists should have. A research about problem solving skill in physics instruction was significantly essential because physics students have to comprehend concepts and recognize how to cohere it. By those comprehensions, students would be ingenious to solve the physics problem. The purpose of this study was to analyze students' problem solving skill which is based on problem solving step by Polya. The study was an initial research for the next developing research about implementation of a learning model in physics instruction to increase the students' problem solving skill. Subjects of research were college students of physics education department, who had taken modern physics subject. Data was analyzed by using qualitative-descriptive method. The research revealed these following conclusion: (1) college students had difficulty to comprehend the problems and hard to plan a solution (2) lecturer should apply a model of learning which train the students' problem solving skill in physics such as cooperative problem solving model.

This research aimed to improve students' scientific competence through integrating the role of moslem scientists and inventors into Basic Natural Science learning materials. Through a series of activities that had been designed, a relevant and innovative Basic natural science learning material is expected to be obtained. This was intended to develop the three aspects of Students' Competence, namely the students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes. The research subjects were third semester students who were taking the Basic natural science course at Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Islam Nusantara. The design research method was performed. In general, this research has been carried out in three stages, namely preparation, development, and implementation. Currently the preparation stage has been concluded. The outputs were the learning instruments, the research instruments, and the initial design of Basic Natural Science learning materials. The initial design, consist of seven learning programs: orientation, subject explaining, worksheets distribution, discussion activities, materials presentation, task reports, and reflections. Instructional materials that are designed to be discussed in the group and should be accounted for on an individual basis, can foster students' competence. Learning atmosphere that gives comfort to the students to think and express opinions expected to develop students' competence.

The implementation of PPG in Universitas Negeri Makassar (UNM) specifically for the Undergraduates Educating in Outermost, Frontier and Underdeveloped Areas (SM3T) participants experienced a deficiency in its management. Based on the results of in-depth investigations and interviews of teacher professional education (PPG) SM3T program participants who are alumni of SM3T geography teachers, there were obstacles related to the compilation of the 2013 curriculum learning tool learned in the SSP (Subject Specific Pedagogy) workshop different from those applied to partner schools. Thus, this difference may affect the performance test assessment during the practice field experience (PPL) at partner schools.

This paper explained in detail the syntax of the Humanistic-Algorithmic-Heuristic Science Learning Model. It was obtained through research and development. In this model, there were seven syntaxes that science teachers ought to do in teaching science in the classroom. The seven syntaxes were: (1) describing the objectives of science learning humanistically, (2) generating the leaners' learning motivation humanistically; (3) leading the learners to understand the science contents in humanicstic-algorithmic-heuristic; (4) giving guidances to the learners to master the science contents humanistically by thinking algorithmic-heuristic, (5) grouping the learners based on their temporary understanding humanistically, (6) evaluating the leaners' final understanding humanistically, and (7) giving a task to the leaners in humanistic-algorithmic-heuristic suitable the science contents that the learners have learned. This science learning model can be a choicing to the science teachers in teaching science so the science is fun for the learners and leads to improve the learners' learning outcomes.

The problems faced by prospective science teachers are low competence to develop learning materials based on scientific approach. The research aims to improve the pedagogical competences of prospective science teachers to develop science learning materials that includes Lesson Plan and Student Worksheet. The research method used is the classroom action research which conducted in two cycles. The subjects of this study are the students of the sixth semester who enroll of Microteaching course in the academic year 2016/2017. The subjects are 58 students. Implementation of this research was carried out using Jigsaw cooperative type, where each group member is responsible for presenting the subject matter related to the development of learning materials based on scientific approach. The instruments used were: 1) Instrument of assessment of Lesson Plan and 2) Instrument of assessment of student worksheet. Data analysis technique used was descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that the science teacher competence to develop the learning material has increased from cycle I to cycle II. The results show that 89.63 % of prospective science teachers have a good competence to develop lesson plan and 89.05 % based scientific approach to develop Student Worksheet based on 2013 curriculum. This finding shows that jigsaw is able to increase the ability or the competency to produce learning tools based scientific approach.

The facts show that most of alumni of college are prospective workers. They are ready to train, not ready to use. Therefore, there were 944,666 educated unemployment (BPS, 2016). This phenomenon occurs because the learning system in universities is still dominant using lecturing methods rather than process skills. The consequence is that the cognitive level of students generally are at the level of knowledge and understanding, it is weak in terms of application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation with divergent thinking. To overcome this phenomenon, the implementation of process skills for all subjects in universities, especially in science subjects for children with special needs in the Department of Special Needs Education is needed in integrated, comprehensive, and sustainable process. Therefore, it is necessary to develop science process skill based learning in the course of science for children with special needs that can improve the quality of process and learning achievement in the classroom.

This research was carried out in order to the teacher can teach the Science by viewing or positioning the learners as human beings essentially so that their intellectual ability of Science increased both nationally and internationally as well as their morals as well as the expectations of society. The presenting of humanist learning science model based gender and optimization of the right brain - the left brain function of the learners with the TIMSS / PISA assessment type was the target to be achieved. To achieve these objectives, researchers and teachers as partners have been developing a model of Science learning by following procedures: defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The outcomes of this reasearch was the syntax or steps of the humanist learning science model based gender and optimization of the right brain – and the left brain function of the learners using TIMSS / PISA assessmen type.

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder that causes decreasing or even stopping of breathing during sleep. One way to detect whether a person has the disorder or not, then it can be done by conducting a sleep test (polysomnogram). Polysomnogram provides overall body activity during sleep. Polysomnogram records every process of breath changes, muscle tension, brain waves, eye movements that occur in sleep from awake to the patient has dreams and finally wakes up. Once polysomnogram is obtained, then the doctor will check it. One of the targets of the analysis conducted is sleep stage classification. It takes a long time if done manually. Therefore, it needs an application that automatically to make classification efficiently. It is the main reason for this research that must be done. Specifically, this research applies Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) to classify the sleep stage. The results show that MLP has a higher performance than Naïve Bayes, Bayesian Networks, K-Nearest Neighbours, and Decision Tree.

Regression analysis which can explain the relationship between variables on various quantiles has been developed using quantile regression. Moreover, quantile regression can be applied in forecasting analysis. The aim of this study was to find the best model for forecasting inflow and outflow in Indonesia which contains heteroscedasticity and nonlinearity problems. In order to improve the forecast accuracy, quantile regression will be combined with neural network method, known as quantile regression neural network (QRNN). Then, the forecast accuracy of QRNN will be compared with ARIMAX method based on some forecast accuracy criteria, i.e. RMSE, MAE, MdAE, MAPE, and MdAPE. Two types of data are used as case studies in this research, i.e. simulation and real data about 6 currencies of inflow and outflow in Indonesia. The result of simulation study shows that QRNN is the best method to solve heteroscedasticity and nonlinearity problem. Furthermore, the comparison results on real data shows that QRNN yield better result than ARIMAX for four currencies.

Neural network is one of flexible nonlinear models that could handle various relationship patterns on data with high accuracy. The data-driven approach is one of the advantages of neural network models in solving complex problems in forecasting. The selection of the best model becomes one of the most important problems in the application of neural network for time series forecasting, which consists of determining the input, the number of neurons in the hidden layer, the activation function, and preprocessing method. This paper focuses on the simulation study to explore how to determine the best architecture of multilayer perceptron for forecasting nonlinear seasonal time series. The data that be generated from seasonal exponential smooth transition autoregressive model are used as a case study. The results show that the inputs and the number of neurons in the hidden layer are two main factors that affect significantly the forecast accuracy. In contrary, the activation function and preprocessing method do not significantly influence the forecast accuracy.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease occurred in human when the pancreas can not produce enough insulin hormones or the body uses it ineffectively. The DM is divided into two types, namely DM type 1 and DM type 2. Diabetes type 2 is found more common in patients. The disease with genetic (A) and lifestyle (E) factors can be constructed with additive genetic and unique environment (AE) model. The aims of this research are to estimate the parameter of AE model using bayesian method and to do simulation of DM type 2 on parent-offspring. The simulation showed that the value of genetic variance is 0.3600 and the value of lifestyle variance is 0.0899. Therefore, the variance of genetic factor in DM type 2 is greater than lifestyle.

The national movement of statistical literacy in Indonesia needs to be initiated and implemented. It is important to realize the noble ideals of the Indonesian nation to educate the nation's life. We cannot avoid reading statistical data presentation. Reading newspapers, magazines, and other papers will undoubtedly always find data presentation. Moreover, if we read scientific papers it is very difficult to avoid the presentation of data, both in the form of descriptive statistics and even in the form of inferential statistics. The need for the ability to read and interpret statistical data is not limited to a particular community, but to almost all communities within the nation. Therefore, the idea to promote the national movement for statistical literacy in Indonesia is presented in this conference forum.

Investment is a process of purchasing asset with the purpose that the asset will be sold in the future at a higher price. This generates stable growth over the long term and provides pension fund. In investing activities, the risk-return trade-off needs to be concerned. To reduce risk, investment diversification can be done by splitting the investment into several companies in the form of portfolios. This research is aimed to determine the optimal portfolio through Stochastic Dominance (SD) and Multi Index Model (MIM). The data used in this research were stocks from Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) for the period of January 2012 to December 2014. The result shows that using SD and MIM, there are 15 optimal stocks and 11 optimal stocks, respectively. Furthermore, it can be stated that portfolio obtained based on MIM is considered to be the optimal portfolio with 2.25% expected returns and 3.99% risk portfolio.

The estimated number of earned exposure units can help corporate executives of auto insurance company in calculating their own individual claim reserves. We conduct the estimation of this number of earned exposure units by using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis to generate the survival table. The generated survival table were then divided to be 9 risk groups based on the issuance of Financial Services Authority of Indonesia No. 6/SEOJK.05/2017 and the duration of auto insurance coverage in Indonesia. We used Root Mean Squared of Error (RMSE) as one of error measurement of the survival model. Meanwhile, a series of one-sample test with log-rank weighted function were performed for each risk group to demonstrate the goodness of fit. The estimation generated by using the survival table produce more conservative results compared to the reality. This gives assurance for one of the auto insurance company in Indonesia to use the expected earned exposure units as a basis to calculate the amount of unit that have risk to suffer a partial loss claim but still support the company in optimizing their resources.

The standard measurement for country's human development is Human Development Index (HDI). Several factors allegedly affect it, such as life expectancy, gross domestic regional product (GDRP), the number of poor people, and the percentage of an illeterate people. If the HDI's data and those factors is plotted, then the plot do not form a specific pattern, so the HDI's data can be applied with nonparametric truncated spline regression model. The best of nonparametric truncated spline regression model is influenced by the order and knot points selection. In this article, nonparametric truncated spline regression model on the data of HDI in Indonesia is applied at first order with 3,4 and 5 knot points. Based on the result, the best nonparametric truncated spline regression model on the data of HDI in Indonesia is obtained by the combination of 5-5-5-4 knot points. There were 2 of 4 allegedly factors significant to HDI in Indonesia based on parameter significance test followed in this research.

The Intrusion detection is a process to monitor the events taking place in a computer system or network and analyze the monitoring results to find signs of intrusion. One of alternative solutions for intrusion detection is the usage of statistical methods that Statistical Process Control especially the control charts.. In this research, the Hotelling's T² chart performance for intrusion detection is improved using the Successive Difference Covariance Matrix where the control limits will be calculated using Kernel Density Estimation. The proposed method using T² based on Kernel Density Estimation control limit outperforms other approaches both in training and testing dataset.

Multioutput least square SVR has ability to remove serial correlation of process by mapping multivariate input space to multivariate output space. The aim of this research is to propose multioutput least squares SVR based multivariate EWMA control chart to monitor small change of multivariate autocorrelated process. VARMA model with additive and innovative outliers are generated to investigate the performance of proposed control chart. Simulation studies empirically show that multioutput least squares SVR based multivariate EWMA control chart detect either single or consecutive additive outlier takes place at different time in each variable accurately. On the contrary, single innovative outlier in each variable that occurs either at different time or at the same time is detected by multioutput least squares SVR based multivariate EWMA control chart as double out-of control signals.

As part of our recent statistical research on modelling of the two-ways table data, here we will to investigate of the robustness of Row Column Interaction Model (RCIM). Row Column Interaction Model is a Reduced-Rank Vector Generalized Linear Models (RR-VGLM) class of modelling with the first linear predictor is modelled by the sum of the column effect, row effect, and interaction effect. The interaction effect was shown as a reduced-rank regression. We focused on outlying observations in the two ways data table. Outliers known as sample points that have unique characteristics, they differ from the majority of the whole sample. But there are some outliers that are difficult to identify due to the location and size of the data. Our previous proposed of handling outlier in Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative (AMMI) modelling by applying Robust Alternating Regression in Factor Analytics model. The two models will be compared in analysing two-ways table data that containing some outliers. In this research, two-ways table data are generated randomly follows normal distribution on Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction model by first two principal components (or AMMI2 for short), with two different types of outlier's placement. The RCIM model seem provide a better result in fitting the data than Robust factor model, the RCIM model have smaller error, even for Normal distribution or Asymmetric Laplace Distribution (ALD).

The stochastic process models with the index parameters such as time and location were investigated in this paper. The model used was GSTAR (1;1), and it was applied to the Gamma ray log data. The important thing to be assessed in this model is the determination of the space weight matrix. Commonly, the spatial weight matrix was determined based on the Euclidean distance, but not based on data. In this work, we use the kernel function approach to determine the spatial weighting function whose domain was in the form of data observation. In addition, we also study the influence of this weight matrix to the stationary condition of GSTAR (1;1) model, and we use the inverse of auto-covariance matrices or IAcM methods. The results showed that the kernel weights matrix approach still being met influence on stationary of this model.

The purpose of this research is to apply RcmdrPlugin.sutteForecastR in forecasting data. RcmdrPlugin.sutteForecastR is the Rcmdr Plug-in package by using the package from α-Sutte Indicator i.e. sutteForecastR. Data used in this research are Rainfall Data of Indonesia 1991-2015.

Stock is one of investment instrument that has high risk with possible high return or loss. Quantifying the risk associated with stock return is important work for financial institution to optimize their portfolios. To do that analysis, Value-at-Risk method becomes very popular and frequently applied recently. This work applies Value-at-Risk modeling using ARMAX-GARCHX approach that considers exogenous variables having significant effect to the volatility of return. Moreover, in this research the risk is estimated based on observations spanning in moving windows. There are three kinds of windows size, i.e. 250, 375, and 500 transaction days. Applying the proposed method to stock return of top four (in market share) companies in construction and building subsector at Indonesian stock exchange (IDX), at the period of tax amnesty, the empirical results show that the Value-at-Risk estimation using windows size 500 days perform better than ones obtained from the shorter windows

The aim of this paper is to derive the probability density function (pdf) of the total idle time of busy period of M/C₂/1 queues operating under control policies through lattice path combinatorics (LPC) approach. The service distribution is approximated by Coxian two-phase distribution. We focus on deriving the pdf of total idle time of M/C₂/1 queues under (0,k) control policy, wherein the server goes on the vacation when the system becomes empty and re-opens for service immediately at the arrival of the k^thcostumer. We present an important result which is the theorem of the pdf of total idle time when system is in busy period that ends with a departure.

In this globalization era, cybercrime has been entering every aspect through internet network. The development of Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is being studied deeply to solve the problem. There are several classifier algorithms for Intrusion Detection System such as Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Fuzzy C-Means (FCM). In this study, we will compare proposed model using both Support Vector Machine and Fuzzy C-Means to find a better result that increase accuracy of the network attacks. KDD Cup 1999 will be used to evaluate which algorithms work best. The results are very encouraging and show that SVM and FCM can be a useful tool for intrusion detection system. We found that SVM achieved 94.43% average accuracy rate while FCM achieved 95.09% average accuracy rate.

Most of inflow and outflow data in Indonesia are characterized by trend, seasonal, calendar variation, and heterogeneous variance. This study proposed hybrid ARIMAX Quantile Regression model for forecasting data that have trend, seasonal, calendar variation, and heterogeneous variance. There are two types of data that we used in this research, i.e. simulation and real data. The real data are monthly inflow and outflow of Bank Indonesia at East Java Province per currency for the period 2003 to December 2016. There are three types of ARIMAX Quantile Regression models with different predictors that be used for forecasting both data. The results show that hybrid ARIMAX Quantile Regression model can capture accurately all patterns in the data. Moreover, this hybrid model yield better forecast than individual ARIMAX model at 8 of 14 currencies of inflow and outflow data in East Java Province. Thus, based on forecast accuracy criteria, i.e. RMSE, MAE and MdAE, it could be concluded that hybrid ARIMAX Quantile Regression tend to give better forecast than other individual method.

Accuracy of breast cancer diagnosis is required to provide appropriate action or treatment. Classification of breast cancer diagnosis can be divided into various stadiums from stages 0 through IV. The classification of the breast cancer stadiums is probably related to risk factors, clinical complaints and outcome of the given treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the most appropriate model of breast cancer classification in diagnosis based on risk factors, clinical symptoms and treatment received by the patients. Therefore, predictor factors in this study was consisting of the location of cancer, the presence of metastasis, chemotherapy, age, weight, marital status and parity. The data came from medical records of breast cancer patients treated at the hospital Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo, Makassar, Indonesia during the year 2016 as many as 261 where drawn 181 samples. The purpose of analysis was to determine the magnitude of the association between predictors and the classification of breast cancer diagnoses in logistic regression models. The most appropriate logistic regression model test was multinomial logistics where the values of Pearson and Deviance Chi-square Goodness of Fit showed statistically accepted, with pseudo r-square Nagelkerke 0.658. In addition, McFadden value 0.421 means this model is able to explain the variation of breast cancer stage classification by 42%. The analysis showed that the value of simultaneous test of logistic regression -2log-likelihood was 209.914 (p <0,001), where the main predictors were age and chemotherapy with g₀(x) = −42,903 − 0,069Age − 1,987 Chemotheraphy; g₂(x) = −42,646 − 0,069Age − 1,987 Chemotheraphy and. g₃(x) = −24,254 − 0,069Age − 1,987 Chemotheraphy Moreover, without chemotherapy, breast cancer patients had an increased chance of getting into a higher stage with age, proportional to the stage of breast cancer diagnosis. The model explain the chances of an increased likelihood of clinical stages was related to the age and chemotherapy treatment.

Breast cancer problems are characterized by increased incidence and trends, including death. The prognosis of survival rate in 5 years in stadium I is 90%, stadium II 65%, stadium III 15-20%, and stadium IV is less than 5%. To determine survival rate and cause of death, survival analysis has been done to find the relationship between survival rate and clinical stages, tumor location, metastasis, age and co-morbidity. A retrospective cohort study of inpatient breast cancer cases in Ibnu Sina UMI Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia 2013-2016 was selected as 108 cases out of 436 all inpatient cases. The survival analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox Proportional Hazard methods. The results showed that the survival probability was 0.029, and the median survival was 20 months at intervals from 0 to 46 months. Significant related factors with survival rete were metastasis and co-morbidity. The Hazard Ratio of cancer stadium II dan III was 2,061 and hazard ratio of cancer stadium IVwas 1.571. Moreover, Stadium III survival rate was 73.1%, and stadium IV / metastases decreased to 6.5%, but it was increased to 42.6% when treated. Suggestion of the need for early detection of breast cancer, so women should come early to visit health facilities.

The current weather changes uncertainly, marked by significant rise in surface temperatures and reduced rainfall in the tropics. The impact of this uncertainty often leads to a misprediction which may causes lack of anticipation for the upcoming extreme weather events. Statistical approach is required to reduce the error prediction. In 2015, Indonesia experienced the drought-related threat induced by the impact of El Nino storms in the Asia Pacific region. It affected the agricultural sector where almost 21 thousand hectares of agricultural land along Java, Bali and Nusa Tenggara were experiencing drought. This research calibrates ensemble forecasts to take into account the uncertainty and reduce the bias. The calibration of ensemble forecast is carried out by Ensemble Model Output Statistics (EMOS), which is applied to rainfall forecast in East Nusa Tenggara. The results show that calibration using EMOS is capable to produce a reliable forecats, in which the optimum forecast is obtained by training window of 24 months.

Quantile Regression Neural Network (QRNN) is a hybrid method that be developed based on quantile regression (QR) that can model data with non-homogeneous variance and neural network (NN) approach that can capture nonlinear patterns in the data. One example of real data that supposedly have such characteristics is the inflow and outflow of currency, where the inflow is the amount of money flow coming from banks and the public to Bank Indonesia (BI) while outflow is the flow of money out of BI to the banks and community. The data used in this research are inflow and outflow in Yogyakarta as many as 14 notes during January 2003 until December 2016 period. This study aims to forecast inflow and outflow in Yogyakarta using QRNN method and compare the results with individual method, i.e. ARIMAX-GARCH and NN. Based on RMSE and MdAE evaluation criteria, the results show that the best model for inflow of Rp100,000, RP20,000 Rp10,000, and Rp5,000 are ARIMAX, while for the inflow Rp50,000, Rp2,000, Rp1,000, and outflow Rp100,000, Rp50,000, Rp20,000, Rp10,000, Rp5,000, Rp2,000, and Rp1,000 are QRNN. In general, the QRNN method yields better forecasting results and can capture well the effects of calendar variations on the data.