Table of contents

PREFACE

The Department of Mechanical Engineering, SRM IST is proud to bring out the proceedings of the 2^nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering (ICAME 2018) in printed and CD form. This is one of the most comprehensive Mechanical Engineering related conference to take place in India. The conference will be held during 22-24, March 2018 at the SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur.

ICAME 2018 focuses on a range of issues related to applied mechanics, bioengineering, and computer aided engineering and information technology processing, design and analysis, energy systems, etc. The purpose of the conference is to bring together the Multi - disciplinary community of engineers, scientists, and academics to discuss recent trends and future developments in Mechanical Engineering.

List of committees and conference photographs are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Earth is covered with land and water in that 2/3 rd of earth is covered by water bodies which includes both salt water and fresh water as well. Since water is a major component of the earth, it is necessary to understand about the water bodies and under water sensors will be helpful for it. Under water wireless sensor networks are used widely for oceanographic data collection such as abnormalities which cause natural calamities, to track other submarines (navigation and surveillance) and also pollution level in water. The major limitations of underwater wireless sensor networks are battery power, limited bandwidth, multi-path, fading problems, high bit error rates, propagation delays and also they are more prone to corrosion, foul forming etc., these limitations prove that they have fewer lifetimes compared to TWSN's. Due to the limitations and requirements of these UWSN's, are required to use Ultra light weight components. The major physical layer attacks of underwater wireless sensors are jamming and eavesdropping [4]. Due to eavesdropping data not only losses confidentiality but further may leads to other malicious attacks which losses both availability and integrity of data. The fundamental problem of underwater wireless sensor networks is to provide security which is highly efficient but uses less space, less computations and low bit rates. Therefore the security techniques used for terrestrial wireless sensor networks based on all the above stated reasons are not at all suitable for UWSN's.

Researchers are still trying to provide better security using an encryption technique with limited computations and less storage space. As far as now the latest efficient ultra lightweight encryption schema provides the better security with lower computations by using chaotic theory to generate the random key but it requires high storage space which is not accurate for underwater sensor network communication. So we do implement basic block cipher with combination of left, right shift, substitution and XOR operations for lower computations with key generated randomly using Pseudo Random Number Generator in order to reduce the storage space for key spaces and also splitting the process of encryption rounds according to the number of hops required to transmit from source node to destination node in between the sensor and the base station onshore, provide security for the data communication through underwater wireless sensor networks. Thus for decrypting the data, an attacker needs to know about the number of hops also along with the keys used for encryption which makes the process of encryption better secured than existing in UWASN.

Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) strategies have gotten much consideration from scientists and professionals in assessing, evaluating and positioning choices transverse over assorted technologies. Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) continues on working attractively crosswise over various application territories. This paper proposes the TOPSIS-based Taguchi enhancement way to deal with decide the ideal WEDM process parameter for machining of aluminum hybrid composite using brass wire. The hybrid metal matrix composite was manufactured by stir casting process utilizing particulates SiC and graphite each in Al6061 combination. This experiment was outlined with L27 orthogonal cluster. The test input parameters are Pulse on time, Pulse off time, current, gap voltage, wire speed & wire tension. The impact of the machining parameters on the kerf width (KW) and surface roughness (SR) is expressed by utilizing examination of variation. The parameters corresponding to experiment run number 9 are Pulse on time 108 units (Level 1), Pulse off time 60 units (Level 3), peak current 230 units (Level 3), gap set voltage 60 units (Level 3), wire feed 5 units (Level 3) and wire tension 12 units (Level 3) are the best combination to achieve better surface roughness & kerf width.

Recently Robot is widely used in the drilling process for better flexibility and ease machining in assembly lines. In this study strain, rpm, surface roughness and circularity are analyzed in robot drilling process. Comparative experimental analysis between industrial manipulator [ABB IRB 1410] and pillar drilling machine are carried out by varying thickness of material [Aluminium 6061].In this paper, Strain measurement can be measured with the LAB-View software by using load cells. Rpm can be analyzed with the arduino software by using IR Sensor. The optimization of drilling parameter is found out for both ABB IRB 1410 Robot and Pillar drilling machine. The results of the simulation indicate the machining parameters on feed rate, machining time, material removal rate. Strain, rpm, surface roughness and circularity of the robot drilling and normal drilling are measured and compared. This result also certifies the adequate result of the drilling process.

Electroless nickel coating is an autocatalytic reduction of metallic ions from an aqueous solution containing a reducing agent. Electroless nickel coatings (Ni-P) are very popular because of their unique characteristics such as excellent corrosion resistance, chemical inertness and high hardness. Aim of this paper is to simulate Indentation process on Electroless Nickel coated steel specimen by finite element method. A two-dimensional (2D) asymmetric model is modelled/meshed and analysed using ANSYS. The simulation yields a loading-unloading curve similar to the curve that is generated using the actual Indentation experiment. The curve is useful tool to determine the mechanical behaviour of the coating. The various Material Properties required for the simulation is taken from the references.

In the current work, the heat transport characteristics of ethylene glycol with different volume fractions of silver nanoparticles dispersed to form a nanofluid that flows through an inner tube of the annular heat exchanger were investigated experimentally. The mass flow rate of nanofluid varied from 5 g/s to 25 g/s at 50°C inlet temperature of nanofluid on the heat transfer co-efficient were carried out under laminar flow conditions. The nanofluid was prepared with 0.05% and 0.1% volume percent of silver nanoparticles. The thermo-physical characteristics of pure ethylene glycol and silver/ethylene glycol nanofluid were measured experimentally. The heat transfer co-efficient was significantly increased with respect to Reynolds number and volume percent of silver nanoparticles. The experimental results show that the of convective heat transfer coefficient of the nanofluids increases up to 38% at a volume percent of 0.1% with those compared with basefluid at same Reynolds number. The enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluid and the clustering of nanoparticles could be the probable reasons for the increment of heat transfer co-efficient. The pressure drop of the nanofluid increases as a function of Reynolds number and volume percent of nanoparticles. The increment in pressure drop is more predominant with respect to Reynolds number as compared to volume percent of nanoparticles.

Metal matrix composites are formed by combination of two or more materials having dissimilar characteristics. In the present investigation, Aluminium (Al7075) is taken as base matrix metal, Tungsten Carbide (WC) particulate and Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2) as reinforcements. The metal matrix composites are fabricated by stir-casting process. The Tungsten Carbide particulate was added in proportions of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% and Molybdenum Disulphide was added in constant proportion of 4% on mass fraction basis to the molten metal. The different combination sets of composites were prepared. Mechanical properties like hardness and tensile strength were studied for both reinforced and unreinforced Al7075 samples. Microstructure examination was carried by using Metallurgical Microscope to obtain the distribution of Tungsten Carbide particulate and Molybdenum Disulphide in base matrix. From the results, it was found that the hardness and tensile strength of the prepared metal matrix composites increases with increasing weight percentage of Tungsten Carbide, however a decreasing trend of hardness is found at 8% and 10% of Tungsten Carbide. This could be attributed to agglomeration of the Tungsten Carbide particles due to insufficient rpm of the stirrer.

The C4-C6 region of the cervical spine is a common area of injury in the spinal column. Most of the injuries are caused due to accidents, sports etc. These injuries with increase in age can lead to slight, moderate and severe disc degeneration. As technology has advanced over the years, biomechanical finite element models are used instead of cadavers to study effects of progressive degeneration on the stress distribution. This study was conducted to develop a three dimensional finite element model of the C4-C6 human cervical spine structure using computed tomography scans and was validated against experimental data published earlier. The model was then used to produce progressive disc degeneration at the C4-C6 region by varying the material properties. Slight degeneration and moderate degeneration is obtained by modifying the material properties of nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus respectively. Severe degeneration was achieved by taking the material properties for maximum degeneration. The degenerated models were subjected to flexion, extension and lateral bending and the stress distribution on the anterior and posterior region were determined and compared with the intact model. Based on this study, the anterior region showed more increase in stress as compared to the posterior region with progressive degeneration.

Aim of this project is to improve the corrosive property of SS316 steel using polyether ether ketone. SS316 is the standard molybdenum bearing grade having excellent forming and welding characteristic. In this experiment low carbon version of 316 steel was taken as base metal which is used in heavy gauge welding component. Using plasma spray method, the coating process done on SS316 metal and their uniformity of coating was examined by microscope. Salt spray test has been conducted to check the corrosive property of polyether coated steel.

This paper aims to present a new way of providing functional rehabilitation to paralyzed upper extremity patient using Brain Computer Interface technology. In this we use Brain wave mobile which consists of only two electrode, pre frontal electrode and reference electrode placed on ear lobe, to acquire the electroencephalography (EEG) signal. The acquired signal is transferred via Bluetooth to low end device. Recordings are read into MATAB where signal processing algorithms are implemented. The extracted 100% accurate control signal fires the nerves by generating biphasic current impulse through functional electrical stimulator (FES) placed on the impaired limb for the motion.

The surface roughness is an important parameter that affects the mechanical properties of machined parts. In present work empirical relationship between the surface roughness and machining conditions during the end milling of Al/Al₂O₃/Gr metal matrix composites using response surface methodology based on face centered design. The effect of machining conditions on surface roughness is also investigated. The feed, cutting speed and % wt Al₂O₃/Gr seems to have significant effect on the surface roughness

Fins are surfaces that extend from an object to increase rate of heat transfer by increasing surface area. Traditionally, fin profiles have been rectangular in shape. However, in recent years a trend has emerged where fin profiles have been designed in a variety of shapes in order to maximize heat dissipation properties. Here different fin profiles (both symmetrical and non-symmetrical) will be designed using modelling software and the temperature drop across the fin surface will be monitored in order to study the heat dissipation effectiveness of each fin profile. The analysis is done using Finite Element Analysis Software.

The electrical discharge machining commonly used nonconventional machining process for making dies. TheH11 die steels are commonly used for making forging and casting dies. In the present research, the effect of Al₂O₃ powder in de-ionized water as dielectric fluid, pulse on time, current, voltage on metal removal rate (MRR) have been investigated. The result shows that MRR increases with increase in pulse on time and current. Also, The MRR increases with the presence of Al₂O₃ powder in de-ionized water.

Aluminium metal matrix nano-composites (AMMNC) reinforced with various weight percentages of micro and nano Al₂O₃ particles have outstanding mechanical properties for variety of industrial, aerospace and automotive applications. However, the machinability of AMMNC is still a problem. The presence of abrasive particulates behaves like cutting edge for the tool during machining, resulting in unexpected tool wear, high tool workpiece interface temperature, enormous amount of cutting forces and vibration. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to assess the machinability in turning of AMMNC under dry condition. A mathematical model was developed to predict the responses, namely surface finish, tool wear, work-tool interface temperature and cutting forces using linear regression analysis. Taguchi based optimization technique has been used to optimize the turning parameters for obtaining the best surface roughness of the components with reduced tool wear, temperature and cutting force. Multiple sensors were used to measure the responses to identify the optimum machining parameters. The frequency domain analysis is carried out to predict the dominant frequency band. Chip morphology analysis is also carried out to assess the machinability. Thus, this work helps to know about the effect of combined micro and nano-particles in the properties of AMMNC and its machinability.

A novel aberrant sun based dryer is outlined and developed to ponder the regularity of drying in the drying chamber.The system is comprised of a Collector (Solar), drying chamber and a blower.Tests were conducted to compare the conditions when air is distributed through the bottom alone and when the air is distributed to each tray separately and adjudge the method that gave better drying. Dryer efficiency, drying rate, initial and final content of moisture of the green peas in two conditions and also temperature issued in each tray under the two conditions also studied. Mass of green pea, reduced from 120 grams to 66, 78 and 80 grams for trays T1, T2 and T3 respectively when air is distributed through bottom alone and it reduced to 52, 52 and 54 grams when air is distributed evenly to each tray.The average efficiency of the dryer in the first condition is 19.2% and that of the second condition is 22.6% which shows the second condition is a desirable option for the drying process.The temperature of drying air is the most vital factor during drying.Air velocity and air humidity is also an important factor for bettering the rate of drying.

The problem of urban traffic congestion is constantly spreading. The increase in traffic is due to the growing number of vehicles and the limited expansion of roads. We propose a system for reducing traffic congestion using image processing by detecting blobs and tracking them. The system will detect vehicles through images instead of using electronic sensors embedded in the pavement. We also plan to provide a suitable solution for emergency vehicles stuck in traffic to clear the route by using Bluetooth, thus assuring timely help to those in need.

Automation in the welding process are preferred for the enhancement of quality and time reduction. Robots are widely used for welding process in sheet metal fabrication industries. In this study, the parameters of robotic (ABB IRB 1520) Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding process (reference voltage, wire feed rate and gas flow rate) is optimized based on the quality responses such as depth of penetration, bead width and reinforcement at welded joints in IS2062 (GRADE A) material. In order to locate optimum conditions with a relatively small number of experiments in parameter optimization, Response Surface Methodology is used. RSM is an empirical approach which uses the polynomials as local approximation to relate the true relationship between input and output. The process improvement in industrial setting is achieved by this empirical approach. The mathematical model has been deduced based on experimental data and model selection techniques. And the approach reveals the condition which favour the good balance between maximum penetration, minimum bead reinforcement and minimum bead width.

Recent researches in Brain Computer Interface (BCI) that can decode brain EEG signals has aided in an effective robot control which has led to the raise of Brain Robot Interface (BRI). This project focuses on the accurate classification of the user's Action/Cognitive thoughts, where successful decoding of EEG signals can provide a higher degree of freedom control in BRI applications. The EEG signals from the user's scalp are recorded through a non-invasive electrode and prepossessed to produce a noise free EEG signals. Time-Frequency Analysis techniques are used to extract featured from the EEG signal. In this work an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) machine learning algorithm is used as classifier to learn the EEG signal features for effective output classification. This work presents a performance analysis on the accuracy of the system for the proposed combination of Time-Frequency analysis and ANN algorithm for the EEG feature extraction and classifier respectively.

The recent growing e-commerce needed for automated packaging system. We developed 3D packing system using prioritization method packing algorithm and Internet of things (IOT) for sending and receiving data. Here IOT connects between structures of the proposed Integrated Autonomous Packing Layer. IOT is a class of cyber network which link every used component to one another, gives flexibility of process and on-time data exchange. The consumer ordered product picked by '4Dof Articulate Arm Robot' place by priority method.The processed action dose packing according to the importance of respective, best example. Arm robot places the item in a bin, Back thought process is given to choose the object according to the significance. The manipulation of arm is simulated successfully by embedded C programing for respective action.

Recent developments of snake robots have seen increasing interest in the aid of robotic systems to assist in disaster operations. This paper presents a design of snake robot for dynamic optimization to maneuver in various environments. The robot makes utilization of the friction between the body of the robot and the environment to move in. The components of snake robot chassis fabricated using 3D printing. Environment parameters such as temperature and moisture can be used to analysis the hazardous scenario. Obstacle avoidance techniques were also incorporated. Such a model was also simulated using the V-REP to verify its movements capabilities and to compare with real-time operation. Zig-bee module were utilized to wirelessly control the snake robot in remote areas for search and rescue operations. This paper describes the dynamic optimization of snake robot and presents experimental results of the robot locomotion through various environments.

Graphene, a one atom thick sheet of carbon exhibits outstanding mechanical properties, but defects which are unavoidable at the time of synthesis may strongly affect, such as intrinsic properties and fracture toughness of graphene can be altered by topological defects such as vacancy, Stone-Thrower-Wales (STW) defects, dislocations and grain boundaries. In this research article, authors have extensively studied the effect of Stone-Thrower-Wales defect on mechanical properties of a single layer of graphene sheet at different temperature and strain-rates using classical molecular dynamics (MD) based simulations. Also, authors have studied the effect of defect-concentration on the mechanical properties of graphene at different temperature and strain rates. It has been observed that fracture strength and strain is not varying with temperature for STW-1 in zigzag direction and STW-2 in armchair direction respectively. Also, the same scenario was observed for different strain-rate values. Further-more it was observed that at 1K both STW-1 and STW-2 defects shows almost same fracture strength and strain in armchair and zigzag directions for higher strain-rates. On the other hand, at lower strain-rates both STW-1 and STW-2 defects showed different fracture strength and strain at 1K. Also, it was observed that at higher temperatures STW-1 in armchair direction and STW-2 in zigzag direction shows enormous decrease in mechanical properties, it shows STW-1 and STW-2 are not favourable in armchair and zigzag directions respectively. In addition, the effect of defects at different strain-rates and concentration on the fracture strength and failure morphology of graphene sheet has also been studied.

Nowadays Climbing robots are widely used in various applications in industrial and hazardous environment for inspection of vertical and inclined poles wiring on high voltage power transmission tower. Pole climbing for fixing any issues related to power transmission lines, bridge repair and maintenance, climbing trees, climbing lamp posts etc. In this paper aims in designing of Pole Climbing Robot (PCR).These types of climbing robots can be used for inspection as well. In this robot pair the smart phone with Bluetooth module connected to embedded system. Then using the graphical interface in android application able to give instructions to move up or down or stop moving performance. These commands are received by Bluetooth module and give corresponding instructions to arduino of the embedded system board, which, depending on the code in it drives the motor driver accordingly. The benefits of this work are to save human lives as numbers of people are died from electrical injuries almost every year. In Pole Climbing Robot (PCR) previous researches on climbing robots all around the world focused mostly on Wall Climbing Robots (WCRs) and only a few research works were performed on Pole climbing Robot(PCR's).

The recent advances in robotics has resulted in a more convenient use of mobile robots in alications such as assisting the disabled, deliveries and domestic purposes. The main challenge faced by mobile robots is navigation in a dynamic environment, which is path planning for dynamic obstacle avoidance. This paper proposes a novelty method for solving the path planning problem for mobile robots posed by dynamic obstacles based on SLAM (Simultaneous Localisation and Maing) algorithm and Reinforcement Learning. The algorithms implemented relied on the Kinect sensor for maing and rotary encoder for localisation of the robot in the map. The SLAM algorithm implemented resulted in a mean error metric of 4.07%. The modified Q-learning algorithm implemented in this paper allowed the mobile robot to avoid dynamic obstacles by re-planning the path to find another optimal path different from the previously set global optimal path. From the investigation, it was shown that it is possible for a robot to navigate in a dynamic using the Reinforcement Learning technique.

Recently fish robots are widely used in various applications such as ocean investigations, military operations and marine environment protection. It requires high performance autonomous underwater vehicles especially for propulsion and great benefits with flexible manoeuvrability. In this paper focused on the fish propulsion mechanism, robotic fish overall design and dynamic model of robotic fish propelled by the pectoral fins and flexible tail. The tail part of the fish is attached to the active body segments which are connected in series through rotational springs and the hydrodynamic force will act on each segment. It can navigate efficiently over a given distance with a good balance of speed and manoeuvrability. Different mathematical propulsive waveforms are combined with an inverse kinematics-based approach for generating fish body motions. A prototype is built and is tested. The experiment results demonstrate that the kinematics of the robot fish can be predicted effectively. The above results indicate the proposed model is suitable for estimation of the behaviour, thrust and swimming speed of the fish robot.

Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining (EDMs) is a manufacturing process in which the desired shape of the work-piece is obtained by electrical discharge. The removal of the material from the surface of the work-piece occurs by rapid current discharges occurring between two electrodes separated by dielectric medium and subjected to an electric voltage. The spark is generated between the electrodes when the voltage applied is high enough to breakdown the dielectric. As a result of this the material is removed from the surface of the work-piece. Generally, Micro-EDM operates on flat surfaces. In this paper, a controller is designed for Micro-EDM to operate on a cylindrical work-piece. The parameters to be controlled are the speed of the motors which will control the electrode and the work-piece, the spark generated and the discharge gap. A PID controller will be implemented to control the entire system. Each parameter will have its own PID controller. The controller will be designed and simulated using MATLAB/SimuLink software.

Buffing is usually the last and most important operation carried out during manufacturing processes, especially for use in applications that require strict tolerances. For objects with irregular geometry, this operation may have to be done manually. In an effort to automate the buffing process, robot simulation platforms can develop offline programs for specific geometries that are known beforehand. However, in the case of unknown geometries, it is required to first develop the CAD model before processing within simulation platforms. This can be done using either manual measurement of the object, which could be tedious, 3D scanning the object, which requires specialized expensive equipment, or the process of photogrammetry, which is cheap and readily accessible. This paper describes the use of photogrammetry to develop scale 3D models of irregular objects, which is subsequently used to generate tool paths for an industrial robot via offline programming, to be applied in finishing operations. The photogrammetry procedure involves compiling photographs of the target object from a 360° orientation, and using a photogrammetry software to generate the 3D model of the target object. This model is then used within the simulation software to develop the final output. A commercial photogrammetry software, Bentley's ContextCapture, is used to develop the 3D models, which are then imported to RobotStudio which can generate end-effector toolpaths for buffing operations to be carried out on the scanned object, based on the contours of the model. The offline program thus obtained is to be transferred to an IRB 1410 6 DOF industrial manipulator for execution and verification.

Soft robotics is the most emerging subject in the present world. This paper focuses on the grippers (end effectors) that are attached with robots to interact with the environment. We proposed soft robot gripper with a modular design of cad model, which can hold multiple types of objects. This soft gripper consists of four fingers which are attached commonly and a holder which is used to attach the gripper to robot. All components were 3D printed and the soft finger structure is made molding technique using platinum cure silicon rubber. The fingers analysis is done in using finite element (FE) analysis by applying different loads. The bending of finger is obtained by providing pressurized air. A curvature sensor is integrated inside each finger to measure the curvature or bending angle during grasping. The proposed gripper could grasp and lift objects with different shapes and weights.

Sensors a system whose sole purpose is to sense and give the output. It maybe of anything from normal measuring of speed, temperature to the in-depth sensing of motions or strains. One such type of sensor is being fabricated to measure the value of stress using strain gauges. Strain gauge is a sensor which has change in values when external force is applied Previously stress is found on a beam near the point of maximum bending but in here the stress are known from an object so as it helps in gripping of the object. The main purpose is to implement in the robot grippers. Considering it as a sensor the size is in centimeter range. From the design aspect it is of two parts namely base and struts. The struts are arranged in a regular array on the base plate. The major consideration would be the base as a fixed part and the pressure is applied on the strut top side. Simulation of design are done in ANSYS with consideration. It is done to determine the material used to fabricate. The fabrication will be done and the stress and strain data will be taken.

There is a want for materials of high hardness and resistance for aerospace applications. Metal cutting of the said kind of blends and metals needs special machining inserts that occasionally is not cost-effective and even unfeasible. In addition, even the untraditional methods are commonly limited to the socket of sight of productivity. The growth of built-up brink and bonding coat on the insert rack surface also worsens on one needle, the profile and effectiveness of machining insert and on the other needle, the surface quality and measurement accurateness of the finished product. The usage of coated tool inserts will diminish the development of brink and bonding coat to a considerable extent which in turn improves tool life thereby reducing tool wear. This paper will focus on studying the effect of machining constraints on machinability of Ti6Al4V using carbide cutting inserts with double layer and without coating in metal cutting without coolant and by examining the stress spreading, turned surface finish and insert attire. Nine experiments using uncoated inserts and dual layer coated inserts were conducted by varying the machining speeds and feeds. The machining process was also simulated in AdvantEDGE Workbench to study corresponding stress and strain distribution.

Composites materials are finding increased application in different engineering fields due to its favorable properties such as light weight, high strength, stiffness, etc. Among the composites, wood based composites are natural composites in which particle board (PB) and medium density fiberboard (MDF), etc., are extensively used in domestic and commercial purposes mainly in wood based furniture. Among different machining processes, drilling is the most generally used machining process in wood working industry for assembly operations and also affects the surface quality, aesthetic appearance and performance of the final product. Delamination at entry and exit sides of a hole, edge chipping, surface damage, etc are the major damages occurs during drilling of PB composites. The surface defects and delamination damages are significantly influenced by different machining particularly drilling parameters and machining environment. Therefore, study of effect of drilling parameters and machining environment on PB composite is an important area and it needs a detailed analysis. Twist drill is a most commonly used drill bit for drilling all materials however spade drill is specially used in drilling PB composite with lower thrust force and torque and spade drills is commonly used drill bit for rough drilling of particle board composite [5].

Studies on Structural Dynamic Modification (SDM) of beams are very important area of research work to both fields of Mechanical and Civil Engineering. Dynamic reanalysis of structures is about to find modified dynamic characteristics i.e. natural frequency with the modification of structure parameters. It plays an important role in smooth operation of structural analysis. Design of such structures is important to resist dynamic forces occurred due to natural hazardous. Modification in dynamic characteristics of a complex structure is highly expensive and time taking process. Hence the modified dynamic characteristics are evaluated using reanalysis methods. Dynamic reanalysis for structures can be done by using Taylor series in which sensitivity derivatives are substituted for finding the modified frequencies. In the present work, the dynamic reanalysis is applied for linear spring-mass systems. The results of direct method have been compared with reanalysis method. These comparisons prove preciseness of reanalysis method which is based on sensitivity derivatives and it can be considered as a powerful frame work for Eigen value analysis for modified spring-mass systems.

Biomaterials are produced naturally or artificially using a various methods employing metals, polymers, ceramics or even some times composites. Especially for high load bearing orthopedic application like hip and knee joints the life expectancy of biomaterials is always increasing. In this work fabrication of a novel bio ceramics from orthopedic application with silicon nitride in zirconia matrix is developed. The Zirconia-Silicon Nitride composite is a novel material and it has been developed to combine the material advantages of zirconia and silicon nitride. The tradition powder forming process is used for the fabrication of the proposed Zirconia-Silicon Nitride composite in the form of pellets. Zirconia is added to the silicon nitride in the several wt% and compressed and sintered in the 1400°C. The Physical characteristics densities of the sintered pellets were determined by Archimedes principle and then compared with the theoretical density. The density of the composite was studied preliminarily to assess the structural stability of the composite. The bio-inertness of the composite was evaluated by using the DISC DIFFUSION ASSAY method.

The paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with linseed oil blended diesel fuel with camphor as additives. Experiment was conducted on the single cylinder four stroke water cooled diesel engine at constant speed of 1500 rpm for different operating loading conditions. Diesel, B10 linseed oil (linseed oil 10% and diesel 90%), B10 0.5% camphor and B10 1% camphor were tested. The result showed that brake thermal efficiency was found higher for diesel when compared to blended fuel at lower load conditions but brake thermal efficiency for blended fuels becomes higher as the load increases. Addition of camphor was found with providing good significance in brake thermal efficiency. Blended fuel was found with higher brake specific fuel consumption when compared to diesel because of lower calorific value. Exhaust gas temperature for blended fuel was found higher than diesel because of higher viscosity. Emission parameters such as CO, CO₂, HC was found higher for blended fuel than diesel. NOx emission was also found higher for blended fuel than diesel. Addition of camphor showed a decrease in all the emissions at all loading conditions.

The search for an alternate fuel has led to many findings due to which a wide variety of alternative fuels are available at our disposal now. The existing studies have divulged the use of biodiesel for engines as an alternative for diesel fuel. This paper deals with performance and emission characteristic of a single cylinder, naturally aspirated, four-stroke, and direct injection, water cooled petrol run/diesel run engine fuelled with diesel, Waste vegetable oil(Rape seed oil) with iso-butanol added additives and its different blends. In the present research three different blends were prepared in ASTM standards as B20 (Diesel 20%- Biodiesel 80%), B30 (Diesel 300%-Biodiesel 70%) and B50 (Diesel 50%-Biodiesel 50%). B20 shows the highest Brake power (BP) at full speed condition as compared to other blended fuel and diesel pursues the highest power at all speed condition. B20 shows are 1.66% greater Brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) than diesel and 11.66 % lower than other blends. The decrease in the exhaust gas temperature for B50 was 7.02% lower than diesel at full load condition. B50 shows the lower CO emission as compared to other fuels. It shows 33.33% reduction as compared to diesel. B20 is showing 1.25% higher CO₂ emission at full load condition where as it is 6.9% and 11.11% lower than B30 and B50 respectively. B50 shows 6.52%, 10.41% and 18.865% reductions in HC as compared to B30, B20, and diesel respectively. Diesel shows the lowest NO_X emission at full load whereas B20 shows 2.2% higher emission than diesel and 2.17% and 8.14% lower emission than B30 and B50 respectively. As seen Diesel is 25%, 35% and 50% lower than B20, B30 and B50 at full load condition. The present work contributes in using B20 as alternative fuel for Petrol start/diesel run engines without major change for engines parts.

Numerous compliant manipulators, actuated by voice coil, have been developed and are widely used for micro/nano-manipulation. One of the greatest difficulties lies in optimizing the design with consideration of various parameters like high stiffness, large amplification, higher precise tracking, and highly accurate positioning. A modular and compact planar 3PPR+PPR parallel micro positioning platform is presented (3-degrees of freedom) and its symmetric design equips it with various advantages. The parallel-kinematic arrangement of the manipulator with optimum sizes results in high rigidity and greater load carrying capacities. The proposed planar parallel compliant manipulator possesses higher structural rigidity, better amplification, higher accuracy and precision trajectory tracking ability and positioning. The present work is on a flexure-based micro positioning stage with 3 degrees-of-freedom, incorporating compliant double parallelogram mechanism. An innovative idea of multistage compliant compound parallelogram mechanism is proposed here for the development of a three degrees-of-freedom (X-Y- θ) micro-positioning system, with the range of motion larger than 10 mm. The established models and the performance of the proposed stage are verified through finite-element analysis (FEA).

Nowadays Natural fiber reinforcement polymer composites (NFCs) are conventionally used materials and they are the replacement for the synthetic and other non-degradable fibers. NFCs are considered as environmental friendly materials and it will not cause any hazard to the environment as they are biodegradable. Flaming property of material is based on fire triangle (oxygen, ignition source and fuel). When fire triangle is controlled, then the flammability of materials are controlled. This work is on delay the ignition time and the reducing flammability on NFCs material. According to this, flame retardants are added to the reinforcement because flammability of NFCs is quite high when comparing to the other composite materials. So, flame retardant will delay the time of flame penetration in the material and it acts as a flame restrictor. Sisal fiber with Polypropylene (PP) matrix is used and to reduce the flammability ammonium polyphosphate (APP), magnesium hydroxide (Mg (OH)2), zinc borate (Zb) and graphite added. APP when react with flame the char layer is produced and it will insulate the material to stop further flaming, Mg (OH)2 realises water molecules when react with flame at 135°c and tis also helps to delay the further flame. 3 composites are fabricated by varying the composition material. According ASTM D638 and UL-94 test standards by horizontal and vertical burning testing flammability timing is recorded, drilling operation were carried out to find the force of composite material by varying the cutting tool material with 5mm dia.

This investigation deals with understanding the effect of adding Aluminium oxide hydroxide nanoparticles along with water with a motive to improve the operational characteristics of a CI engine. Castor biodiesel was prepared using methanol in transesterification process and nanoparticles were available. X-ray diffraction studies were carried out to understand the particle size, structure and its morphology. Three different levels of concentration such as 50, 100 and 200 ppm were preferred to blend in emulsified biodiesel. 20% blend of Castor biodiesel was chosen and 5%, 10% water for emulsion were used. 1% of Span 80 and Tween 80 surfactants each helps in obtaining stable mixture of the fuels. The performance, combustion, and emission characteristics were studied for a CI engine. Performance parameters and emission values reveal that the thermal efficiency is slightly lower than neat diesel. NOx emissions for castor biodiesel B20 were 10% higher than neat diesel. Nanoparticles enabled better air fuel mixing and 18.6% reduction in NOx was obtained by using 200 ppm nanoparticles.

Effect of vibration moulding has been carried out for different advanced cast products, such as die cast aluminum cylinder head, etc. Vibration moulding generally decreases the solidification time of the casting which is very important for the microstructure of cast aluminum alloys. In the present investigation, the effect of applying vibration of mould (i.e., made of cast iron) during pouring of aluminium alloy was analyzed. The mould meant for making tensile test specimen was tightly clamped on the vibration table, which vibrated with suitable frequency and amplitude.

The characteristics including microstructure, hardness and tensile strength of the specimens made by with-vibration and without-vibration gravity casting processes were observed. The finer grain and denser microstructure were found in the material produced by vibration casting process compared to normal gravitation casting (with-out vibration) process. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS: 224 MPa) and elongation (3.23%) of the vibrated moulding specimens were significantly higher than the conventional gravity casting AlSi-10Mg alloy specimens (UTS: 129 MPa and elongation: 1.03%). The compared results showed significant improvements in the properties for the vibration gravity casting process.

The problems in the common gravitation casting (without-vibration) normally faced are porosity, blow holes and leakage. However, these casting defects could be easily avoided by using vibration moulding at suitable frequency. Interestingly, the dense microstructure obtained from the microscopic study in the vibration casting process showed that the above mentioned problems can be eliminated easily.

In the present scenario, advanced material is required for higher end applications whose material properties can be preassigned according to the performance demands. This lead to the development of functional graded material. These kinds of materials are divided into different layers with varying material properties. The Functionally Graded Materials are heterogenous in nature but in layer wise it can be considered homogenous in nature. The material properties can be calculated by using Rule of Mixture. However, this material possesses challenges during the machining process. Machining of these materials using conventional process is challenging due to its improved mechanical properties. However, such materials can be machined using unconventional machining processes. This work involves a development of finite element simulation model to simulate the Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) process on Functional Graded Material (FGM). The EDM is a material removal process through multiple occurrence of single spark on the workpiece. This single spark will create a crater due to the excess heat of the spark and the molten material can be removed by using the dielectric fluid. The heat input for a single spark can be defined by using the Gaussian distribution of the spark profile. The centre point will have maximum heat inputted and as the heat passes in the work piece it decreases. The size of the crater will vary with the varying the process parameters such as Discharge current, Discharge Voltage, Pulse on-time, off-time and Energy Partition. The effect of the process parameter on material removal rate (MRR) is evaluated using the FEM simulation. The predicted result shows that with increase of pulse on-time and discharge current, the crater size was found to be increased. This increase in the crater size attributes in the increment of MRR. The predicted results can enhance the machining process of FGM.

Waspaloy has distinctive properties which has extensive applications in aero space field. Nickel base super alloy, Waspaloy are known for its high hardness, high strength retaining capacity at higher temperature and good corrosion resistant which makes suitable choice for jet engine technology. This paper reviews the research activities done over the last two decades which impacted the wide use of Waspaloy in industry. This work also elucidates on review of the material properties and characteristics. The machinability of the material is discussed.

The concept of this project is to achieve precision control of locomotive robots in a vast facility (industrial, universities, and hospitals) by designing a Local Positioning System for that particular facility and defining the coordinates of the robot using that system. This is achieved by setting up cameras at specific points around the facility and by fixing a beacon on the robot. The movement of the beacon is tracked by the cameras and the location is controlled using a control system, the information being passed to the robot via RF waves. This can achieve greater control than one using GPS as the robot is mapped only along a confined area.

The purpose of this project is to create a Floating Platform which can be used in open waters for underwater reconnaissance. The platform will be powered using Solar Power and will be able to work for long durations of time. It uses an underwater "float" connected to the floating platform, via a shaft, to which a set of Hydrophones are connected. The platform is propelled by a set of flappers attached to its sides. The basic idea of the project is to create a device which can float in international waters for indefinite periods of time, which can be used to track the movement of underwater objects which emit sound (whales, dolphins, submarines, etc.)

In the present scenario of increasing levels of energy consumption, a lot of research focus is being carried out in optimising thermal energy consumption. The latent heat energy storage system is widely being identified as a viable option which possesses very high potential to optimise thermal energy consumption in Refrigeration and Air-conditioning applications. The efficient functioning of a latent heat energy storage system mainly depends on the phase change material, the phenomenon of sub-cooling and total freezing time. This paper reports the results of comparative experimental study on the freezing characteristics of water based nano fluid PCM with grapheme nano-particles inside a spherical encapsulation made of different materials. Graphene as a nano-particle possesses large surface area which enhances the heat transfer characteristics of the PCM. The materials used for the spherical encapsulation were high density poly-ethylene (HDPE) polymer and copper metal. Experimental tests are thus carried out on each of these spheres at specific HTF temperatures of the evaporator for a concentration of 0.1 wt% concentration of graphene in the PCM. The experimental results indicated a significantly reduction in total freezing time in the capsule sphere made of copper as compared to the sphere made of HDPE at a fixed HTF temperature for 0.1% graphene. The results also showed the elimination of sub-cooling phenomena for both cases during the charging process.

The primary aim of implanting the robot is to reduce the human effort. Gripping of objects has been a difficult task for robots. The challenge during gripping would be to assume object and pick it [1]. In this paper, adaptive gripper has the capabilities with this dexterous adaptive electric gripper. Three fingers grippers mean maximum versatility and fixable adaptive control [3]. Its hands as wide variety of part geometrics and size. Its precise control interface allows straight forward control the finger position, speed and force or pressure. These fingers produced by 3D printing and fingers are analyzed to check if the finger is flexible. The force is measured using a force sensing resister (FSR) [7]. A force sensing resistor is a material whose resistance changes when force is applied. Arduino controller is used for controlling the gripping action. This Control loop feedback mechanism is widely used for precise control [12]. Controlled gripper finger is sensed and gripped with adaptive force which is being analyzed in this paper. Keywords: Adaptive, Fixable, force sensor, feedback.

An automatic medicine vending machine with a self-contained on-site pill dispensing mechanism and a storage facility for the plurality of pills that can be dispensed based on the user requirement. Major components of the machine are, a scanner to take the input from user, a system that includes servo motors for dispensing the medication, large storage space to store the pills, sensors to detect the motion of pills, an inventory monitoring system to keep track of the storage, an industrial standard vertical foam fill machine to pack the medication separately and a non-contact laser inkjet printer to print the description which includes the time at which the medicine must be taken. The inventory monitoring system also keeps track of the expiry date of each batch of medicine and sends alert to refill the storage when the pills run out. It also holds an inbuilt system to receive money from the user for the drugs that are dispensed. All these systems are monitored by a central microprocessor, which is programmed to receive input from the user via the scanner and to actuate and control all the necessary components required to dispense the medication requested by the user. The machine can be viewed as an automated pharmacy placed on a commercial scale so that infinite number of user will be able to access it anytime.

Stroke is a brain attack occurs when the "sudden disturbance of blood supply" to the brain. The reasons could be either the blood supply suddenly interrupted to part of the brain or a blood vessel ruptures or blood invades the surrounding area. Wake-up stroke – stroke onset during night-time sleep, where a patient waking-up with stroke symptoms that were not present before falling asleep. Recently, stroke on awakening (i.e., stroke symptoms within 30 min of awakening) also included wake-up stroke group. Studies indicated that the percentage of wake-up stroke between 8 to 28 % of all ischemic strokes. It is difficult to treat this large group of patients, since, the exact time of stroke onset unknown. Internet of Things (IoT), an extensive set of technologies could be used as one of the solutions to predict stroke onset. This paper discusses the critical role of IoT on wake-up stroke prediction. The physiological parameters measured while sleeping, risk factors associated with stroke, embedded and wearable sensors used for sleep monitoring, and data mining techniques available for diseases prediction are discussed. Finally, the outline of our developing wake-up stroke prediction system is presented.

The enhancement of the thermal storage capacity of the solar absorber using phase change material was investigated in this work. A 16 m² paraboloidal dish concentrator was employed to concentrate the solar rays on the absorber. Erythritol and D-Mannitol are selected based on the temperature region of the absorber during the outdoor testing at the test site (Chennai; 13°N, 80°E). The mass flow rate of heat transfer fluid was in the range of 25-150 kg/h. The solar absorber with phase change material will ensure a uniform thermal output during a sudden discontinuity of solar radiation, for a few to several minutes. The absorber is ensured with the uniform temperature. PCM solar absorbers will act as a thermal battery for later use in thermal applications with proper insulation of the absorber.

The circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) technology is better alternative to be adopted for generating power than PC fired boiler technology due to several advantages in which mainly fuel flexibility, environmentally friendly and low cost compared to combination of PC fired boiler with FGD for similar environmental performance. Unlike PC fired boilers, CFB boilers are suitable for low grade fuels like lignite. The huge availability of lignite in India reduces the import cost of bituminous coal which is regularly supplied as a fuel for PC fired boilers from other countries. The objective of the present paper is that the study of gas solid behaviour in 210 MW CFB riser by using mathematical equations. In this study, the key parameters of hydrodynamics (suspension density, local voidage, pressure drop) which are affecting the design and performance of CFB boiler are studied at different height levels of riser. Three Indian lignite samples (Tamilnadu, Gujarat and Rajasthan) which are successfully used in commercial operations of CFB boiler in India are assumed for this study with two mean particle diameters. This work is also determined and compared the heat transfer coefficients of boiler elements (water wall, wing wall and furnace superheater) placed in the riser.

Nucleate Pool boiling is characterised by the progression of several nucleation sites (bubble formation), which surge from distinct points on a surface, whose temperature is slightly above the liquids. To investigate and evaluate this, a pool boiling setup was fabricated with a horizontal copper tube heater of 28mm diameter by imposing cartridge heater. An analytical expression, suggested by literature helps to determine the thickness of macrolayer based on bubble diameter was used. The macrolayer thickness for water was found by measuring the bubble diameter by using Photographic and CAD method. Experiment was carried out in a stainless steel container insulated with Teflon cover to observe the bubble growth and bubble departure characteristics for the heat flux range of 1000-42,000 W/m². The bubble diameter were measured and the measured parameters were been used to determine the initial layer thickness, macro layer thickness and critical heat flux and validated through various models. The observed and calculated values are in good agreement as reported in various literature.

In this paper, a conceptual design of a parabolic trough collector supported multi–commodity cold storage based on LiBr–water absorption system has been proposed to reduce wastage of food grains. The cold storage has been designed to store three high value perishable commodities namely: potato, olive and grapefruit for different months of a calendar year. A thermal model has been developed to predict the performance of the proposed cold storage on an hourly basis. A parabolic trough collector based heating system has also been designed to meet the heat load of the generator during the sunshine hours. To make the system operational in rural areas where grid electricity may not be available, an outline for the power system based on a combination of solar PV and thermal system has been proposed. To provide power backup, an integrated solar hydrogen system has been introduced in the scheme. Finally, the performance of the proposed cold storage has been analysed for representative days of various months of a climatic cycle of Kolkata, India (22.57°N, 88.36°E). The study reinforces the need and viability of utilization of single commodity cold storages for the storage of multi-commodities round the year, powered through solar energy.

ANSYS (APDL) has become one of the important solver tools of Finite element analysis. Numerical analysis is carried out for different structures in ANSYS. In few instances, experiments should be conducted repeatedly by changing the orientation or scale of the model to validate their algorithm or experimental techniques. The experimental results should be verified with numerical analysis in ANSYS for different modelling and orientation. Hence, for solving the same structure for different scaling and orientation, it requires the repeated time consuming procedure in ANSYS. This problem can be overcome by importing the results obtained at the nodes of any one of the model in MATLAB and simulating those results for different orientations and change in size of the model with the help of simple mathematical formulas of rotation and scaling. The simulation of the solved results has been carried out in MATLAB. The case studies of identical centrally loaded corner supported square plate as well as triangular plate are considered and they are modelled for different orientation and scaling respectively, and the simulated results are compared with the results obtained in ANSYS.

One of the non-conventional manufacturing processes includes Wire-Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM). It has made exponential growth in its manufacturing capabilities during the last decade but still, this method is not utilized to their full potential. One of the major problems faced in WEDM is arriving at the micro level parameters such as Plasma channel. It spread towards in radial direction. In order to overcome this problem, electro-magnetic field is applied externally and its effect is studied on various responses. In this paper, the different possibility of the single-discharge is investigated by changing parameters such as magnetic field, current, pulse on-time, voltage, and without magnet etc. In WEDM, the electromagnetic field aids in increasing the depth and reduced crater diameter marginally but considerably better equality in the material erosion by confining the plasma in a radial direction (due to the applied magnetic (forces). To study the transient heat distribution and crater shapes FEM analysis has carried out. The WEDM without any external magnetic field produces results which are undesirable in terms of energy efficiency due to poor thermal distribution caused by Electrostatic repulsive forces. The outcome of this can be improved by applying external electromagnetic field which leads to the reduction of electrostatic repulsive forces. The ANSYS 18.1 is used for analyzing the transient temperature, the shape of the crater.

A hand-held sport characterises racket sports including squash, badminton, tennis, and table tennis. This study discusses squash and kinematics involved. There are varies shots can be played in squash including rail shot, boast shot, and backhand drop shot. Unlike other shots, the backhand drop shot requires control over the racket, control in swing speed and hitting angle, control in angular displacement of elbow, trunk and shoulder joints. With author's knowledge, there were not much research studies on squash kinematics. This study considered squash backhand drop shot and performed the kinematic analysis. Subjects (squash players) in the twenties participated, who had no injuries in the last six months. The players were separated into expert and novice groups. The kinematic analysis was performed through a 3D motion analysis system when the players are performing backhand drop shot. The results compare the displacement and velocities of trunk and racket, and the angular displacements and velocities of elbow and shoulder joints between the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0. The lap time required by the expert group was longer than that of the novice group. The expert group was used significantly (p<0.001) lower racket speed than that of the other group. Also, the expert group was maintained significantly (p<0.001) more extended elbow joint angle after the shot. Similarly, the expert group only used elbow extension just before the shot. However, the novice group played with the pre-extended elbow joint. These results conclude that the racket should move fast during the down-swing period and move slowly during the follow-through period, and the shoulder joint should extend before the elbow joint extension for the efficient backhand drop shot in squash game.

In recent years, growth of automotive market and the need for competent design of components has developed an over-reliance on advanced CAE tools. Design objectives of these automotive components are evaluated through simulations that are expensive in terms of money, resources and time. In such cases, evaluating all the design variables types and arriving at an optimized design makes it very computationally exhaustive. To overcome this complication and arrive at the optimized design, design of experiment (DOE) with combination of response surface method (RSM) has been adopted. One of the most important components in an automobile power transmission is clutch system, its main function is to permit soft and steady engagement of the torque transmission through its axial stiffness. The progressive axial stiffness is achieved by a cushion disc placed between the two friction facings. The undulating model of the cushion disc acts like a spring, thus providing gradual stiffness during engagement and disengagement of the clutch system. This work presents an approach to the design optimization of the clutch cushion disc with the integration of FEA and design of experiment to achieve the target cushion curve and minimize the stress induced during the action using Ansys Design explorer.

In the recent years, many breakthroughs are made in the Image Processing Technology, particularly in areas like satellite imaging and biometrics. This paper presents an experimental approach of vision based surface roughness measuring system using speckle images produced by a line laser beam on milled surfaces. A CCD Camera, line laser source and white light were used for capture the images of milled surfaces. A signal vector was obtained from image pixel intensity and it was processed using MATLAB software. Mean and standard deviation are the two parameters used to characterise the image signal vector. The roughness of the specimens, particularly the Arithmetic mean slope (Rda) are computed using a stylus instrument. From the experiments, it is found that mean intensity of the signal vector of the speckle line images correlate well with Rda values of the surface roughness. Hence, the mean image intensity value of speckle line images has a strong potential for the online characterisation of surfaces.

We propose a new design of a smart helmet. It is easy-to-fabricate and can be mass produced on a large scale. Its casing will be made out of carbon fiber for increased durability. A cooling towel will be integrated in the helmet to keep the wearer comfortable. Vents, with the mechanism to open/close them at the user's convenience, have also been incorporated into the design. A front light (for night time use), indicators, brake lights and a GPS unit have been incorporated into the design as well. All will be controlled via a Bluetooth unit. An audio unit (using bone-conducting headphones) can be used to play music or listen to directions. All electronics on board will be powered via a battery unit, the casing for which will be moulded within the case itself.

The present paper aimed for the numerical study on the flow structures behind the bluff body with different shapes. The variation of shapes like circular to elliptical was obtained by changing the major to minor axis ratio while keeping the Reynolds number constant. This numerical study was done with help of finite volume method using commercial software Ansys-Fluent at the lower subcritical Reynolds number, i.e., 5000and 10000 for comparison of different parameter variations separately. As the earlier studies reveals the significant effect of blockage ratio on flow features on circular cylinder, this work will be extended for different aspect ratio. The basic results, which are validated against the published results, shows the flow feature are highly sensitive to shape and blockage ratio even for different shapes. The mean pressure and turbulent kinetic energy for different blockage and aspect ratio is presented and found the strong interactions between them.

Jet impingement heat transfer is a specialized area of heat transfer having numerous industrial applications involving fast and localized heating or cooling. In the very rare case of a nuclear reactor core melt-down accident scenario, the molten corium (a mixture of nuclear fuel and structural material) jet with its large heat content is capable of breaching solid structures with which they come into contact. Simulation experiments have been conducted at SED, IGCAR to study the jet ablation of solid structures, using high temperature Wood's metal jet directed towards solid wood's metal plate. The objective of the present work is to predict the ablation or melt through time of the plate by numerical heat transfer analysis. The computational model is also used to carry out a parametric study by varying the jet velocity and plate thickness. Comprehensive CFD analysis of impinging jet with melting entails huge computational resources. Hence in this study, an effective conductivity model has been employed to predict the solid plate melt-through time by jet impingement. Available Nusselt number empirical correlations for stagnation point heat transfer in low Prandtl number fluids are collected from literature. For the experimental conditions, Nusselt number is evaluated using the relevant correlation. Effective conductivity (k_eff) is then computed from Nusselt number. Making use of this k_eff value, which accounts for the enhanced heat transfer due to the jet, transient heat conduction equation is solved numerically. Temperature profile across the plate is obtained as a function of time and melt-through time is estimated. The computed result is validated with the experimental result.

Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The source of vibrations can be either natural or man-made. The vibrations caused by such source affect the operation of heavy machines and structures. Polycal Wire rope isolator (PWRI), a type of passive isolator can be used to attenuate the harmful effects of vibration. The main advantage of PWRI is that isolation in all the directions and in all planes can be provided. For a given mass, the key to achieve isolation is by reducing the natural frequency of the system lower than the excitation frequency. This is achieved by applying a flexible isolators and hence, the stiffness of the isolator plays a major role in the isolation applications. In this study, stiffness characteristics of polycal wire rope isolators are determined through experimental and numerical work. The numerical model of the polycal WRI is developed following the equivalent diameter approach using the flexural rigidity of the wire rope. It was found that the wire rope diameter greatly influences the stiffness of a PWRI. This work will enhance the understanding of the wire rope isolator for vibration isolation applications.

Rotors with one or more offset disks and supported on bearings are common in high speed turbomachinery. During start up, these rotors have to cross through several critical speeds before reaching their operating speed. At critical speeds, the spin speed of the rotor matches with one of its natural frequency leading to the condition of resonance and large vibration amplitude. In rotating systems, these natural frequencies depend on the support stiffness. Also, they are a function on the spin speed because of the phenomenon of gyroscopic effect. The gyroscopic effects on critical speeds of a rotor system supported in bearing can be studied by means of a Campbell diagram, which has been used in the design of turbines. In this paper, gyroscopic effects of a rotor with an offset disk and supported on bearing is studied by means of Campbell diagrams. The numerical study is carried out by modelling of the rotor-bearing system using finite element mass, stiffness and gyroscopic matrices. The solution is obtained by solving the assembled equations of motion; following application of geometric boundary conditions and representing the second order differential equations of motion in statespace form. The results of critical speed obtained are compared with those of the results obtained through modal analysis using FE tool (ANSYS). The analysis of the results can be used to extend the study for a multi-disk rotor with different bearing supports.

This paper represents the utilization of wastage of heat energy from Refrigeration and air-conditioning, thereby saving energy. Generally in refrigeration system waste heat available at condenser unit, so we have used that available waste heat for heating of water. For making this system multifunctional, flexible and economical Condensing coil is immersed in water to be heated and a part of cooling coil 1^st passed through filled water tank in which water is to be cooled and then remaining coil is utilized for cooling of air so that desired space to be cooled. Hence here cooling of air, water and heating of water all the three process is done simultaneously in a single unit . For this an experimental setup is designed and fabricated in the hydraulic machine lab of BIT sindri, Dhanbad and various measuring parameter were recorded through different instruments. The COP of system, Capacity of water heater and cooling capacity of room air cooler here calculated is 4.03, 1.51, 3.0034 TR respectively, which is within permissible range.

In the advancement of the technology, the validation of prototype can be in the virtual environment. It is a forerunner to the physical validation. Through virtual-validation, many parameter changes can be made. In current practice of development process, designing and validation with standards are vital primitive steps. Since the beginning, the designs are validated using physical prototyping, which consumes lot of time and energy. Virtual validation reduces the lead-time for the manufacturing processes. The process of virtual validation involves three steps, (i) Pre-processing (importing the models, meshing, applying suitable boundary conditions), (ii) Solving (analysis types and respective solvers). (iii) Post processing (generating the results and documenting). But, even when using computer software can lead to time and energy consumption due to some of the repeated tasks. When these tasks can be automated using computer programs, further time and energy can be saved. A set of computer programs are written to automate the modal analysis simulation process in ALTAIR HYPERMESH 14.0 software using Toolkit/Tool command Language (TK/TCL) scripting. It is found from the present simulation that, it is helpful in many ways like, persons who are new to the HYPERMESH software can perform the pre-processing setup without going much deep into learning the background process. This will also make the user get used to the software at much faster rate and the simulation set up process is made easier for beginners. Secondly, human Errors can be avoided due to automation work by reducing the number of manual steps that has to be done. If the number of manual operation is decreased, automatically the chances to do an error is reduced. This is a great advantage in the industry as it saves a lot of work force to find and rectify the errors. Apart from this, time consumption for the creation of deck file is reduced since most of the operations are automated. This can be accounted in terms of a number of button clicks. By scripting, the number of button clicks is reduced, which is directly related to the time consumed for the file creation process. Hence, the process automation is one of the developing field and has a promising future with many advantages both personally and commercially.

Threats are increasing day by day all over the world so information assert is at major risk. Security can be provided with the help of security professionals by using various tools, software and techniques etc., but the weakest link in the security chain is END USER. So it's essential to ensure that end user is aware of threats. If end user is aware of what is going on in his/her PC then most of the security related issues can be solved. The newly built application in this project, is user-friendly and user can easily navigate through the application since all these information will be in plain English and in GUI format. The objective of this project is to do behavioural analysis of the processes to create awareness to the end users about the processes running in the system is a legitimate process or not. The processes running on the Linux system will be running on behalf of the user who executes it. So, the process will be having the access permission as same as the user who executes it i.e., the process can access the file with what user is allowed to do. So in order to know the process permission of the file, we need to integrate user permission of the file and processes those are running under that user along with process description.

Apparently, some processes are legitimate to access the file but it's not. So, we need to trace the process behaviour and if the behaviour doesn't seem to be legitimate then by stating the behavioural activity of the process & its malicious activities, we have to suggest the user to take necessary action towards it. Also, there are more additional features included such as end user can kill non-legitimate processes or uninstall the application which runs those malicious processes. If these two features fail to work then user can contact any System Security professionals. This proposal is comparatively unique since it will create awareness for end user to secure his/her privacy. If this idea is implemented in all the systems then it can possibly enrich the knowledge of the end user to secure his/her private asserts in his/her system.

Taking into consideration the rapid rate at which conventional sources of energy are depleting, the need of the hour is to come up with novel ideas that can be implemented to improve the efficiency with which engines were running on conventional resources such as gasoline and diesel. Two main factors that have been taking into consideration towards coming up with a novel solution for sustainability are power and fuel efficiency, To because no viable alternative has invented the conventional resources of energy, it is of Cardinal importance that we extract as much power as possible from as little fuel as we Can. This project primarily focuses on these two characteristics and solutions to improve them. For a long time now turbochargers have been known to provide an additional boost of power for internal combustion engines. The disadvantage being the turbo lag that exists during their implementation at low speeds. With a novel technique implemented in this project, it is possible to achieve the desired boost over a wide range of speeds. With the excess air available for combustion as a result of turbo charging, it is also feasible to ensure a cleaner and greener combustion with reduced emissions, thereby ticking all the boxes in our fight towards sustainability.

At present, many automakers are paying attention to develop vehicles with IoT enabled including healthcare, accident prevention, vehicle safety, driver safety, driver and passenger comfort, vehicle monitoring, etc. This paper focused on reviewing the recent developments in driver's health and comfort monitoring through IoT. The literature review was performed with popular search engines/databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Elsevier Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search was based on keywords like "Healthcare Monitoring", "Seating Comfort", "IoT developments", "Smart Sensing", "Embedded Sensors", "Wearable Sensors", "in-vehicle smart assistance", "Autonomous Vehicle/Car". Later, the articles were sorted out according to the relevance of this paper's focus (i.e., driver's health and comfort monitoring through IoT) by reading title, abstract, and full article. The results show that there have been many IoT based health and comfort monitoring developments concerning the vehicle. We have classified and summarised the developments as health monitoring through seat pan, seat back, seat belt, steering wheel, eye tracking and face tracking, and comfort monitoring/enhancement through smart seating, smart seat cushion, smart door module, smart air-bag, smart seat belt buckles. This survey would be giving in-depth knowledge on recent developments in the field of automotive and IoT.

Structural analysis is an essential tool for design engineers. Mesh generation is the basic step in any simulation. In practice of finite-element stress analysis, the engineer first needs to know if key stresses are converging, and second if they have converged to a reasonable level of accuracy. In order to achieve results that are reliable when using the finite element method, it must be ensured that an acceptable mesh is used with respect to the shape and size of the elements. Mesh quality and mesh density values are directly linked with the solution accuracy. This paper presents a mesh convergence study on the hub which is the most challenging part in the automotive clutch disc assembly. Finite element analysis convergence defines the relationship between the number of elements or DOF and the analysis accuracy. Discretization error is key concept for the study of mesh convergence study, also discretization is function of number of degree of freedom of model. A detailed comparison of different results is carried out using convergence test based on displacement and energy norms. Error between exact and ANSYS results are compared in this study.

Many heat conduction problems encountered in engineering applications are time intensive they are dependent on unsteady state variables. In many situations, temperature varies with respect to time function, for which a solution needs to be found. In this research paper, a 2D transient Qausi-harmonic equation is solved using Finite element method. In engineering applications, many engineering problems are governed by this Qausi-harmonic equation. The main aim of this analysis is to determine the variation of the temperature as a function of time by finding element conductivity matrix using standard Gauss quadrature numerical integration method as it is both accurate and efficient. The obtained results of MATLAB coding are verified with ANSYS with examples. Toolbox is created in MATLAB using Object Oriented Programming language for this analysis. The template of this toolbox is also added in this paper.

In reality, no physical domain extends to infinity but for the convenience of calculation in certain instances like unbounded domains it is better to develop mathematical models with the assumption that it extends to infinity. Unbounded domains are present in a wide variety of practical engineering problems. Specific examples can be found in fields like solid mechanics, fluid flow, acoustics, heat and mass transfer. The common engineering approach when it comes to defining an unbounded domain is to limit it to a very large finite area. This method of using finite element analysis over a very large domain is called truncation. The determination of the finite boundary requires a lot of experience and intuition. This method results in an approximated approach, which takes up a significant amount of computational effort and time due to the large number of elements required to mesh the region. In this research paper, the use of a bi-quadratic infinite element to solve infinite domain structural problems is studied. The effect of truncation to represent an infinite domain element is examined. The infinite solution is found using infinite element method.

The main aim of the project is to find the Element matrix formulation for family of quadrilateral transition element using the standard Gauss Quadrature method. The formulated method is coded in MATLAB to verify the results by solving standard problems. The project deals with the development of a MATLAB code to generate element stiffness matrix. The MATLAB program is developed on the basis of hybrid meshes containing lower order, higher order and transition elements. The CPU run time for Hybrid meshes and pure eight-noded element is computed. The results from MATLAB are compared with ANSYS.

There are simple and well established formulae and data sheets for load calculations and design of uniaxial and biaxial loaded bearings. The load calculations and bearing design are complex and challenging, when the bearing is subjected to multi-axial loads along with moment and shock load. In case of Armoured Fighting Vehicles, the hull & turret interface bearing is subjected to combined heavy axial, radial load coupled with heavy shock load and tilting moments. This may cause significant changes in bearing deflections, contact stress and fatigue endurance compared to simpler load distributions. The empirical formulae for calculation of load distribution on each rolling element lead to indeterminate equations with many unknown variables. In the present study, a comprehensive procedure for determining the loading pattern and also numerical estimation of maximum load, maximum contact stress and the load distribution on each rolling element of the bearing are analysed.

The present study is focused on the in-house synthesis of graphene reinforced Al-alloy nanocomposites using stir casting process. The concentration of graphene nanopowder (size range: 3-8 nm) is taken as 2 wt. % and 6 wt. %. Tensile and compressive characterization study has carried out on the prepared synthesized specimens as per the ASTM standard, and further examined the microstructure of the specimens to study the behaviour of nanopowder dispersed in Al-alloy matrix. The results reveal that the tensile and compressive strength of the graphene reinforced (increasing concentration to 6 wt. %) Al-alloy nanocomposite has increased by 49% and 44% respectively as compared to un-reinforced material. Moreover, it has been observed that with increasing concentration of reinforcement, the specimen exhibits brittle character and accordingly the percentage of elongation found to be reduced. The effect of graphene nanoparticles on the tensile and compressive behaviour of the composites has also documented in this article.

In recent times, Electro Chemical Micro Machining (ECMM) has been gaining popularity due the advent of micro/nano electro mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) in medical and industrial fields. The process can be used to machine miniaturized features on any electrically conducting components with negligible tool wear. ECMM is an advanced mechanical based micro machining process used to remove the material from the workpiece in the form of debris. The principle of material removal is due to ion displacement. The present work is focused on the development of ECMM setup model using CATIA and the material removal rate has analyzed using COMSOL Multiphysics in electro deposition method. The process parameters used for the simulation are voltage, current density, concentration and conductivity of electrolyte. It has been observed that by varying the voltage from 10 V - 30 V (each successive step by 5 V), the rate of material removed over the workpiece surface area was found to be enhanced from 0.00344 mm²/s - 0.01208 mm²/s.

The present work focuses on development of hot extruded, hot forged and T6 heat treated Aluminium 2014-10wt% SiC composite. The developed composites on T6 heat treatment exhibit higher hardness when compared to composites before heat treatment. Friction and wear studies were conducted by varying load and sliding velocity parameters on both heat treated and non-heat treated specimens using pin-on-disc machines. The coefficient of friction of the developed composites is lowered on T6 heat treatment as compared to composites without heat treatment. By increasing load the wear rate increases before and after T6 heat treatment. Before and after heat treatment microstructure studies have been carried out on hot forged aluminum 2014-10wt% SiC composites. SEM, EDAX and Confocal studies have been done for the worn surface.

This paper is to discuss the principle of fatigue crack length behaviour. The fatigue testing method was done at Physical Metallurgy Lab of Research & Development Centre for Iron and Steel (RDCIS), SAIL, Ranchi to know the utilization of fatigue properties of RAIL STEELS. Samples were produced by SAIL at Bhilai Steel Plant. In addition to the fatigue test, other tests including hardness, metallographic and EDS were also conducted. After the fatigue test, fractured surface were also observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM) to understand the mode of fracture and any stress raiser such as inclusion or other imperfection present.

There are certain cases where FEM gives erroneous results due to the problem of locking. Locking phenomenon has been classified into three basic categories. shear, volumetric and membrane locking. This project discusses the causes, effects and remedies for shear locking in conventional FEM using lower order elements for bending dominated problems. New quadrature rule is considered in this project which will overcome the hour glassing effect that arises in Gauss one-point integration while solving the bending dominated problem.

The present study investigates the dissimilar weld joints between AISI 316L and Duplex 2205 stainless steel. The joints were fabricated with the Pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding with ER316L and ER309L filler wire. The weld joints were subjected to metallurgical and mechanical characterization. The macro examination and optical microstructure examination were carried out to see the defect in the weld joints and structural changes in the fusion zone. The results show that the defect free welding was achieved in the both the filler wire. The optical microstructure shows the ferritic structure in both filler wire. The strength of the weld joints was tested with the tensile test. The results indicate the fracture occurred in the base metal in both cases.

During the past few decades, due to the demands from the production fields producing really different and compact products, there developed a need to produce materials with proper finish and with proper Material Removal Rate(MRR). So, to know the surface finish(SR) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) of a material. There are some factors effecting these both factors. In this paper we are considering WEDM (Wire Electronic Discharge Machining) as the machining equipment, WEDM is a non-conventional traditional process in which the material is being cut using a electrically charged wire which is fed continusely on to the material and by continues spread of di-electric fluid for flushing out the removed material. In the removal process there are several parameters which have to be understood in getting perfect SR and MRR. There are some fixed parameters like SEN, Material, Wire, Di-electric fluid these are the fixed parameters which can't be changed, and the parameters which can be changed are Feed rate, Pulse-on, Pulse-off and Gap Voltage. In this paper to they performed 9-different experiments using L9 orthogonal array approach, which helps in selecting the optimized values. It's a trail and error process, among those 9 experiments we will get one best optimized way, and we will choose those particular parameters and values chosen as the optimized values for that materialin this paper we are selecting Inconel 718 material as the work piece and molybdenum wire as the feed wire in WEDM. In the study, during machining process time taken each experiment and the weight being reduced after every experiment is being noted down, in the calculation of MRR we need this terms(weight & time), the MRR can be calculated by (Weight of the work piece before machining-Weight of the work piece after machining/Time taken). After calculating MRR and SR manually we are going to compare this values with the mathematical FEA process by using MATlab or ANSYS. In this study we came to know that Duty factor which refers to pulse-on & off time plays an important role in MRR and feed rate plays an important role in SR.

A wing is a structural component of aircraft which is used to produce lift during the flight. Wing is initially inclined at certain angle of attack. When the flow passes over it, due to the pressure difference at top and bottom surface of the wing lift force is generated. The aim of this present study is to analyze the wing of an aircraft using Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CRFP), Glass fiber reinforced polymer (GRFP) and compare with Al alloy to find suitable material for wing. The wing is designed in solid modeling software CATIA V5 R20 and analysis is done using finite element method by using ANSYS. Static structural analysis of the wing is done to find deformation, stress, and strain induced in the wing structure. Modal analysis is done to find the natural frequency of the wing to reduce the noise and avoid vibration. Finally fatigue life analysis is carried out to find out the damage, life and factor of safety of the wing due to applied pressure loads. In this study, the trainer aircraft wing structure with skin, 2 spars and 15 ribs is considered for the analysis. The ribs are running from leading edge to trailing edge and 2 spars running longitudinally along the length of wing. Front spar is made "I" section and rear spar having "C" section according to design.

Soldering uses lead as one of its alloying elements because of the low melting point of lead. Recent research has focused on lead free solders as lead is seen as a poisonous elements. In this work, two lead free alloys, namely 88 Sn-7.5Zn-2.5Al-2 In and 88 Sn-7Zn-2 Al-2.5 In were prepared using induction melting method in an argon atmosphere. Melting points of the alloys were 203.7Cellcius and 201.6 Celsius as determined by Differential Scanning Colorimetry (DSC). Vickers hardness tests were conducted. Hardness values were found to be higher than normal lead based soldering alloys. The lead free solders were characterized using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectra (EDS). Microstructural studies were also done to study changes in microstructure with Indium.

The paper investigates the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine fuelled with methyl ester of waste vegetable oil blended diesel fuel with DEE as additives. In this investigation, waste sunflower oil after transesterification with methanol is obtained as biodiesel methyl ester. The biodiesel methyl ester prepared from transesterification process was blended in 3 different compositions B10, B20 and B30 with diesel. The additive diethyl ether(DEE) was also added to each of the blended mixtures in concentration of 5ml and 10ml and its properties were studied The experiment was conducted on the single cylinder four stroke water cooled naturally aspirated diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer at constant speed of 1500rpm by varying the load. The performance characteristics infer that the B20(5DEE) was found as most optimum fuel as compared to all the other blends as it was found with least value of Brake Specific fuel Consumption (BSFC) and the highest value of the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE). Considering emission characteristics, B30(5DEE) was the most optimum fuel as it was found with the lowest emissions of NO_x, CO and HC. Also, exhaust gas temperature for B30(5DEE) was least which shows better energy generation in the power stroke.

This paper presents the results of a parametric study on the effect of varying the fuel injection pressure of a turbocharged multi-cylinder heavy duty off-highway diesel engine. The study is based on one-dimension engine models simulated in AVL BOOST™ engine simulation software. The base engine model has been validated using performance data from test bench. The fuel injection pressure has been varied and the start of injection has been swept at each injection pressure and speed. As a result, a collection of data has been obtained from which the injection pressure and the start of injection for the most efficient engine performance would be obtained as a function of speed. The generated data could serve as an input for detailed CFD simulations for further optimisation.

Experimental study of pool boiling heat transfer from the rough surface at pressure 1 bar, 5 bar and 10 bar is presented. Experiments are carried on 20 mm diameter copper sample at saturated condition of distilled water. Unidirectional scratches are made by different grit sandpaper. The surface roughness value R_a is varied from 0.106 μm to 4.03 μm. The effect of R_a on heat transfer at different pressure is reported. The variation in heat transfer coefficient with the heat flux for samples of different R_a is also examined. The predicted critical heat flux (CHF) by Kim's model is found to in good agreement with present experimental values with mean absolute error of 12.06%.

Valve stem seals (VSS) restrict the amount of oil flowing from the area above the valve guide to the valve port area. Ideally a thin film of oil should exist between the valve guide and valve stem with no transfer of oil into the port area or combustion chamber. Too much oil flowing past the valve guide leads to excessive oil consumption. On other hand too little oil could cause excessive guide wear. In this paper the design of valve stem seals for heavy duty diesel engine working against harsh environment and severe duty cycle are discussed.

The objective of this study is to produce hemp and glass fiber incorporated composites with epoxy resin polymer matrix and to determine the mechanical strengths like, impact strength, tensile strength and flexural strength of the different samples. The hemp and glass fibres reinforced composite material components and products plays a major role in the field of automobile and construction sectors. By using hand layup process the different composite samples are fabricated as per the ASTM standards and the specimens were tested with aid of UTM tensile testing machine and charpy impact energy testing machine. The experimental reading of tested samples indicates that the untreated hemp and glass fibres composite exhibit the excellent tensile and flexural strengths. From the tested samples the SEM analysis was carried out to study the morphological properties

In this work, z-axis controlled electro-discharge machine is used to machine D2 die steel. Tungsten powder is used as powder in dielectric medium in order to boost the material removal rate (MRR) in powder mixed electro-discharge machining (PMEDM). Input characteristics used in this process are applied current, pulse on time and pulse off time. The influence of tungsten powders in dielectric medium is studied and the result shows that there is significant improvement in the MRR as the main objective is to boost MRR. Taguchi techniques are carried out to optimize the input characteristics and ANOVA table is used to describe the individual performance of the process parameters. The optimal conditions obtained are validated with the confirmation experiments.

To measure the tie wing deformation of conventional orthodontic bracket during applied archwire torque using finite element analysis (FEA). Maxillary (upper) right central incisor stainless steel (SS) conventional orthodontic bracket dimensions were obtained using profile projector. A three-dimension model of the bracket was done. A finite element (FE) model of the bracket was constructed. A SS archwire applied torque was obtained theoretically for the angles of twist from 5° to 40°. Rectangular archwire labial crown torque was applied as a couple in two positions into the bracket slot. Further, the SS bracket profile was considered as ceramic to study the effect of materials. The FE results showed that there was increased bracket tie wing deformation with increasing torque in both the materials. The tie wing deformation varies from 0.24 μm to 12.4 μm and 0.153 μm to 6.65 μm for SS and ceramic respectively. The deformation of occlusal side tie wings was more than the gingival side tie wings. Tie wing deformation leads to the loss of applied torque and might delay the tooth movement. This insilico study visualizes the orthodontic bracket tie wing deformation to clinicians.

In this paper, we experimentally reported to improve the volumetric efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption of naturally aspirated conventional CI engine by modified intake pipe length by variable load. In order to increase the volumetric efficiency more amount of air aspirates by intake, and optimum for this case done by choosing 1.6 m length pipe based on the calculation of Chrysler's ram theory and Helmholtz resonator theory for an inertia air charging. The volumetric efficiency improves with optimum length was found maximum increase of 6% and brake specific fuel consumption was found decreases maximum of 11% at full load conditions.

We reported to Fe-P based alloys are observed as one of the promising materials which could replace Si-steel on the basis of two factors: i) the cost of Fe-P based alloys are well expected to be about 20% lower than Fe-Si alloys. ii) Phosphorous addition enhances the soft magnetic properties of pure Fe. Elemental Fe with Fe-P and Fe-Si master alloys were taken in suitable weight ratios and induction melted to obtain Fe-0.4wt.% P-0.85wt.%Si alloy. Fe-P based alloys can be produced conventionally by powder Metallurgical route. The optical micrographs of Fe-P-Si alloys were aged at 500 °C with different aging time. Aged samples strength has increased due to the interaction of the moving dislocations with dispersed precipitates. The mechanical properties of the Fe-P-Si aged samples were increasing with aging time up to the peak aged then decrease for the over aged samples. TEM reveals the presence of two phases: Fe3P phase in α-Fe matrix phase. The sizes of the precipitates were increasing from ∼ 1.2 nm to ∼ 2.2 nm with aging time.

The major methods used for manufacturing new components in industries, are Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing (AM). Subtractive method is generally more accurate and precise, but it is intricate to reduce material wastage in subtractive manufacturing. In contrast, Additive Manufacturing can produce an object with convoluted features and allows the material to be used more proficiently. A filament extrusion base process which integrates Computer Numerical Control (CNC), Material Science and Computer Aided Design system inAdditive Manufacturing is Fused Deposition Method (FDM) technique.The FDM extrusion Process produces objective parts without geometrical restrictions. However, due to the irregular shrinkage, residual stress and Stair Case effect in AM product their accuracy is usually indecisive. Combining Subtractive Processes and Additive within a single workstation, In CNC machine attachment of FDM Extruder is designed to strap up the relative merits of each process and this hybridization facilitates to overcome the limitation of each individual process. These techniques present opportunities to improve utilization of material, part complexity, and quality management in functional components. In this paper, CNC Machine is used as a workstation to hybrid both processes. By working on specified controllable parameters like layer thickness, raster angle, depth of cut for optimization of whole process using parameters significance on the process for achieving the objective of the paper is the minimization of material waste and good surface finish. The technique used for the design of experiment and optimization of parameters is Taguchi Method with significance to S/N ratio. The proposed hybrid manufacturing process is achieving the less material wastage compare to the machining product.

Pott's disease or tuberculosis spondylitis is the occurrence of tuberculosis in spine. It is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. Due to this infection vertebral compression fracture occurs leading to collapse of the vertebral column resulting in kyphosis. Tuberculosis mostly affects the thoracolumbar region (T12-L2) of spine. Several minimally invasive surgeries are available to treat the fractured vertebra. After the treatment subsequent adjacent fractures occur in certain people. This study deals with the biomechanical behavior of tuberculosis affected vertebrae after fracture. The surface model of T12-L2 spine segment of the thoracolumbar region is to be segmented from CT scan data of a healthy subject using MIMICS. The obtained surface model is meshed and analysis is carried out using Ansys and validated with literature. The validated model is modified to tuberculosis condition to study the biomechanical behaviour of affected vertebrae in comparing with healthy model.

The objective of this work was to analyse the stress and deformation in the orthodontic bracket and archwire with different patterns of ligature tying namely full round pattern I (P-I), the figure of eight pattern II (P-II) and figure of eight pattern III (P-III) using finite element analysis (FEA). A standard edgewise stainless steel (SS) maxillary right central incisor orthodontic bracket was measured using profile projector. Solid models of the bracket, archwire and three patterns of ligature tie were done. The archwire was modelled and assembled into the bracket slot. The FE model of the assembly was done. Effect of three patterns of ligation on the archwire and bracket was analysed by applying archwire torque as a couple. The stress in the bracket and archwire for the patterns of ligation P-I, P-II and P-III were noted. The maximum deformation of the bracket and archwire for the patterns of ligation P-I, P-II and P-III were obtained. From the analysis, it was concluded that the magnitude of stress in the archwire and the deformation value in the bracket was high in P-I pattern. Ligature pattern P-II developed the least amount of stress and deflection in the bracket and archwire.

Osteopenia and Osteoporosis are major bone metabolic diseases among people especially in women aged above 50 years old. The bone related problems pose an increasing economic demand in our healthcare system. Study and research in bone and tissues has grown exponentially over the last years. The knowledge of the mechanical properties of bone will enhance the understanding of the effect of bone related fractures. In people affected with low bone mineral density, the fractures are common in the vertebral bodies of the spine. In this study, Computed tomography images of human lumbar spine is segmented in the required region (L3 to L5). The three dimensional model of the segmented image was used to develop finite element model. Further, model of the human lumbar spine L3 to L5 was validated with literature. This validated model of human lumbar spine is modified to osteopenia and osteoporosis conditions with different mechanical properties and range of motion is analyzed. The analysis and the comparison is made with that of normal human lumbar spine. The results produced in this study can be used in studies related to vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty.

The need of the robotic manipulators in different zones such as medical, industrial, academic and sports are available in the literatures and discussed. In the sports field like cricket, football, tennis, badminton different robotic manipulators have been used to train the players for betterment and to enhance the efficiency of the players. Football is one of the most popular game played internationally. But in the game of football we have limited invention of the robotic manipulator to train the players. Therefore, in this work the study of the development of a robotic manipulator is presented which will serve as a goalkeeper. The studied robotic manipulator has six numbers of link which is connected to the different joints and possessing five degrees of freedom. This robotic manipulator tried to defend the ball to enter the court and the simulation results and its performance have been presented here. The study will mostly be focused on the dynamics of proposed robotic manipulator using "Newton-Euler" method, "Euler-Lagrange" method and "Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement" (DeNOC). Due to the complexity and time consuming of Newton-Euler method and Euler-Lagrange method, the recursive Decoupled Natural Orthogonal Complement is used for the dynamic analysis and the comparison between these three methods are presented here. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed robotic manipulator with the help of different complex trajectories is presented in this work. It is found from the analysis that the proposed manipulator can be applied for the training purpose of players.

Cervical traction is a therapeutic method used for treating neck pain. As of July 2016 according to the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation the healthy life lost per 100000 people from neck pain in India has increased by 18.7% since 1990 as a result of individuals devoting about 10 to 15 hours a day in an undesirable position. This project is an approach using a finite element method for a 30 year old male to investigate the response of soft tissue related to cervical traction therapy affecting the lordosis angle of the cervical spine. Research work is done concerning the material properties of the soft tissues to be incorporated in the model for validation. Once validated the lordosis angle of the cervical region was measured and compared against the lordosis angle of the model when exposed to traction forces. Results of the study gave evidence on the reduction of the lordosis angle and extend at which the lordosis angle is reduced. These results of the study when considered minimize the potential harm to soft tissues during cervical traction therapy and help in allocating the appropriate force on the appropriate position during cervical traction therapy and cervical traction therapy equipment design.

In the present work, the effect of SiC particle addition on mechanical behaviour of sisal fibre/epoxy composites was investigated. The epoxy composites were prepared by using hand layup technique. During the processing of composites, the fixed amount of sisal fibre and different amounts of SiC Particles ranging from 2 to 10 wt% were used as reinforcements. The produced composites were subjected to mechanical characterization (tensile, bending and impact tests). As per ASTM standards the test specimens were prepared to perform the mechanical testing. The findings revealed that the tensile strength and elongation at failure was reduced when the SiC particles content was increased. The increases in wt % of SiC up to 10 % drastically reduced the ultimate strength and elongation to 10.94 MPa and 0.729 % respectively, which was 39.2 % and 38.84 % lower than that of sisal fibre/epoxy composite. The flexural strength of sisal fibre/epoxy composite was increased to 74 MPa when the SiC particles increased up to 5 wt % and then reduced to 65 MPa with further increment in weight fraction of SiC particle. The impact strength was increased from 2 to 4 J/mm² when the SiC particles content was increased up to 10 wt %. Scanning electron microscope was used to observe the fracture mechanism of the tensile test specimen. The brittle mode of failure was observed from the fractographs of the tensile test specimen.

In this article, the surface roughness (SR) and material removal rate (MRR) in drilling of Al₂O₃ particle and sisal fibre/epoxy composites was investigated. The hand layup technique was employed to develop the epoxy/sisal fibre/Al₂O₃ composites. The drilling parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate and diameter of drill bit were considered to perform drilling operation. The drilling experiments were designed based on L₉ orthogonal array suggested by Taguchi technique. The single response optimization of SR and MRR was conducted by Taguchi technique. The influence of significant parameters on SR and MRR was identified by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of single response optimization revealed that the cutting speed is the most influencing parameters for both SR and MRR followed by the feed rate and diameter of drill bit. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) approach was employed for multi-response optimization. From the results, it is observed that cutting speed is the most significant parameter on minimizing SR and maximizing MRR followed by feed rate and diameter of drill bit.

Treatment of segmental bone defects, especially in load bearing areas caused by fracture; tumour or infection is a complex procedure in orthopaedic surgery. Tissue Engineering (TE) has influenced the healing of tissues with an artificial scaffold. In bone tissue engineering, scaffold should provide mechanical stability, accommodate cells and guide for proliferation of cells in all directions. Due to the spatial variation in the micro-architectural parameters of bone such as pore size, pore shape and porosity, the design of scaffold to mimic the native bone is yet to emerge. The objective of this work is to design and analysis of scaffold for defect in femur bone diaphysis region and to study the stress–strain relationship between bone and scaffold under different loading conditions. The scaffolds were designed using unit block for segmental defect of femur bone diaphysis region. The internal architecture of each unit block was controlled by pore size and beam thickness (PS: BT) ratio. To mimic the native bone properties the scaffold was designed with open cellular structure with porosity of range 5% to 60%. The structural behaviour of each scaffold was performed using finite element method. The scaffold and intact bone segment was analysed using ANSYS. The maximum stress and displacement of scaffold were studied with biomaterial of hydroxyapatite. The results are comparable with literature and confirm that designed unit block may suitable for act as scaffold for tissue regeneration with scaffold can avoid the stress shielding effect between scaffold and living tissue.

Mechanical alloying (MA) is one of the most resourceful material synthesis methods. MA includes repeated welding, fracturing and rewelding of powder particles during milling; it leads to uniform distributions of the constituents. In the earlier days MA has been employed to synthesis oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys, chiefly iron-base and nickel-base alloys. Nowadays it is possible to synthesis equilibrium as well as non-equilibrium structures by MA. Products like wires, bars, rods, billets, aluminides, silicides, carbides, oxides and nitrides are being synthesized via MA. MA has been accepted as one of the non-equilibrium materials synthesis methods. Sometimes it is difficult to mix the metals and non-metal powders through various fabrication techniques, but the above said disadvantage has been overcome by mechanical alloying. From these, Mechanical Alloying has been commented as effective material synthesis technique. This article made an effort to describe the synthesis of metals, alloys, ceramics and their characteristics via mechanical alloying.

Numerical simulation is performed for investigating the heat transfer performance using nanofluids in a confined slot jet impingement on a convex surface. The impinging jet is water - alumina nanofluids (40 nm average particle size). The aim of this numerical study is to evaluate the augmentation of heat transfer with suspended nanoparticles (in this case Al2O3 - water) using temperature independent nanofluids properties. Different parameters such as various Reynolds numbers, distance between jet to target plate have been considered to investigate the flow behaviour and convective heat transfer performance of the system. Results in the form of distribution of average Nusselt number and convective heat transfer coefficients at the curved surface are shown to elucidate the heat transfer and flow behaviour process. In addition, qualitative analysis of both stream function and isotherm contours is carried out to perceive the flow pattern and heat transfer mechanism due to addition of nanofluids. The results reveal that average Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient significantly rises with rise in jet inlet Reynolds number. It is also proved that heat transfer is augmented when nano particles are added to a base fluid.

The FSW is one of the latest advanced methods of joining the aluminum in a quicker and effective manner. The quality and the strength of the weldment depends on the tool pin profile, Thickness of weld, speed at which tool moves and the mechanical behavior of aluminum alloys used in the process. Early literature studies shows that developments are required in the field of welding in aerospace, trains and marine Engineering. The literatures show apparent void spaces in improving the strength, quality and weight of the weldment. In this work, an evaluation is made to improve the performance of different profile of tool pin and mechanical characteristics of fsw on dissimilar aluminum alloys. Two alloy compositions say Al 6061 and Al 7075 were selected and three tool pin profiles are developed to study the behavioral pattern of the welded joint. The mechanical properties say tensile strength, yield stresses and micro hardness tests will be conducted using computerized UTM and Micro Vickers hardness testing machine. The mechanical properties were studied from each specimen and correlated to highlight the qualities and characteristics. Hence this paper can form a bridge in filling up the space in finding the suitable mechanical properties for aluminum alloys in specific application. Out of three different tools pin design straight cylinder is selected by having Al6061 on advancing side and Al7075 on receding side based on mechanical properties for the application of tension and it has been proved that straight square is selected for microhardness.

Landing gear of any aircraft is an important system which aids in takeoff, landing and supports the aircraft on runway. Landing gear system employs a hydraulic actuation system for its operation. Hydraulic system provides pressurized hydraulic fluid for actuation of main and nose landing gear in deployment/retraction mode and brake pressure for braking. Advantage of Hydraulics is small sized actuators due to its high power density, easy control and transmission of power. Hence hydraulics always had been a preferred choice for compact high power systems. During the energy conversion, fluid transmission losses and inherent friction, heat energy is generated in the system which rises the fluid temperature. This heat has to be dissipated by proper means to maintain the system temperature within safe limits. This paper attempts to study the thermal aspects of hydraulic system, heat generation and dissipation to estimate temperature rise profile and steady state temperature.

Electro Mechanical linear Actuators as the name suggests are linear actuators operated by electric motor. The linear motion is desirable to drive a high inertia weapon system in elevation axis. In this paper, design and development aspects of an Electromechanical linear actuator using Roller screw has been attempted. Initial Comparison with ball screw drive suggests that roller screws are favorable for high dynamic load application. Selection and functional parameters of roller screw had been evaluated to optimize the linear actuator based on roller screw. This paper studies in detail the design aspects of an electromechanical linear actuator. The variation of different parameters with respect to Lead of the roller screw has been studied.

The aim of this work is to study the effect of input parameters such as abrasive flow rate, standoff distance and transverse rate on the output process parameters taper angle and circularity in machining of polymer composite(E-glass fiber reinforced with polypropylene) by abrasive water jet machining. The polymer composite was prepared by compression molding. A circular hole of size 5mm is machined in the composite plate having a thickness of 4.8 mm by AWJM using granite of size 80μ as abrasive. Taper angle and circularity of machined hole was measured by machine vision. Experiments were conducted based on L16 orthogonal array. Effect of input parameters was individually analyzed on corresponding output parameters using taguchi method. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was done and the output was optimized using Grey relation analysis. Results indicate that standoff distance and abrasive flow rate has high influence on the taper angle and circularity respectively.

In the fast developing world, research is mainly focussed on development of renewable and eco-friendly materials as an alternative to non-biodegradable and non-renewable materials which are resulting in environmental pollution. The fibres from the natural sources such as animal and plant based offers various advantages over synthetic fibres such as abundant in nature, economical, ease of handling and processing, comparable strength and minimum amount of waste dispose. In this work, three composites are fabricated using cyperus pangorei, sponge gourd, palm fibres and banana fibres as the main reinforcing materials and epoxy resin as the matrix in order to increase the effectiveness of the natural fibre. It is envisaged to fabricate and study the banana-sponge gourd fibre, banana-cyperus pangorei fibre, banana-palm leaf fibre as a reinforced material in polymer matrix composite. Hand layup process is used to fabricate the composite samples with different fibre volume fractions. The tensile, flexural, impact and water absorption testing have been performed on these natural fibre composites. Initial optimum length and weight percentage were determined. The results are obtained from the mechanical properties testing and compared among all the three combinations. Composite with Sponge gourd along with Banana as reinforcement with epoxy matrix has got the maximum tensile, flexural and impact strength. This composite has also got lower water absorption property.

Depleting fossil fuels and raise in prices day by day has paid attention to alternative fuels. Emissions are the major concern in biofuels. Stringent future emissions norms can be met with implementation of key technologies. Performance of a biodiesel fueled CI engine can be improved by some modifications in the engine. One such is the combustion chamber geometry. This paper summarizes the results of different types of combustion chamber geometry with various biodiesel. The variations in performance parameters, emissions (UBHC, CO, NOx, smoke) and combustion parameters are also discussed in detail. The summary shows that suitability of alternative fuels can be improved by selecting the proper combustion chamber geometry.

The paper investigates the viability and cost effectiveness of a stepper/servo motors to operate a ball valve in sync with an infrared/laser displacement sensor to obtain precise location of the air piston under varying and static load. The experiment conducted in reference making a viable Exo-Skelton it was found out that pneumatic system had an edge over hydraulics due to its lightweight design, speed, and its being operational even after loss of pressure. But the key area of hindrance remained the cost and effectiveness of pneumatic cylinder present in the market with precise displacement control owing to dynamically variable loads applicable on the cylinder. A custom valve (ball valve/pin valve) was built, controlled with servo motors and a displacement sensor to track the exact position of the piston rod, With respect to the linear motion of its piston rod. The system is divided into two parts firstly being the servo operated ball valves which h are formed by mounting a servo on the operating handle of the ball valve, and a displacement sensor tracking the movement of piston rod

It is projected to present the experimental results in wear and mechanical properties of aluminium alloys fabricated by powder metallurgy method. In this study, 6% of copper and the effect of magnesium (2%, 4% and 6%) in aluminium alloy were examined. From the results, the density and hardness values were decreased by increasing the magnesium. The abrasive wear test showed that the wear loss decreases when adding magnesium and increases with the increase in load and sliding distance. Optical microstructure shows that uniform distribution of elements.

Incremental sheet forming (ISF) is an sheet metal process which can be used widely in the area of automobile, medical and aeronautical application. The required shape of the final product is achieved by moving the rotating tool along the pre-determined path controlled by computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine. This paper explains the multi stage process to achieve the maximum wall angle in the cylindrical cup shaped component. The experiments were conducted using austenitic stainless steel AISI304 of 0.8mm thickness. In this work multi stage forming process was carried out in two stages (i). Starting from wall angle of 50° and (ii). Increasing the wall angle from 50° to 70° by keeping the tool traversing (1000 mm/min) and incremental depth (0.5mm) as constant for various tool rotational speeds of 600, 800 and 1000 rpm to maximum possible depth without the occurrence of fracture. In multi stage forming, with a wall angle of 70°, the maximum depth achieved was 21.3 mm before fracture at a tool parameters of 1000 rpm tool speed, 1000 mm/min tool traversing speed and 0.5mm incremental depth within the experimented process parameters.

Research on the significance of cashew nut methanol blend and increase on the efficiency and release of diesel engine being essential, the proportional experimentation be accepted lying on the work surface of dynamic stimulating diesel engine injected by untainted diesel and bio-diesel methanol blend (M5, M10, M15 and M30) below various atmospheric force (80 kilopascal, 90 kilopascal and 100 kilopascal). The investigational outcome choose with the intention of the respective brake-specific fuel utilization (BSFU) of bio-diesel methanol blend are enhanced compared with diesel below diverse atmospheric forces and with the aim of the corresponding BSFU obtains immense enhancement by way of the enhance of atmospheric force while the atmospheric force is inferior than 90 kilopascal. At 80 kPA, the Hydrocarbon and CO discharge increase significantly by means of the mounting engine loads along with accumulation of methanol, whereas at 90 kPA and 100 kPA their consequences on HC and CO discharges be least. The alters of atmospheric force and blend percentage of methanol contain no understandable consequence on NOx discharges. smolder discharges reduce noticeably through the increasing proportion of methanol in blend, particularly atmospheric pressure below 90 kPA.

The microstructure and mechanical properties of gravity die-cast experimental Al-Si-Ni-Mg alloys with varying addition of recycled Cu wire and Fe pick-up from mild steel crucible and tools was investigated. Addition of Cu and Fe in the as-cast experimental alloys, improves the tensile strength by 6.11%. Yield strength increases marginally by 3.43% up to 1.07 wt.% of iron and 2.98 wt.% of copper and then decreases. Relative percentage elongation drops significantly by 89.38%. A very small drop in impact strength was observed. The positive influence of copper and iron addition in the Al-Si-Ni-Mg alloy system due to fine grain strengthening and delay in the formation of hard plat like β-Al₅FeSi phase, iron bearing inter-metallic phase (β-Al₅FeSi) found only when iron content reaches 1.07 wt.%. X-ray Diffraction, optical microscope (OM) were used to characterize the material.

In this study, a Mathematical Model for solar flat plate collector having plain and helical flow path heat tubes is developed for a Java based simulator software to study the performance of SFPC. A software simulation is a proven tool for efficient and economic prediction of heat transfer process results. The mathematical model of a SFPC is developed to investigate the fluid mean temperatures, heat gain and collector recovery factor, edge loss, bottom loss and collector efficiency. The simulation results were verified with experimental results and found that the simulator has the ability to predict the performance of the solar flat plate collector accurately as proven by the comparison of experimental data with simulation. The difference between the predicted and experimental results is, at maximum, approximately 4% which is within the acceptable limit considering some uncertainties in the input parameter values. A parametric study was performed between plain heat tubes and helical strip inserted heat tubes and it was found that the outlet fluid temperature and the energy efficiency of the system are improved in the helical strip inserted heat tubes and also the mass flow rate has a significant effect on the efficiency of the system.

The evolving technologies and the diminishing energy resources focuses on utilisation of solar energy. The paper throws a light on the performance analysis of solar collector with flat and v grooved absorber plate utilising simulation (mathematical modelling through JAVA based application) and experimental values. JAVA coding is included to identify the mean outlet temperature of the collector through iteration. The experiment was conducted with varying time of flat and v grooved absorber plate and compared with the values simulated through JAVA application. The simulated results have less than 5% deviation with experimental values. The results figure out that there is an increase in collector efficiency by 5% of solar flat plate absorber plate.

Automobiles play imperative part to 'Place the globe in Motion'. When we discuss air pollution, the major contributions of pollutants are from the automobile sector. Especially in developing countries like India, the use of motorcycles (MC) is too high which eventually leads to high air pollution rate. There is pollution control system available for CI engine operated LMV and HMV but an efficient system to control pollution is yet to be designed for motorcycles. An automobile emission primarily adds CO, NOx, HC that is carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons correspondingly and a few particulate discharges. The mounting discharge is ensuing into the worldwide menace approximating 'Global Warming'. Therefore it is currently essential to hub on the behaviors to diminish these impurities. Among the pollution control system available, we found that a system based on exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) with the inter-cooler might be apt to overcome the above mentioned problem. We hope that this prescribed system might be implemented in motorcycles to be launched in future.

3D bio-printing is a very rapid and vigorous process which is used for fabricating the in-vitro biological functional tissues. For printing an effective scaffold, it is very imperative; the printed structure must have adequate strength and stiffness for keeping structural veracity. Alginates are such a biomaterial which can be used as a bio-ink for printing the 3D biological scaffolds. Also the bio-ink gel must not be very strong because more viscous results huge shear force for extruding the bio-ink from the nozzle which may results in cell fracture and death. Alginate is such a biocompatible and healthy material for cell. There are many applications of alginate bio-ink in bone, adipose tissue engineering and in vascular field. In this paper we have investigated the biological properties of alginate bio-ink based 3D bio-printed scaffold by using different percentage of honey mixing with same percentage of alginate. Then we characterized the bio-printed scaffolds with the help of UTM, Surfacetensiometer, MTT and SEM. We have studied the mechanical, physic-chemical and the cell viability properties of alginate 5%, alginate 5%:poly-l-lysine 1.5% and alginate 5%:poly-l-lysine 2.5% cross-linked with 1 molar CaCl₂ with printing speed of 50mm/s.

The current study objective is to measure the whole-body vibration (WBV) transmitted to children of different age during the operation of midi bus. The results are compared with ISO 2631-1 (1997) health guidance criteria. The vibration values were measured at seat and children interface on x-longitudinal, y-transverse and z-vertical axes at different road profiles like highway road and rough road. The age of the children varies from 4 to 10 years. The finding of the study was at lesser the age more the vibration exposure because of children of less age have less tissue mass to dampen the vibration accelerations. The average root mean squared weighted acceleration, exposure time and estimated VDV on highway road were among the 1.05 to 3.07 m/sec², 14 to 200 min and 12 to 24 m/sec^1.75 respectively. And on rough road 1.16 to 5.65 m/sec², 1 to 94 min and 15 to 46 m/sec^1.75 respectively. This shows the health of the less age children are at risk, the OEM has to work on good suspension and engine mounts to isolate road and engine induced vibrations

The current study focused on the vibration through the seat of the midibus with different seating conditions to evaluate the comfort of the driver. The vibration dose value (VDV) was the parameter studied with different anthropometric characteristics (mass, stature and BMI) of six male drivers. The seating conditions considered for the study were no backrest (NB), backrest with 90° (B90), backrest with 110° (B110) and backrest with 130° (B130). The test was conducted on a typical highway segment at a constant speed of 40kmph. The VDV on the seat and backrest in all directions (x, y &z) were calculated based on the vibration signal. The statistical significance of VDV of the seat and backrest was carried out using a statistical tool - "Wilcoxon signed rank" test. The correlation of anthropometric data with VDV was evaluated using a "Karl Pearson" correlation technique. The experimental results showed that at B130, the dynamic response of the body to vibration was severe in the x-direction as the resonance frequency varied from 0.92Hz (at NB) to 2 Hz (at B130). It was found that at B90 the ride comfort was good with the lesser VDV of as 3.12m/sec^1.75 when compared to the B110 and B130.

In inline three cylinder engine, cylinder block is an integrated structure comprising the cylinders, coolant passages, intake and exhaust passages and ports, and crank case. The cylinder block is mostly fabricated by casting process. The surface irregularities in the top face of the casted cylinder block causes improper seating of cylinder head and surface finishing becomes essential. Hence the casted cylinder block was machined with series of operations such as rough milling, face milling, finish milling, honing, line boring, drilling, tapping and reaming operations. In face milling operation, milling machine requires special cutting tools to remove the surface irregularities of the cylinder block. In the vertical milling machine, 12.6 kg cutting tool is fitted and removed by manually and it leads safety problems to the workers. The manual tool changing method increases the idle time of the machine and hence a tool changing mechanism is required to overcome the above said problems. In this present work, tool changing mechanism is designed and fabricated for a vertical milling machine to perform top face milling operation. Hence a semi-automatic mechanism is suggested to minimize the time of tool replacement. The solid model of the semi-automatic mechanism was modelled using SOLIDWORKS and the stress analysis of the components of the tool changing mechanism was performed using ANSYS Workbench. The manual tool changing method increases the idle time of the machine and hence a tool changing mechanism is required to overcome the above said problems. The cutting tool replacement time is reduced as 4.10 minutes from 11.05 minutes.

Two stainless steels namely AISI 430 and AISI 204 have been investigated for their slurry erosion resistance. The erosion tests were carried out using a pot tester at the particle impact velocity of 10.7 m/s, slurry concentration of 10%, 20% and 30% by weight and the impingement angle of 30° and 90°. To improve the slurry erosion resistance of the stainless steel AISI 430 and AISI 204, Cr3C2-25NiCr coating was deposited on that, using HVOF (High Velocity Oxy Fuel) technique. Erosion results show that Cr3C2-25NiCr coating exhibits better slurry erosion resistance than the AISI 430 and AISI 204.

This paper presents experimental study of contact parameters for soft hemispherical fingertip pressed against target profiles. In design and development of soft robotic fingertips, in-depth knowledge of realistic contact parameter is required. Soft fingers are easily conformed to the geometry of the target profiles like human finger. In this work, fingertip is pressed against convex, concave and flat profiles experimentally with numerical validation. The magnitude of contact radius is calculated and compared for different profiles. From close observation it is observed that contact radius is higher for curved profiles when compared with a flat profile for a particular combination.

In the present economic conditions, it is vital that the industry is performing at its maximum level in all aspects. Otherwise it is very difficult for an industry to survive in a long-term perspective even though it can survive in short term, especially a micro and small-scale industry. There are number of ways to improve the present state of an industry. During these improvement/upgradation process in numerous occasion the decision has to be made. The decision made will immensely affect the end result as there are innumerable critical factors involved. One of the commonly used method to make effective decisions is expert system. Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) based expert system is one of effective method which is applied in various sectors to make effective decision making. MCDM is applied in the various fields for all kinds of evaluations like supplier selection, project evaluation, sensory evaluation, information retrieval, situation assessment, risk assessment, manufacturing flexibility evaluation. For MCDM, until now different tools are applied like Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy logic, TOPSIS, Weighted sum model, Goal Programming. In this paper, how the performance of a small and micro scale industry can be improved is analyzed and explained through a real-time case study. In this case study, MCDM is applied in two stages in order to obtain a high priority area which is in need of improvement. Finally, a suitable technical solution is provided to tackle the problematic area which in turn improves the performance of a micro and small-scale industry.

In heat moulding machine required shape can be obtained from the raw material at temperature range of 200 to 250 °C. The raw material used in the heat moulding machine is rubber and the melting temperature of rubber is 180 °C. In this process loading and unloading of moulding box is done manually. Hence heat produced inside the moulding machine may harm the operator or worker. Sometimes it leads to major accident for workers. If the worker continuously working in the hot zone may cause skin problem. To overcome this problem small table is designed with the help of pneumatic cylinder the loading and unloading process done automatically. Micrologix 1000 PLC is used to control the whole process. Wiper motor is used to move the table from one place to another place. The targeted position is sensed by the induction type proximity sensor. By the above mentioned components loading and unloading of moulding box is done automatically and the operator's safety will be assured.

Laminated composite materials are extensively utilised in aerospace, aviation and automobile industries because of their high strength and low weight. When laminates are composed of layers with different orientations, classical lamination theory implies boundary tractions on free edges. Edge delamination in laminated composites has become significant in structural reliability. Due to more inter-laminar shear stresses nearer to the free edges of the laminates, more failure modes are developed in the laminates. Because of the complex fibre/matrix micro structure of laminated composite materials, an evaluation of these stresses becomes very important in composite materials design. Normally free edge inter-laminar stresses arise from the mismatch of elastic properties between two layers. Therefore it is necessary to predict the inter-laminar stresses of laminated composite plates. In this study, the free edge inter-laminar stresses of laminated composite materials are predicted numerically. Numerical prediction of inter-laminar stresses of non-hybrid and hybrid laminated composite plates are predicted. In hybrid category, carbon fibres and glass fibres are combined together and analysed. Numerical analysis of laminates is performed in ANSYS. The inter-laminar shear forces and stress distribution are plotted along thickness.

Companies are facing increased customer expectations and cut throat market competition. Organizations are driving three major performance measures which are market outperformance, incremental margin, and cash flow conversion. As companies continue to outsource large portions of their manufacturing, managing material costs in the supply chain are important in reducing overall costs and remain competitive in order to ensure that all supply chain partners particularly in the upstream supply chain survive and be part of the future growth. The purpose of this paper is to present the detailed analysis of the various cost factors which affects the organizational performance and developing a unique model for the material productivity program. The key criterions include the innovative ideas of cost reduction, continual focus to eliminate wastes in the supply chain and also to drive excellence in execution of these projects.As the case industry has become global, it is essential for the case industry to carryout structured and sustained material cost reduction activity in order to capture the potential market through cost leadership and to emerge as best cost supplier among the other plants. This particular research work discusses more in detail about Indian market conditions, the changing customer needs due to entry of the global multinationals, the new challenges that we face in the local and the global market and how we respond to it and also to spell out the changing customer demand for the reduced cost, the challenges of price escalations of various input costs, the processes which case industry follow to reduce the cost, and suggesting a cost reduction methodology to achieve sustained cost reduction year on year. The result shows 4% reduction in material costs and the quality improvement of the production of automotive ancillary components.

Aluminium alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs) have obtained wide spread acceptance in automotive and aerospace applications because of its high strength, low density and good structural rigidity. This work studies the mechanical and microstructural properties of hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with Al₂O₃/SiC prepared by using powder metallurgy technique. Hardness and compressive strength of aluminum matrix composite increased with increase in wt% of SiC. The characterization results showed the improvement in mechanical properties with addition of hybrid reinforcement.

Diffusion bonding is the process of joining similar or dissimilar materials at the interface rather than edge joining using welding process or other metal joining processes. It is a solid state welding process carried out under the conditions of soaking temperature, bonding time and load on the surfaces to be joined. Generally this is carried out under vacuum or inert atmosphere to avoid interface reactions to actuate the corrosion. Diffusion bonding process done at different conditions of temperature, bonding time and load. These parameters are optimised for better bond strength, the bonded specimens are analysed for microstructural changes and bond strength since diffusion bonding is an atomic transfer between the surfaces. The micro hardness test is conducted to evaluate the bond strength at the interface. The strength of the bond can be improved by inserting another material at the interface as an interlayer. The base metal titanium with stainless steel is bonded with aluminium as an interlayer.

In the light of number of universities and libraries consistently increasing and book storage/maintenance becoming a difficult task, there is a need to design a system which will reduce manual work as well as minimise the problem of using the book racks. The review is done to identify the various shortcomings of the present system and overcome the flaws faced such as accessing books at height, cleaning the shelves at the topmost compartment and holding the books upright in proper position. The automatic book rack system includes shelf, expandable clasp housing that is movable and connected to the shelf. The housing includes a noiseless electric motor and a pair of chain and sprockets. The electric motor, chain sprockets work in conjunction to achieve linear motion of the housing along the shelf. The expandable clasp can support the books in an upright, side by side arrangement on the shelf. Once a book is removed from the shelf the clasp housing is automatically repositioned to push the remaining books together and close any resulting gaps between the remaining books keeping them upright. Exemplary systems according to present disclosure include the mechanism that permit reliable and efficient repositioning of one or more shelves, thereby enhancing utilization and efficiencies associated therewith.

This paper presents dry turning performance of coated carbide Tool on 17-4PH stainless steel bright bar (Aerospace metal), which is high strength and extremely corrosion resistant. The presence of different alloying elements and their precipitation hardening makes it a difficult to machine material.17-4PH metal available at different properties based on heat treatment conditions. But the base metal coming from mill is 17-4PH condition A, which is having hardness of 35RC. Cutting Tool Insert (KCP10B) is a specially engineered cobalt enriched carbide grade with thick MTCVD-TiCN-Al2O3-TiOCN coating for maximum wear resistance. The input parameters considered for this experiment are Velocity (V), feed (F) and Depth of cut (d). In this study, the influence of cutting parameters are aimed when turning 17-4PH condition A SS bright bar with KCP10B tool on a CNC Lathe (Maxturn plus+) without coolants. It is optimized that the Material Removal Rate (MRR) and cutting Forces (F1, F2) generated during dry turning of hardened steel (17-4PH) using carbide insert in a possible range of selected parameters by using TAGUCHI and ANOVA.

Aim of this paper is to optimize the machining parameters for surface finish during end milling of Al 6061 using Taguchi method. Uncoated and Diamond Coated carbide end mills were used for conducting machining experiment. Preliminary experiments were conducted to decide the range of speed, feed & depth of cut. Stylus profilometer was used to measure the surface roughness of the machined surface. A Taguchi orthogonal array was designed with three levels of machining parameters and analysis of main effect plot for means, ANOVA, response table and regression equations were developed with the help of Minitab.

Friction stir processing (FSP), derived from the friction stir welding (FSW) process, is an energy efficient processing technique to fabricate surface composite. In the present study, FSP technique is applied for the development of surface composites, using AA1050 aluminum as base metal and Boron Carbide (B₄C) powder as reinforcement particles. The mechanical and wear characteristics were compared with the base metal characteristics. Pin-less tool for capping pass and threaded cylindrical pin tool for subsequent passes was used for FSP experiments. Tool rotational speed and traverse speed were kept 1400 rpm and 25 mm/min respectively. It was observed that the Friction stirred processed (FSPed) specimens with B₄C particles showed higher hardness (45 VHN) in comparison to the base material hardness (25 VHN).Wear behavior of the fabricated surface composite has been investigated using linear reciprocating tribometer. Wear resistance of fabricated surface composite has shown significant improvement in comparison to that of the base metal.

In this work the biodegradable films by blending starch and PVA in desired proportions were developed by solution casting process[2]. The starch content was varied from 1 to 60 wt % of PVA.The effect of composition on various characteristics of the resulting blends were investigated. The starch incorporation increased the Glass transition temperature (Tg). Because of starch, these films have attained more insulating properties by decreasing dielectric constant. The transmissibility and chemical resistance of the films decreased and vapour barriers properties of the films improved by the presence of starch. The swelling coefficient increased with the starch content, reached maximum for the film with 30wt% of starch, and then decreased. The formation of hydrogen bond in the films, which could improve the compatibility of the two components were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. The mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tear strength, and percentage elongation decreased with the increase in the starch content[3]. However Young's modulus, density and hardness increased with the increase in the starch content and compared with theoretical model.

The present work deals with the study of microstructure and to examine the effect of sensitization on the corrosion resistance of the Stainless Steel 316 cladding deposited by using SMAW process. Literature explains the susceptibility and resistance of SS316L at ambient temperatures and higher temperatures to examine the corrosion rate of the steel after immersion in the corrosive media. This work reveled that with one layer have less amount of precipitated chromium carbide as compared to the specimen B and C. The result shows that the Austenitic Stainless steel has the best layer thickness to highest corrosion resistance rates. Huey's test gives the microstructure results and through that we have concluded the corrosion rate goes at the maximum value of 2.88 mm by boiling the fresh nitric acid at 67 percentile. By focusing on the future various grades like SS309L, SS304L and materials such as cobalt alloys, copper alloys, manganese alloys, alloy steels, ceramics and composites are employed for weld cladding applications.

In this study, experiments have been performed with three tools of cylindrical pin type for three sets of rotational speeds and feed rates, and the effect of processes parameters on heat generated at different zones of friction stir welded plate is examined. In friction stir welding, the base material is heated at elevated temperature for which heat generation is an important factor. Less heat reduces the rheology and mixing of material whereas more heat reduces the strength of the welded material. From this study, it was concluded that more heat is generated at higher tool rotation rate and tool shoulder diameter whereas less heat generate at high tool traverse speed. This study also reports the optimum tool shoulder diameter, rotational speed and transverse feed for having maximum joint strength.

The complex loading conditions in rails induce stress and deformations in the material which keep on accumulating and evolve to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) cracks as soon as ductility exhaust. The cracks can occur at the surface or at the sub-surface level. Generally occurring surface crack is of semi-elliptical shape. Here, we consider a semi-elliptical crack located in such a way that its major axis is perpendicular to the rail axis and minor axis is in the depth direction. Stress intensity factor (SIF) of the crack is evaluated for friction and traction force by varying the speed of the train. A three-dimensional finite element analysis is carried out using ANSYS 14.0. UIC 60 rail profile cross-section is used for the simulation purpose. Results are evaluated by taking two values of coefficient of friction (0.1 and 0.35) at the wheel-rail interface. From the outcomes it is seen that the stress intensity factor value is maximum at the deepest point of the crack front. SIF estimation method of Tada, Paris and Irwin also gives analogous values.

The purpose of this work is to come to a conclusion about the best cutting tool material for mild steel machining using a single point cutting tool. In a single point cutting tool, the geometry of cutting tool affects the quality of manufacturing process. The chip formation process involves plastic deformation during which large strains and strain rates are developed by shear deformation of work material immediately ahead of tool. Mild steel (low carbon steel) is used for machining and insert materials for single point cutting tool are of cubic boron nitride (CBN-grade tnma160408) (used for both finishing and roughing), cermet insert (for finishing), carbide insert (for roughing). For determining the best cutting tool material among three above mentioned cutting tools, the cutting performance is observed by machining of mild steel done in the machine shop. For the improvement of cutting performance, the knowledge of cutting forces, temperature at the tool-work interface and time of cutting with good accuracy is essential which is done by FEA analysis using ABAQUS software ^[1]. Because of nature and constants of the metal cutting and insert used, heat is generated during the chip formation process as a result of plastic deformation, heat conduction and friction. The heat influences chip shape, tool wear, surface finish and cutting forces, which also effects the hardness of insert material before and after the turning process on work-piece. Various effects of single point cutting tool materials on tool work interface and cutting performance are studied using FEA.

This paper discusses the optimization of cross section of telescopic boom of mobile cranes. The extruded section is taken into consideration for the optimization problem. The problem has been solved using Lagrange Multipliers method. The area of cross section of the boom has been taken as the objective function, so as to minimize the mass, whereas the constraint function has been taken as a general function of hardness and stability. The above parameters allow us to form a mathematical model for numerical analysis and thus obtain the optimum dimensions for the cross section.

The use of natural fiber composites is considered as the green when compared to other man-made fibers. They are biodegradable, recyclable. They are inherently available with properties like low density, high strength to weight ratio and are low cost when compared to synthetic fibers. The main experiment is to use finite element analysis on banyan fiber composite beam. The composite beam is processed by using hand layout method. The composite beam is prepared in two different orientations where one is random orientation and the other is unidirectional orientation. The composite beam is made in three types. The first beam has epoxy resin and hardener. The second has banyan fiber in short strands with epoxy resin and hardener. The third has banyan fiber in powdered form with epoxy resin and hardener. Mechanical tests such as tensile test and impact test were carried out to find the properties of the composite. Finally, the mechanical properties are used to analyze the composite fiber using finite element analysis using ANSYS software for determining the deflection and stress properties. The study has been carried out in regards to the advantages of natural fiber over synthetic fiber.

The primary purpose of this study is to analyze, evaluate and compare the mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy based composites with different fiber reinforcements. Fabrication of Glass fiber, carbon fiber and hybrid composites was one by Hand lay-up technique. Tensile test, Three point bend test, Inter-laminar shear test and Compression Test were done on the composite laminates as per the ASTM Standards to obtain mechanical properties such as tensile strength, transverse strength, peak load, compressive strength. Thermal properties such as Glass Transition temperature, melting and decomposition peaks were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC); Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) was done to study the decomposition behavior of the composites. Results are tabulated and the comparison is drawn between the laminates.

Various experiments were carried out for this dissertation to investigate and compare the heat transfer in a DPHE for counter flow arrangement studying with and without usage of longitudinal triangular fins. The test section is a horizontal annular passage formed by copper tube with an inner diameter 15 mm to outer diameter 19 mm with a length of 1000 mm. Triangular fin with dimensions of 9 mm base, 8 mm height and 2 mm thickness are used in the present study. In the beginning we conducted the experiment with the traditional DPHE to analyze the effectiveness parameter for plane heat exchanger and then with 4 longitudinal triangular fins with difference in spacing of fins angle 90 degrees of length 1000 mm. The effects of the fins spacing and mass flow rate of fluid is examined on the thermal performance of heat exchanger. Increase in flow rate of cold fluid results in increase of heat transfer and effectiveness increases to 0.505 in longitudinal triangular finned tube from the value 0.405 in the traditional DPHE of counter flow respectively. Another performance parameter like overall heat transfer coefficient increases and LMTD throughout the experiment decreases respectively.

The three step deposition of binary sulfides in the order CuS/ZnS/SnS thin films are prepared on Molybdenum (Mo) substrate by thermal evaporation method in order to obtain kesterite Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) thin films. The CZTS thin films were annealed 500°C for one hour. The Phase studies and chemical compositions were investigated to obtain CZTS thin films using X-ray Diffractometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The optimized CZTS thins films show good optical properties and Electrical Properties. CZTS thin film was found to have a direct energy band gap of 1.5eV. Surface morphology studies have been studied using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and SEM. It is reported that the good quality films were achieved with order of stacking CuS/ZnS/SnS precursor layers in this paper. Further, it has been observed that the crystalline size of CZTS has been improved after the sulfurization.

In this present experimental work, the effect and advancement of machining control parameters over kerf and surface quality in wire cut electrical discharge machining operations were analyzed. The hybrid metal reinforced composite was manufactured by process named as stir casting utilizing particulates of graphite & Silicon carbide each in Al6061 combination. The analyses were outlined with Taguchi L27 design matrix. WEDM parameters resemble pulse Pulse on time, current, Pulse off time, gap set voltage, wire tension &feed are considered. The impact of the machining parameters on the kerf width (KW) and surface roughness (SR) is dictated by utilizing examination of fluctuation. MOORA in blend with standard deviation (SDV) was utilized for the enhancement procedure. SDV was utilized to decide the weights that were utilized for normalizing the reactions acquired from the mechanical test outcomes. The parameters corresponding to experiment run number 7 are Pulse on time 108 units (Level 1), Pulse off time 50 units (Level 2), peak current 230 units (Level 3), gap set voltage 50 units (Level 3), wire feed 5 units (Level 3) and wire tension 12 units (Level 3) are the best combination to achieve better surface roughness & kerf width.

Magneto-rheological elastomer (MRE), is considered to be a smart material, which transFigure their rheological properties with the external applied magnetic field. Due to this novel property, MREs are extensively employed to control the vibration of a system at resonant frequency. Presently, MREs are integrated in a structure through a layer by layer technique and the bigger drawback of this technology is that, in the presence of high transverse shear stresses, de-lamination occurs which may result in failure of the system. To overcome the aforementioned problem, a novel method is proposed to merge the MREs with Fused Deposition Method (FDM). FDM is used to develop the primary structure with cavities using a FDM compatible material and MRE i.e. secondary material is filled in the cavities. It is postulated that the proposed methodology has the capability of reducing the possibility of de-lamination. Now, to investigate the dynamic performance of the developed structure, an experimental test setup was developed by fixing one end of the beam and supplying the desired magnetic field to the beam using an electromagnet. From the test results, It was concluded that, with the increase in the applied magnetic field, the isolation effect of the structure enhanced and it reduced with the shift of electromagnet from the free end to fixed end of the beam. Further, in the case of MRE, high magnetic field is required for achieving satisfactory performance, which results in increase of the electromagnet weight, in turn making the system bulkier. Therefore, the present work endeavours to replace the MRE with MR Fluid (MRF) in the same primary structure and perform a comparison study between MRE and MRF, for the same applied magnetic field. From the experimental results it was envisaged that the MRF depicted better isolation capability than MRE.

The major problems experienced in reciprocating air compressor are excessive noise in operation and vibration of the compressor. In this paper a reciprocating air compressor is studied and it is monitored to find the mechanical or other faults present in it by performing noise and vibration test. Here vibration signature analysis is done along with measurement of noise harshness level of a reciprocating compressor. After the test the faulty part of the compressor was replaced and same test was performed again. Microscopic analysis of parts of bearings was also done to study and analyze the cause of defects. Here significant improvement is achieved in NVH.

Cracks are one of the main causes of structural failure. The detection of cracks is broadly carried out using NDT methods, vibration-based methods, and various mathematical models. The detection of single crack has been widely and importantly studied in recent years. However, the diagnosis of multiple cracks is minimal. In this paper, an alternative way for detecting multiple cracks used is Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) based modeling which is a subfield of artificial intelligence. The evolutions in the ANN have brought up various new potential in the arena of complex problems. In ANN modeling, networks can be built directly from experimental data using its self-organizing capabilities which is the main advantage of using ANN. This paper tries to predict multiple cracks in cantilever beam using soft computing technique. The crack location and crack depth of two cracks are the output parameters and the first three relative natural frequencies are the input parameters to the neural network. The result sets obtained from the finite element analysis (FEA) are used to train the network and the simulated results are obtained. It has been found that the maximum error percentage between the analytical and the ANN outputs is very less which shows that the ANN can well build to predict the characteristics of the multiple crack. This paper proposes a good approach for multiple damage detection in cantilever beam.

Delaminations in the composite structure are the main causes of structural failure. It not only degrades the strength and durability of the composites but also makes it prone to failure. It also affects the vibration properties like natural frequency and mode shapes. Hence understanding the features of an undamaged and delaminated composite in a dynamic environment is very essential. There are various non-destructive testing methods like ultrasonic inspection, thermography, X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Radiography etc for determination of the defects in the composite structure which is time consuming and costly. This paper investigates the presence of delamination in sub-layer of carbon fiber reinforced composite through modeling and simulation. Vibration tests were performed initially to determine the natural frequencies and the damping rate of both undamaged and delaminated composites. The separate models for undamaged and delaminated composites were designed using ANSYS and a good agreement was found between the experimental and the numerical approaches. It is observed that due to the presence of delamination, the natural frequency decreases and the rate of damping increases as compared to an undamaged composite structure. Different mode shapes were also obtained to show the differences between undamaged and delaminated composites beams.

Torsional vibration is a frequent perturb for heavy rotating and high speed machinery. Development of large torsional vibrations produce torsional stresses which leads to increase in bearing loads and results in generation of cracks in the high stress areas of the transmission system and propeller. So, it is important to model and analyze the torsional characteristics of Power transmission system. The information obtained regarding torsion vibration characteristics will be useful to study the system dynamics and prevent premature failure caused due to resonance at critical speeds. In this paper, torsional vibration analysis is carried out for a marine power transmission system. The propulsion system is modeled as a flexible shaft with multiple inertias as lumped masses and shaft sections with torsional stiffness. Holzer method is employed to calculate the torsional resonant frequencies and their corresponding mode shapes. An algorithm for Holzer method is designed and programmed using MATLAB software.

Experimental analysis of flow Distribution inside a cold storage is a costly affair, thus many researchers are intensively using computational techniques. In designing of various air distributions arrangements in cold storage Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) can play a vital role. There are various factors which affects the results produced through CFD analysis of air circulation in close environment like cold storage. Selection of the specific turbulence model for particular flow condition is a big bottle-neck. This paper discussed CFD approaches and various turbulence models used in cold storage air flow evaluation. Selection of turbulence model affects the analysis as each model use different set of boundary conditions. It has been observed that most of the researchers adopt RANS K-ℇ model because of its simplicity and ease of understanding. While on an average there is 26% error in results produced through RANS turbulence models and LES model provide good results but lots of skills and higher computational capacity required.

This study aims to understand the biomechanical effect of pedicle-screw fixation with different implant materials on lumbar spine. FE method is used to develop three-dimensional model of lumbar spine (L1-S). Three level pedicle-screw-rod is attached to the model with two different rods: Stainless Steel (SS) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). The implanted models along with intact models are simulated for different physiological conditions such as axial rotation, lateral bending and flexion-extension under ± 6, 8 and 10 Nm moment with 500 N compressive loads. The spinal biomechanics found sensitive to the elastic modulus of the rod material. In case of pedicle screw fixation with SS, the ROM is very less (1.3° for extension and 2.88° for flexion) as compared to natural model. For PEEK rod, ROM is increased 3 to 4 times for axial rotation, 4 to 7 times for lateral bending and 1.8 to 2 times for flexion-extension. SS rods share more load and generate less stress on vertebrae compared and PEEK rods. For pedicle screw fixation, the foramen height does not vary significantly with variation of load and rod materials. SS rods resist the ROM on the implanted region affecting the kinematics of the spine undesirably. The ROM may be improved to some extent by using lower stiffness rod materials like PEEK. However pedicle screw fixation device prevents reducing inter-vertebral foramen height and foramen area, without affected by material stiffness.

In this contemporary work, particulates of coconut shell ash and boron carbide were reinforced with an atomized aluminium powder hybrid composites was prepared by the powder metallurgy process. The process parameters in powder metallurgy influence the various material properties. Compaction pressure, sintering temperature and weight percentage of coconut shell ash were selected as influencing parameters. An empirical relationship has been formulated using response surface methodology. The properties such as hardness, relative density and percentage of porosity are considered a response. Variance of analysis was employed to determine the significance of process parameters on the responses and to determine the optimal combination of parameters. High harness value of 165.1 HV, maximum density of 0.819 g/cc and minimal porosity of 8.15 % was obtained for the optimum condition.

Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are preferred to other conventional materials in the fields of aerospace, automotive and marine applications owing to their improved properties like high strength to weight ratio, good wear resistance etc. In the present work, an attempt has been made to synthesize Al6061-Al₂O₃particulate metal matrix composites by liquid metallurgy route (stir casting technique). Aluminium metal matrix composite was fabricated with Al6061 alloy as a matrix and Al₂O₃ as a reinforcement material. Reinforcement was added in the range of 0, 3 and 6 percentage by weight into the molten alloy, hence the Al6061 metal matrix composite was produced and their properties were estimated. Micro-Vickers hardness of the composite was found to increase with increase in filler content in the composite. Along with the hardness, compressive strength and the corrosion resistance properties of composite material steadily increases with the increase in the reinforcement particles in the matrix. Besides that the impact strength of composite was found to decrease with the enhancement of the ceramic reinforcement particle Al₂O₃ into the Al6061 alloy matrix.

To create solid model in modeling software takes more time and it is required some standard procedure needed to create 3D models. Users require skills to create a solid model in modeling software. For creating a same kind of models again and again user need to follow same set of standard procedure in modeling software. To overcome the above set of problems in this project is automate the standard procedure that to be followed in modeling software. This automation is carried out by interfacing visual basic and solid works with help of VB codes.

Alumina nanoparticles were synthesized using aluminium nitrate and lemon extract, lemon being an eco-friendly and non-toxic material. The synthesis was carried out using salt solution and the above extract in 1:1 ratio, radiated with the microwaves at 600W for 5 minutes. The synthesis was carried with and without the stabilizing agent to know the role played by it. The stabilizing agent used was sodium citrate which is environmental friendly. The amount of stabilizing agent used was varied and the optimum amount for better stability was found out. The nanoparticles thus formed were characterized by using UV Visible (UVVis) Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light Scattering and Zeta Analyzer. The nano particles had an average size of 460nm. This method of synthesis has proven to be faster than any other method because of the involvement of microwave heating. Above all, the synthesized nano particles may have anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties which have a scope for future study.

With the help of advances in technology, bone imaging has become easier when compared to its initial stages. The purpose of this study is to analyse and interpret the morphometry of the human sacrum, through Reverse Engineering. Eight different sets of human sacra were obtained for which reverse engineered 3D CAD models were generated by employing a portable Coordinate Measuring Machine with a laser scanner. An appropriate software is used for the generation of the CAD model from the point cloud data is obtained through the scanner. The study highlights the upper hand of reverse engineering to the conventional methods employed for bone imaging, which can be further used for surgical implications, design of sacral implants and other applications

This investigation presents the consequence of Wire EDM process variables over the kerf width (KW) of Al6063/SiC/Al₂O₃ hybrid composite which is fabricated by stir cast method. 31 experiments were conducted on the basis of response surface methodology central composite design. Kerf width is picked as the quality objective. The important coefficients are gotten by achieving successfully an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at the 5 % assurance interval. The outcomes discover that KW is much more impacted by Pulse on time, Pulse off time, current and control speed and little of their interactions action or influence. To predict the average kerf width, a mathematical regression model was developed. The forecasted value of optimum kerf width is 0.265 mm for Pulse on time (100), Pulse off time (48), current (200) along with control speed (60%).The Pulse on time is most influential variable for the kerf width. The results have been analyzed using Minitab version 18 software.

At present environment, especially in the urban cities, peoples are very busy and moving continuously and rapidly. With the advancement in technologies, there is a huge opportunity to full fill this people flow experience. Autowalk which is also called as walkalator or movelator is a device used as a mode for transporting the peoples horizontally or laterally from one point to another. The proposed device consists of a pulley with belt arrangement or can be a pallet type of arrangement which is being driven by a motor. Autowalk available in the market today can only transport the people from one point to another, however, for the place where people has to move in a wide spread direction, rather than the point to point there is a need for some devices or some modifications in the existing setup to satisfy those needs. In this multidrop autowalk the people flow traffic is optimized by providing the sub-platform which moves simultaneously along with the main lane. This multidrop autowalk can be widely used in departmental stores, airports, shopping malls, theme park, exhibitions, etc.

Hybrid electric vehicle is an integration of conventional internal combustion engine and electric propulsion systems. Hybrid electric vehicles have tempted many people as their mode of transport which is going to be the next biggest global market in the upcoming years due to lack of fuel based energy and emission from the exhaust that ultimately leads global warming. Hybrid electric vehicles reduce the overall cost of fuel and have good economic impact on the global society. The development of hybrid electric vehicle is fast picking up its pace to be the next generation of the mode of transport. This paper explains the overview of hybrid electric vehicles, classification of hybrid electric vehicle, battery chargers, charging level infrastructure, Issues and opportunities.

Galilean invariant vortex identification methods and proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) are used to capture the coherent structures (CS) in the flow field generated by rigid wing in main flapping motion. Experiments are conducted for a square rigid wing at a flapping frequency f = 1.5 Hz. Tests are performed in water as a fluid medium in hover mode. The main flapping mechanism executes asymmetric lower-upper stroke of 1:3 ratio single degree of freedom motion. Two dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique is used to generate the phase locked velocity field at each discrete flapping angle by illuminating the mid chord plane of the wing. Three different Galilean invariant methods namely λ₂ criterion, Q criterion and Δ criterion are used for vortex identification. These methods were found to be consistent in detecting swirling vortices or coherent structures (CS). Proper orthogonal decomposition is used to exhibit the most energetic modes of the flow field. The captured modes were identified to be in-connect with vortex identification methods. The combination of these tools were found to be more effective in comparison with velocity field data for achieving a deeper understanding of the complex flow produced by the flapping wing.

The present paper numerically investigates the three-dimensional fluid flow with emphasis on the cylinder and wall gap effect. The non-dimensional gap ratio (G/D), between the cylinder end and the wall, ranges from 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 for the Reynolds number 3.7x10⁴. Numerical analysis was done with help of finite volume method, which brings the detailed information of flow at different gap heights. The reduction in the vortex shedding and increase in amplitude of frequency of the lift coefficient is observed with the reduction in the gap ratio. Thus, the drag and lift coefficients exhibit the influence of gap ratio on fluid structure in wake.

Bone implant materials are selected considering their mechanical properties, their adaptability to the human body and their ability to inhibit inflammation or the manifestation of harmful effects beyond standard tolerance limits in the human body. This study aims at investigating and comparing the mechanical and tribological properties of the commercial Stainless Steel 316L implant, which has a multilayered coating of Titanium Aluminium Nitride and a distinct single layer coating of Titanium Nitride by Physical Vapour Deposition technique. Different experimental characterization techniques that involve electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction helped in appropriate characterization of materials. A pH resistance test was conducted to study the effects of corrosion on the material before and after coating. A cytotoxicity text ensured the biocompatibility factor of the material. The result of this study helps one to infer that the Stainless Steel 316L coated with Titanium Nitride yields relatively better results than Titanium Aluminium Nitride.

Gears are commonly used as mechanical components in power transmissions system. The spur gears are usually subjected to fluctuating loads during power transmitting applications. Gear failures have been identified due to these loads, e.g. Fatigue, impact, wear or plastic deformation. To reduce the failures so much of importance is given to choose suitable material and heat treatment process for reliable design of spur gear. The hardness of the EN353 steel can be improved by austempering heat treatment process. In this paper, the spur gear was investigated for EN353 steel properties with carburizing and austempering heat treatment. Also a gear test rig was designed to analyze the spur gear tooth root for different bending load condition until the tooth root failure in universal testing machine.

This paper mainly deals with the development of a defect classification system that uses Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to classify weld defects based on ultrasonic test data. The system enables real-time identification of weld defects which finds application in testing of critical welding applications and also reduces dependency on skilled workforce for the function. The study mainly consists of three parts- (i) Weld defect detection using Ultrasonic Testing (UT) (ii) Implementation of ANN (iii) Defect classification. An ultrasonic test performed on welded samples shows different results for welds with and without defects and further between defects as well. The ultrasonic test data is fed into the ANN algorithm to train it to identify the various weld defects. An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is an information processing paradigm that uses a large number of highly interconnected processing elements called neurons, working in unison to solve the specific problems. There are two types of neural network architectures that are used for classification - a back propagation network (BPN) and a probabilistic neural network (PNN). Back propagation network has been used for the purpose of this study. In order to test the performance of the back propagation neural network, four classes of defect namely porosity, lack of side wall fusion, lack of penetration and slag inclusion are considered.

Carbon fibers are fibers of 5 to 10 micrometres in diameter and made of carbon atoms. It is used in various fields like in aerospace, automobile etc because to its high tensile strength, high stiffness and less weight. But it becomes brittle in nature when mixed along with polymer resin, to overcome this carbon fiber is added with resin that gives the composite some ductility. Adding Epoxy and Vinyl ester resins reduces the brittle nature and high resistance towards loaded vibrations will be obtained. This is done by fabricating carbon fiber with epoxy and vinyl ester resins in different compositions by Hand Lapping technique. Different tests were conducted for checking its properties and to know the optimum composition of resins to enhance its properties.

The passive mode of enhancement in the heat transfer applications has been widely used since decades. The method is more popular due to the non-requirement of any prime mover for energy interaction. The fluid flow interaction in any heat exchanger defines the thermal performance of the device. The cross-flow heat transfer experiences the flow through the tube array and fins. The fin-and-tube heat exchangers are widely used in many fields such as air-conditioning, refrigeration, automobile, process industry, etc. The winglets are the projected area over the fins and the tube surface in order to impart flow turbulence as the fluid flow over the tube surface. Over last decades, numerous researchers have proposed the different methods for the heat transfer enhancement with the increased turbulence. This study presents the comprehensive review of most of the research on heat transfer augmentation with the use of vortex generators. The study also suggests the measures for understanding the design consideration of the cross-flow heat exchanger so as to fabricate the better model of the future cross-flow heat exchanger.

This research work focuses on ZE42 magnesium alloy processed by using four different friction stir welding (FSW) input parameters then modelled and optimized by grey relational analysis with entropy measurement are made. Input parameters are choose to evaluate a quality welding by axial force, tool rotational speed, welding speed and tool pin profile. Tensile strength (TS) and prediction of hardness strength (HS) responses are noted to optimize the welding characteristics. Welding experiments is planned and conducted by L9 orthogonal array design of experiment. Analysis of variance is used to decide the significant parameters over these parameters. Entropy measurement is added to optimize the quality welding characteristics on each parameter. Grey relational grade variance results predicts, tool pin profile is the most significant parameter whereas welding speed and axial force is less significant process parameters from grey relation grade. The grade results are validated by confirmation experiments.

This paper presents a consistent way to deal with optimize Wire EDM response parameters for the aluminum metal matrix composites utilizing Artificial Neural Network strategies. Wire cut discharge machining is a progressed machining strategy controlled by an outsized scope of assortment of interrelated complex parameters like discharge current, pulse on time, pulse off time and servo speed rate. Any slight variations in one will have an exertion on the machining execution measures like surface roughness and material removal rate. In the present work aluminum 7075 is utilized as matrix and activated carbon as reinforcement metal matrix composites. 27 trails of investigations considering response surface procedure are done and the perceptions are made. ANN has been produced based on back propagation for expectation of the numerous reactions. The ANN was consequently prepared with test information. Testing of the ANN is done utilizing exploratory information not utilized amid preparing. The outcomes demonstrate that the results of the ANN are in great concurrence with the trial information; this shows the created neural system can be utilized as an option path for figuring response parameters for given process parameters.

Flapping wing vehicles ranging from a large bird sized model to a tiny insect-sized model were made successfully. Still, there is a lot of scope for further research, since their natural counterparts outperform them in most of the flight aspects. The fact that the natural flyers change their flapping style for different flight phases is taken for investigation. Aerodynamic forces at a wing section are analyzed using the general blade-element approach. Using vector mechanics, contributions of the sectional lift and drag forces to the thrust, lift and side force of the vehicle are derived and non-dimensionalized. All the three were in terms of four non-dimensional parameters - the sectional lift to drag ratio, advance ratio, stroke plane orientation and instantaneous flapping angle. The variations of the three force components with the four non-dimensional parameters were plotted. Flapping style with minimized side force and maximized the thrust and lift production is considered as that of efficient flying. The results demand that the stroke plane orientation, speed and amplitude of flapping should be varied for different phases of flight for efficient flying.

Generally, Ni based superalloys are used as combustor material owing to its high temperature resisting properties. These materials are also having high strength and hence, they are difficult-to-machine. Producing components of these materials with complex shapes employing traditional machining techniques is practically near to impossible. This problem can be addressed by using WEDM technique. The current research aims to study the effect of wire related parameters and servo feed on material removal rate (MRR) and wire wear rate (WWR) during WEDM of waspalloy. Experimentation has been conducted as per one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) approach and optimum solution is obtained by graphical analysis. It is observed that wire feed rate of 4 m/min, wire tension of 11 machine unit, and servo feed of 2050 mm/min provide highest value of material removal rate.

In pocket milling, a need for optimization of output quality characteristics is necessary for difficult to machine materials such as Ti-6Al-4V due to its applications in dies, molds, aerospace and mechanical industries. This paper shows the incorporation of tool path orientation as a process parameter along with spindle speed, feed rate and depth of cut to improve the output quality characteristics. Optimization was accomplished by varying the one direction tool path orientation together with machining parameters using Taguchi based Grey Relational analysis. The output quality characteristics determined are radial tool deflection, surface roughness and material removal rate (MRR). The optimum combination of process parameters obtained from the grey relational analysis was then validated by performing confirmation tests.

In this paper it is proposed to discuss the effects of heat and mass transfer effects on oscillatory flow of an incompressible electrically conducting viscous fluid under the influence of couple stress force in an asymmetric channel filled with porous medium. The fluid is assumed to be electrically conducting in the presence of externally applied uniform magnetic field. The governing equations of flow consisting of momentum, energy equation and concentration have been formulated under Boussinesq approximation and non-dimensionalized with suitable boundary conditions. The closed form solutions for velocity temperature and concentration are obtained. The effect of various parameters on the fluid velocity temperature and concentration are analysed using graphs and tables.

Incompressible unsteady laminar flow of a micropolar fluid in a lid driven square cavity has been examined numerically with finite difference scheme. In this paper, we verify the code validation of Newtonian incompressible fluid (K = 0) with standard bench mark problem in the literature and then proceed the present computation. The vorticity-stream function formulation of Navier-Stokes equations and angular momentum equation is solved by the Euler's explicit method. The effect of various values of Reynolds number (Re) and vortex viscosity parameter (K) of the flow characteristics is studied and discussed through several graphs.

Every year thousands of vehicle occupants are killed or injured due to road accidents. Out of which 8% are due to large truck accidents. Truck under ride accidents represents major part of the truck related accidents. Rear Under ride Protective Device(RUPD) of the truck is the main structure for absorbing the energy of collisions during rear impact. It is essential to improve the energy absorption characteristics of RUPD due to poor road conditions and primitive passenger safety systems in India. The current project is aimed at improving the energy absorption capacity of RUPD, for that two different designs are made and analyzed for improved deformation and strain energy storing capacity. The analysis was carried out in ANSYS and results are evaluated between two models for improvement in the deformation and strain energy storing capacity.

In this present experimental study, the effect and advancement of machining parameters on cutting speed (CS) in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) operations were studied. The hybrid metal matrix composite (MMC) was manufactured by process named as stir casting utilizing particulates of Silicon carbide and graphite each in Al6061 combination. The analyses were outlined with response surface methodology. WEDM parameters resemble Pulse on time, current, Pulse off time and control speed are considered. The optimized parameters are Pulse on time (Level 3), Pulse off time (Level 1), peak current (Level 2) and control speed (Level 2) are the best combination to achieve best material removal rate. Pulse off time, control speed, Pulse on time and discharge current have considerable effect and most influenced control parameters on CS.

The target of the current research study is to contemplate the impacts of diversecontrol parameters in WEDM, for example, wire tension, wire speed, discharge duration on and Pulse off time over kerf width (KW) and to get the ideal arrangements of process parameters. The trial work comprises of machining of Magnesium AZ91 alloy material utilizing Wire EDM (WEDM).The wire (tool) material was brass wire by means of zinc coated. The observations of the cutting process are based on L27 Taguchi's array for optimizing the control variables for these composite. The criticalness of each cutting parameters are associated to the most impacting factors which influences the procedure reactions. The ideal cutting variables are selected from the outcomes. Minitab V.18 software are developed for establishing good relationship between machining variables, such as wire feed, pulse duration time, wire tension & pulse off duration with the cutting control process criteria kerf width.

Silver Nanocomposite was developed by the simple precipitation method. The X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy and dielectric studies were employed the properties of crystalline, morphological and optical properties of the synthesized samples were studied. The aid of X-ray diffraction was calculated the average grain size of silver nanocomposites. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analysis were determined the surface morphology and particle size. UV absorption spectrum was studied the optical properties of silver nanocomposites and at different frequencies and the silver nanocomposites were observed.

The thermal conductivity of paraffin wax which is a phase change materials is enhanced by adding filler particle Graphite powder to the paraffin matrix.Praffin wax is melted in a heating mantle to its melting point of 60°c.Graphite particles are slowly added while the mixture is continuously stirred. The mixture is taken into the mould and cooled to get the composite. The time taken for melting the paraffin wax and solidifying it is noted down for each and every composition. Nielsen equation is used to calculate the thermal conductivity value analytically. SEM analysis is done to check the interaction between the matrix and the filler particles. The necessary graphs were plotted between the solidification time vs volume fraction, melting time vs volume fraction, thermal conductivity vs volume fraction. In the end we observed that the thermal conductivity value of the paraffin wax is significantly increased. The highest thermal conductivity is obtained for the paraffin wax with 60% composition and the value is found to be 7.1w/mk.

The internal combustion engines used in cars have maximum 25%-30% efficiency and rest of the heat energy burned in combustion chamber goes into the exhaust and then to the atmosphere. This led to the increase in harmful gases emission and increase in global warming and environmental problems. This has led to put efforts on improving the efficiency of any industrial process being a priority. In order to use the waste heat of car's exhaust thermoelectric generators are first priority. It is a solid state device which converts the heat energy available in car's exhaust into electrical energy which is then used to increase the performance of a car. The efficiency of a TEG is 4-5% which is quite low but it is not a big issue because this technology uses free heat; heat energy of no cost as an input and due to the benefits of TEG's it has become a promising alternative green technology. The installation position and thermoelectric materials plays a vital role in improving the efficiency.

Human lungs consist of various lobes and segments; the right consisting of 3 lobes and 10 bronchopulmonary segments and the left consisting of 2 lobes and 10 bronchopulmonary segments. A CT data of cancerous lung is taken and is segmented along with the vascular tree and tumor. The algorithms used for the study include Hessian matrix and Otsu's multiple thresholding. The resultants will be fused and visualized in 3D fashion using Visualization Tool Kit (VTK), which is considered to be the future work. Later this part of the module will be further added to the application development process which finally will be provided to the cardiothoracic surgeons. This will enable them to the pre-planning of cardiothoracic surgery.

This rapid consumption and depletion fossil fuels has catalyzed the need for shifting into renewable energy like wind energy, solar energy and tidal energy. One of the most widely used methods is harvesting energy from the sun for use in semiconducting material. For this purpose, photovoltaic (PV) cell also called as solar cells are used. The various trends in the dye sensitized solar cells were discussed with the changes made in photoanode, counter electrode and the redox electrolyte. Especially, graphene materials in the dye-sensitised solar cells is focussed in this review article.

The overall goal of this project is to demonstrate the potential for commercialization of hydrogen as a fuel enhancer. The major component of this project is conversion of gasoline powered motorcycle to use hydrogen as an additive and increase the fuel combustion. The eventual goal is to supply the vehicle with domestically produced renewable hydrogen. Renewable hydrogen can be obtained from process such as electrolysis process using low cost electricity, hydrogen as a by-product [1]. The produced hydrogen is supplied to the air intake valve. Here it combines with the air fuel mixture and enters the combustion chamber of the engine. The hydrogen assists in complete combustion of the fuel thereby reducing the fuel consumption. The reduced fuel consumption increases the fuel efficiency of the engine. The gases released through the exhaust comprises more of oxygen compared to carbon dioxide. This method also allows as to decrease environmental pollution and to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels.

The present work aims to determine the effect of Nanoparticles in Water - Ethylene glycol mixture on contradictory results in literature, which includes thermo-physical property focusing on viscosity. The experimental analysis was carried out using Rheometer on Water - Ethylene glycol based Nano fluid containing 0.015 % and 0.15 % by weight concentration of cylindrical MWCNT, spherical CuO and TiO2 at 10 °C, 20 °C, 30 °C and 40 °C. The Rheometer procured result of viscosity shows that the Newtonian to shear thinning transition takes place at high shear stress range in comparison to the base fluid. At 10 °C, highest increment in the viscosity was noted by MWCNT (0.015 % by mass) over (0.15 % by mass) for CuO, 139.3 % increment and TiO2 recorded 64.73 % for (0.015 % by mass) over (0.15 % by mass). Moreover, the modified Maron and Pierce model predicted the viscosity of Nano-Fluid which in turn resulted in showing that viscosity ration of Nano-Fluid increased with increase in temperature due to the addition of high surface activity Nano particles into water-ethylene glycol mixture. The aspect ratio, Brownian motion, shear thinning and surface activity of Nano particles played a major role in the viscosity analysis.

This work deals with comparative study of longitudinal and annular fin using PCM in a thermal energy storage unit experimentally and numerically. The TSU under analysis Consists of paraffin wax as PCM with melting Temperature of 55°C to 60°C. Liquid heat transfer fluid passes between the tubes to charge and discharge the storage unit. Thermal storage tank is connected to the experimental setup which consists of hot and cold-water tanks and experiment is carried our initially charging and discharging by Longitudinal fin process by passing heat transfer fluid similarly the charging and discharging by Annular Fin process by passing heat transfer. The experimental results show that usage of Longitudinal fin and Annular fin for charging and discharging has different heat transfer rate. Even efficiency is increased around 6% for the longitudinal finned heat exchanger than the Annular finned heat exchanger.

The various types of structural sandwich composites panels available are based either in the method of preparation or on the basis of the core material used in between the skin material. The core material is used to increase the stiffness and strength of the entire panel and can be used according to the application or the area of use. For example the various core materials available for preparing a sandwich composite are Aluminum Honeycomb, Balsa wood, High Density Polyurethane Foam, Rohacell Foam or Nomex Core. In this work carbon fiber is a reinforcement phase with various core materials such as Aluminum Honeycomb, Rohacell and HDPU Foam and epoxy resin is used as a matrix to produce various sandwich-structured composites by Vacuum bag manufacturing process. Various tests Three point bending test, tensile and compressive tests carried out in order to validate the design. After the tests are conducted the obtained results and values are compared and graphs were plotted to compare the various Bending, Tensile and Compressive Load bearing capacity of the various sandwich panels prepared with varying core materials. Foam based sandwich panels tend to have better tensile and compressive load bearing capacity as compared to Aluminium Honeycomb due to their structure and Aluminium has better flexural properties because of its core line up which can undertake bending easily.

This work explores abrasive waterjet machining (AWJM) process to improve the machining capabilities of conventional water jet machine by adding abrasive particles to the water jet. The addition of abrasive particles can turn the water jet into a modern machining tool for all materials. The experimental data of cutting parameters for hard-to-machine metal Inconel 625 is obtained. Inconel 625 is machined using an abrasive water jet and the effect of water pressure, abrasive flow rate, stand-off distance, surface quality has been studied and the response parameters are investigated. Experiments were conducted, based on Taguchi's L18 orthogonal array and the process parameters were optimized using Grey relational analysis. Further, the morphological study is made using scanning electron microscope (SEM) on the samples that were machined at optimized parameters. It is observed from the experiment that Stand-off distance is the most influencing parameter among the input parameters.

Human Computer Interaction has evolved with time and exploited almost all the possible relationships that human can have with computers. The present scenario of using the computer is often inaccessible to people with severe motor impairment, which cannot inhabit the traditional keyboard and mouse, and require another specialized input device. A Camera mouse Human-Computer Interface (HCI) based virtual assistant is designed and planned to be evaluated with 15 subjects and hoped to work for individuals with advanced Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), all of whom were given tasks to execute through the virtual assistant. In the proposed system, this includes primarily, a virtual keyboard with an embedded Internet browser. The virtual keyboard allows users with movement impairments, basically hand movement issues, to directly interact with the computer. The keyboard has varied functions, apart from just typing; namely, searching anything on google, login to social media and checking emails, text to speech facilities and has a database that holds all the basic helper commands for the person. The camera mouse is software that allows people to interact with the computer by registering any part of their body and then using that part as the pointing device to work on the computer system. The participants of the evaluation will be both, subjects that have knowledge about the HCI interface and those completely new to it. We define additional criteria for unrestricted internet access for evaluation of the presented and future internet browsers, Camera based browser provides unrestricted access and enables free web surfing for individuals with motor impairments. This system improves the subject's quality of life and provides uninterrupted access for the subject to use the computer.

Machining process in polymer composites is evolving and challenging to the material designers due to the delamination of fibre/matrix and its surface exposure to the environment. The present work gives attention to the drilling parameters associated with micro sugarcane fibre reinforced with polymer composites. Natural fibre reinforced with polymer composite makes less in cost, density and energy required for manufacture. Because of these numerous advantages, sugarcane fibres are selected as reinforcement. The composite material was processed by different volume fractions with short sugarcane fibre reinforced such as 1%, 3% and 5% along with unsaturated polyester & coupling agents, the whole process was carried out through manual hand layup. Drilling process was performed using HSS tool with different speed and feed, each material was optimized with the L9 orthogonal array. The thrust force for each drill for all materials was computed and correlated with neat polyester matrix composite. It is found that increase in fibre volume provides optimum cutting force of about 33.54 N and excellent surface finish.

According to the statistics of FSAE, teams prefer using spaceframe chassis because it is cheaper and easy to fabricate. The only disadvantage of the spaceframe chassis over a monocoque is the greater weight of spaceframe chassis. A spaceframe chassis also makes it easy to define the suspension hard points as the chassis members can be welded together according to whatever points are needed hence making its design easy. This work will be focusing on the spaceframe chassis. Analysis of different designs for the FSAE chassis based on all the design aspects including all rules and safety aspects of the car will be carried out. The analysis will be based on various conditions that the chassis may face during its use. These conditions include the roll, pitch and yaw conditions. The chassis would be analysed for frontal and side impact situations. Also, it would be made sure that all the chassis designs meet up with the optimum value of torsional stiffness. Our work aims at providing the optimum range for the torsional stiffness which can act as a guideline for other Formula student teams in the world. Also, this paper will define the parameters that need to be considered while designing, analysing, fabricating and testing the FSAE chassis.

Four-wheel steering is used to improve maneuverability in light motor vehicles. In standard two-wheel steering vehicles the rear wheels do not play role in association with the steering and follow the path of the front wheels. In four wheels steering the wheels can be rotated either left or right as per the requirements. Rear wheels can be rotated in same phase as the front or in opposite phase. In four-wheel system is designed to function in 3 modes namely, in-phase rotation, counter-phase rotation and zero rotation. The selection and change between modes can be done by simple push of the lever. The front rack is connected to a custom-made selector box at the rear via a linkage, the selector designed to achieve the 3 modes. It helps achieve a reduction in turning radius about 20% to 30%. This system allows the vehicle to have reduced understeer and oversteer of vehicles. The vehicle has a turning motion with reduced radius in counter-phase and sliding motion in in-phase.

The ecosphere is attaining restructure and technologically advanced day by day. As an outcome of increasing automobiles and machines the energy sources used in these machines are limited progressively. It makes to search for a standby fuel for diesel engine is biodiesel. The main objectives are, to match performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel derived from simarouba oil in a diesel engine with base line results of diesel fuel. The performance factors evaluated are: Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), BSFC (brake specific fuel consumption). The emission parameters such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), un-burnt hydrocarbon (HC) with the different proportion of mixtures were also measured and related with base line results. The BTE of simarouba oil and its mixtures with diesel are lower than diesel and brake specific energy consumption was found to be greater. However, HC, CO and CO₂ are found to be lower with simarouba biodiesel oil. The results suggested that, biodiesel from simarouba oil could be a good standby to diesel fuel in diesel engine and could be used without any modifications in the future as far as decentralized energy production is concerned.

Friction stir welding is a new technique for the complicated task for welding the aluminum alloys. The experimental work presents a complete study on friction stir welding of armour grade aluminium alloy. The input process parameters producing effects were completely analysed. The basic principles of FSW are illustrated; including thermal history and material flow before discussing how the process parameters affect the weld microstructure and related distribution of hardness are examined for AA5083-H32.

The Aluminium alloys such as H5083 called armour grade. Aluminium alloy 5083 exhibits the tremendous performance in the extreme environments. The material mostly applied in construction of ship building, vehicle bodies, mine skip and cages and pressure vessels. The effect of input parameters such as tool profile, rotational speed, and translational speed was investigated. The thermal histories, micro hardness and tensile strength were analysed. Dynamic polarization test was performed for measuring the pitting corrosion resistance. The parameters ranges from 700 to 1400rpm and feed rates from 20 to40 mm/min.The optimized input values which produced good tensile and harness values.

"Multi Operational Mechanical Machine "This work was mainly carried for manufacturing and fabrication industries. The machine which is used to produce the product with high accuracy and quality and produce the goods in an economical manner. It makes the inventory cost less. The multipurpose machine has performed different operations simultaneously with high possibility. The scotch yoke mechanism which is attached with the main drive shaft directly attached then it is used for different operation. Number of operations has been performed by a single drive system. The main focus of the work is to reduce power usage and increase the productivity reduced floor space. Portability is an important quality in any machine in today's world; every field of science and engineering has got portability as one of its most important advancements. Therefore, the machine we have designed satisfies this principle with respect to the manufacturing industry.

Copper and Brass are widely used in Auto electrical industries due to their good electrical conductive properties. This is possible as free electrons in metals can move through, allowing metals to conduct electricity. Resistance spot welding process (RSW) is the highly preferred welding process especially for electrical connector terminals because of its reliability over Copper and brass joints and attained importance in automotive sectors. Present work is focused on the behavior of various filler materials used in between Copper and Brass in resistance spot welding process by which the strength of weld joints is being analyzed.

In manufacturing and assembly units, drilling is one of the most important process to make the final form of the product by means of fasteners. The thrust force and drilling torque induced during drilling process affect the quality of holes drilled in the form of roughness, circularity error etc. This paper focuses on the investigation of parameters in drilling that have influence over the torque needed to cut the Metal Matrix Composites (MMC), by variation of the diameter of the twist drill bit, keeping the tip angle and other features in geometry as a constant. Roughness after machining is a key factor when it comes to high precision applications such as manufacturing of gauges in metrological operations. The input parameters include combinations of three different speeds and three different feeds and the output we concentrate on this paper is the torque as indicated by the title itself. The prediction models of the data sets are obtained using Response Surface Methodology and Fuzzy Logic, and the results obtained are compared to the experimental values themselves to see how much the models are accurate in predicting the results.

The present work reports a comparative study on the mechanical properties, and the formability of dual-phase DP 600 steel against the conventional SPFH 590 steel which are widely used in automobile industry for its high specific strength properties. In the present study, grain refinement is proposed as an alternative solution to improve the mechanical properties of low alloyed DP steels. To achieve this, severe plastic deformation was applied to pre-processed DP steel by means of conventional cold rolling, followed by an appropriate final heat treatment with the aim to produce a homogeneous fine grained dual phase ferritic-martenistic micro structure. The method used in this work is to increase the tensile strength of dual phase steels by increasing the martensite fraction, by applying appropriate annealing techniques. The heat treated DP 600 steel has good formability compared to conventional steel. DP 600 grade steels under-goes bake hardening which increases yield strength by 55 MPa upon heating and ageing the same 175 °C for 25 minutes. There is an improvement in the "In Field Performance". Reduced sheet thickness results in reduction in the weight of body and also the cost of the product. The work finds its application in many areas which demand on better formability such as automobile wheel rim, automobile body covers, etc.

A "Submarine" is a warship with a streamlined hull designed to operate completely submerged in the sea conducting missions undetected in hostile waters. Since early 19th century to recent times. Submarines always have been a trump card in most wars. As the world progress in development of defence systems like UAV and UCAV, which are aircrafts without human pilot aboard, capable of conducting surveillance and combat operations and the UUV can conduct surveillance underwater for mapping, geological study's etc tasks. What if UAV and Submarine technology can be combined in a single vehicle? Well then, this study serves all the above criteria. "S-39" is an aircraft carried submarine which a Sindhughosh-class submarines capable of carrying aircrafts or UAVs into enemy lines, launch them from the submarine itself and recover them when the mission is done and leave the area. At a time, it can carry 3 IAI HERON or MQ PREDATOR or it can carry other UAVs the number of them varies according to their size. Also, it carries armaments, equipment and fuel for 3-4 rounds of each UAV i.e. each UAV can conduct 3 missions in 1 duration of the submarine's operations time of 2-4 months. The main objective of this study is to carry combat UAVs behind enemy lines undetected, then to launch stealth surveillance mission or surprise strikes on enemy also the range of the UAVs will be increased as the communication with the UAVs will be via the submarine or a communication relay torpedo (if necessary) hence the UAV control centre will be harder to detect by enemy.

Modern manufacturing firms aim to attain quality, dimensional precision, increased production rate, minimal tool wear, economy and mainly surface roughness. Milling is becoming an essential material removal technique can be used for optimizing surface roughness of the composites for micro level and economic performance. Alumina reinforced Aluminium Metal Matrix Composites (AAMMC) developed by the stir casting method gives good mechanical properties and which is also used in many automotive, aerospace and industrial applications. This work focuses on the effect of end milling machining process parameters such ascutting speed, feed rate, depth of cut on machining of stir casted AAMMC. Alumina content of 10wt% is reinforced with Aluminium matrix is used for this research work, it was found that AAMMCs provide higher strength to weight ratio, wear resistance and hardness properties. Optimal levels and important end milling machining parameters were obtained using ANOVA and response surface methodology. The optimal values of surface roughness and the machining time were obtained at Cutting Speed of 1750 rev/min with a feed rate of 0.3 mm/rev and depth of cut 0.2mm. The predicted and measured values were interrelated with each other. This results determined that the model obtained using response surface methodology is utilized to analyse the Surface Roughness S.R and the Machining Time M.T of milling machining of AAMMC.

Detection of chromosomal anomaly is done to prevent diseases at early stage. Karyotyping is the oldest manual method of detecting chromosomal abnormalities by dividing the chromosomes in laboratories. Reviews on karyotyping and previous other classification reviews on classification state that classifications were not extremely accurate. Some of them needed operator's interaction in the identification and separation of overlapping or touching chromosomes. They also didnot work properly for acrocentric, slanted, curved, banded chromosomes. Some works only for particular chromosomal anomaly. In our paper we are proposing chromosomal anomaly detection through various classification techniques to reach out the best accuracy.

Bio fuel's versatility to utilize in compression ignition engine by reducing the viscosity of the fuel. This paper deals performance and emission characteristics of four stroke single cylinder diesel engine coupled with eddy current dynamometer. The fuel was prepared in the combinations of B10 CH(10% camphor oil +90% diesel), B20 CH (20% camphor oil +80% diesel), B10 E(10% eucalyptus oil +90% diesel), B20 E (20% eucalyptus oil +80% diesel), B10 LG (10% lemon grass oil + 90% diesel), B20 LG(20% lemon grass oil + 80% diesel), B10 CSO(10% cotton seed oil +90% diesel), B20 CSO( 20% cotton seed oil + 80% diesel). The experiment was conducted by the varying the load (20%, 40%, 60% and 80%) at constant speed 1500rpm. The result shows that BTE is higher in B20E fuel 7.7% and lower in B10LG fuel 2%. BSFC higher in B20CH and lower in B20E. CO emissions are higher in B10CSO, HC emission are higher in B20CSO, B20LG higher in NOx emissions and lower in B10CH fuel CO₂ emission is higher in B20CSO and lower in CO₂ emissions. These are results obtained from the performance of engines. B20E produces better performance for the IC engines.

Solar parabolic dish systems find applications in steam generation for cooking, laundry process industries etc. Receiver is an important component of a solar parabolic dish collector system. Since the concentration ratios are very high for these kind of systems, high temperatures are present in the receiver, which increases the possibility of large amount of thermal losses. Heat losses from receiver can greatly reduce the efficiency of the collector system. Efficient design is required to minimise losses and improve conversion efficiency. This paper aims to present an experimental investigation of heat losses from circular receiver, external type of a 16m² solar parabolic dish concentrator system. Receiver geometry is of a short cylinder type. Convection and radiation losses from the receiver are studied experimentally. Results show that the receiver surface with high temperature of 150 °C is exposed to ambient leading to average thermal loss of 260 Watts. Results of this experimental investigation emphasize the need for efficient receiver design to reduce heat losses.

The current experimental work is used to investigate the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) system for the low-temperature using phase change material (PCM) and nano-enhanced phase change material (NEPCM) during charging and discharging process. The water is used as the heat extraction liquid media during the charging and discharging process. The temperature curves of the PCM and NEPCM in the LHTES tank with various flow rates of the water are studied. The evaluation of the behavior of the LHTES system has been investigated using the charging and discharging rate, and total heat energy stored during the charging and discharging process of PCM and NEPCM and charging rate of water during discharging process. It was found that the temperature of the water rises nearly 54 °C during the discharging process of LHTES tank. The maximum charging and discharging rate of PCM and NEPCM based LHTES tank are available at the flow rate of 6 lpm. The charging and discharging rate in the LHTES tank using NEPCM is 33.33% and 23.51% more than discharging rate in the LHTES tank using PCM at the flow rate of 6 lpm due to adding copper oxide nanoparticles with PCM for enhancing the thermal conductivity of NEPCM.

The use of fiber reinforced composites are widely used in many application such as automobile, aircraft manufacturing because they are cost effective and offers high strength, availability and weight ratio compared to other composites with similar applications. In this work, polyester was selected as a matrix material to prepare a composite specimen reinforced with sisal, banana, kenaf, carbon fiber and rice husk with different compositions. Composite specimen is prepared and Taguchi's L₉ orthogonal array method is used to study the Tribological behavior. The test specimen of composite material had been prepared using compression molding method and the same was tested using experimentally to determine the mechanical properties. The equipment used for the experimental work is pin on disc. The weight was measured before and after the experiment is conducted. The effects of the Tribological operating parameters applied load, sliding velocity and sliding distance on the frictional and wear performance of fiber reinforced composites are demonstrated. It was observed that the wear response of the specimens is influenced by the applied load, sliding distance and the speed.

Global warming and climate change problems resulting from the greenhouse gas emissions, particularly CO₂, have paved the way for the need of research in minimizing the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the atmosphere. Though various CO₂ capture technologies have been proposed for post combustion processes, Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) by the absorbent is a simple and better method for CO₂ emission reduction. The neem oil blend was analyzed in a single cylinder, 4-stroke, computerized water-cooled, diesel engine of 3.5 kW rated power for performance and emission characteristics without and with CCS with different quantity. The quantity of wooden charcoal is varied (50g, 100g and 150g) and the analysis is done. Results show that the CCS with wooden charcoal of 100g reduces the CO₂ emission by 18.4% at full load condition. However, the brake thermal efficiency is decreased slightly by 2.4% for CCS due to the back pressure.

Emissions from the automobile contribute to major air pollution problems in cities as well as villages along with industrialised areas in developed and developing countries. Air pollution is one of the major factor that is the cause for global warming and the climate change problems. This paper focuses on mitigation using regular three way catalytic convertor to reduce the level of emissions of CO, NOx and HC along with a neem blend biodiesel. Since most of the transportation vehicles rely solely on Petrol and Diesel for their operation. This results in large amount of carbon monoxide (CO), unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matters. Hence, for the experimental analysis of the three way catalytic converter Neem-diesel blend will be used as alternatives of petrol and diesel. Nearly all (95%) of the world's transportation energy comes from petroleum-based fuels, largely gasoline and diesel. Thus an organized cultivation and methodical collection of Neem oil, is a potential bio-diesel substitute and will reduce the import burden of petroleum.

The experimental study is performed to investigate the solidification behaviour of water-based PCM in different capsule materials filled with 90% of its volume. The experiments are conducted with two stainless steel material and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) spherical capsules are maintained at different surrounding temperatures of -9°C and -12°C filled with 90% of PCM in its total fill volume. From the experimental results observed that the capsule material gives considerable effect on subcooling at lower temperature driving potential. Considering the experimental study which is concluded that solidification process time of encapsulated PCM of stainless steel material requires less time comparing to HDPE material.

Aluminium foam is most commonly used in automobiles, so a closed-cell foam is going to be prepared. This is prepared by the powder metallurgy process using aluminium in addition to Copper and Magnesium, along with Titanium Hydride as a blowing agent. The composition of the powder used vary with weight%, Aluminium of purity 99.7%, Copper of purity 99.8%, Mg of purity 98.3% along with this TiH₂ is used as a blowing agent. Copper is used in this method because it has higher melting temperature and higher strength, and also to add strength to aluminium while compacting. The composition of Al-Mg-Cu produces foam with properties of corrosion resistance, and also reduce the weight of the foam. Since Mg gives better result than the Cu, Mg is used as an alloying element because it can increase the oxidation rate, improve the structure of the pore developed in foam, can produce less coarse and more homogeneous foams, and also obtain the maximum expansion of the foam. Thus by varying the parameters like varying the composition of the powder, temperature, time and the pressure given during compaction we will be able obtain a better result for producing a good precursor.

This work presents distinct methodologies in using Genetic Algorithm (GA) for optimizing Three Dimensional (3D) packing of heterogeneous shaped bins with arbitrary sizes into a prismatic container, by considering the major real time packing constraints such as load bearing constraint, placement constraint, stability constraint, overlapping constraint, orientation constraint and weight constraint. The primary aim of this research is focused in optimizing the packing of heterogeneous prismatic bins of arbitrary sizes into standard rectangular commercial containers by obeying the above mentioned packaging constraints. Different genetic approaches adopted to achieve these goals are Binary coded GA, Decimal coded GA with and without penalty fitness function, Constrained GA with maximization and minimization fitness function, Heuristic GA and Hybrid GA. GA has been used to minimize the unused void space in the interior of the container by loading as much heterogeneous bins, by satisfying the packing constraints. Tweaking Algorithm (TA) is an application dependent heuristic algorithm applied in this research and has been used to enhance the genetic output by filling the remaining unused empty space inside the container. TA has also been enhanced in converting the obtained output into packer readable box packing sequence in tabular and diagrammatical format. In general, combination of GA and TA are considerably at par compared with the heuristic techniques for box packing.

SI and CI engines are entities in which conditions of internal combustion was triumphantly implemented. In a gasoline engine both efficiency and emissions are less; on the other hand in a diesel engine both are relatively high. It is hard to achieve a win-win situation where fuel consumption and adverse impact on the environment were diminished. Over the past few decades researchers have assigned themselves to strike a balance in this regard, creating Homogeneous charge compression ignition engine technology, which perfectly amalgamates the principles of Spark Ignition and Compression Ignition engines, making it the holy grail of engines. Homogeneous charge compression ignition engines do not employ spark plug or fuel injector to initiate combustion, the lean homogeneous mixture auto-ignites in multitudinous spots once it is compressed to attain its chemical activation energy. Unlike its contemporaries the combustion is flameless, propelled the fuel efficiency along with an enormous decrease in emissions. This proposed work digs deep into conceptual description of the fundamentals of HCCI engine and various approaches to attain HCCI, along with the challenges encountered related to the same being elaborated. Depending on inferences arrived from the challenges different controlling strategies are proposed in this paper.

The growth of the automation industry has been staggering and its continued growth has imbibed life to an aging industry. The application of robots has reduced the workload of humans and frees up the workforce off of monotonous, non-creative jobs and can be efficiently utilized for more fulfilling jobs. The aim of this research is to design and analyze a mobile robot for a storage and retrieval system. The robot has the objective of translating long racks in storage houses to different locations, instead of transporting the individual components in the racks. The main task of lifting the racks will be accomplished using a lead screw mechanism and a differential drive is used as the main drive. The challenges faced were mainly, distributing the load concentration equally along the chassis to ensure maximum stability and limiting the weight ratio of the robot to the racks to an optimal number. Design and analysis of the robot were carried out using CATIA and ANSYS, respectively.

Swirl vanes are used for imparting swirling motion to the flow. These swirl vanes with its vanes induce the air circulation in order to create a turbulence at the primary zone of the combustion chamber. A doublet swirl vanes influence air flow in both axial and radial direction. The CFD analysis has been performed in a doublet swirl vanes under a subsonic speed. The objective of this paper is to increase the vortices around the swirl vanes by changing the area, angle of swirl vanes and increasing the swirl number. Further, the primary zone length and dimension has been observed to find the extend of vortex core and turbulence intensity growth. Several parametric studies have been made to find the best simulation results among various turbulence models like k-ε and SST Reynolds stress model. Major parametric comparisons like pressure, velocity, and TKE changes have been studied. Finally, through the analysis results, it has been evident that by changing the swirl vane angle and swirl number the recirculation zone's length and vortices has been increased and improves the mixing characteristic

The fully automatic hybrid air-conditioning system has verified as an technology which fully utilizes energy and works very efficiently for air-conditioning of the buildings. A rightly picked hybrid cooling arrangements provide huge cut in waste of energy and improves co-efficient of performance based on different climates. By providing sensors, which measures the temperature and relative humidity present in the atmosphere, we interface this sensors to the microcontroller and by programming these sensors, the system we got, is working automatically according to the change in temperature and relative humidity, which provides the best human comfort conditions. Usually people use Evaporative cooling system and Simple Air-conditioner (Vapour compression refrigeration system). All these systems have their merits and demerits. Basic study of all these Direct Evaporative Cooling–Indirect Evaporative Cooling–Vapour Compression Refrigeration is discussed in this paper. Our system will take their advantages for flexible uses. This is very frequently used system in domestic as well as industrial conditions. It will be very useful and affordable for the common people as well as small and medium scale industries. Integrated cooling unit can be used in various environmental conditions as an eco-friendly and power efficient system.

In our present world Internal Combustion Engines plays a vital role for transportations, in that engine fuels plays an vital role for transportations, but it causes more emissions. To reduce the emissions and increase the performance of CI engines, many experimental researches are done in alternate fuels in diesel engines and they were found that alternate fuel gives the better performance. Nano particles and nano additives with biodiesels, provide better performance and reduction in emissions. This Literature review reveals about the engines performance and its emissions in CI engines with the effects of addition of nano additives in biodiesels. Nano additives like Al₂O₃, CeO₂, CuO, ZnO, Ag, CNT, MWCNT, and their effects are summarized in this review under different load conditions. The addition of Al₂O₃ gives better performance. It reduces 7.66% of BSFC at maximum load, increases BTE by 1.58% . 35% of NOx emissions will be reduced with the addition of CNT with biodiesels.