Table of contents

The First International Conference of Pure and Engineering Sciences (ICPES2020)

The current volume contains 97 articles selected after rigorous peer review process. We are pleased to present this volume of the selected contributed articles, submitted and presented in the First International Conference of Pure and Engineering Sciences (ICPES2020) " organized by the Iraqi Academic Syndicate Holy Karbala Branch in cooperation with Imam Hussain Holy Shrine, and Nanotechnlogy and Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT) Malaya University-Malaysia which held in Holy Karbala-IRAQ during 26-27 February 2020, https://sites.google.com/view/iraq-academic-syndicate-/home. The theme of the conference has been kept broad enough to include diverse areas of pure science (Biology, Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics) and Engineering Science and their interdisciplinary applications.

Over hundred papers were selected for oral presentation in the conference after an initial review. Every submitted full length paper was sent for peer review to at least two potential reviewers in the related areas of expertise once it is passed by the program committee. Ninety-seven papers could have been finally selected on the recommendation of the peer review committees in the form of the present volume. We hope this volume of the proceedings from ICPES2020 will be a very useful contribution to the academicians, engineers, researches and scientists for enthusing new vistas of research and development in these emerging areas. The authors will be solely responsible regarding the authenticity and ethical issues related to their article contained in this volume. There were 10 invited talks delivered by the leading experts from Czech Republic, Malaysia, Lebanon, USA, Australia, etc. in the areas mentioned above besides the oral presentations in ten tracks. The fruitful discussions, exchanges and deliberations recorded among the delegates in every session of the conference marked the very success of the event.

It is a great honour and opportunity for us to record our heartfelt deep appreciation to all the eminent guests including the keynote speakers, plenary speakers and other delegates who made their valuable contributions towards the success of the conference. We are very much grateful to the members of the steering and review committee for their continuous guidance and support leading to the selection of the oral presentation, contributed talks and the papers published in this volume. We would like to thank the Province of Holy Karbala for the partial funding of the conference. We also would like to thank Al-Zahrawi University College for providing the venue. We also record our sincere gratitude to the representatives of IOP for their collaboration and full cooperation.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Nano materials are being used in concrete technology to enhance performance grade sustainably of construction field works like rigid highway pavement. Nano materials like Nano Al2O3 are used as admixture for the cementitious materials to improve the mechanical and durability properties related to the physio-chemical reactions. The overall objective of this research is to evaluate the effects of Nano Al2O3 addition on the abrasion durability response of concrete pavement. These investigations are conducted to study different Nano Al2O3 contents (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2%) by weight of cement on the concrete strength and abrasion resistance by using the manufactured calibrated rotary cutter device for evaluation process and microstructure analysis by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) tests. The compressive strength was tested at 28 days of curing and the results showed that the compressive strength of concrete increases up to 36% at 28 days by addition of 1% nano-alumina as a replacement of cement; Optimal content (1% by weight of cement) is found that appears better abrasion, durability abrasion performance and at the same time, achieves the main requirement of concrete highway pavement (strength and workability).

Electro-Coagulation (EC) method is the most effective electrochemical treatment of the wastewater that contains heavy metals as pollutants such as (lead compounds). It is consumed less energy compared with the other conventional methods. In this work, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling approach for the simulation of the EC unit was studied. Transport of species, current-voltage distribution, and fluid flow were simulated using the diffusion, Nernst-Planck, and Navier-Stokes equations, respectively. The commercial software (COMSOL 5.4) was used to solve the system of equations that govern this problem. The influence of different parameters such as Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) (15-45 min), applied voltage (2-10v) rotating speed of electrode (0-150 rpm) on the EC reactor also has been studied. The extracted results from the simulation show how the voltage, current, velocity and concentration of the pollutant and coagulant are distributed in the reactor. Besides, the transient behavior of the lead removal from the water was demonstrated in this work. The obtained results from this study were compared with experimental results. The theoretical results showed a good prediction of lead removal from water by electrocoagulation system and they showed good agreement between predictive and experimental data.

The effect of reed leaves extract (RLE) as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor for reinforcing steel in concrete immersed in 3.5% NaCl solution was investigated. The work was carried out using Linear polarization resistance, Potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic polarization, photographic examination, impressed voltage and compressive strength tests. Results obtained from Tafel polarization curves after 180 days immersion showed that corrosion rate was decreased and efficiency was increased with increasing of concentration of RLE inhibitor. The minimum corrosion rate was 2.259 μmpy with maximum efficiency of 76.98% at 0.5% RLE concentration (by cement weight). Also, the photographic study results indicated that inhibited surfaces are more smooth compared to control surface (without inhibitor). Cyclic Voltammetry curves showed that steel samples with RLE inhibitor have low tendency to pitting corrosion compared with control samples. On the otherhand, compressive strength test indicated that addition of RLE inhibitor to concrete mix increased compressive strength by 7.16 % at 0.5% concentration. Impressed voltage test showed that corrosion of reinforced steel bar initiated on the seventh day of experiment for control sample while on the eighteenth day for RLE sample at 0.5% concentration. The results of this study revealed that RLE acts as a good eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor.

This paper conducts an experimental study on the behavior of two-spans continuous reinforced concrete spliced girders strengthened using steel fiber concrete of volume fraction of 1% at splice regions and side near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer bars of 6 and 10 mm sizes. Five beams with 150 × 250 mm rectangular cross section and 2200 mm total length were cast. The first beam was cast as one unit without joints as a reference while the rest were made from assemblage of three precast segments spliced together using cast in place concrete joints of 170 mm length located at the inflection points. All girders were tested using a single concentrated force at each midspan. The studied parameters were: existence of splices, using of steel fiber concrete at splice region, and strengthening of spliced girders using side near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer bars. The results showed that existence of splices led to a decrease in the ultimate capacity of the spliced girder of about 33.1% with larger midspan deflections in comparison with the non-spliced girder. But, strengthening of spliced girders using CFRP bars could provide additional load capacity from 69.1% to 98.1% compared with the non-strengthened spliced girder with lower midspan deflections while steel fiber concrete at joints raised the ultimate load of spliced girders by 12.3%. However, the failure mode of the spliced beams were brittle if compared with the ductile failure of the control girder.

This paper presents the new design and implementation of single phase overcurrent protection relay based on an Arduino NANO.. The relay is an electromagnetic switch which operated depending upon the input signal that can turn it (ON/OFF) when the measuring current is greater than of the sitting current. The proposed relay provides greater operating flexibility, high sensitivity, reliability, high speed, simple controller. This relay is designed and tested on the electric system, depending on the use of the controller.The experimental results from the electrical system test emerged efficiency and speed of the response system to protect it from any fault.

In this paper, an investigation and evaluation to enhanced double weight (EDW) code is performed, a new technique for code structuring and building using modified arithmetical model has been given for the code in place of employing previous technique based on Trial Inspections. Innovative design has been employed for the code into P2P networks using diverse weighted EDW code to be fitting into optical CDMA relevance applications. A new developed relation for EDW code is presented, the relation is based on studying and experimenting the effect of input transmission power with code weight, and the relation developed using numerical analysis method. This relation makes the estimation for the system input power needed more efficient. The results of the code has been explained by eye diagram and parametric illustrations from the simulated results. The result shows a magnificent performance of the code during high number of users and weight. On the other hand, the relation developed for power measurement helps to prevent power loss and consumption.

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) becomes a global technology used in stationary applications like grid storage. The characteristics of output voltage during the charge-discharge cycles and the resulted power of VRFB are strongly based on solving a multidisciplinary problem. In this paper, a 2 D steady state numerical model for the operation of a single VRFB has been formulated, validated with good agreement, and tested. The output voltage response of VRFB at different state of charges (SOCs) has been investigated under range of volumetric flow rates and current densities. Next, a comprehensive parametric analysis, sensitivity study, for the major electrode and electrolyte material properties is conducted which can improve confidence in model predictions. The results showed that increasing flow rate can help to minimize concentration polarization, however, pumping power would be dominated. A low flow rate can cause some poor covered regions, but would reduce pumping power. Based on the sensitivity results, only cathode reaction rate, specific surface area, conductivity of porous electrode and electrolyte, and carbon felt porosity are input parameters that dominate the simulation results. It is expected that this proposed model would be applicable to most flow batteries architectures and can be extended to stack flow batteries.

Water wells are considered one of the important sources for drinking and agricultural needs. To improve the quality of water wells, ten samples were taken from water wells, which are located in various places from Kufa city /Najaf. Wells are used for multi purposes: irrigation, drinking, cooking and other household uses. Two methods were adopted to achieve the essential requirement; one is ion exchange, while the other is activated carbon method. Study results show the unsafe of some water wells used for drinking purposes because some ions concentrations have exceeded the allowable limits of sulfate SO4-, chlorides Cl-, and also water hardness. All these parameters exceeded the limits for drinking uses. However, they were within the allowable magnitudes for agricultural uses. Water wells can classify into two classes, one for irrigation water with high salinity valid to irrigate some crops, which withstand a certain percentage of salinity in soils. The second was classified as water with very high salinity, which have used in case of irrigating crops that resist high levels of salinity. Study concluded that the method of activated charcoal was improved the water quality better than method of ion exchange.

Computers advanced very fast technologically In recent times. This progress leads to high demand for more secure systems because sophisticated security problems have arisen. Since modern systems involve several areas of expertise, it is vital for the security engineer to follow an efficient and optimum approach and to take into consideration the mathematical and physical properties of the system. In the present study, the focus was placed on specific aspects of secure software building; the primary objective is to provide efficient and secure software in terms of resources and time. The designer should keep, as well, productivity, security and cost aspects in balance. Safe system requirements are continuously changing. Therefore, the designers should be aware of these changes. At the start of this research, the researchers distributed a survey about the security-engineering principles related to the life cycle of software engineering life and secure web systems. From the data acquired, the proposed method was developed and presented as a secure e-mail system built according to the engineering principles of software. The AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) technique correlated with composition operator have been used for finding the optimal concerns of software requirements and keep minimum maintenance and cost effect.

Because cracks are the main problem of mass concrete, this paper investigates an experimental study on the effect of polypropylene microfiber (PPMFs) on self -repair behavior of mass concrete, through study the microstructure, workability, physical, and mechanical properties of mass concrete. PPMFs with a diameter of 18 μm add in different percentages (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5) % of cement weight. Where the prepared mixture ratio was (1:2:4.8) and the water-cement ratio (W/C) was 0.4. Also, 0.6% of Superplasticizer (SP) % of cement weight to all concrete mixtures was added. In this study, an SEM analysis used to observe the effect of PPMFs on microstructure of mass concrete, and compressive and flexural strength tests for study mechanical properties of this. And referring to the analysis and discussion of the results, PPMFs used have changed microstructure of mass concrete, and have an effective effect on improve compressive strength and flexural strength, and mechanism of sealing the cracks of concrete autogenously. Also, 1% PPMFs (% of cement weight) recorded as the highest addition, which has a positive effect on mass concrete properties to apply it in the construction field.

Data compression is a special case of communication system which is a basic problem in engineering and computer science. In this work, the new scheme has been introduced for data coding to compress the size. Compression by using one type of Non-linear Data-Structure which is Prefix Binary Tree data compression is essential and beneficial in the diversity of application which is embraced in general into two branches: the storage and transmission.the storage of a file in a compressed form takes fewer bit than in uncompressed form, therefore make the most of storage resources (containing main memory itself), and by transmission means sending the files over a channel with reduced number of bits by compression process. This leads to more efficacious transmission process. The compression process of stored data or that to be transmitted leads to significantly reducing both of the storage and transmission. We use text type as a data in the experiments. The results show the compression rate is reduce the actual size above 50%.

The experiment was carried out in one of the agricultural fields during the agricultural season 2018/2019 of Al- Rumaytha city 25 km north of Almuthanna province, to know the effectiveness of spraying Nano fertilizers of potassium and boron on the yield and growth of wheat crop. The experiment was laid out as split- plot within R.C.B.D. with three replicates were fertilizer of Nano potassium placed in the main plates with three concentrations (zero, 4, 8 gm⁻¹) which symbolized by the symbol (K0, K1, K2) on the sequence, while Nano boron fertilizer was placed in the sub-plates with three concentrations (0, 1.5, 3 mg.L⁻¹) were symbolized by (B0, B1, B2) on the sequence by using the full random sectors R.C.B.D with 3 replicates.

Results indicated that spraying by potassium nanoparticles with highest concentration of 8 m. L⁻¹, showed a significant increase in many features of growth and yield, giving the highest mean of chlorophyll content (194.56 mg. m²), and plant height (98.24 cm). In addition, some of the components of the crop and the yield was increased the number of spikes (16.41%), the number of grain spike (8.29%), the grain yield (17.94%) and biological yield (14.31%). There was no significant effect between spray treatment and lack of weight on 1000 grains. In addition, the results showed that there were significant differences when increasing the concentrations of Nano boron in the solution, where concentration about 3 ml. L⁻¹ in content of chlorophyll in leaves and the plant height. In addition, there were significant differences in some traits; the highest concentration (3 ml.l⁻¹) gave the highest average number of spikes (395.90 spikes. m²), the number of grains per spike (56.64 grains.spike⁻¹), total yield of seed (6761 kg.ha⁻¹) and the biological yield (14533 kg. ha⁻¹). While no significant due to boron treatment in the number and weight of 1000 grains.

The interaction between spraying Nano potassium and boron showed a significant effect on leaf chlorophyll content and the number of spikes per square meter only.

Extraction valuable products from fish waste such as protein, lipid has gained more research attention around the worldwide. In this study, a fish waste was subjected to approximate analysis to determine the nutritional composition includes protein, lipid, and carbohydrates as well as moisture and ash content. The fish waste included scales, fins, and bones isolated from Cyprinus carpi fish samples. The fish samples were divided into three samples groups and named G1, G2, and G3.The results showed high protein content in fish waste and the highest value 27.3 % found in bones (G3). The highest value of lipid content also was recorded in bones 7%. The higher moisture content was detected in scales parts 73% accompanied with a significant difference (P-value <0.05) in the scales moisture contents among the three fish waste groups. In addition the results revealed that the protein and lipid content increased with increasing weight and size of fish. In general, this study presents a high nutritional value of fish waste, providing another a viable source for sustainable food industry.

Generation mean analysis was studied among hybridization of local cultivated tomato(P1) with wild type(Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium) (P2), the F1 plants was selfed for F2 seeds and backcrossed to get 6 tomato genotype plants P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1F1 and BC2F1 plants were planted in a randomized block design with three replications. The experiment was carried out at the Horticulture Department, University of Mosul. The results showed that The genetic parameters was additive for number of fruits/plant vit c, plant height, number of seeds / fruit,and fruit weight. Whereas the dominant effect was significant for: flower number/cluster fruit weight(g), plant height (cm) and total yield of fruits. The values of F1, BC1F1 and BC2F1 genotypes were exceeded their parents in the characters: of yield and number of fruits per cluster, Vit C, TSS%, and were under the control of duplicate epistasis while the number of locules per fruit was governed by complementary gene interaction.

The composition of Rustumihia microbial community and their diversity with o-xylene-contaminants were investigated by applying molecular techniques, Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR and DGGE) via investigating 16S rRNA gene fragments and understand the interrelationships between microbial community composition and structure for established microbial model community isolated from Rustumihia WWTP. To this end, that the established consortium could be used to assess the microbial response as defined by diversity and richness shifts, which are linked to changes in growth conditions. In this research paper a synthetic consortium was created by isolating indigenous microbial community members from the Rustumihia WWTP and subjecting consortium to different pH of (6.5, 7.0 and 7.5) and o-xylene concentrations of (0.5, 5 and 50 Mm) and temperatures (25°C, 35°C, 45°C and 55°C).

The results of this study indicated that the high o-xylene concentration of 50 mM was tolerated and degraded effectively at 35°C and 55°C, and pH 6.5 (P < 0.001). Bacterial richness and diversity were recorded according to the Hill parameters of ⁰D, ¹D and ²D under each of the growth conditions, and then linked to the o-xylene degradation efficiency. At 35°C and pH 6.5, the consortium achieved high degradation percentage for each of 0.5, 5 and 50 mM of o-xylene with values 73.1%, 94.8% and 63.08%, respectively. The current study is the first of its kind in Iraq. It investigates the enrichment, isolation, and identification of a microbial community from the Rustumihia WWTP and determines the efficiency of the isolates to tolerate and degrade o-xylene, highlighting their sole source of hydrocarbon. This research underscores the usefulness of molecular techniques for both diversity and richness to understand the ecological impact of o-xylene as a contaminant and to identify potential molecular techniques for detection of gene that is responsible for o-xylene degradation.

Biodegradation processes could be efficient for such organic contaminants like o-xylene within sewage. Since the biodegradation processes is mainly controlled by microbial communities therefore, this research paper intended that the bioaugmentation process application might speed up or improve biodegradation process in Rustumihia plant. It delivers an initial knowledge of the effects of one of the most complicated organic contaminants at Rustumihia plant. In addition to that, it suggested the using of indigenous microbial communities that is isolated from the treatment plant within the application of bioaugmentation. It reveals findings on the ecology of o-xylene degradation via using bacterial communities that were already enriched and isolated from the four important treatment phases of Iraq's Rustumihia plant

The experiment was carried out in the laboratory of tissue culture of Plant Production Techniques Department, at Musaib Technical College to study the effect of different concentrations of putrescine and the type of light on the content of the Gardenia from some effective medical compounds. The experiment included two factor the first consisted of two sources of light, namely light (fluorescent), LED light (18 red: 2 blue) and the second factor, the addition of Putrescine with three concentrations (0.5, 1 and 1.5) mg.l-1. Some effective medical substances (Coumaric, Ferulic, Caffeorylquanic, Sinapic acid and Tannic) acids was measured in Callus Of Gardenia using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results were analyzed using the statistical program Genstat and the mean was measured according to the least significant difference of LSD at the probability level of 5%. The results showed superior treatment of LED lighting in the concentration of all measured active compounds, The highest concentration of compounds (Ferulic, Caffeorylquanic and Sinapic) acids was given with a concentration of 0.5 mg.l-1. The highest concentration of compounds (Coumaric and Tannic) acids. The interaction (LED + Putrescine at 0.5) gave the highest concentration of compounds (Ferulic, Caffeorylquanic and Sinapic) in Callus of Gardenia.

Graphite converted to multi walled carbon nanotubes by a flame deposition method in the atmospheric pressure at 150.C. the process has included Combustion process of graphite in Oxygen/ Nitrogen gases without using catalyst by homemade reactors. The product was assembled on the upper part of the reactor were characterized using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, photo- images and scanning electron microscopy SEM. The analysis shows that the combustion process succeeded to separate graphite sheets and forming a mixture of graphite nanotubes with graphene mixture after removing some Vander Walls forces. The work includes supposing mechanism for producing or convert planer graphite to the tubular structure of graphite or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

In this research, paper-based SERS active substrates with different grade gram per square meter (GSM) were prepared by adsorbing 40 nm spherical GNP and 40nm star shaped gold nanostructures GNS. Besides the SERS evaluation and optimization, morphological parameters of the samples were found to strongly affect the enhancer properties of the substrates. The developed substrate was tested regarding surface homogeneity as well as by the Raman reporter dye Methylene Blue (MB). These paper-based SERS active substrates are simple to prepare, easy to handle and cheap solid SERS substrates. GNS with 135 GSM printing paper can be easily used as highly active SERS active substrates, with average enhancement factor EF= 10⁵.

Magnetic mesoporous materials covered with mesoporous silica shells (Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂) are the most promising material, which is fulfilling many applications especially for adsorption and delivering drugs system. The present research involves the preparation of magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4 and mesoporous silica mSiO₂ as coreshell materials using sol–gel method in the presence of amid propyl betaine surfactant as template. The surface texture, morphology and particle and crystalline size of the prepared adsorbent were characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption techniques. The results show that the prepared adsorbent has surface area equal to 1670 m²/g, mesopores in range 2-10 nm with a high degree of ordering of the porous structure and has a crystalline size equal to 30.16 nm. The adsorption behavior of Ciprofloxacin drug from aqueous systems onto the adsorbent has been studied using a batch experiments method. The equilibrium of the process at temperature 293K was achieved within 120 min and 0.06 g of adsorbent dose. Adsorption isotherms were fitted with the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin –Radushkevich models and the results show the Langmuir and Temkin model was best fitted, and the adsorption process is physical adsorption type. The kinetic data were analyzed and found to match well with pseudo-second order kinetic model. Ciprofloxacin drug loading and capacity of release of the Fe₃O₄@mSiO₂ carrier was also studied.

This study describes the synthesis of nano hybrids compounds as silver nanoparticles AgNPs inter Ni-Al-layered double hydroxide (LDH) nano hybrid by ion exchange method. Ag as Ag NPs by reduce agent in starch solutions. The produced AgNPs are integrated on LDH surface. The material was characterized by X-ray Diffraction, Fourier Transform Infare spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and UV-Visible spectrophotomer. The expanded interlayer spacing of the Ag NPs/Ni-Al-LDH nano hybrid suggests the successful encapsulation of Ag NPs with Ni-Al-LDH. The prepared Ag NPs/Ni-Al-LDH nano hybrid compound could be suitable to use in future antimicrobial and anti bacterial applications, the make use of, more than 99% of all types of bacteria can be killed, also the AgNPs-LDH can also efficiently inhibit the bacterial growth and prevent the bio film formation in the nutrient solutions. These recently Ag NPs-LDH may offer a talented antimicrobial solution for clinical and environmental applications.

The present study includes synthesis of new amide alkaloid derivatives from cauliflower alkaloids extracted by petroleum ether. the cauliflower is from species called (Brassiceoleracea). The resulting compound(botrytis alkaloid) react with ethanol alcohol to produced (ester alkaloid)then react with different amino acid (Phenyl alanine, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Histidine, glutamine & asparagine) to give amid alkaloid derivates. The chemical structure of these compounds were identification by spectral techniques.

The analytical parameters of wastewater gathered from ten stations have been studied by standard methods. The unpleasant odor was observed in all stations, in addition, the pH of the wastewater was measured to be in the range of 6.3-8, meanwhile, the electrical conductivity of the water was in the range of 2030-6450 μscm⁻¹. The values of 3225, 406, (144-604), 5.84 and 130 ppm corresponded to maximum total dissolved solids, maximum biological oxygen demand, range of the chemical oxygen demand of the selected sites, maximum nitrate content and maximum sulfate content, respectively. The obtained analytical data showed variables in all used parameters in all stations, and most all of the studied parameters were higher in comparison with the permissible limit reported by World Health Organization or the Libyan National Center for Standardization and Metrology.

Chitosan obtained from isolated chitin of shrimp shells by a modified chemical method with a high degree of deacetylation to improve its solubility. This was undergoing a graft copolymerization process to prepare acetyl chitosan (NACS), acetyl chitosan grafted polylactide (NACS-g-PLA), chitosan grafted polylactide (CS-PLA), and polylactide chitosan grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (CS- PLA-g-PEG) nanoparticles. They characterized by FT-IR and 1HNMR. Chitosan and its derivative nanoparticles morphology examined using SEM and average nanoparticle size counted by ImageJ program. After treatment with chitosan derivative nanoparticles (1 mg/mL) at various time intervals (24, 48 and 72 hour) for three different models of human breast cancer cell lines which are BT, MCF-7 and SKBR3 cell lines, the cell proliferation, cell viability percentage, and genotoxicity as a DNA fragmentation index (%DFI) were analysed by MTT assay, and flow cytometry techniques. The results displayed that CSNPs and its derivatives NACS-g-PLA, CS-g-PLA NPs, and CS- PLA-g-PEG, have strong antitumor activities by inducing in vitro treated BT, MCF-7, and SKBR3 cell lines as a highly significant effect, (p < 0.001) on cell proliferation growth as observed with untreated control cells in a different pattern. Furthermore, it can be said since genotoxicity results that prepared polymers NPs were considered as slight /or no effect on the nucleic material of the BT cell lines, as demonstrated as %DFI in compare with positive and negative control samples.

A modern and easy procedure performed using the spectrophotometric method and estimating of Ni (II) in alloy samples. Using a ligand 1-((4-(1-(2-hydroxyphenylimino) ethyl)phenyl)diazenyl)naphthalene-2-ol (HPEDN) and a synthesis of the azo-schiff reaction by reaction p-aminoacetophenone with 2-naphtol in first step and reaction of product with 2-aminonaphthol, Ligand and its complex were identification by using UV-Vis. Spectrophotometry (326nm for ligand (HPEDN), 516nm for complex(Ni-HPEDN)), FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, and ¹³C-NMR. The optimal conditions in the complex composition were studied at pH=9, temperature 25°C, and time 15min. The best concentration was found for Ligand (2×10⁻⁴ M), Under optimum conditions concentration ranged from (1.1-7.1) μg/mL of Nickel(II) were obeyed Beer's Low, with Molar Absorptivity 0.2648×10⁴L.mol⁻¹.cm⁻¹. Limit of Detection(LOD) and Limit of Quantification(LOQ)were 0.3928 and 1.3082μg.mL⁻¹ respectively. The stoichiometric composition of the chelate is 1:2 (Ni:HPEDN). This method is Sensitive, accurate and rapid spectrophotometric method. The results obtained were compared with flame atomic absorption spectrometry method and results are in conformity.

In this work, the induced photo-degradation of poly styrene –co-butadiene films in the air has been studied (for 400 hr.) in the presence and absence of TiO₂ dye and Ni complex, benzyl bis(benzoylhydrazone) Ni, as a photosensitizer by accelerated weathering tester, which are accomplished with the use of the Ultraviolet radiation at λ = 313nm, intensity of light of 3.490*10⁻⁵ Einstein/dm³.S at 45°Ctemperature. The rate of the photo-degradation has been followed with an increase in the polymers, hydroxyl and carbonyl absorbance of the use of the UV-visible and infrared (IR) spectra respectively and viscometer measurement. The addition of (0.1 wt %) of TiO₂ dye and Ni complex to poly styrene –co-butadiene films (25μm thick) improved the photo-degradation of polymer films, and the photo-degradation with Ni complex higher than the photo-degradation of polymer with TiO₂ dye where the degradation constant for Ni complex in polymer is higher than TiO₂ dye.

This study was included using the walnut husks powder as efficient adsorbent material to remove the Azure C dye from its aqueous solution. the effects of (pH), contact time, temperature and the adsorbent quantity were evaluated. the highest adsorption efficiency 98.17% was recorded with 5 ppm of dye according to the law of Beer Lambert (calibration curve for dye), 0.02g of adsorbent material 10 min as contact time and 328 K. The removal data using Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin models were analyzed at various temperature varying from 298 to 328 K, and the adsorption thermodynamic parameters were studied. In which ΔG values indicates spontaneous process, ΔH refers to endothermic property of the adsorption process and ΔS prove increase in randomness at the solid/solution interface.

In this study, new spectrophotometric methods development for evaluation of ciprofloxacin are described. The first method including conversion of ciprofloxacin to colored complex with Fe (II) in the alkaline medium. The colored product has a yellow color with absorbance at λ_max 450 nm. Between the concentration range (2-90 μg.mL⁻¹), the Beers law is obeyed with correlation coefficient (R²) as 0.9996, limit of detection as 0.365 μg.mL⁻¹, limit of quantification as 1.189 μg.mL⁻¹. Secondly, cloud point extraction was used to determine of a trace amount of the colored product in the first method followed by measuring with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The linearity of calibration curve was above the range of (1-50μg.mL⁻¹), the correlation coefficient (R²) was 0.9995. The Limit of detection (LOD) and Limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.129 and 0.387 μg.mL¹ respectively. This method was successfully employed for ciprofloxacin detection in the several pharmaceutical samples by Rec. Was rang between (98-102.8).

Synthetic perothroid, Alpha-cypermethrin (α-CY), was determined in both river water samples collected from different agriculture areas in Kerbala city / Iraq and in some of its formulation which include α-cypermethrin as an active gradient. The method is based on the development of the analysis using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet detection. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) was also developed to extract α-cypermethrin from river water samples by using chloroform as extraction solvent and acetonitrile (ACN) as dispersant. A mixture of acetonitrile/methanol (50:50v/v) was optimized as a mobile phase and C18 column (250mmx4.6mm,5μm) was chosen as a stationary phase, at pH 7.0 and flow rate 0.5 mL.min⁻¹. Linearity of calibration curve ranged from (0.1-70)μg mL⁻¹ was applied. Limit of detection and limit of quantification are (0.047) and (0.157)μg.mL⁻¹, respectively. Validation of this method was maintained for three concentration (0.5, 10 and 50) μg mL⁻¹. Relative standard deviation were (0.823, 0.113 and 0.150) μg.mL⁻¹, respectively for the three level of concentrations. Three spiked level were applied for recovery study (1.0, 5.0, and 10) μg.mL⁻¹. Recovery ranged from (83.704 - 96.972%) for the three spiked level. The developed method could be provide an acceptable results for determination of α-cypermethrin in its formulation and river water samples.

The group of imidazoline derivatives is an important class of compounds that possess broad biological activity. Many derivatives that have been efficiently synthesized form 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole s starting material to Synthesis of some new Schiff bases, 2-azetidinone and 4-thiazolidinone derivatives .The structures were characterized by FTIR and ¹H-NMR spectra. All The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against two kind of bacteria (gram +ve ) [ S .aureus, S.epidermi dis ] and (gram −ve ) [E.co li, Klebsiel lla spp] as well as fungi[C.albica ns] using the micro dilution procedure and compared with amoxicillin activity.

A Various concentrations of Eosin dye were irradiated using titanium dioxide as a catalyst. The irradiation was carried out using the catalyst (0.1gm/100ml), mercury lamp 125 Watts from external source and at Rt. The effect of TiO₂ on the photocatalytic degradation of Eosin was studied in various conditions such as, studying the effect of loaded mass of titanium dioxide, effect of eosin dye concentration and effect of inorganic anions.

Lab. made micro flow Injection system (μFIA) was designed which supplied with two microcontroller UNO and Mega types. These two microcontroller (Arduino) were provided with home- made software programs.The first one, type UNO used to control home- made mini peristaltic pump to drive reagents to detector. The other one was Mega type which was used as a data-logger to manipulate and recording the results as peak height corresponding the concentration by using Microsoft Excel 2010 program. The diameter of the tubes was 0.2mm i.d which used in all parts of manifolds The proposed μFIA manifold was used for phosphate determination in soft drinks samples which supplied from local market. The best conditions for the determination of phosphate by Murphy method was studied. linearity, detection limit, r.s.d% were 5-30 μg/ml,0.09 μg/ml and 0.48% respectively. The phosphate concentrations in the different soft drink samples were in the rang 250-825 μg/ml by using the standard addition method in order to eliminate all expected interferences. The home -made Semi- automated micro-flow injection analysis (μFIA) system was applied successfully for phosphate estimation with simple, high sensitive and accurate.

Asimple, low cost, precise and fast spectrophotometric methods development for estimation of methyldopa are described. The primary method which includes conversion of methyldopa to colored complex with Fe (II) in the alkaline medium (PH=12). The colored product has a violet color with absorbance at λ_max 555 nm. Between the concentration range (5-50 μg⋅mL⁻¹), the Beer s law is obeyed with correlation coefficient (R²= 0.9994), limit of detection as 0.1641 μg⋅mL⁻¹, limit of quantification as 0.541 μg⋅mL⁻¹ and molar absorptivity as 1562.22 L⋅mol⁻¹⋅cm⁻¹. The other technique, cloud point extraction was utilized to determination of a trace amount of the colored product in the previous method followed by measuring with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The linearity of calibration curvewas above the range of (1-50 μg⋅mL⁻¹), the correlation coefficient (R²= 0.9991) and molar absorptivity was 6080 L⋅mol⁻¹⋅cm⁻¹. The detection limit(LOD) and quantification limit(LOQ) were based to be 0.0486 and 0.160 μg⋅mL⁻¹ respectively. This technique was successfully employed for methyldopa detection within the pure and pharmaceuticalpreparations.

An efficient pretreatment step is essential to ensure maximum and economical recovery of the fermentable sugar from enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. Microwave-assisted pretreatment was found to be a good alternative of conventional heating pretreatment of acid or alkali due to its direct heating of sample which reduce the energy consumption. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of using very diluted solvent (acid and alkali) on monomeric sugar yield during microwave-assisted pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (sago palm bark wastes). The changes of the surface structure of untreated and pretreated lignocellulosic biomass were detected using SEM analysis. Three solvents were employed at three concentrations (0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 N). The solvents that utilized in the microwave-assisted pretreatment were sulphuric acid (MA), sodium hydroxide (MH) and sodium bicarbonate (MB) and compared with distilled water (MW). Sago palm bark (SPB) was soaked in these solvents as a substrate at 5% w/v and subjected to microwave power at 800 W in a modified household microwave oven for 5 minutes. Immersing feedstock in distilled water and heating using microwave heating released 5.32 mg/g of monomeric sugar. Highest yield of monomeric sugar was found using 0.1N H₂SO₄ which yielded 10.28 mg/g during. Applying the pretreatment using the similar concentrations of NaOH and NaHCO₃ released 9.35 and 4.31 mg/g of monomeric sugar, respectively. Decreasing chemical solvent level from 0.1 to 0.05 and 0.01 N shows a negative influence on sugar yield for MA and MH pretreatment while MB pretreatment displays a positive effect by extracting some useful components such as xylose.

A new simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method has been develop to determine copper (I) ions by using Michlers thioketone reagent (Ligand) to formed a dark brown complex at ( pH=3), The complex was found to be with stability for (90 min) at the given pH, The complex formed in this method give obeys Beer's law over the concentration range (3.211×10⁻⁵M–22.48×10⁻⁵M) with a detection limit of (1.943×10⁻⁶M) and molar Absorptivity (0.622×10³Lmol⁻¹cm⁻¹), The Stoichiometry of the complex was confirmed by using (Mole Ratio method & Molard method) the two methods using indicated the ratio of metal to reagent is 1:2, The effect of the presence of different cations and anions as interference in the determination of copper (I) under the given condition were investigated, The copper complex formed has been characterize by UV- visible ray, Precision and accuracy of the new method has been study by terms of Relative Standard Deviations (RSD%) And relative Error.

Remazol Brilliant Blue dye is a noxious dyes, so the snail shell powder was used as a adsorbent surface because of its high efficiency to remove the remazol brilliant blue dye from aqueous solutions where the removal percent was (99.09%). Also, the factors affect the efficiency of adsorption (equilibrium time, adsorbent weight, PH, ionic strength, temperature and using "Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin" modelels were studied. The experimental data of isotherm showed that it is in good agreement with the freundlich and temkin equation it to take the form (S-curve) according to the Giles classification, and it does not agree with the Langmuir equation. The thermodynamic functions (ΔS, ΔH, ΔG) were calculated and explained in the mean of the chemical structure of the adsorbant.

in this article, we present a definition of k-generalized map independent of non-expansive map and give infinite families of non-expansive and k-generalized maps new iterative algorithms. Such algorithms are also studied in the Hilbert spaces as the potential to exist for asymptotic common fixed point.

The purpose of this article is to investigate pure gamma subacts of multiplication gamma acts and some related concepts. Some characterizations of pure gamma subacts are given. For this reason, we introduce the concept of idempotent gamma subacts and study some of its properties. Also, we discussed the relation among the pure, multiplication and idempotent gamma acts. Moreover, some result of pure gamma subacts of multiplication gamma acts are considered. Finally, we prove that the product of two pure gamma subacts is also pure.

In this paper, we introduced certain types of stability of the fixed points in discrete dynamical systems which are pre-stability, pre-c-stability, and pre-ic-stability. We studied the relationships among these types of stability, also the relationships among these types of stability and certain types of stability which are stability, c-stability, and ic-stability

Neural networks have a great place in approximating nonlinear functions, especially those Lebesgue integrable functions that are approximated by FNNs with one hidden layer and sigmoidal functions. Various operators of neural networks have been defined and achieved to get good rates of approximation depending on the modulus of smoothness. Here we define a new neural network operator with a generalized sigmoidal function (SoftMax) to improve the rate of approximation of a Lebesgue integrable function L_p, with p < 1, to be estimated using modulus of smoothness of order k. The importance of choosing SoftMax function as an activation function is its flexible properties and various applications.

Let M be a Γ-monoid and A a unitary right M_Γ-act. We have introduced and studied the notion of full stability on gamma acts. We say that A is fully stable if f(B)⊆ B, for each M_Γ-subact B of A and M_Γ- homomorphism f: B→A. This is equivalent to saying that f(aΓM) ⊆ aΓM for each element a in A. Many properties and characterizations of this class of gamma acts have been considered. In fact we show that full stability of M_Γ-act A is equivalent to the following equivalent conditions (1) For each a∈A, (L_A(R_M(aΓM)))= aΓM. (2) For all a, b ∈ A and R_M(aΓM) ⊆ R_M(bΓM) implies that b ∈ aΓM. (3) For each a ∈ A, there is a Γ-compatible ρ on M such that (L_A(ρ)) = aΓM. (4) [aΓM:bΓM]=[R_M(bΓM): R_M(aΓM)] for all a, b ∈ A where M is a commutative Γ-monoid. (5) Every M_Γ-homomorphism from any essential M_Γ-subact B of A into A satisfies f (B) ⊆ B and Hom_MΓ(B,C) = Hom_MΓ(B,C) = ϴ, for any M_Γ-subacts B, C of A with zero intersection.

In our paper, we make two new extensions for the integral type condition for a set valued mapping in a complete partial metric space (Y, p):

1- $\psi \left(\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{H(Gx,Gy)}\varphi (t)dt\right)\le \psi \left(\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{p(x,y)}\varphi (t)dt\right)-\phi \left(\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{p(x.y)}\varphi (t)dt\right)\forall x,y\in Y$

2- $\psi\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{H(Gu,Gv)}h(t)dt\le\mu(\text{p}(\rm{u},\rm{v}))\psi\displaystyle {\int }_{0}^{p(u.v)}h(t)dt,\forall u,v\in Y$.

And by using these two conditions we prove that a set valued mapping can have a fixed point in a complete partial metric space. Finally we illustrate each condition by an example as an application for these two theorems.

Let M be a Γ-monoid and A a unitary right M_Γ-act, two concepts projective and duo on gamma acts have been introduced. Several characterizations of projective and duo are given. We prove projectivity in gamma acts has dual basis using to prove relationship between duo and Γ-multiplication.

Let be a Γ-ring with identity (not necessarily commutative), and M a left R_Γ-module. Then M is called fully stable if θ(N) ⊆ N for each R_Γ-submodule N of M and R_Γ-homomorphism θ from N into M. Equivalently, for each element m in M we have $R\alpha_{0}m = \Upsilon_{M}^{\alpha _{0}}\left (\ell_{R}^{\alpha _{0}}\left ( R\alpha_{0}m \right ) \right )$, in other words, each α₀-cyclic R_Γ-submodule Rα₀m satisfies the double annihilator condition.

In this paper we will introduce and study the notion of R_Γ-modules in which every R_Γ-submodule satisfies the double annihilator condition. Many properties and characterizations of this class of R_Γ-modules are considering, and obtain some relatied results, as well as, their relationship with full stability.

In this research, we will study the classical continuous optimal boundary- control problem(CCOPB-CPR) determine by couple linear PDEs of parabolic type (CCOPB-CCLPDEs) in details. the existence theorem for the uniqueness state vector solution (STVSO) of couple linear parabolic PDEs (CLPPDEs) for given (fixed) continuous classical boundary- control vector (CCB-CV) is considered and proved, the existence theorem of a continuous classical -boundary optimal control vector (CCOPB-CV) associated with the CLPPDEs is developed and proved, while the Frechet derivative (Féde) of the objective function is derived, the theorem for the existence of a unique solution of the adjoint vector equations (ADVEQ) congruous for the STVSO is considered. Lastly the necessary optimality conditions (NOPC) of the CCOPB-CPR is proved.

The quantitative description of data is very essential for statistics. In standard statistics data are assumed to be numbers, vectors or classical functions. But in applications, real data are frequently not precise numbers or vectors, but often more or less imprecise. All kinds of data which cannot be presented as precise numbers or cannot be precisely classified are called non-precise or fuzzy. The present paper focused on obtaining the maximum likelihood and approximate Bayesian estimators of the parameters and hazard rate function for Lindley distribution when the data are available in fuzzy form. Since there are no exact forms, maximum likelihood estimators have been derived according to the algorithm of Newton- Raphson as an iterative technique and Bayes estimators have been derived based on informative gamma priors relative to squared error and precautionary loss functions according to a numerical approximate Lindley's technique. The obtained estimators have been compared through Monte-Carlo simulation study.

Our work aimed to focus on some types of intuitionistic fuzzy filters, which are known as intuitionistic fuzzy Q-filter and intuitionistic fuzzy complete Q-filter, in addition we aimed to find out the relationships among these types of filters and other characteristics of Q-algebra.

Many attempts have been made to describe bases for the post-Lie algebra, using many types of Lie bases. Here, we try to describe special kind of post-Lie bases using those bases described in the pre-Lie (respectively Lie) contexts, founded before in [8, 9]. In addition, we try to understand the effect of the second operation of the post-Lie structure on the form of these bases, using some cases of the generating set, and translate it in terms of rooted trees.

We introduce the concepts of Rickart gamma ring as a generalized of a Rickart ring and Baer gamma ring. Also, For an Γ —ring R, we show that: (1) R is a right Rickart if and only if it is right p.p.. (2) R is a Baer, quasi-Baer if and only if R is Rickart, p.q. Baer (respectively) and R = {eΓR|e² = e ∈ R|, under inclusion, is complete lattice. (3) R is prime if and only if it is quasi-(or right p.q.) Baer and semicentral reduced. (4) If R is Rickart then: (a) R is both right and left nonsingular. (b) R has no nonzero central nilpotent elements. (c) The image isomorphic of R is Rickart. (d) If R is reduced then the idempotent element which is generated the right annihilator of any element in is R unique. (5) The direct product Π_i∈IR_i of Γ —rings is Rickart, quasi-(right p.q. ) Baer iff R_i is Rickart quasi-(right p.q.) Baer for all i ∈ I, respectively. (6) The corner and the center of Quasi- Baer, p.q. Baer and Rickart are Quasi-Baer and Baer, p.q. and Rickart and, by conditions, Rickart and Rickart, respectively. (7) We give some conditions to show that (a) If R is Rickart, Quasi-Baer then R Baer and p.q.- Baer, Rickart, respectively. (b) If R is Rickart, then the following statements of R are equivalent: reduced, abelian, idempotents of R commute, the set of idempotents is closed under multiplication, R is commutative at 0, RFI(x) = LFI(x) for every x ∈ R and r_R(x) = l_R(x) for all x ∈ R.

Let be a ring with identity and let T be a unitary left Module over . In this paper, we give some cases when a direct sum of hollow Modules is semihollow-lifting, Also; we give a condition under which a direct sum of two Modules is semihollow-lifting,

Waveform transport of Pseudo plastic fluid in complaint symmetric channel with culvature properties has designed. The efforts of magnetic force, which has applied by radiate direction in the analysis, is considered by using the influence of Hartmann number. Walls properties with slip conditions on velocity distribution as well as stream function are used. The analysis of" heat and mass transfer" has taken into account. More popularized factual constraints known by the convective conditions are applied. The partial differential equations of motion, temperature and concentration is reduced under the simulation of low quantity of wave number and Reynolds number and then transformed to ordinary differential equation of independent variable of radial coordinate (η). The result equations are solved by using homotopy analysis. Impacts of sundry variables on the axial velocity, trapped bolus, temperature and concentration has examined. It is found that velocity is a decrescent function for Hartmann number (Ha) and it's curve is not symmetric for small values of culvature and the case is opposite for large values of it. Also we found that the temperature is an growing function of Brinkman number while the concentration is a decreasing function of soret and Schmidt numbers. Influences of most variables are supported by graphs. The numerical and figures are obtained by using the software of Mathematica program.

In this article, the notions of soft closed sets were introduced by using soft ideal and soft semi-open sets, which are soft-J-semi-g-closed sets "sJsg-closed" where many of the properties of these sets were clarified. Some definitions of near open soft functions, near and near soft continuous functions were offered like; soft Jsg-open functions, soft J^*sg-open functions, soft J^**sg-open functions, soft Jsg-continuous functions, strongly soft Jsg-continuous functions and soft Jsg-irresolute-functions. Some kinds of separation axioms and convergence in sequences were studied by using soft-J-semi-g-open sets like; sJsg-T₀space, sJsg-T₁-space, sJsg-T₂-space.

Many figures and propositions have been studied the relationships among these kinds of near soft functions with some examples were explained.

The parameter and system reliability in stress-strength model are estimated in this paper when the system contains several parallel components that have strengths subjects to common stress in case when the stress and strengths follow Generalized Inverse Rayleigh distribution by using different Bayesian estimation methods. Monte Carlo simulation introduced to compare among the proposal methods based on the Mean squared Error criteria.

In this article, the concept of pu-visible submodules of an S-module Y is introduced which is a generalization of the concept of visible submodule. Some charactrizations and properties are proven. Also the results of pu-visible submodule by a module Y will by presented by giving many results and properties that explain and discuss that concept, one of the most important of them show that the submodule of Y is pu-visible when the residual of it is pu-visible ideal of S and the opposite is achieved. In addition to many results that have been presented.

The purpose of this work is survey an application of the characteristic-free resolution and Lascoux resolution of K(8,6,3)/(u,1) F where u = 1 and 2, also we survey the connection between the resolution of Weyl module in this case of each mode for the same skew-partition.

This work concerns with the study of the continuous classical boundary optimal control problem (CCBUOCP) dominating by triple linear hyperbolic (TLH) partial differential equations(TLHPDEQS). The existing theorem for a unique state vector solution(SVES) for the TLH boundary value problem (TLHBVP) as well as for its adjoint triple linear equations (ATLEQ) is proved using the method of Galerkin (MG) when the continuous classical boundary control vector (CCBUCV) is known. The existing theorem of a continuous classical boundary optimal control vector (CCBUOCV) dominating by the TLHBVP is proved. The directional derivative (DIDE) for the cost functional (CFu) is derived. Finally the theorem for necessity conditions for optimality (THNCO) of the problem is proved.

The purpose of this research paper, is to present the second- order homogeneous complex differential equation f" + H(z)f = 0, which defined on the disk D = {z ∈ : |z − i| ≤ 1} ⊆ , where H(z) = e^p(z), to show it an invariant by applying Liouville and self-adjoint transformation with an examine the convexity property of its coefficient H(z) = e^p(z), in order to study the growing and bounded solution of consider equation.

We report the fabrication of a bio-compatible diffraction grating made out chitosan, a derivative of chitin. The diffraction grating has been realised by laser ablation using 193 nm excimer laser. Thin spun coated chitosan films 520 nm thick were used in the laser ablation experiments. We report a laser ablation threshold for chitosan of F_T = 85 ± 8 mJcm⁻². A clean laser ablation process is observed with very little material redeposited on the sample. Following equipment; white light interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, power spectral density and Fraunhofer diffraction measurements were utilized to characterise the diffraction grating. Calculation of the temperature rise induced during laser ablation has been carried out and compared with decomposition temperatures deduced from thermogravimetric data. Applications of bio-compatible gratings realised by laser direct write patterning are briefly discussed.

In this work, the effective of shapes for disc and spherical cathode electrodes on the operational conditions of dc discharge has been studied. Paschen curve was studied of the two cathode shapes electrodes at the discharge voltage (0- 450 V) at 38 mm distance between the electrodes. Theoretically, the distributions of equipotential line and electric field before the minimum discharge voltage between the electrodes were estimated by using SIMION software. The study showed the effect of the geometry of the cathode electrode on the operational conditions where the discharge voltages require for the spherical shape was greater than the disc at minimum values in Paschen curve. The results showed a diagnostics of plasma using a single Langmuir probe that electron temperature and ion density for spherical cathode shape was higher than the disc by, 20% and 17.9% respectively.

In this study, the rubber batches composites were prepared using Natural rubber (NR) and synthetic rubber (SBR) as model materials. The composites were reinforced using oyster shell powder (OSP) with particle size less than (225μm). Two groups of samples were prepared with (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40 and 60 pphr) with loading ratio of OSP and (CB-10pphr) of CB, whereas other composites were without CB. Density, viscosity and multi ultrasound velocity wave devices were applied to characterize the density according to the specification (ASTM-D1817-66) (Densitron), rheological properties with specification (ASTM-D2084-89) standard and mechanical properties, respectively. The result showed significant influence of the reinforcements (OSP) material and (CB) on some of these properties that exhibited an increasing with the increasing of loading ratio of (OSP) and (CB), such as density, relaxation amplitude and compressibility, but the other properties were decreasing like viscosity, relaxation time, velocity waves, bulk modulus and specific acoustic impedance.

Undoped ZnO and Cd doped ZnO thin films were deposited utilizing chemical spray pyrolysis. The effects of non-thermal plasma on the structural and optical properties were studied. XRD patterns indicate that all the deposited films were polycrystalline hexagonal structure, but the preferred orientation of un doped ZnO was (002), while for doped samples were orientated along (101). The effect of plasma exposure on crystal size, transmittance, absorption edge and optical energy gap were investigated. Results illustrate that the crystal size, transmittance and optical energy gap were decreased when doped samples exposure to plasma.

It is challenging to enhance contrast in video images, because of the irregularity of contrast and lightness in each frame, and the long processing time to improve. In this research, we suggested a new method relied on sigmoid logarithm transform (SLT). In the video image, the SLT used to enhance lighting component in the HSV color space. To know the ability of enhancement the proposed method was compared with other methods as histogram equalization (HE), Multi Scale Retenix with Color Restoration (MSRCR) and non-traditional as Fusion at Weakly Illuminated Images (FWII), Depending on the average Natural Image Quality Evaluator (NIQE), Mean Squared Error for Hue (MSEH), Mean Squared Error for Saturation (MSES) for each video. By analyzing the results, it was found that the proposed algorithm has good results in the contrast and lightness enhancement.

In this study, we have developed a mathematical approach to enhance the calculation of the probability of the WKB approximation in the semiclassical approach. This enhanced method was applied to study the total cross section of fusion reaction σ_fus, the barrier distribution of fusion D_fus and the probability of fusion P_fus for the light systems ⁶Li+⁶⁴Zn, ¹³C+⁴⁸Ti and ¹⁶O+⁴⁶Ti. A quantum coupled-channel calculation is conducted using CC code with all order coupling to compare it with the calculations of the semiclassical method before and after improvement of the WKB probability. The improved approach used with WKB enhances the semiclassical calculations and more closer our theoretical results to the measured data to be in more agreement with the treatment of quantum mechanics which agrees with the measured data for the total reaction cross section σ_fus, the distribution of fusion barrier D_fus and the probability of fusion P_fus.

In this paper, optimum design of three classic model have been proposed, for refractive multifocal intraocular lenses (singlet, doublet, triplet-MIOLs) implanted within human eye (Liou & Brennan model). The analysis were carried out with ZEMAX-EE optical software through the polychromatic functions; MTF, PSF, spot diagram and (longitudinal-, Sphero-) chromatic aberration in addition to comparison with healthy eye. Due to good biocompatibility, AR40N Allergan and AcrySof SA60AT were used to design refractive MIOLs in unique and / or dual combination. Correction of the spherical aberration and longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA) within 5° of visual field and 4 mm of pupil diameter were performed over the spectral region (455-655 nm). Result indicate that for all MIOLs proposed design (pseudophakic eye) sharp vision was achieved for a set of distances within range (25-10⁸cm) but still much less than in healthy eye and pseudophakic eye with triplet-MIOLs implanted was the best model.

In this research, the fabrication of silver nanoparticles and experimental nonlinear response (NLO). The fabrication of the silver nanoparticles has been done using E-Beam evaporation on a glass substrate (Ag-NPs) and investigation of their nonlinear optical response (NLO). The silver nanoparticles was evaluated by optical spectrum (UV-Vis) that shows localized surface Plasmon band at 375 nm. The experiment shows the nonlinear absorption and nonlinear refraction effect of silver nanoparticles, the silver nanoparticles is analysed by Z-Scan technique using a femtoseconds laser with 800 nm wavelength. The result shows the nonlinear absorption (NLA) is at 4.87×10⁻⁴cmW⁻¹, while (NLR) is at 7.94×10⁻⁹cm²W⁻¹.

The Disi water samples were collected from different Disi aquifer wells in Jordan using a clean polyethylene container of 10-liter size. A hyper-pure germanium (HPGe) detector with high- resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy and a low background counting system was used for the identification of unknown gamma-rays emitting from radionuclides in the environmental samples. The ranges of specific activity concentrations of ₂₂₆Ra and ²²⁸Ra in the Disi aquifer water were found to be from 0.302 ± 0.085 to 0.723 ± 0.207 and from 0.047 ± 0.010 to 0.525 ± 0.138 Bq L⁻¹, with average values of 0.516 ± 0.090 and 0.287 ± 0.091 Bq L⁻¹, respectively. The average combined radium (²²⁶Ra + ²²⁸Ra) activity and radium activity ratio (²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra) in Disi groundwater were found to be 0.803 ± 0.187 and 0.550 ± 0.178, respectively. A comparison was made between the present results and the international minimum recommended limits and previously published data from different countries.

Theoretical study of the effect (CH₂, CH₃, NH₃, NH₂, OH, CN, NO₂) subgroups on the electronic properties of the biphenyl molecule was completed using density functional theory (DFT) with B3LYP/6-31G [d, p] basis set employing Gaussian 09 suite of programs. The optimized structures, total energies, the energy of HOMO and LUMO, energy gaps, electrochemical hardness, softness, Fermi level, molecular symmetry, dipole moment, were calculated. The results showed that the total energy of studied molecules gradually decreasing compared with the original molecule. The addition of subgroups for biphenyl compound have effect on the energy gap and thus affects on the (LUMO) and (HOMO) energy, were causes decreasing the (HOMO) and (LUMO) energy compared with the original molecule. This decrease is very good because it develop the conductivities and solubilities of these molecules.

A magnetic field sensor, using a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF), based on the bandgap effect was designed and experimentally demonstrated. The water-based Fe₃O₄ was infiltrated into the core and the holes of the HC-PCF. The magnetic fluid was prepared with a concentration of 0.6mg/ml. A diode laser with a wavelength 532nm was used as a light source. Two types of HC-PCF were used: HC-1550-19 PCF and HC-800-02 PCF. The sensitivity was tested for a magnetic field that ranges from 0 mT to 24.5 mT. The results demonstrate that the sensitivity of the proposed sensors was 119.95 pm/mT and 151.27 pm/mT for HC-800-02 PCF and HC19-1550 PCF, respectively.

In this work, an optical heterodyne temperature sensor system had been designed using Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). Two techniques implemented. The first standard design uses dual laser diodes LDs as a laser sources that satisfy the condition of beat frequency range. The second new heterodyne optical system designed to get tunable source from single laser source using FBG, which is used as tunable element. By controlling the ambient temperature of the FBG, the wavelengths and their ranges can be controlled in way that satisfies the condition of beat frequency range. Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) sensing technique had used with FBG element in both reference arm and sensing arm. Then the new modified heterodyne optical system had done by utilizing FBG in both reference arm and sensing arm with single source. A comparison study of results by using Optisystem software shows that, the modification of the second design provides better performance by increasing the wavelength shift and the sensitivity of the modified heterodyne temperature sensor.

The technique of chaotic system is considered one of the applications for high security encryption, where a color images sent is encrypted for the purpose of preserving from hacker futility. The color images which are used to study are in both formats JPG and BMP. This paper deals with the method of the numeric encryption key to encrypt each one of the two formats type images and then decrypt the result images using the same key. The measures where used to study the statistical characteristics of result images are the histogram of images, original signal divided by noise signal rate (SNR), maximum squared errors (MSE) and peak signal to the noise rate (PSNR). It is found that the chaotic key with control parameter (r) in rang (3.4567-- 4) and initial value(x) within rang (0.6716 -- 1) make high mixing. Encryption results for BMP color images are very good and efficiently, because of the decryption process given the same input image and have the same pixels values without any loosed values. The result of encryption technique for the color images in JPG format is given a little and acceptable loss because of resaving process for resaving output images using compress data in jpg format algorithm.

Programmed identification of white platelets (WBCs) stays an uncertain issue in medicinal imaging. The first step in this algorithm is to detect a white blood cell (Lymphocyte) and then segments the Cytoplasm and Nucleus in this cell. This was done by using image processing Techniques. The suggested method depending on the binary conversion of red, blue and hue compounds depending on threshes values. These values were calculated from histogram analysis within specific ranges. The proposed algorithm was compared with several other algorithms for detection by using an accuracy scale in the detection. where the proposed algorithm obtained a high distinction accuracy reached 98% compared to other methods.

A no- reference quality metrics is one of the challenging fields in image quality assessment. The aim of the research is measuring the quality of the microscope medical image such as blood smear and sample texture, at different lightness conditions by using two types of light sources are Tungsten and LED. To find the best light level at imaging, the no- reference quality metrics are calculated by using the histogram in a HL component in the wavelet transform. This measure is Compare with the other no-reference algorithms as entropy and average gradient by calculating the correlation coefficient between the subjective and objective methods. The results show that the proposed algorithm is a good measure of the quality of the medical microscope images at different lighting condition.

Color image enhancement considered one of the challenging fields in image processing category. The nonlinear function based on a fuzzy logic algorithm is developed within this paper to enhance image color. The suggested algorithm used sigmoid mapping and the membership function which relied on histogram analysis to enhance image contrast. The results of the suggested algorithm compared with fuzzy logic (square method), fuzzy logic (cubic method), Histogram Equalization and Multi-Scale Retinex. Different criteria used to evaluate the performance of the presented algorithm like Mean-S, Mean-H, nature image quality evaluator, Lightness Order Error and entropy. The evaluated criteria show the suggested algorithm is better in color enhancement compared with the other methods.

In this work, localized surface plasmon resonance based fiber optic (LSPR-FO) sensor utilizing gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) with different sizes is theoretically constructed and analyzed. Three layers (fiber core, Au NPs, and the Analyte) configuration designed by using the matrix method. Performance parameters such as sensitivity, signal to noise ratio, the figure of merit, and resolution of the sensor are evaluated for each size of Au NPs. As a result, sensitivity and resolution exhibit no change with Au NPs size change while the signal to noise ratio and figure of merit decrease as Au NPs size increase. This work shows that the optimized LSPR-FO sensor may have highly promising applications in chemical sensing.

Walnut is one of the most important and necessary foodstuffs in our daily lives and there are many species in Iraqi Kurdistan from different sources. Therefore, the significant point in this works is gamma rays measuring to estimate various radiation hazards via walnut consumption for different markets. The samples have been collected from different markets and locations in Sulaimanya governorate in Kurdistan region-Iraq.

The average specific activities for nuclides found with high probability for the walnut by using a vertical coaxial cylindrical High Purity Germanium Radiation Detector (HPGe). The specific activity for the shell of the walnut were for the three most important radionuclides ₂₃₂Th, ₂₂₆Ra and ₄₀K were 14.842 ± 9.450, 7.226 ± 1.805, 107.2 ± 2.563 (Bq/kg) respectively, and for walnut pulp ₂₃₂Th, ₂₂₆Ra and ₄₀K were 16.053 ± 8.861, 5.105 ± 1.540, 143.6 ± 2.884 (Bq/kg) respectively. The total average activities were within the average ranges of the accepted values in the world (45, 33 and 420 Bq/kg for ₂₃₂Th, ₂₂₆Ra and ₄₀K respectively).

The natural rubber has good resistance for some acids such as hydrochloric acid. Therefore, natural rubber composites are used in the lining of acid containers. Acid resistance of the natural rubber improves by types and levels of additives such as zinc oxide level. This research focuses on the influence of traditional zinc oxide on the acid resistance of natural rubber composites against 37% (w/w) hydrochloric acid. Six rubber compounds were prepared with various levels of zinc oxide of (0, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8) phr (parts per hundred parts of rubber weight). This work includes tests of tensile properties, hardness (Shore A), compression set, tear resistance, and abrasion resistance. Test specimens of tensile properties and hardness immersed in hydrochloric acid for 70 hours at room temperature. After immersion, they dried and tested for determining acid resistance. The acid resistance of rubber composites increased by increasing the amount of zinc oxide and the best acid resistance of rubber composite was gotten at 5 phr of zinc oxide.

GO samples were prepared by Hummer's method. The Electrical properties of polymer composite Go-CuPc (graphene oxide-cupper phthalocyanines) prepared by spin coating technique were studied. Three different ratio of the prepared graphene oxide added to the pure cupper phthalocyanines (10%, 15%, 20%). It was found that there was a clear increasing in the concentration of carriers and a decreasing in the values of mobility at room temperature with increasing of doping ratio, the electrical conductivity increased with the increase of the concentration of GO, the value of activation energy decreased for all (GO/CuPc) thin films with adding concentration of GO. The antimicrobial properties of Graphene Oxide Modified Cupper Phthalocyanine were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-positive bacterium and sydomonus, Gram-negative one. Bacteriological tests were performed in Muller Hinton solid agar plates with different concentrations of graphene oxide particles. The inhibition zones as a function of added graphene oxide where studied, the results show that as the concentration of graphene oxide increased the inhibition zone increased also against both types of bacteria. When the ratio of added graphene oxide was (15%) maximum inhibitionzone has been calculated.

: The HgBa₂Ca₂Cu₃O_8+δ specimens are manufactured via solid status interaction process at various temperature of sintering at ( 1073, 1123 and 1173 ) K. All the specimens in the immediately studied were submited to common constructional description by X - radiation deviation. The X - radiation deviation data combined from different samples agree with ( Hg - 1223 ) stages, then the investigations indicated that tetragonal construct for all specimens with an increasing in the dimension c to 15.87 A and reducing the mass density (ρ_M ) to 1.481 g / cm³ at 1173 K. The four - sensor procedure was achieved to detection the transition temperature ( T_s ), then it raised from 116 K to 121 K with increasing sintering temperature from 1073 K to 1123 K and decreased to 109 K at 1173 K.

In the present study we have reported realization simultaneous effect substitution of strontium at the barium layer of Tl_1.6Hg_0.4Ba_2-ySr_yCa₂Cu₃O_10+δ superconductor. Samples of bulk polycrystalline have been prepared by the reaction of solid state process. Four probe technique, is used to find the transition temperature T_c. It was found that the critical temperatures at zero resistivity T_c(Offset) are T_c(Offset) were 95, 115 and 125Kand T_c(on) were 45,40 and 45K for Tl_1.6Hg_0.4Ba_2-ySr_yCa₂Cu₃O_10+δ with y = 0, 0.1 and 0.2 respectively. The X-ray diffraction study showed that all prepared samples have tetragonal structure, with a clear change in the constants of lattice with strontium-substituted samples compared to this without strontium. It has also been found that a change in the concentrations of strontium leads to a change in, c / a. Tl_1.6Hg_0.4Ba_2-ySr_yCa₂Cu₃O_10+δ phase development was observed. The surface morphology studied for prepared specimens using atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the average grain size and surface change with the change of the rate of dopant.

Thin films of Copper- substituted Zinc ferrites as general Zn1-xCuxFe2O4 where (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9) It was prepared using the technique of spray pyrolysis technique on the glass substrate with a temperature equals (400±10oC). High purity of Copper nitrate, Zinc chloride and Iron oxalate were dissolved in 1 mole in de-ionized water. The prepared films are annealed at 520 oC. XRD pattern are used to study the structure of the prepared thin film ferrite. XRD results showed that the prepared thin films Zn1-xCuxFe2O4 are polycrystalline with spinel cubic structure. The results also showed the spinal ferrite structure was modified by the substitute ions. SEM results showed that the prepared films were of a uniform and homogenous nature. Results of thermal reflectivity showed that the reflectivity of the films increases with increasing of (x) and it is approximately greater than 60%. The magnetic properties of the prepared films were examined using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer(VSM). The magnetization measurements indicate that the Zn1-xCuxFe2O4 showed ferromagnetic demeanor at room temperature.

This paper aims at shedding light on investigating the effect of varying plasma parameters of the magnetron sputtering system, the optical emission spectroscopy was used to reach the aime of the paper ; i.e. intensity of spectral Ar-I and Ar-Π lines, electron temperature (T_e), electron density (n) with applied (300-700) V, and working pressure (0.5 – 3.5) mbar. The glow discharge plasma was produced by using Ar gas and gold as a sputtering target. The obtained results showed that the relationship between the spectral lines intensity and electron temperature is positive: the increase of them lead to an increase in the applied voltage while density of electron decreases as the applied voltage is increase in the range (350 – 550) V. Moreover, the Ar-I and Ar-Π spectral lines and electron density increased while its electron temperature decreased following the rise of the gas pressure. The increscent in emission intensity and electron density started to enhance or reduce from low pressure to medium and then increased nearly exponentially, while for high pressure no significance change was observed.

Triglycine Sulfate (TGS) single crystal were grown using a slow evaporation method utilizing deionized water as a solvent at room temperature in two groups. The first group of crystals was grown in a variable pH medium. The second group consisted of crystals doped by Al ions with a varying concentration ratio. It was found that all the TGS crystals grown belong to the monoclinic system, as confirmed through XRD patterns. The results from UV-Vis analysis showed that the crystals grown in the acidic medium were more transparent with increased transmittance to visible light. In addition, the spectral patterns for the as-grown crystals were studied using the FTIR technique, which showed a slight shift, indicating that all the crystals had a similar crystalline structure. The high transmission in the entire visible region for all crystals indicates potential for use of such crystals in (SHG) devices and applications based on UV tunable lasers.

The composites are having the capability of combining constitutive component's individual properties, creating distinctive materials with certain characteristics proper for specific applications. The major goal of the presented research is developing polymeric reinforced composite materials, that is considered to be anti-static as well as light. The potential regarding conducting the synthesis of PA(nylon 6,6) as well as involving it in the polymeric matrices, including polyamide-6,6 which is enabling creating anti-static reinforced materials. (PANI:Ny-6,6) as well as the composite films have been subjected to preparation through a process of diffusion as well as the aniline's oxidative polymerization in Ny-6,6 matrixes. Composite films have been subjected to characterization through SEM, FTIR, in addition to their electrical properties. Surface electrical conductivity that is related to HCl of (1M) doped composite films increase and increment in film's PAn contents. Studying electrical properties within certain isothermal conditions at temperature in range (130-200°C) indicated that composite films have been stable in ambient conditions not more than a temperature of 200 °C with regard to DC electrical conductivity retention.

In this study, structural and electronic properties of the single-layer structure of Graphene, the single-layer structure of blue Phosphorene, the two-layer structure of blue Phosphorene/Graphene, the three-layer structure of blue-Phosphorene/Graphene/blue-Phosphorene and the three-layer structure of Graphene/blue-Phosphorene/Graphene have been investigated. The calculations are conducted based on the density functional theory (DFT) and using SIESTA code and generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The results show that the single-layer structure of Graphene reveals quasi-metallic behavior, and the single-layer structure of blue Phosphorene exhibit semiconducting behavior. Two - and three-layer structures of Graphene and blue Phosphorene have a metallic behavior. Total energy and structural stability have also been investigated.

In this paper, we focused on the investigated and studied the cold fusion reaction rate for D-D using the theory of Bose-Einstein condensation and depending on the quantum mechanics consideration. The quantum theory was based on the concept of single conventional of deuterons in Nickel-metal due to Bose-Einstein condensation, it has supplied a consistent description and explained of the experimental data. The analysis theory model has capable of explaining the physical behaviour of deuteron induced nuclear reactions in Nickel metals upon the five-star matter, it's the most expected for a quantitative predicted of the physical theory. Based on the Bose-Einstein condensation theorem formulation, we calculation the cold fusion reaction rate for D-D transfer to Nickel-metal using the astrophysical S factors (S = 110KeV — barn) for d(d,p)T, d(d, n)³He reactions and (S = 110 × 10⁶and S = 110 × 10¹³KeV — barn) for D + D × ⁴He + 23.8MeV reaction. The results of the calculation for three reactions give rise a wide compatible with the other experimental works.

The strength distribution of Gamow-Teller (GT) in the ²⁶Si→²⁶Al, ²⁸Si→²⁸P, ⁴²Sc→⁴²Ca and ⁴⁴Sc→⁴⁴Ca transitions are calculated by using shell model with full basis which assume the valence nucleons in the sd and fp shells. The calculation of the shell model were conducted in the sd and fp shells without any restriction by using USDB and USDA interactions for sd shell and GXFP1A, KB3G and FPD6 effective interactions for fp shell. Our theoretical results of shell model calculations compared with the data obtained from (³He, t) and (p, n) charge-exchange reactions. Calculated B(GT) strength distributions agree well with the recently available experimental data and with the summed transition strengths B(GT).

Titanium dioxide/graphene oxide thin films with different concentrations of (0.0, 0.015, 0.030, 0.045 and 4.5 g/ml) graphene oxide were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature using spin coating method. Thin films were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Presence of graphene oxide was confirmed with FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, too. The optical band gap of TiO₂ with the addition of graphene oxide layer initially decreases, but by increasing the concentration of graphene oxide, the optical band gap increases to 2.9eV.

After designing the special unit for two stages, the first stage was for the production of micro-bubbles and the second was for the production of Nano bubble. The production of dissolved nano bubble in water is accomplished by converting the microbubbles by high pressure (10-70 bar) and by ultrasound waves between (2-20 GHz) and at different time periods (15,30,60 seconds) and in the middle of a metal chamber that bears High pressure The results showed that the highest intensity of the presence of dissolved nano bubble in water is (24%) and was achieved at pressure (70 bar) and frequency (20 GHz) and with a time period (60 seconds).

The flow emission rate of hard photons from lowest order the QCD processes for quark-anti quark annihilation processes in plasma media at high temperatures (175, 200, 225, 250 and 275 MeV) have been study. In these framework photons, the flow photons emission is calculate according to quark-antiquark annihilation using the quantum chromodynamic theory and solves the ultrarelativistic equation with MATLAP program. Due to the results, we show increases flow photons rate with increases strength coupling and increases with increases temperature of media, it indicate that logarithmically divergent thermal effect on photons product. The critical temperature (T_c=155 to 195 MeV) effect on the quarks confined in hadronic matter phase, it is important parameter effect on strength coupling with flavour number. The flow photons rate spectra show decreasing with increasing th photons energy, it indicate the processes at hadronic phase.

Undoped and Ni-doped Cobalt oxide thin films (Co₃O₄:Ni) with doping percentage (3, 6, and 9%) have been prepared by chemical spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates at (400 °C). The structural, surface morphology and optical properties were studied. XRD results showed that all the films were polycrystalline and had a cubic structure with preferred orientation (111) plane for all doping. The AFM images appear to be smooth and homogenous films. The optical properties showed that the transmittance decreased by increasing the percentage of Ni, and the direct optical band gap decreased from (2.53 eV) to (2.32 eV) for undoped Co₃O₄ with increasing the doping percentage to (9%).

In the present work, the spectral properties (absorption and fluorescence) for liquid Aurintricarboxylic Acid compound (B) dissolve in dimethy sulfoxide (DMSO) were studied at different concentrations(1×10⁻⁴ and 1×10⁻⁵)M, nonlinear optical parameters was study by use technique of z-scan represented by the nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficients, several testing were done including, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),results showed the effect of self-focusing in the material at higher intensities, which evaluated n2,the effect of two-photon absorption was studied which evaluated β. In addition, the optical limiting behavior has been studied, the results confirmed the capability of the sample to be used as optical limiter device.

Inelastic electron scattering for selected nuclei ¹⁷O,¹⁹F and ⁴⁸Ca are investigated by considering the energies of higher configurations outside core ¹⁶O and ⁴⁰Ca cores. Higher energy configurations, called core polarization effects. Bohr-Mottelson calculations were also conducted to study the form factors of the above-mentioned nuclei using Oxbash. The predicted form factors were compared to the experimental data available. The effect of higher excited configurations is found to be essential in the dynamic transfer dependence of the form factors and is remarkably well aligned with the measured data.

The electronic transition rate between a Alq₃ molecular and Au metal in different coupling coefficient has examined using simple theoretical picture through Marcus theory for electronic transfer and quantum postulate. The electronic transfer rate contribution is discussion the transfer mechanism, its induced by the transition energy for molecule - metal system. The Alq₃ molecule is named ( tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum ) and has chemical structure (C₂₇H₁₈AlN₃O₃). The rate of electron transfer for Alq3-Au system studies with 2-methyylpyridin, Hexanone, Acetone, Bezonitrile, Propanonitrile, Nitrobenzene and 1,2-ethanediol solvents. It has been shown that electron transtion across the Alq3-Au interface associated with solvent increases with decreases the transition energy and potential at interface

In present work, the modified chemical bath deposition method (CBD) called successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction effective coast method was used for deposited copper oxide CuO nanostructured thin films. Structural, surface texture and optical characteristics of the deposited films were studied as a function of low annealing temperature (150, 200 and 250) °C. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the as-deposited and annealed films exhibited low crystallinity of polycrystalline nature in the monoclinic phase. It is observed a fixed or very little increment of peaks intensity and the crystallinity of the deposited films with the increase of annealing temperature to 250 °C. The lattice constants were calculated and show good agreement with the standard values. The crystallite size was decreased, whereas the dislocation density and the number of crystallites were increased with the increment of annealing temperature. The average grain diameter was increased and the average surface roughness decreased with the increment of annealing temperature. The optical energy gap for the as-deposited film is 1.87eV and increased to (2.03, 2.06 and 2.09) eV with the increment of annealing temperatures. The Urbach tails energy width decreased from 0.91 eV to (0.73, 0.54 and 0.46) eV for as-deposited and annealed films at low temperatures (150, 200 and 250) °C respectively. The low annealing temperatures was used because the deposition process was performs at low temperatures below 100 °C, therefore_it can be concluded that the low annealing temperatures used in this work are not suitable temperatures for the growth of CuO films and it can be above 300 °C to enhance the film crystallinity and formation of CuO phase.