Table of contents

The Third International Conference on Mathematics, Science, Education and Engineering (ICOMSET 2018) was held in Padang, Indonesia on 4-5 October 2018 at Main Auditorium and the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Building of Universitas Negeri Padang. The 3rd ICOMSET 2018 is organized by the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang. The conference was sponsored jointly by the Association of Science Teacher Training Institution (AMLI) which consists of 12 teacher training institutions.

The primary objective of this conference is to provide an international platform for researchers, academicians as well as industrial professionals from all over the world to present their research results in Mathematics, Science, Education, Technology, and other related fields. The theme of current ICOMSET 2019 is "Current Advances in Research on mathematics, Sciences, Education, and Technology for Fulfilling Global Needs". This conference also provides opportunities for the delegates to exchange new ideas and application experiences, to establish research relations and to find partners for future collaboration.

I want to express my sincere appreciation to all the participants, financial sponsors, exhibitors, supporting organizations and all the committee members who have made ICOMSET 2018 successful. Grateful acknowledgments are also extended to the staff of Universitas Negeri Padang for their devoted assistance.

We are looking forward to meeting you at our next ICOMSET.

Cover page is available in this PDF.

List of Editors are available in this pdf.

List of Advisory Committees, Steering Committees, General Chair, Co-Chair, Secretary, Technical Program, Secretariat, Publication and IT, Treasurer, Finance and Sponsorship, Accommodation, Consumption and Transportation, Documentation, Logistic are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In many cases, the reseachers face the problem how to design the experiment which deal with the real situation. This is because the designs on literature do not suit the case. To solve the problem, optimal design can be an alternative. There are two approaches on optimal design: an analytical and a computational approach. An algorithm in the computational approach is needed to find an optimal design. The optimal design is a part of experimental design which seeks the design based on a certain criterion. The criterion which focuses on presicion of prediction variance is I-optimality criterion. Limited literatures address the I- optimality criterion for ordinal response. Most of literatures address to developing algorithms of other optimality criteria for General Linear Model. As the response is ordinal, hence the ordinal response belongs to non-linear model.

We describe mathematical model to study bird flu transmission in bird system and human system. The behaviour of this model was analyzed through stability of constant solutions. Our result shows that these stabilities depend on values of some parameters. Furthermore, the model of bird system is reformulated by adding diffusive term. Traveling wave solutions of the diffusive model were investigated. The positive solutions are numerically illustrated with homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions. The result shows that transmission progress can be expressed in form of a traveling wave solutions.

In this paper we develop joint replenishment strategies, namely direct and indirect grouping to find the optimal solution for a multi-item probabilistic inventory problem. Basically, direct grouping is a strategy to group items according to a predetermined ratio of holding cost and minor ordering cost. On the other hand, in indirect grouping strategy, items are ordered every predetermined basic cycle time with a possibility that not all items are ordered. We assume that demands are normally distributed and all shortages are backordered. In developing our model, we also develop an algorithm for direct and indirect grouping. In the numerical experiments, we consider six items with their own parameters, ordered from one supplier, and compare the total inventory cost between direct and indirect grouping strategies. We found that in our examples that indirect grouping strategies gives lower total inventory cost than direct grouping strategy.

The characterization of Riemann Zeta distribution is presented based on its characteristic function properties, where the characteristic function of Riemann Zeta distribution is obtained by using Fourier-Stieltjes transform to be a normalized Zeta function. The characteristic function property is exposed to be in the quadratic form as definite non-negative function property. The combination of this property and its continuity provided infinite divisibility of Riemann Zeta distribution where this characteristic function is also obtained as the characteristic function from compound Poisson distribution.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the entrepreneurial motivations in tourism based on local resources and creative economy in Nagari Salayo of West Sumatra in developing this area into a cultural and creative based tourist destination. The sixty beginner entrepreneurs are involved in this research in community services, where their entrepreneurial motivations are measured by an entrepreneurial motivation scale of the questionnaire and analyzed by using path analysis in determining the relationship between personality characteristic motivation cores. The statistical path model showed significantly affecting of working motive and social motive to capability of entrepreneurial as a direct effect, in contrast only working motive influenced of intention of entrepreneurs, and the capability of entrepreneurial as mediation variable for indirect effects of entrepreneurial motive to intention entrepreunerial. This analysis suggests the model that entrepreneurial motivations have effect to capacity and intention of beginner entrepreneurs to develop business on tourism based on local resources and the creative economy.

This study aims to describe the empirical Bayes estimator for small area estimation which use Poisson Gamma as prior distribution. The method then apply to generated data and model it with and without indicator variable. Parameter model estimated uses direct method and indirect method (known as empirical Bayes approach; with and without indicator variable). The choice of better estimator is based on MSE with Jackknife method. The criteria of acceptable proposed model are based on Deviance, Scaled Deviance, Pearson ChiSquare and Scaled Pearson Chi-square. This study proves that empirical Bayes in SAE with indicator variable result better estimated values than two other methods. All criteria of acceptable model indicate that proposed model could be accepted. Based on plot between the estimated residual versus predicted values of response variable informed that proposed model is plausible enough.

This study aimed to determine whether the spatial sense ability of 8^th grade students who got learning with Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract (CPA) learning strategy were better than those who got conventional learning. The population in this study was all the 8^th grade students at SMP Negeri 4 Negara in second semester of the academic year 2017/2018 so that there were 240 students. The sample of this research was determined by cluster random sampling technique so that there were 29 students as experimental group members and 28 students as control group members. This research was categorized as quasi-experimental research with pretest – posttest control group design. Based on data analysis which has done were obtained t_count = 3,5365 and t_table = 1.6730. Therefore it can be concluded that the spatial sense ability of 8^th grade students who got the learning with Concrete-Pictorial-Abstract strategy (CPA) were better than those who got conventional learning.

This study aims to determine the extraction of GLCM texture features, shape morphology and moment invariant features on the leaf image of medicinal plants and determine the accuracy of plant recognition based on these three features by using Artificial Neural Network Classifiers. The procedure performed to classify medicinal plants based on their leaf image is image acquisition, image pre-processing, feature extraction, image classification and calculating the accuracy of test results. The introduction had tested for ten Indonesian medicinal plant samples, namely: Bangun-Bangun, Binahong, Jarak, Kemuning, Mangkokan, Mengkudu, Pegagan, Sambiloto, Sambung Nyawa, and Sirih. Based on the test results, obtained 97% accuracy with GLCM features, 69% with Shape Morphological features, 86% with GLCM and Shape Morphological features and 79% with moment invariant features.

In this paper we consider a PT-symmetry multi dimer system, which consists of a collection of PT-symmetry dimers, under the influence of a linear potential. The stability of the system is analyzed using a perturbation method because the solution to review is the case of weak binding constraints. Keywords: pt-symmetry, perturbation method, stability

Portfolio picking is an important aspect in investmtent management. Before deciding what stock to pick, an investor will consider many aspect of the stock, the fundamental and the trend of the market. Knowing what to expect is an important science and art in investment. Expected value of perfect information – EVPI is the difference between two payoff that predicted to be the best of some certain condition. For portfolio management, we could employ Capital Asset Pricing Model to provide clearer view of each securities and using treynor ratio to optimize the investment result. Description in this paper about performance analysis of stocks in LQ-45 index in Indonesian Stock Index in 1-st quartil period of 2015, based on return and risk to reach the group of stocks which optimum using the model of Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Our finding suggests that using CAPM and Treynor Ratio analysis could optimize the portfolio outcome, while changing business and economic environment create limitation on the portfolio.

This paper addresses a variant of the capacitated arc routing problems known as the mixed capacitated arc routing problem (MCARP) with multi capacity constraints. The MCARP represents closely real life situations since it takes into account directed and undirected links to serve customers in the associated network. A constructive heuristic based on insertion techniques is proposed to tackle the problem. Computational experiments were conducted using some randomly generated instances and the experiments show competitive results. Some avenues for future research are also highlighted.

Bidikmisi's Scholarships is a funding assistance from government to help students in the university who lack economically but good in academic. Number of awardee in FMIPA UNP increases yearly. So, we have to know classification of awardee to make sure that scholarship is received by the right one. We use CHAID-Chi-Squared Autimatic Interaaction Detection analysis. Result of the research, there are five groups awardee. Characteristics of awardee is father's jobs (farmers, motor driver, jobless) and area of their house approximately 50 m2.

Toxoplasmosis, Other Agents, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes Simplex stands for TORCH infection. It is highly contagious and attacks humans of all ages and genders. Transmission of this infection in 2 ways: actively (acquired) and passively (congenital). Active transmission through sexual intercourse, eating oosista-containing foods, blood transfusions, breast milk, organ transplants, saliva, and sweat. Passive transmission occurs from an infected mother to her baby through the placenta. The fatal danger caused by this infection is miscarriage or babies born handicapped and infertile for men and women. This research discusses the formation of mathematical models of TORCH infections transmission and then analyzes the model. The method used is the study of literature. The results of the research obtained are mathematical models of torch transmission in the form of differential equation systems and the results of the model analysis are obtained 2 equilibrium points with their stability properties.

District grouping in South Sulawesi based on the Human Development Index (HDI) indicators needs to be done as a material for planning and evaluating the targets of government work programs. This grouping is based on dominant indicators of the high and low HDI. The value of the HDI indicator needs to be considered so that the achievement of each indicator is known. Statistical analysis that can be used to group districts that have similarities is cluster analysis. The method that is currently developing is fuzzy clustering analysis, which classifies objects using certain membership degrees. Fuzzy clustering algorithm that can be used is Fuzzy C-means (FCM). Another method of fuzzy clustering analysis developed further is Gath Geva (GG), which is able to detect groups with different forms. In this study, the fuzzy clustering process on the FCM and GG methods with the same parameters and shows that the GG method is better than the FCM method. This conclusion is based on a total of 1000 iterations. The GG method gives an objective function value smaller than FCM, besides it gives a faster- conferencing iteration result.

In this paper, the approximation for stationary soliton solution with intersite-typed configuration in the cubic-quintic DNLS equation for anti-continuum limit is determined by a variational approximation (AV) method. The proposed ansatz is of the form an exponential function with three variational parameters. The obtained VA solutions are then examined its validation and compared with the corresponding numerical solutions. The results show that the VA solutions are valid and provide a very good agreement with the numeric.

The fast development of science and technology and the workforce competition in this globalization era, require education academy to produce a competent and good quality of human resources in their field. Vocational high school is an education academy that is expected to create professional and productive human resources to fulfil every skill pursuit that is needed in the workforce.Computer and network engineering program and mathematics have a role in science and technology development and in the workforce competition.Productive subject in computer and network engineering will produce productive and professional graduates that can compete in the workforce.Since the activity that include mathematics could develop logical reasoning, logical thinking, systematic, critical, neat and objective, mathematics could help computer and network engineering graduates in solving the problem in the workforce. This paper will deliver the relevancy between mathematics and productive subject in computer and network engineering program at vocational high school.

A mixture experiment is an experiment in which the response depends on the ingredients proportions. In organoleptic test, the response is ordinal. This research focused on how to generate the D-optimal design of ordinal response. The model belongs to Generalized Linear Model (GLM) with logit as the link function. To find the D-optimal design which is seeking the design that minimizing the covariance of parameter model, the point-exchange algorithm was constructed. There were three ingredients of a cookies recipe which were needed to mix meanwhile other ingredients were fixed. The D-optimal design of the three ingredients consisted of seven design points.

Mixing of ingredients is commonly applied in food and beverage industry activities such as making cookies. An applicable method to get an optimal formula for mixing ingredients is a mixture experiment. The mixture experiment is an experiment in which levels are the proportions of the factors which are ingredients. The standard mixture design is developed based on linear models. However, the response for organoleptic test in food industry is ordinal scale. The goal of the research was to evaluate some mixture designs of linear model for ordinal logistic model which is more appropriate model for ordinal scale. The mixture designs were the D- optimal and I-optimal design. Based on the D-optimality criterion of ordinal model and D- efficiencies of the D-optimal design compared to other designs, the D-optimal design was the best design.

In this study, mathematical modeling will be discussed to determine the probabilityof goods purchase based on other goods. Research on this topic is considered to be important and interesting to study because it describes the implementation of applied mathematics by constructing a mathematical model and solving it using an apriori algorithm related to the application of the probability concept. In this case, the apriori algorithm is used to determine the pattern of dependency relationships between goods and other goods so that the probabilityof goods purchase based on other goods can be found. To get the output of this research which is in the form of the mathematical modeling for determining the probability of goods being purchased depended on the purchase of other goods, then selecting and classifying the types of goods based on the sales, using the apriori algorithm, constructing models, finding a solution of models and interpreting of the model are conducted.

All epidemic models include a system of non-linear differential equation. Mostly the analytical solution of epidemic model is difficult to obtain. There are many different methods to solve non-linear differential equation, one of them is homotopy analysis method. The homotopy analysis method is an analytic approximation method using series solution for highly non-linear equations. The advantage of this method is a guarantee the convergence of approximation power series solution by choosing suitable values of the auxiliary parameter. In this paper, we consider three epidemic models in a closed population without demographics; SI, SIR, and SEIR models. We find the solutions of the models by homotopy analysis method and then compare the numerical results with fourth order Runge-Kutta method. The homotopy analysis method gives a good result for the solution of the epidemic models with a few iterations and the solutions obtained from this method are good as compared to fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical method.

A special case of the graph partition dimension is The locating-chromatic number of a graph. In 2002, The concept of locating-chromatic number of a connected graph was introduced by Chartrand et al.. In 2014, definition locating-chromatic number for a disconnected graph is extended by Welyyanti et al. As a continuation, we determine the locating-chromatic number of some disconnected graphs with path and cycle as its components.

BPJS Kesehatan (BPJS-Health) is a public agency for health, established to implement the social security program. The health insurance prepared through BPJS is in the form health protection for participants to get health care benefits and protection to meet the basic needs of health care. It is provided to every person who has paid fees or whose contributions are paid by the government. Claims estimation in BPJS-Health is required to increase the optimal service to participants. Imprecision in determining such estimates could destabilize the BPJS-Health. In this research, estimated total health service claims submitted by partnered health facility to BPJS based on Buhlmann-Straub Credibility. We also use the compound Poisson distribution to illustrate the optimal retentions in a collective risk model.

The Financial Services Authority Regulation regarding Self-Retention and Domestic Reinsurance Support (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan / OJK Regulation) was issued to establish a more comprehensive framework concerning self-retention and reinsurance support of insurance companies. Insurance Companies must implement and maintain a self-retention limit based on their risk and loss profile. This requires Insurance Companies to make available a certain amount of capital for every risk that they undertake. Insurance companies must develop and implement a reinsurance support strategy to ensure that they have sufficient capacity to meet their liabilities. In this research, we estimate the optimal retention by means of Expected Shortfall which will minimize the risk of individual total based on the quota share reinsurance. We use lognormal bivariate distribution to illustrate the optimal retention in an individual risk model.

Heavy metals are metals that have a mass of more than 5 g / cm3 in the lower right corner of the periodic system. Heavy metals rarely form atoms themselves in water, but are usually bound by other compounds to form molecules. Heavy metal is a chemical compound that has the potential to cause environmental pollution problems. Methods of heavy metal content analysis in the aquatic environment developed simultaneously are still being developed. The simultaneous analysis provides an advantage in terms of time and cost efficiency. In this study is being developed heavy metal analysis based on the formation of complexes with oxin compounds. It is known that the oxide can form a yellow complex with several metal ions. The use of oxine as a complex is selected based on the color and pH of the complexes formed. By performing optimization and analysis of the complex system formed it is expected to produce an excellent method for the analysis of several heavy metals simultaneously using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).

This paper reports estimates of leakage currents based on thermal images (infrared) of polymer isolators using color detection methods. In this study, laboratory pollution performance tests using sodium chloride and kaolin were carried out in accordance with the IEC 60507 standard with AC high voltage at 18kV. The severity of pollution is controlled and indicated by ESDD values of heavy pollutants, conditions of relative humidity controlled at 70RH and temperature of 26⁰C. The color detection method is used to obtain the color percentage of thermal images. The ANFIS method predicts leakage currents from contaminated polymer insulators with input from the percentage of thermal image color. The results show that the leakage current can be estimated based on infrared image analysis with a color detection method, where each current leakage level correlates with red, yellow and blue.

Adsorbent preparied from lengkeng shell was successfully use to reduce lead from aqueous solution in a batch method. Batch experiments were performed as a function of various experimental parameters. They were pH solution, Pb (II) ion contact time, and initial concentration. The research reveal that the optimum pH was at pH 5, with the adsorption capacity was 27,438 mg/g. The optimum concentration was 400 mg / L with the adsorption capasity was 30,543 mg/g, and the optimum contact time was 75 minutes with adsorption capacity was 34,740 mg/g. The equilibrium data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms and obtained a maximum adsorption capacity of 58.82 mg / g. Based on the results of the experiment showing that lengkeng shells can be used as an alternative and low-cost biosorbent for the reduction of lead (II) ions from aqueous solutions, when conditions are appropriate.

Silver nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized using a chemical reduction method at room temperature using glucose as a reducing agent, silver nitrate as a source of nitrate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizing agent. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the mole ratio of reducing agent Glu / Ag and percentage (%) PVA (b/v) in the silver nanoparticle synthesis of the resulted product. Product characterization was analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometers, XRD, and TEM. The Analysis of the UV-Vis spectra showed that the most stable particles were silver nanoparticles used PVA 3% and Glu / Ag. 1: 8 on λ_max 415 to 417 nm. TEM's characterization showed that silver nanoparticles were spherical with a dominant size range of 12,28 nm – 38,45 nm nm. The newly synthesized silver nanoparticles may have a potential for antibacterial applications.

A study has been conducted on the use of anthocyanin extract from fruits (Melastomamalabthricum L), which was incubated by the addition of salicylic acid as photosensitizer in DSSC solar cells. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum condition of the extracts of copigmenation which resulted in the optimum efficiency of DSSC solar cells by increasing the absorption ability of anthocyanin pigment photons.The method used is the method of copigmentation. Copigmentation is an anthocyanin reaction with a copigment compound to form a more complex anthocyanin structure with a number of double bonds that can absorb more photons than the original anthocyanin.. The results of dye characterization using UV-Vis and FTIR indicate a wider absorption spectrum and a more complex structure in antigianated anthocyanins when compared without copigmentation. Based on the results of the characterization of the prepared TiO₂ thin film, obtained crystal size of TiO₂ used ranged from 27.377 to 64.738 nm with a width of200-950 nm photocathode spekrum absorption. Based on the results of the research, it is found that the antiganant extract can be increased by DSSC solar cell efficiency from 0.62% to 1.32% with 24 hours of copigmentation time and 1: 2 concentration of concentration.

Research has been conducted on the manufacture of CoFe₂O₄ / Zn/CoFe₂O₄ thin films using sol gel-spin coating method. This study aims to look at the effect of rotational speed on optical properties and electrical properties, and to find the highest GMR ratio. Making CoFe₂O₄ uses Co²⁺ precursors and Fe²⁺ precursors with a mole ratio of 1: 2, dissolved with ethyl alcohol. The Zn precursor was made with a concentration of 0.5 M from Powder (CH₃COO)₂Zn. 2H₂O dissolved with ethyl alcohol. The rotation speed variations used are at 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3000 rpm, 3500 rpm and 4000 rpm. The thin layer of GMR is made with a sandwich structure. CoFe₂O₄/Zn/CoFe₂O₄ thin films with variations in rotational speed were tested for electrical properties using the 4-point probe system method and characterized using X-Ray Diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and UV-Vis Specrophotometer. Based on the testing of the electrical properties obtained the lowest resistance and resistivity values at 2000 rpm rotation speed, where the faster the rotational speed is used, the greater the resistance and resistivity values. The highest GMR ratio obtained was 53.5%. Measurement results with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) obtained layer thickness of 3.5 μm.

Moringa leaf (Moringaoleifera) is a plant that grows in Indonesia with high nutritional content. This plant has biological activity as antidiabetic, blood pressure-lowering, and antioxidant. This study analyzes the nutritional content of Moringa leaf extract, especially amino acids, minerals and determines its antioxidant. Analysis of total amino acid content has been carried out by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) method, minerals with ICP-OES (Inductive coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy) and antioxidant activity by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) method. The analysis of Moringa leaf extract has obtained 15 kinds of amino acids, namely: threonine (9403.09), lysine (11694.16), leucine (18087.41), isoleucine (9321.59), phenylalanine (17236.01), valine (11183.48), methionine (5684.68), tryptophan (2577.82) while non-essential amino acids include histidine (9965.39), proline (10068.07), tyrosine (8641.63), aspartate acid (16585.76), glycine (13027.13), arginine (13123.94), alanine (14474.52), glutamate acid (30106.87), serine (10055.98), cysteine (470.37) in ppm. The analysis of minerals has obtained 13 essential minerals included Al, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Se, Zn. The highest mineral is shown for selenium (1097.84 ppm) and chrome (919.99 ppm) at the second highest order. Sodium (68.83 ppm) and magnesium (60.84 ppm) is found as minerals with low concentrations. The antioxidant test has shown weakness activity with an average IC50 value of 9.901 μg/mL, using ascorbic acid as a positive control with IC50 values of 196.892 μg/mL. The analysis results of amino acids, minerals, and antioxidant activity show that Moringa leaves are very potential for human nutrients.

A selective chitosan adsorbent may remove Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions in aquatic environment to reduce pollution. This study has applied crosslink chitosan to reduce Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions in water. The study is related to the searching of optimum condition with respect to citric acid and sodium tripolyphosphate concentrations in a batch method. The study also includes the determination of optimum pH and interaction study of complex molecule with either Cd²⁺ or Pb²⁺ ions in relation to competitive chitosan adsorption. The optimum pH is found at pH 5. The optimum concentration of citric acid with chitosan is found to be 1% (b / v). It is concluded that chitosan adsorbent is selective for Pb²⁺ over Cd²⁺ ions.

Due to the enermous roles of cyclodextrin combining with small organic molecules, more recent interests study about the manipulation of cyclodextrin structure giving better performance for any kinds of field but they presented long synthetis steps as producing the precursors. This study points out the synthesis of precursor of β-cyclodextrin analouges with maltotriose as raw materials giving the short synthesis steps. The product structures were analysed by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Specstroscopy,and characterised by ¹H-, ¹³C- NMR, COSY NMR, and ESI Mass Spectroscopy. The result showed that O-acetylation reaction produced maltotriose derivative 1 (95%), thioglycosidation reaction produced maltotriose derivative 2 (54%), de-acetylation reaction produced maltotriose derivative 3 (97%), O-benzylidation reaction produced a mixture of maltotriose derivatives 4, O- methylation reaction produced maltotriose derivative 5 (46%) and de-benzylidation reaction produced maltotriose derivative 6 (85%).

Shampoo is one of the cosmetic type product using surfactants as the main compound which when used under the specified conditions will remove surface grease, dirt, and skin debris from the hairs without adversely affecting the user. Currently shampoo is not only used to cleanse dirt on the hair and scalp but also to hair growth and prevent hair loss. To achieve this goal, the shampoo industries used a variety of additives chemicals that can potentially risk for user. In this study, we tried to make two types of herbal shampoo using natural leafs extract. The formula of shampoo 1, consist of goat milk, celery leaf extract, banana knot extract, and pegagan leaf extract while shampoo 2 using goat milk, noni extract, mangkokan leaf extract and spinach extract. Both of that shampoo preparations were analyzed the physical appearance and physicochemical. The results showed that the physical performance both herbal shampoo were light brown in color, transparent and good odor while the physicochemical characteristics of herbal shampoo formula 1 comprise pH, solid content, surface tension and foam ability were 5.25; 29.17%; 51.17 dyne/cm and 9.50 mL, while herbal shampoo formula 2 has a pH of 5.5; solid content of 29.67%; surface tension of 44.63 dyne/cm and foam ability of 15.0 mL. Formulated herbal shampoo shows physicochemical properties comparable to the commercial shampoo.

This study conducts an analysis related to distribution and source of PAH in sediment around Makassar coast. Sediment sample has been taken up using Van Veen grab and put in a plastic sac, brought to laboratory, added with salt, stored in dried freezer, and followed for PAH analysis. Sample preparation has been carried out using DCM and n-hexane (1:1) solvent to obtain extract of organic matter (EOM). The EOM is fractionated to yield alkane fraction (F₁) and aromatic fraction (F₂) containing PAH. The GC-FID has been used to determine PAH concentration through analysis of F₂. Validation of the analytical method applies linearity, LoD, and LoQ. The recovery test has fulfilled for all PAH compounds except for naphthalene and fluoranthene. The highest concentration of PAHs is found at station 7 with benzo(a)antracene 933.23±3.88 ppm and perylene 205.75±19.45 ppm. The lowest total concentration of PAHs is found at station 12 located at the estuary of Tello River caused by dilution from both river and sea water. The source of PAHs in sediment is generally from petrogenic and pirolytic process.

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a gene polymorphism (-308G/A) has been shown influence several diseases. This study aims to analyze the distribution of the TNF-α gene polymorphism (-308G/A) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with tuberculosis infection. Forty of T2DM patients with tuberculosis infection were recruited at Balai Pengobatan Lung Disease, Medan. Data collection of characteristics subjects were done through interviews using questionnaires. The blood glucose were measured with a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 500 nm. Nco1 restriction enzyme was used to digested of gene polymorphism (-308G/A). Genotype frequency of the TNF-α gene was analyzed by direct counting. In this study shown that the TNF-α gene polymorphism (-308G/A) had 38 (95%) of G/G genotype and 2 (5%) of G/A genotype. No A/A genotype shown in this population. This preliminary result indicated that G/G genotype was common genotype in the TNF-α gene polymorphism (-308G/A) in T2DM patients with tuberculosis infection.

This research aims to synthesize ZnO-CuO composites to be applied as a catalyst material that acts on visible light. The preparation process of ZnO-CuO composite using sonochemistry method. Percusor used in this research is Zn (CH₃COO)₂.2H₂O and CuSO₄.5H₂O with a ratio of 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1, 5: 1 and variations in the exposure time used 70, 90, 105, 120, 135 minutes. The result of the FTIR spectral characterization shows that the formation of new peak is ZnO-CuO composite wave at 400-600 nm area, with UV-DRS Obtained ZnO band gap value of ∼ 3:25 eV and ZnO-CuO 2: 1 ∼ 2.75 eV.

Hydroxyapatie/Collagen/Chitosan composite has been synthesized by ex-situ methods. The purpose of this research is to study the composition's effect of the composite HA/Coll/Chi to some characters such as a functional group and phase as well as the physical character such as crystallinity, the compressive strength and surface morphology. HA synthesized from the precursor calcium derived from duck eggshell reacted with H₃PO₄, HA sintered at 900 °C. HA was added with collagen and chitosan solutin with a mass ratio of the composition HA/Coll/Chi are 7: 2: 1; 7: 1,5: 1,5; 7: 1: 2. FTIR analysis showed a band PO₄³⁻and OH⁻ adsorption of HA, as well as a shift vibration of spectra in the group C = O and NH₂ from chitosan and collagen that shows there has been a bond between collagen, chitosan and HA. Data of XRD showed that the phase of HA and chitosan in the composite of HA/Coll/Chi. Composite with collagen component hight has low cristalinity.

Noodles are foods made from wheat flour, so it contain high carbohydrates, because of that it is necessary to substitute tempe flour and carrot extract, so that the noodles contain bioactive components and become functional food. The aims of study is to determine the levels of flavonoids in substituted noodles of tempe flour and carrot extract. This research is a developing research on noodle making process. There are four types of noodles made, namely standard/control noodles, and noodles made with a ratio of wheat flour : tempe flour and carrot extract are (50 : 30 : 20)/noodles 1; (50 : 25 : 25)/noodles 2 and (50 : 20 : 30)/noodles 3. The results of the three replications stated that the substitution affected the flavonoid component of noodles. There was an increase in flavonoid levels insubstituted noodles of tempe flour and carrot extract compared with control noodles. Flavonoid levels in control noodles were 2.69 mg/100 g and in noodles 1, 2 and 3 at 18.90 mg/100 gr; 16.77 mg/100 g and 21.93 mg/100 g or an increase of 7; 6.23 and 8.15 times of control noodles. Subtituted noodles of tempe flour and carrot extract are functional foods.

A This study discussed the effect of pH, contact times and concentrations on absorption of Cu (II) metal ions in the solution using C-Cinnamal Calix[4] Resorcinarena (CCCR). CCCR was synthesized through electrophilic substitution reaction of cinnamaldehyde isolated from cinnamon oil with resorcinol in an acidic atmosphere at 77 0C for 2 hours. Isolation of cinnamaldehyde from cinnamon oil produced 8.324 grams of cinnamaldehyde with a yield of 27.72% of 30 grams of cinnamon oil. The Absorption of Cu (II) metal ions in the solution by (CCCR) synthesized was carried out in a batch system with variation, i.e pH 2, 3, 4, and 5, contact time variations, i.e. 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180 minutes and different concentrations which are i.e. 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg / L. The optimum condition for the absorption of Cu (II) metal ions by CCCR was in pH 4 with 90 minutes of the contact time, and 80 ppm showing absorption capacity of 0.896 mg / g.

A secondary metabolite in steroid compound, namely β-sitosterol had been isolated from the n-hexane extract of the Indonesian silver fern. Extraction was conducted by maceration method, separation by chromatography techniques (vacuum liquid chromatography and flash chromatography), purification by recrystallization, and identification of its molecular structure by the spectroscopic methods and by comparison with reported literature data. The steroid isolate was yielded as colorless amorphous powder (melting point of 136– 137 °C). Based on the carbon clearance method, isolated steroid showed immunostimulant activity with phagocytosis index of 1.625.

The purpose of the study is to predict the best quality of tempeh gembus from the mount of tofu waste, whey, duration of immersion, and total of yeast for fermentation process. The design of experiment in Taguchi method with 4 factors and 3 levels are used in experimental process. Thus, 9 total of experimental procedure is performed in this process. To assess the quality of the tempeh gembus, the sensory evaluation are introduced in sharp, taste, and the color. Then, the best result of tempe gembus is 2 kg of tofu waste soaked in 3 liters of whey water, for 72 hours, and the amount of yeast is 15 gr. Moreover, for continuation of this research process is the test of tempe gembus with the best quality as an effort in cholesterol reducing level in blood.

Potentiometrie ion sensor (ISE) is very attractive because of its small size, easy to carry, more durable, and miniature easy to use. ISE consists of an indicator electrode and a reference electrode located in an electrolyte solution. Potentiometric electrodes and electrochemical properties can be achieved through membrane synthesis and selectivity by the interaction of primary ions with respect to cavity size, molecular geometry and types of functional groups leading to the interaction between electrolyte solutions, membranes and indicator electrodes with reference electrodes. Indicator electrodes function as urea analytes. Potentiometric characteristics are significantly dependent on the composition of the membrane, the nature of the plasticizers. Characterization of membrane composition was carried out using (UV-Vis, SEM-EDX, and XRD). Characterization of PVA membrane : PVC in the composition of 1 : 1 of 0.0350 g PVA and plasticizer 0.0700 g KTpClPB variation of membrane electrode layer and enzyme 1 mg. The optimum amount of diffraction intensity is obtained from PVA E 4X PVC-KTpClPB 0.0700.

Zinc oxide has drawn attention to the development of theranostic material due to its superior biocompatibility compared to other semiconductor nanomaterials. Zinc oxide has a wide bandgap which favorable for quantum dots imaging agent. By coating zinc oxide with a suitable functional polymer, ZnO nanocrystal can be used for delivering the therapeutic agent and examining its effect on the biological environment. This research focuses on the comparison of ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO QDs characteristic synthesized from ZnCl₂ with co-precipitation method under the influence of different solvent and calcination temperature. The material was precipitated from solution by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide solution in water and absolute ethanol. The resulting precipitate then calcined at 200, 400, 600 and 800°C for three hours. The materials then subjected to characterization process using UV-Vis spectroscopy and P-XRD. The results show that the ZnO and Fe-doped ZnO QD absorption spectra are redshifted toward the longer wavelength and the bandgap value analyzed using Tauc plot was smaller than the bulk bandgap of ZnO (3.37 eV).

Sumatra has a complex tectonic system which it causes to be prone to earthquakes. Therefore, early warning before earthquake is needed with the study of earthquake precursors using Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) method. This method applied to the recording data of the Earth's magnetic field for 30 to 3 days before the earthquake event. This study also carried out the prediction of earthquake magnitude and epicentre based on the amplitude of the anomaly and the distance of the station to the earthquake location. To ensure that the anomalies that occur are not due to external interference, the data is observed based on the Dst Index. In this study was found that the percentage of success was 74% approaching the actual data

Research on making films using chitosan, nanocellulose from pineapple leaf fiber, and glutaraldehyde were carried out as an effort to obtain alternative biodegradable plastics. Chitosan has low mechanical, therefore nanocellulose is added from pineapple leaf fibers and glutaraldehyde additives. This research was conducted to obtain the optimum glutaraldehyde additive variable that functions as a crosslinker. What chitosan used was 2% (w/v solution) and nanocellulose 3% (w/w chitosan) based on optimum results from previous research. The method used a casting method, chitosan and nanocellulose are dissolved and heated in acetic acid 1% then glutaraldehyde is added during cold and cast. Variable of glutaraldehyde added by 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (w/w chitosan). Tensile strength, elongation, functional groups, and absorbance were used to characterize film. The results showed that the results of FT-IR were a spectrum of chitosan and indicated the crosslinking between chitosan and glutaraldehyde. The tensile strength values change with the addition of glutaraldehyde. The optimum value of adding glutaraldehyde is 1% based on the results of tensile strength and the lowest absorbance.

The Google Earth Engine (GEE) is a cloud computing system providing data analysis platform with various satellite based observation data and other earth observation datasets. Therefore, application of the GEE enable us to analyze terrestrial environemtal changes in an effective way. This study aims to test GEE capability to monitor forest cover change in Indonesia from 2000 to 2016 by performing raster and vector manipulations using Landsat-based forest cover datasets. Deforestation is one of the most important environmental problem in Indonesia, and monitoring of forest cover changes is urgent task for environmental protection. The found that GEE is very effective to analyze large amount of remote sensing data quickly, and estimated forest cover area in 2000 and its interannual variations in Indonesia. Factors affecting land cover in Indonesia will be elaborated in further detail in this paper.

Plastic optical fiber testing as a sensor can be applied in pH measurement using loop configuration. It was made of a plastic optical fiber material with two types of peel, namely with cladding and without cladding. Sensor testing was done by dipping the sensor into buffer solutions with varying pH values. The light intensity from the LED will experience power losses due to the effect of adding the solution refractive index around the sensor, so the phototransistor will receive smaller the light intensity. Changes of light intensity in the optical fiber causes the output voltage read on the microcontroller and the computer decreases. The best measurement was obtained at sensor type of without cladding 4 loops with sensitivity 0.035 V/pH and resolution 0.029 pH. Aplication of plastic optical fiber as sensor for pH measurement has advantages such as low cost, real time, high sensitivity, accurate and simple measurement.

Lahe (local name of Sangihe) is the type of seaweed Caulerpa Sp, can be classified as green seaweed. Lahe grows naturally in the coastal waters of Batunderang Island and other areas in Sangihe Regency. Until about 40years ago, lahe was consumed by the Sangihe community. Formerly lahe was traded in several traditional markets. At present, the community only knows lahe through the Sangihe culinary exhibition. Our team conducts research on the potential and optimization of lahe as a functional food ingredient and medicine. The initial stage of the study was to measure, analyze and evaluate the physical and the chemical condition of the waters where lahe grows in the waters of the village of Batunderang. This article describes the physical and chemical condition of water. Analysis of physical and chemical condition of water can explain the ecological conditions that guarantee the growth of lahe, and its relation to productivity. The results of the analysis of physical and chemical conditions can also be used as references for ecological monitoring and lahe cultivation. Measurements are made in five positions that are determined based on ecological conditions variation. At each position, measurements were taken on four depth variations: 15 cm, 50 cm, 100 cm, and 200 cm below the surface. Measurements are carried out on the full moon, where the tide fluctuation is maximum. From the measurement data, we describe daily changes of: direction and velocity of currents, temperature of sea water and the temperature of air above the sea surface

SP (Stopping Power) and IMFP (Inelastic Mean Free Path) of lanthanum alumínate (La₂O₃)_x (Al₂O₃)_1–x was varied with x = 0.25, 0.34, and 0.5. for electron energy from 300 eV to 50 keV have been determined by using composite Simpson from the equation of Born Ochkur correction. The main parameter in determining the SP and IMFP is Energy Loss Function (ELF) which was obtained from the experimental reflection electron energy loss (REELS) spectra. The method in this study is convenient methods for determining SP for binary compound lanthanum aluminate.

N1-AIN/Si₃N₄ composite coatings were successfully deposited on tungsten carbide by electrodeposition process. The influence of Si₃N₄ powder concentration on the microstructure, crystal structure and mechanical properties was investigated by using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. The results revealed that variation of Si₃N₄ concentration influenced the structure and mechanical properties of Ni-AlN/Si₃N₄ composite coatings. The fine surface morphology of composite was due to the inclusion of AlN and Si₃N₄ particles while it is rougher as the Si₃N₄ concentration was increased due to agglomeration effect and Ni crystal growth. The increase of microhardness is related to the particles dispersion- strengthening.

Structural properties and bonding characteristics of Mg doped ZnO by co- precipitation methods were characterized by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis of FTIR showed peaks at 466.77 cm⁻¹ and 451.31 cm⁻¹ which correspond to the stretching of the oxygen bond in the ZnO structure and leads to defect formation by the oxygen atom detachment. This defect occupied by the Mg atom and proved by the widening of peak oxygen. The data XRD showed increasing the average size of ZnO crystal from 27.74 nm to 38.17 nm with the addition of 10% wt of Mg. These phenomena indicated agglomeration of the partial displacement of O^2- by Mg²⁺ in the MgZnO structure. This study showed simple methods to combine with Mg atom and ZnO to produce potential materials for catalytic applications.

X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) method was used to analysis structural properties of Al, Si and Cu as cubic crystal system. Existence of Al, Si and Cu was investigated with the joint committee on powder diffraction standards (JCPDS) by 96-901-3104 for Si, 96-431-3215 for Al and 96-901-1605 for Cu respectively. In this paper we determine the concentration of our sample from the 3 or 4 peak area and the intensity of each peak. The content of Al, Si and Cu are 78,97%, 80,69% and 82,51% respectively. Relative texture coefficient (RTC) value investigated from diffraction by using h k l plane. Energy density, stress and strain were calculated using uniform density model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM) and size-strain plot method. For the crystallite size we applied the Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall (W-H) analysis and Size-Strain plot (SSP) method. High correlations the crystallite size found from the results by Scherrer, W-H, and SSP.

A composite starch/chitosan that optimized by addition glycerin as plastizier has been synthesized. The effects of starch/chitosan are increasing the mechanical properties and decreasing the degradation time of bioplastics. The composite mixed with compositions of the starch (S)/chitosan (C) are 0/100, 35/65, 45/55, 50/50, 55/45, 65/35, and 100/0 respectively. The composites were characterized by using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), tensile strength test and biodegradation test. The data shows that the mechanical properties of bioplastics increase to increasing composition of chitosan. The maximum value of tensile strength are 60.629 was obtained the composition of the starch (S)/chitosan (C) for 35/65. The biodegradation tested shows that mass of sample has decreased to 80% on 14 days. It means that composite from starch/chitosan very potential to become new material to produce eco- friendly food package.

Determine the magnetic properties of thin film material using X-ray has been attracting enormous attention in recent years. In this work, we propose a simple method to determine base on 4F imaging system. The narrow slit is applied to produce diffraction pattern in the X-ray scale. The slit width variation is applied to numerically obeserve the Fraunhofer diffraction pattern sequential changes. To demonstrate the sensitivity of the method, the power distribution of the temporal observed patterns was also measured. The selection of the object shape also discussed for comprehensive discussion.

Indonesia is regionally located on two large plates, which are the Pacific plate in the north and the Australian plate in the south. Due to the geological activity of these two plates, it results in a complex tectonic pattern supporting the formation of mineralization. Therefore, Indonesia is considered as a country rich in various minerals and oxide sources. The purpose of this study is as a preliminary study to analyze the element of atom / oxide contained in rocks and sand found in public mining of West Sumatra Province. The initial identification done is to perform X-ray fluorescence test (XRF) on rock samples taken from Jorong Bukit Harapan Darmasraya Regency and Manggani, 50 Kota Regency. The sand samples are taken from Kupitan area Sijunjung Regency, Pinti Kayu Gadang Muara Labuh and jorong pulai Sitiung Darmasraya regency. XRF test results for rock and sand samples from these five areas indicate the presence of six dominant oxides with large percentage i.e. Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, CaO, TiO2, Fe2O3 oxides. The content of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, TiO2, and P2O5 foundon rock samples is quite high 53.01-57.77%, 29.982-32.191%; 5.113-10.302%; 2.119-2.367%; 0.9021.809%, and 0.685-0.968% respectively. Meanwhile, the sand samples indicate the content of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO, TiO2, and P2O5 15.103-52.652%; 5.379-17.621%; 9.22-58.593%; 1.54-9.22%; 0.702-12.238% and 1.261-2.545% respectively.

Enrichment test of omega-3 fatty acids from tuna canning waste oil in Bitung North Sulawesi Indonesia have been conducted. The purpose of this study was to utilize tuna canning waste oil and enriched the concentration of omega-3 fatty acids with urea crystallization. The results showed that the characteristics of fish oil quality of tuna canning waste 0.9% moisture content, free fatty acids (FFA) 3.4%, copper (Cu) 0.1 ppm, iron (Fe) 2.5 ppm and phosphorus (P) 32,5 ppm still meets IFOMA quality standards Liquid fatty acid profile contains total SFA 33.7%, 27.6% PUFA, 1.4% omega-6 fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids 25.9%, EPA 4.2% and DHA 21.4%, MUFA 18.8%, omega-9 fatty acids 13.9%, while concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids contained a total SFA of 7.7%, PUFA 70.9%, omega-6 fatty acids 0.8%, omega-3 fatty acids 70.1%, EPA 4.2% and DHA 21.4%, MUFA 2.7%, omega-9 fatty acids 1.5%. The urea crystallization process increases the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as omega-3 (EPA and DHA.), the enrichment rate is 2.7 times.

The area of the Chinese city site is a maritime trading network that entered North Sumatra via the Sumatra Northeast coastline in the 11th to 14th centuries. The Chinese City Heritage site owned by North Sumatra located in Paya Pasir Village, Medan Marelan Subdistrict. Information on the condition and subsurface shape of the site is needed to reveal the existence of the site so that it is easy to excavate and does not damage the surrounding soil. The study aimed to analyze the distribution of Chinese cities below the surface. The research was carried out by using the 6-track Wenner-Schlumberger geoelectric method. Each track used 16 electrodes with an electrode distance of 5 m. The data was processed using Res2DinV and Surfer software. Alluvial layers dominated the results obtained from the subsurface structure. The resistivity of the northern part of the site has a low anomaly starting at 1.25 meters which were the uppermost layer dominated by shallow brackish groundwater that has been intruded. The Chinese city site in the form of temples was found in the southern part at a depth of 1.25 meters to 3.88 meters marked with red bricks filled with water with resistivity 28.9-56.7 Ωm and findings of artifacts around the research location.

Magnetite nanocomposite synthesis and activated carbon with the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as an absorber of electromagnetic waves have been successfully carried out with variations in the thickness of 4 mm, 6 mm, 8 mm, and 10 mm. Characterization was carried out with XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) and VNA (Vector Network Analyzer) with a working frequency of 3 GHz - 7.5 GHz. XRD characterization controls the formation of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) and determines the crystal size. The diffraction peaks of the absorber at (221), (331) and (440) with a size of crystal on 10.46 nm. Characterization of XRF shows the chemical composition of the absorber which indicates the formation of nanocomposites, FT-IR spectrum obtained by C = C alkene bond and C-H alkane derived from activated carbon, honeycomb paper and magnetite (Fe₃O₄). According to the data, it contributes to the formation of molecular bonds from nanocomposite absorber. Characterization of VNA was obtained by the best absorber with reflection loss value of -16.24 dB, the frequency of 5.77 GHz at a thickness of 10 mm.

The Disperse Red 19 (DR-19) with its conjugated chain structure is known to offer great potential for photonic device applications, such as optical switching and optical data storage. This researches aim to study surfactant effect of silane substrate and the effect of external electric field applied during the deposition process on properties of the resulted DR-19 film. This researches using Electric Field Assisted Physical Vapor Deposition (EFA-PVD) method. The characterization of the film structure was performed by means of XRD. The deposited molecular orientation was characterized with UV-Vis spectroscopic measurement. Based on these spectroscopic data, it is shown that anchoring mechanism with hydrogen bonding does occurred between DR-19 molecule and silane substrate responsible of the stability of the fabricated film. Result of this research show that DR-19 films have been obtained which exhibit crystalline structure with the molecules deposited in parallel polar orientation perpendicular to the silane substrate surface and regular head to tail stacking when increasing external electric field. This is understood to be result of the formation of strong hydrogen bonding acting as the anchoring mechanism.

A device of polluted water measurement based on turbidity, pH, dissolved Solids, and magnetic field parameters, has been developed. The device consists of three light dependent resistor (LDR) sensors as turbidity detector, conductivity sensor as total dissolved solids (TDS) detector, SKUSEN0161 pH sensor as pH detector, Hall Effect magnetic sensor as a magnetic field detector and Arduino as a control system. Each sensor has been characterized using a standard measuring instrument to determine sensor sensitivity. Sensitivity of the LDR sensor are 102.64 NTU/V, 117.53 NTU/V, and 126.394 NTU/V. Meanwhile, sensitivity of conductivity sensor is 102.5 ppm/V, pH sensor is 3.5069 pH/V, and Hall Effect sensor is 303.21 Gauss/V. The samples used in prototype trials are polluted water samples, magnetized water sample, and artificial waste sample. The magnetized solution sample used in pH observation are acidic water, turbid river water, and alkaline water. Meanwhile, the magnetized solution sample used in TDS & turbidity observation is river water contaminated by household wastes. The results show there is a correlation between the four parameters. By applying the magnetic field in a certain time interval, the turbidity and TDS of the sample decrease, in the contrary the pH value of the sample increases.

ZnO nanoparticles are widely studied because of their superior properties so they are widely used in various applications. Structural modification with the right synthesis method is the key to getting superior properties. In this experiment, Laser Assisted Synthesis in Solution (LASiS) method was used to synthesize ZnO nanoparticles. The LASIS method was carried out using a metal plate Zn as a target placed in a solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different concentrations, namely 1%, 2%, 3% and 4%. This laser ablation has caused a solution of gray colloidal ZnO nanoparticles. Different PVA concentrations do not affect the color of the produced ZnO nanoparticle solution. The properties and structure of ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Zetasizer spectrometer, and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The UV visible absorbance spectrum shows the maximum absorption characteristics of ZnO nanoparticles observed at a wavelength of 344 nm. The maximum absorbance value rises by increasing the concentration of PVA and reaching the maximum value at a concentration of 3%. These ZnO nanoparticles have a size around 80 nm. TEM analysis shows that ZnO nanoparticles have a spherical shape and have good crystallinity based on SAED measurements. This property is due to the role of PVA in the synthesis process.

tectonic region of West Sumatra is very active. In the western part there is a zone of deposition of the Indo-Australian plate and Mentawai fault while in the mainland is part of the Sumatra Fault System. This tectonic activity can be seen from the analysis of the distribution of seismicity in each fault or fault segment using earthquake data from 1990 to 2014 from regional and global stations. Analysis of the focal mechanism for shallow earthquakes shows the tectonic state of this region. One-dimensional surface wave analysis is also carried out to show surface wave propagation velocity. The results of this study indicate the type of fault in the West Sumatra region.

Electromagnetic wave absorber has an important role in radar technology used for military as well as for civilian application. There are many electromagnetic wave absorbing technologies used in current radar technology, one of which is an absorber based on metamaterial. In this paper, design of a microstrip metamaterial for C-band radar absorber will be discussed. The metamaterialabsorbers on theC-bandrange is designed on microstrip material having a thickness 4.8 mm and dielectric constant 2.17. There are several techniques can be implemented to broad the working frequency, which are increasing substrate thickness, decreasing dielectric constant and patch modification. In this work, the simulation method is employed for optimizing the design and achieving good electromagnetic wave absorption at the C-band working frequency. Simulated result show the microstrip metamaterial design has broadband absorption lower than -10 dB ranging from 4.3 GHz to 7.1 GHz. Based on the characteristics, this design can be realized as radar absorber at C-band frequency

The study aimed to determine the variation in 38 of yam accessions from Banggai Islands, Central Sulawesi. This study was conducted in August 2012 to May 2013. Morphological data were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The results of ten PC analyzes of a total of 30 components were observed (Table 1) giving eigenvalues greater than 0.25 explains 77.7% of total diversity. Three of the ten PC that determine the yam variant level are PC 1 purple color character (24.3%); PC 2 which stem diameter character (13.3%); PC 3 leaf surface texture, tuber shape and maturity time (8.4%). Cluster analysis results show there are four groups formed, which are A (16 varieties); B (2 varieties); C (19 varieties); and D (1 variety).

Trichoderma is one of the rhizosphere microorganisms that are able to play as plant growth promoting fungus (PGPF) because it can produce IAA hormone. The ability of Trichoderma as PGPF has been extensively studied, but the indigenous Trichoderma effect derived from the rhizosphere of rice crops on local rice variety of west Sumatera has not been widely studied. This study aims to determine the effect of Trichoderma application on black glutinous rice seed germination. The experiment is done by soaking the local black sticky rice seeds with Trichoderma spore suspension with 10⁷ spore / mL density for 24 hours. The germination rate of each isolate observed at seven days after sowing. The results showed that the type of isolate affected the rate of germination of rice seeds. The highest germination was found in isolates from the rhizosphere of rice varieties cisokan balang (94%) and the lowest was in the control (74%).

The bashful plant or the mimosa plant has a history of use for treatments in various ailments. Various parts of this plant maybe used, but most commonly the leaves, stems, roots and flowers. This research was aimed to investigate the existence of phenolic and flavonoids in the Mimosa pudica Linn leaf extracts in solvents of different polarities. During this research dried leaves and wet leaves were respectively macerated in 70% ethanol and then reduced by rotary evaporators. Fractions were obtained by means of HPLC (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) with 3 different solvents at different polarities (hexane, n-butanol and ethyl-acetate). The results indicated that flavonoid was found mostly in the ethyl-acetate fraction from dry leaves (1.08% w/w). Phenolic was mostly detected in extracts of the dry leaves in the n-butanol (7.27% w/w) and the wet leaf residues (8.68% w/w). Results indicates that with the majority of the detection of phenolics and flavonoids in the mildly polar to strong polar solvents, thus oral intake by means of leaf infusions (such as tea/brew) would be quite effective. Complete extraction process of these compounds and encapsulating them would always be the most effective method of intake while economically the method would raise questions.

Sexual workers are one of risk the cervical cancer has a long latent period. Cervical cancer is the main cancer in Southeast Asia and the second most common cancer in Indonesia. In addition, Indonesia is the second common country cause of death in women after Vietnam. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic profile and cervical cytology in Female Sexual Workers (FWSs) at Primary Health Care Bestari, Medan-Petisah, North Sumatera. This study has recruited 70 FWSs who has worked for at least 2 years and are not pregnant. Participants fill out the questionnaires include age of participants, age at first sexual intercouse, and life styles (smoking of cigarette and consumption of alcohol). Pap smear test from cervical smear of 70 FWSs were conducted using Papanicolaou staining. The result showed most of the FWSs of sexually-active women less than 30 years old reported 54,28% and 45,72% more than 30 years old. The first sexual intercourse showed 18-20 years old as much as 54,29%, life styles of smoking and consumption alcohol was 51,4% and 10% respectively. Pap smear cytology showed 52,9% was inflammatory smear, 15,7% was A squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (ASCUS), 11,4% was Low-grade Squamous Intra epithelial Lesions (LSIL). Most of FWSs described inflammatory smear, although a small portion had been found of ASCUS and LSIL. The chronic inflammation can develop to be carcinogenesis.

One type of Dengue vaccine candidate that has the potential to be developed is DNA vaccine based on the DENV envelope gene. Constraints in developing vaccines are low secretion of envelope proteins. One of the efforts made to increase the secretion of envelope protein is by deletion the stem / anchor area. The purpose of this analysis was to analysis the effect of cutting the stem / anchor region on character and structure of the DENV E protein. Analysis of composition, profile, location and structure of proteins was using http://www.expasy.org, TMHMM, and http://bioinf.cs.ucl.ac.uk/psipred. Deletion of the stem-anchor region was changes the general properties of the protein, as well as the protein topology. However, the mutations did not change the 3D structure of main protein domain.

Anemia is one of the most common health problems found in Indonesia. Anemia is characterized by the low number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood caused by low levels of iron in the body. Wheat grass (Triticum aestivum L.) contain high existence of iron is supposed to be able to increase erythrocytes and Hb level in mice (Mus musculus L.). Completely Randomized Design was used in this experiment, consisting of 5 treatment (K1: without NaNO₂ and WGJ (wheat grass juice), K2: given the NaNO₂ without given the WGJ, P1: WGJ 25%, P2: WGJ 50%, and P3: WGJ 75%) and 5 replication. The parameters observed were the male mice erythrocytes and the Hb levels before and after being given the wheat grass juice. The data were analyzed using ANOVA then continued DNMRT test with a 5% level. The results showed that giving wheat grass juice for 14 days can increased the eryhrocytes and Hb levels in male mice. The most noticeable impact is the treatment with the highest dose i.e. P3 (WGJ 75%).

Rice bran are by products of paddy to rice processing. Confirmed by many researches that rice bran contains various bio-active components, and specifically antioxidants where more than 100 variances of antioxidant. Aside of tocopherols and tocotrienols, oryzanols are active endemic compounds found in rice bran that functions as anti-inflammation even anticancer. Pigmented Paddy was reported to be a source of potential antioxidant because they contain high concentrations of polyphenols and anthocyanine that also has functions as antiinflammation and also reduction of cholesterol in the blood. The purpose of this research was to identify active anthocyanine in crude extracts of Red Variety Rice Bran of North Sulawesi. Previous results have separated component fractions of the crude extracts of red variety rice bran of North Sulawesi based on their levels of polarity (buthanol, hexane and ethyl acetate). This separation process further continued by means of coloumn chromatography with a mobile phase of 1:1 hexane and acetone followed by a thin layer chromatography. Anthocyanine identification was determined by Liquid Chromatography / Mass Spectrometry - MS, where the ethyl acetate extract was confirmed as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) with a molecular weight of 449,1367 kDa.

We have used the in vitro sircol collagen test to investigate the effects of Swietenia mahagoni seed extract on collagen production in human fibroblast cells (HSF1184). The results showed that Swietenia mahagoni seed extract with concentrations of 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg / mL caused stimulation in the synthesis of type I collagen in HSF1184 cells. Although, three concentration of SC-CO₂ and soxhlet that showed no statistically significant of collagen on the HSF1184 when compared with the negative control, while LA (fibroblast cells with pure Linoleic acid as supplement in culture medium) gave significant effect on the collagen production.

The objectives of the research are to study the potensial of lactic acid bacteria to inhibit the growth histamine-producing bacteria, inhibit the formation of indicator component off-flavor of bakasang and increasing the amount of carnosine as a bioactive peptide. The results indicated that Pediococcus sp.B5.1 and Pediococcus sp.B1.0 were able to increase the amount of carnosine by 9.16 x and 8.92 x, able to inhibit the growth histamine-producing bacteria, soluble proteins increased by 10.4% and 10.5%, capable of inhibit the formation of histamine 5.8 mg / 100g and 5.9 mg / 100 mg, TVN (47.2 mg / 100gr and 45.6 mg / 100g), and TMA (24.2 mg / 100g and 22.6 mg / 100 g ). This shows that the two isolates of BAL are able to improve the quality and maintain the safety of fermented foodsbakasang and that most the impotantly can increase the potential of bakasang to become functional food because it can increase the number of carnosine.

Urban Agriculture is an effort to use minimalist space in urban areas to produce the desired production. This production is related to fulfilling food needs, living comfort amid urban air pollution and presenting an aesthetic feel in the city house. Limited land, urban distance away from sources of food production is not an obstacle to actualizing the economic potential of urban land. Things that can be done planting in various ways such as verticulture using paralon media which are arranged vertically. This study aims to see the growth of vegetable kale by vertical verticulture method in the city of Padang Panjang. Kale (Brasicca oleraceae) is a vegetable that is still one species with cabbage or cabbage. Kale is a seasonal and short-lived vegetable, around 40-50 days after the seeds are planted. Kale has good prospects to be developed in Indonesia because of its high nutritional content and high economic value. The material used is a 2-meter-high Parallon pipe that has been perforated, with soil and compost media. The design used in this study was a completely randomized design with treatment: (1) 100% soil, (2) 75% soil + 25% compost, (3) 50% soil + 50% compost, (4) 25% soil + 75 % compost, with four (4) replications. Activities carried out include vertical verticulture pots making, nurseries, giving fertilizers according to treatment, planting, maintaining plants, watering, weeding weeds and controlling pests and diseases, harvesting, data collection and analysis, and preparing reports. The data collected consists of; (1) plant height at 10, 20, and 30 days after planting.

Dayak Ngaju community especially in three villages, which are Tumbang Muroi, Tumbang Mangkutub, and Katimpun in Mantangai Sub-district, Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan has used environment unit as a place to fulfill the community's daily needs. The perception of the community towards each landscape unit utilization has been held in July 2018. The result of classification and utilization of the landscape unit is a belief and trust of the people which is able to influence the perception of the community towards sustainable utilization and management of the environment. Thus, this research provides explanation about utilization, development, and management based on Dayak Ngaju community norm in order to sustainably conserve the natural resources in the future.

Enzyme is one of important commodity in industrial world. The majority of industrial enzymes are produced by microorganisms through fermentation. The use of enzymes is largely as a biocatalyst in chemical transformations. Currently there are about 400 known enzymes and about 200 are used commercially. The enzyme industry has grown rapidly and occupies an important position in the field of industry one of which is xylanase enzyme. Xylanase can be produced by molds and bacteria through a fermentation process. Groups of bacteria that are known to produce xylanase are Bacillus and Clostridium. In today's microbial use of thermophilic bacteria has commercial value because it is able to produce stability of heat-resistant enzymes. In producing enzymes cell immobilization techniques are used to facilitate the purification of products, increase productivity and ease in controlling cell stability. The aim of this study was to Characterization Extrinsic Factors of Immobilized Cells Thermoxilanolytic Bacteria in Producing Xylanase. This research was conducted in June 2017- June 2018 in Laboratory of Microbiology FMIPA UNP. This research was using descriptive method. This research conclusion that temperature effect on xylanase activity with optimum temperature was 70°C and pH affects the xylanase activity with the highest pH was 7.5.

The necessity for enzyme utilization in various industrial applications and reducing production cost for a more economical process compelled this research to seek for an alternative source of endemic enzyme for various sources cellulotic enzymes. The termites hindgut is known as a fermentor chamber of its own containing bacterial isolates with the potential to induce cellulosic substrates. Series of research have been conducted to obtain cellulolytic potential bacterial isolates characterized biochemically and molecularly. The purpose of this research was to determine the enzyme characters of cellulolytic bacterial from the hindguts of endemic termites of North Sulawesi. Screening results from various bacterial isolates from hindguts of local termites of several regencies from North Sulawesi identified Bacillus cereus from the hindgut of Odontotermes javanicus from South Minahasa (North Sulawesi). This Bacillus cereus isolate had the best cellulolytic potential by exhibiting a cellulolytic index of 1.75 cm on a selective media of CMC, with the best enzyme production on the 6^th day with the activity of 0.0054U/ml.

Rhinocorisfuscipes are predators that play a role in controlling plant pests. This study aims to determine the effect of some artificial diet on the breeding of R. fuscipes assassin bug in the laboratory. This research was conducted from July to August 2018, at the Laboratory of Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The research method used a Non-Factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of controls (T. molitor), egg yolks, Artemia salina, plant foods from soybean (Glycine max). The results showed that control treatment F = 85,397 (p <0.05), egg yolk F = 17,552 (p <0.05), Artemia salina F = 8,936 (p <0.05), plant feed from soybean juice F = 8,377 (p <0.05) significant effect on R. fuscipes body length, on R. fuscipes body width only egg yolk treatment F = 7.161 (p <0.05) which had a significant effect on body weight and only soybean treatment F = 12.297 (p <0.05) which was significant.

Fluorescent pseudomonad is a member of the rhizobacterial groups which has the potential to be developed as an agent for inducing plant resistance. Several species of fluorescent pseudomonad are capable of producing siderophore. Siderophore is an organic antimicrobial compound that plays a role in biological control of plant diseases. The aim of the study was to determine the best carbon source added to the growing media to increase the levels of siderophore from the fluorescent pseudomonad PfCas3 and PfLAHp2 isolates. This research is an experimental study that use a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, which is the addition of carbon sources of glucose, fructose, glycerol on growing media, and King's B medium (control), and 3 replications. Detection of siderophore was measured with a spectrophotometer at a 410 nm wavelength (λ). The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA and DNMRT continued testing at a significant level of 5%. The results showed that the best carbon source added to the fluorescent pseudomonad PfCas3 isolate growing medium was glucose, with the siderophore level produced 1,574 at λ = 410 nm. Glucose added to the growing medium can also increase the levels of siderophore from the fluorescent pseudomonad PfLAHp2 isolate, which is 1,464 at λ = 410 nm.

Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum were commensal pathogenic- potential bacterias in the female urogenital tract and may cause of newborns death. Several studies have suggested a correlation between cervical cytology and Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum infections. It was a cross sectional design carried out on 50 multiparous women in an outpatient clinic in Medan in 2018. The cervical cytology features observed were reactive cellular change (RCC), cannonballs, predominance of coccoid bacteria, clue cells, and large number of neutrophils. All cytology features were negative from 3 (6.0%) subjects that had Mh infection. 9 (18.0%) subjects with Uu infection showed negative result of RCC, 9 (100.0%) were positive cannonballs, 3 (33.3%) were predominance of coccoid bacteria, 1 (11.1%) were positive clue cells and 7 (77.8%) had large number of neutrophils. Cytology finding of 38 (76.6%) subjects with no infection of Mh and Uu revealed 10 (26.3%) had RCC, 28 (73.7%) were positive cannonballs, 19 (50.0%) were predominance of coccoid bacteria, 2 (5.3%) were positive clue cells and 16 (42.1%) had large number of neutrophils. Non-specific cytological features were found in Mycoplasma infection. Specific features found in Ureaplasma infection but need to be traced to the infection of other organisms in group non Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma infections.

Sirangak (Cyanthillium cinereum; Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant traditionally used by Minangkabaunese, West Sumatra to heal the wounds. However, the underlying mechanism of this plant in healing the wounds is scientifically unelucidated. This current research aimed to clarify that Sirangak could potently accelerate the wound healing by enhanching the hematological performances. We conducted an experiment by using adult male mice consisted of control group and Sirangak oil-topical treated group after being wounded by superficial slice cuting. Subsequently, the wound healing rate was determined and the hematological profiles were monitored periodically for a week. The results demonstrated that Sirangak oil could significantly accelerate the wound healing by 85.6% as compared to control with a 71.6% of wound recovery. The hematological analysis indicated that Sirangak oil could significantly increase the erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite, mean cell volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) particularly during the early day of treatment. However, Sirangak oil did not significantly affect the leucocyte profiles except for the granulocyte. Therefore, the Sirangak oil could potently accelerate wound healing by enhanching the physiological endurance particularly the erythrocyte and hemoglobin level. This finding underpins a scientific evidence for further use of Sirangak in medicine.

Sclerotium rolfsii is a fungus that has a wide range of host and high pathogenicity that can cause stem rot, root rot, and wilt in plants. Diseases caused by S. rolfsii can be solved by using synthetic or chemical fungicides. The use of synthetic or chemical fungicides on an ongoing basis can have a negative impact on human health. Natural pesticides derived from plant leaf extracts are explored to treat plant diseases. One of them is Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. The compounds contained in this plant are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and suaveolic acid. This study aims to examine the effect of H. suaveolens (L.) Poit. extract and the most effective concentration in inhibiting the growth of S. rolfsii. H. Suaveolens (L.) Poit. leaf extract was prepared by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The leaf extract solution was evaporated using a vacuum rotary evaporator. The concentration used is 0% (control), 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% with 4 repetitions. The data obtained were analyzed using one way ANOVA and Duncan test. The results showed that H. suaveolens (L.) Poit.leaf extract could inhibit the growth of S. rolfsii and the most effective concentration was at concentration 15% with 58% inhibition percentage.

The purposes of this research were: (1) to determine levels of SGOT (Serum Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transferase) of wistar rats after being given preserved tofu using water/aquadest, formalin, and turmeric extract with various concentrations, and (2) to identify histopathology images of rat liver after being given tofu which is preserved using formalin, turmeric extract, and soaked with water/aquadest. This true experimental research was designed with Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design. The sample used was male white rat (Rattusnorvegicus) wistar strain of 40 individuals. SGOT levels were analysed using one way ANOVA statistic test and histopathology images of rat liver were analysed descriptively. The results of this research show that: (1) there has been different SGOT levels among male white rat (Rattusnorvegicus) wistar strain due to preserved tofu using turmeric extract withvarious concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%, (2) hepatic tissue structure of rats that is given tofu with turmeric extract 40% and 60% suffered from structural damage of its liver, while the rats given with tofu with turmeric extract 20% obtained a normal liver cell structure.

Bali grapevine is a local fruit cultived in banjar district, but the productivity and quality of the grapes has decreased each year because of disease, consequently farmers have to use chemical pesticides to deal with disease attacks that actually cause adverse effects. So a solution is needed to solve this problem by using endophytic fungi as a natural biological agent. This research was aimed to determine the (1) total number of fungi colonies and (2) genus of endophytic fungi on Bali grapevine in a vineyard at Banjar village. The observation using descriptive research. Based on the observation that had been done, the result of this research were(1) There was a variation of total number of endophytic fungi colonies in the roots part 6.5 x 104 CFU/gram, in the stems 2.9 x 104 CFU/gram, and in the leaves 2.6 x 104 CFU/gram, so it was known that the largest total number of endophytic fungi colonies found in the root. (2) Genus of endophytic fungi found on the root, stem, and leaf, were Trichoderma, Fusarium, Scytalidium, Aspergillus, Scedosporium, Alternaria, dan Microsphaeropsis.

The aims of this study is to determine the change of starch and sugar content on cassava roots and sweet potato substrates through local "Tape Ragi" fermentation. The type of research is experiment with solid substrate fermentation method. The cassava roots and sweet potato mixture substrate is made with variation of concentration 1:0; 1:1; 1:3; 3:1 and 0:1. The tape ragi used is obtained from the traditional market of Bone regency of South Sulawesi province which is the result of selection in previous research. Analysis of starch content on products using enzymatic methods. The principle of analysis by such methods is starch extracted by dimethyl sulfoxide and acid, hydrolyzed by enzyme amyloglucosidase into sugar. The sugar content is determined by the determination of total sugar, and the starch content is 0.9 times the sugar content. The results of this study shows that the fermented mixture of cassava roots and sweet potatoes using local tape ragi B causes changes in starch and sugar levels. Level of starch on cassava roots subtract treatment (K), mixture of cassava roots and sweet potato with ratio 1: 1 (K1J1) and cassava roots and sweet potato mixture with ratio 3: 1 (K3: J1) decreased. The treatment of sweet potato substrate (J) and cassava roots mixture and sweet potato mixture with ratio of 1: 3 (K1J3) actually increased to 24.84% from 22.78% before fermentation and 33.57% from 27.48% before fermentation. All variations of the substrate treatment experienced a change in the increase in the amount of sugar content after fermentation using local tape ragi.

This research study aims to determine the production of nitrous oxide (N₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂), the rate of ammonium-nitrate, microbe responses in soil following the addition of urea coated by zeolite under soil incubated. The result showed that urea granulated with zeolite in soil sample had a significant effect on the production of CO₂and have no significant increase N₂O productions. Therefore, the addition of urea with zeolite seems to decrease the production of N₂O compared to urea alone. The concentrations of ammonium and nitrate during incubation time were significantly affected by the amended type of fertilizers. The availability of ammonium and nitrate in soil were increased by addition of urea zeolite 30%. The urea combinedzeolite increases the growth of the fungi population, while population of ammonium oxidizer bacteria seems appearedlower in soil that amended with fertilizer compared to the control. The study showed that urea granulated with zeoliteincreased the time availability of soil nitrogen.

The principle of making yoghurt is fermentation of milk with the addition of lactobacillus (LAB) and Streptococcus bacteria. LAB often found naturally in fruits and vegetables. One of the fruits that is thought to contain lactic acid bacteria is strawberries (Fragaria vesca). Strawberry are thought to be one of the natural media of bacteria including lactic acid, because strawberry contain various chemical compositions that are needed as a substrate for LAB. The purpose of this study is isolate LAB from strawberry and determine the type of LAB produced microscopically. Research methods, the ingredients used are strawberry obtained from community plantations in Aie Angek, Tanah Datar district, with Merck NA media, oxoid MRSa, 0,9% NaCl, crystal violet paint from biological laboratories of Universitas Negeri Padang. Isolation LAB from strawberry done in two ways, the first with plant strawberry tissue directly into the NA medium and the second with fermentation strawberry and then plant the strawberry into the MRSa medium with streak plate methods. The isolates obtained were identified microscopically using a microscope with gram staining method. From the research that has been done, the following result are obtained : (1) Plant strawberry tissue direcly into NA medium and gram staining, there were 2 colonies of gram positive bacteria with bacil cell form. (2). Fermentation strawberry from the results, there were 2 colonies gram positive bacteria with bacil cell form. We can identify this colonies as Lactobacillius bulgaricus.

This research has been conducted to measure the total of phenolic content and the test of antioxidant activity in cocoa pod husk. Cocoa pod husk extract was obtained by maceration using 2 kinds of solvents, they are 70% ethanol and acetone: water (7: 3). Folin Ciocalteu method was used to measure the total of phenolic compounds and DPPH (1,1- diphenyl-2-pikrilhidrazil) method was used to measure the antioxidant activity. The results obtained, the total phenolic content of 70% ethanol extract and acetone extract: water (7: 3) respectively had the following values: 94.92 GAE/g, 49.92 GAE/g. while the antioxidant activity of 70% ethanol extract and acetone extract: water respectively had the following values: 88.16%, 44.11%.

Traditional community still maintain their knowledge in utilizing plants for curing various of disease. The study of medicinal plants in Dayak Ngaju tribe was conducted from February – May 2017 in Mantangai sub-district. The aim of this study was to obtain new information of medicinal plants diversity for pregnancy and postpartum care. The ethnomedicinal data were gathered through open ended interview, semi-structure interview, participatory observation, and field survey. Data were analysed by Index of Cultural Significance (ICS), to determine the important of medicinal plants. The study recorded 57 medicinal plants species 36 family, which were utilized for pregnancy and postpartum care. Curcuma domestica and Piper longum has the highest value of ICS. Dayak Ngaju tribe used medicinal plants for the treatment of pregnancy and postpartum in the single or mixed herbs. They used that directly by eat the parts of plants, drink as beverages, and by steam bath.

This study aims to determine the distribution of wanga plants (Piga fettaelata) in South Sulawesi. This data is very important as a baseline for conservation or protection of these species to avoid extinction. The method used is an exploration method by exploring the forest and mountainous areas in South Sulawesi, namely the Latimojong mountain area in Enrekang Regency, in TanaToraja Regency, and in North Toraja Regency. The results showed that the Wanga plants in South Sulawesi were spread in nature in groups with a rather specific habitat that is near water sources, around small rivers, plantations, open fields found on the slopes of hills or former shifting cultivation that get light direct sun, and forest edge. This plant thrives in humid mountainous areas at an altitude of 788 to 1,540 m asl, with an average temperature between 20°C to 25°C.

The prevalence of T2DM is quite high in Indonesian Melayu ethnic. T2DM is a metabolic disorder that is difficult to cure but can be inhibited by its expression. T2DM expression inhibited by knowing its genetic markers. The strong genetic marker for T2DM and widely studied in other countries is SNP rs7903146 TCF7L2 gene. The aim of the research was to identify SNP rs7903146 in TCF7L2 gene as a genetic marker of T2DM in Indonesian Melayu ethnic. Identification of SNP rs7903146 TCF7L2 uses direct DNA sequencing methods and then bioinformatics analysis. SNP rs7903146 in TCF7L2 gene can be a genetic marker of T2DM in Indonesian Melayu ethnic.

Leaf extract of Lawsonia inermis Linn. leaf extract (EAE) showed the ability to decrease the high of blood glucose level and to protect the hepar of diabetic rats at dose 1 g/kgbw. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of EAE on normal rats organs, namely the kidneys. EAE was obtained by serial extraction using n-hexane and ethyl acetate (EAE). 10 rats were divided into two groups that treated with EAE 1.25 g/kgbw (Group I) and distilled water (DW) 10 ml/kgbw (Group II) as control group, orally, once daily for 14 days. After 14 days the rats were sacrified for histopathological evaluation of kidney using hematoxyilline-eosine staining. Grossly, no difference was found on the kidney of DW- or EAE-treated groups. However, microscopically, kidney of DW-treated group showed normal structure of glomerulus and tubulus renalis, whereas EAE-treated group showed the congestion of tubulus renalis. The present study concluded that EAE 1,25 g/kgbw caused the inflammation of the kidney.

Spice plants are known for their compounds that are useful as foods flavoring, food preservatives, and medicines. This due to the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in plants such as terpenoids, flavonoids, phenols, and saponins. These compounds are known to be potential to inhibit microorganism's growth causing decay in food and oxidation. The use of these sources for applications in the food sector is relatively safer and environmentally friendly than the use of antibiotics in general. This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from Coriandrum sativum L. (coriander) and Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton (cardamom). The essential oil extract from these plants was tested for phytochemical content qualitatively for terpenoid screening and by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC/MS). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity from the oil extracts was tested by DPPH method. Meanwhile, their ability to inhibit gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli were tested by paper disc method. The phytochemical characterization showed a positive result of terpenoid and GC/MS result showed dominant of monoterpenes compounds, such as α-pinene and ß-pinene. The DPPH results revealed that the essential oils have different antioxidant and antimicrobial potential, whereas Coriander tends to have a higher antimicrobial activity, while Cardamom superior in antioxidant activity. These results will become the basis for the development of potential essential oil with the best antimicrobial activity for food active packaging materials.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can be developed into materials for the detection of metals in the environment. The detection was carried out based on the color change AgNP colloids after reacted with metal ions, known as a colorimetric method. In this study, silver nanoparticles were obtained through biosynthesis using the aqueous extract of Diospyros discolor Willd. (Bisbul) leaves which was mixed with 1 mM of AgNO3 precursor. The characterization results using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed a peak in the range of 300500 nm which is the typical absorption spectrum of silver nanoparticles. Formation of AgNPs was also indicated by the solution color change from yellow to brown. After 24 hours of reaction, the formed AgNPs were tested as indicator solutions for 6 metal ions, namely Pb²⁺, Zn²⁺, Co²⁺, Mg²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Fe²⁺, at 1000 mg/L. The specific visual colour change was observed only when AgNPs solution was added into Fe²⁺ ion solution. Further testing was carried out to detect the presence of Fe²⁺ ions at 0; 0,1; 1; 10; 100; 500; and 1000 mg/L. The results showed a solution discoloration ranging from brownish to greenish. The change in solution color after AgNPs were added into Fe²⁺ solution was caused by AgNPs unique optical properties in the visible wavelength. Silver nanoparticles also tend to have an affinity with Fe²⁺ and showed larger size based on the PSA (Particles Size Analyzer) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) characterizations. The results showed that the AgNPs tend to agglomerate after the addition of a higher concentration of Fe²⁺. This detection method has the potency to be developed and enhanced to detect the presence of Fe²⁺ metal ions in the environment.

Black Soldier Fly (BSF) become concern that it can solve environment problem. It can turn organic waste to biomass supporting the composition of its micro flora. The research aim to investigate agricultural waste in Lembang site west java.. Amount of bsf with 100 mg in weight was used in research in 200 g, 250 g and 300 g with two and three combination of waste product. The two combinations were bran + milk, bran + vegetable, fish + bran, afterward it was continuo with three combination that they were media of milk + vegetable+ bran and milk + vegetable + bran. All material were slice into small sizes, blend and measure. After pre pupae stage they were harvested. The result show at bsf treatment with two combination with fish waste + bran at 250 : 250 resulted the best bioconversion i.e 20 g compare to milk + bran (16 g) and waste vegetable (15 g) while with three combination of milk + vegetable waste + bran on 150+150+200 was the highest (26 g) compare to milk vegetable+ bran (24 g). This showed capability bsf to degrade material from organic material especially from protein.

The purpose of this research is to obtained the best interaction between bacteria and compost in the process of hydrocarbon bioremediation in soil-contamination lubricant oil. Alcaligenes sp. and Bacillus sp. from our previous study is applied in this study.We used 3%, 6% and 9% household waste compost as the biostimulant sources. Biodegradation process is indicated by total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) value and the quality of bioremediated soil is checked by pH value. TPH and pH value is measured in days of 15^th and 30^rd. This study showsthat interaction of Alcaligenes sp and Bacillus sp consortium and 6% household waste compost gave the best TPH value (27.62%) in biodegradation process after 15 days. However, on days of 30^rd, the best result is shown by the interaction of Alcaligenes sp and 9% household waste compose. The TPH value after 30 days of incubation is 30.54%. The soil's pH is decrease from 7.98 to 5.79 respectively. It is concluded that interaction of Alcaligenes sp and household waste compost can increase degradation rate of hydrocarbon in soil-contaminated lubricant oil.

Cavendish banana Musa acuminata, is one of the endemic plants in North Sulawesi, particularly Minahasa. The fruit is generally consumed after fried or boiled. Nowadays M. acuminate can be processed to make flour and used as material of many different fresh or dried cookies, such as cake, brownish, biscuit and many others. According to Sondakh (1990), M. acuminata flour contains 80.89% carbohydrate, 2.89% protein, 0.67% fat, and 2% coarse fiber. Therefore, the potential of M. acuminata flour processing gives more variable development opportunity that indirectly involves in accelerating the national food security achievement. The output target of this Community Partnership Program (CPP) is to make all Family Prosperity Construction (FPC) stakeholders be able to work as M. acuminata flour-based biscuit entrepreneurs using box packaging agreed, and all FPC stakeholders can manage the business cash flow well.

Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) is a member of the Rutaceae family which is spread in the regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia. In the territory of Indonesia, andaliman is spread in the highlands of North Sumatra and parts of Aceh. Andaliman is a spice plant that is usually used as a spice for the Batak tribe in North Sumatra. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of andaliman habitat in North Sumatra. A total of 169 samples from 8 regencies in North Sumatra analyzed habitat characteristics using the ArcGis 10.3 program using various ecological data. The results showed that andaliman was widely distributed in the highlands in North Sumatra. Andaliman inhabits 4 soil types, namely Humic Acrisols (36.09%), Orthic Acrisols (34.31%), Humic Cambisols (18.34%), and Orthic Ferralsols (11.24%), 7 Types of land cover namely dry land agriculture (81.06%), open soil (0.59%), rice fields (6.5%), settlements (2.9%), secondary dryland forests (4.73%), shrubs (3.55%), and industrial plantations (0.59%). Andaliman inhabits a limited elevation between 854-2676 m above sea level. The highest number in elevation 1161-1526 (76.92%), 854-1160 (14.20%), 1527-1968 (7.69%), 1969-2676 (0.59%). In rainfall ecology variables, Andaliman occupies an area with rainfall between 1500-4000 mm/year. The highest number occupies rainfall between 1500-2000 (8.87%), 2000-2500 (83.43%), 2500-3000 (5.91%), 3000-3500 (0.59%), and 3500-4000 (0.59%) mm/annual. Most of Andaliman grew in areas with Critical land types (69.23%), rather critical (25.44%), critical potential (3.55%) and very critical (1.18%). Andaliman occupies a limited habitat character so that the right steps are needed in his conservation efforts. This research is expected to become important information in the conservation and cultivation efforts of andaliman in North Sumatra.

The use of plants in traditional tribal ceremonies is a culture. Kanagarian Tiku are inhabited by 3 tribes, namely Minangkabau, Java and Nias. In carrying out the Traditional Ceremony in Kanagarian Tiku each tribe still uses traditional plants. The traditional ceremonies examined are traditional ceremonies of marriage, birth, death and the first milestone. The purpose of this research is to find out the type of plant, the part used and its function in traditional ceremonies of each tribe. Data collection with survey methods, interviews and plant collections. Respondents interviewed were ninik mamak, tribal chiefs, bundo kanduang and people who used to look for plants for traditional ceremonies. The results showed that 44 plant species were used in traditional ceremonies and belonged to 27 families. Parts of plants used by roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds. The most widely used part of the plant leaves 36.4% and the least seeds are only 1%. At the Minangkabau and Javanese tribal wedding ceremonies using 7 species, the Nias tribe is 5 species. In traditional birth ceremonies and the first milestone only performed by Minangkabau tribes using 20 species and 13 species. In the traditional ceremony the death of the Minangkabau tribe uses 10 species, Java 9 species and Nias 6 species. Plants that have the highest utilization rates are found in Piper betle, Areca chatecu, Uncaria gambir, and Nicotiana tabacum with UV 0.33.

A Phenotype analysis of Neolissochilus sumatranus (Cyprinidae) which is an endemic species to Sumatra Island has been carried from five tributaries of Batang Toru based on 23 morphometric and 14 meristic characters. The result showed the significance of characters differentiation in morphometric characters but no differentiation in meristic characters detected. Using Kruskal Wallis Test and Mann-Whitney U Test, the characters which showed significantly different among population related to body width and body depth, as well as to fin and eye diameter. Plot Principal Component Analysis (PCA) indicated the distinction clearly for each population. Phenotype variation between N. sumatranus in North Sumatra proving the local adaptation ability of fishes in different environments, and it probably related to the ability of morphological plasticity.

The experimental design in this study was used to optimize the results of extracting pectin from kepok banana peels by surface method. The model for predicting and optimizing the process of extracting kepok banana pectin consists of 4 axillary points, 4 factorial points, and 5 middle titlication replications using a central commision design (CCD) with DX6.0.4 software. The independent variables used in the optimization of the extraction results of kepok banana pectin are pH and temperature, where the pH is between 1.5 - 2.5 and temperatures are 60°C-100°C and the combination of independent and bound variables (extraction time). The results of pectin extract ranged from 5.79% to 22.57% (b / b, based on the dry weight of kepok banana peel). The variables of pH and temperature, the interaction between pH and temperature, and the interaction between extraction time and pH significantly influence. The optimum conditions for extraction of pectin are estimated at pH (2.5) and temperature (100°C). In optimal conditions, the actual pectin yield is 22.57%, which is below the estimated extraction condition of 21.286%. Analysis of variance, adj R² and R², model lack of fit test, and p value statistically indicate that the model is adequate in representing experimental data. The effect of pH and extraction temperature was very significant (P <0.001) on the extraction results of kepok banana peel pectin. This shows that these two variables are very important in the process of extracting kepok banana peel, where the R² value is 96.01%.

Hemoglobin is a protein molecule contained in erythrocytes serves to carry oxygen. Physical training that did not suit to sport principles causes free radicals which will be bond to hemoglobin causing tissue injury. The increasing of free radicals can be reduced by vitamin C which can be gained from food or vitamin C supplements as antioxidants. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in hemoglobin levels after administering submaximal physical training and supplying vitamin C. The type of research was quasi-experimental design with pretest and post-test control group design. The population of this study was a group of students of Health and Recreation Department Faculty of Sport Science, Universitas Negeri Padang enrolled in academic year of 2017 with total number 232 students. The numbers of samples were 24 students divided into three groups. Each group consists of 8 students. Data of submaximal physical training were collected using hallow sprint for 16 meeting, data of vitamin C supplement were collecting by consuming vitamin C 250 mg/day for 30 days, and data of hemoglobin level were collected by using HB meter. Data were analyzed using the effect test of t-test. Based on the results of data analysis using t-test, it was obtained that there was no effect of submaximal physical training and vitamin C supplement to wards hemoglobin level with t_observe = 1.268 <t_table = 1.860. The conclusion of this research was that giving of submaximal physical training along with vitamin C supplement has no effect on hemoglobin level.

Postoperative periods of high-risk abdominal surgery cause problems with intestinal peristaltic activity. Manipulation of the abdominal organs during surgical procedures may cause a normal peristaltic loss for about 24-48 hours, depending on the type and duration of surgery. One of the abdominal postoperative recovery processes can be pursued by the planning and implementation of early ambulation ie the immediate stages of activity in postoperative patients starting from waking up and sitting on the bedside until the patient gets out of the bed, stands up and starts walking with assistance in accordance with the patient's condition. This study aims to identify the effect of early ambulation on the intestinal peristaltic activity of abdominal postoperative patients in Haji Medan Hospital. This research is a quantitative research of quasi-experimental (pre and post-test with the control group). The sample of this research is abdominal postoperative patients of counted 74 respondents that are 37 people in each group taken using consecutive sampling technique. The data collected using an observation sheet of intestinal peristaltic activity with a stethoscope and a watch. Bivariate analysis using statistical analysis with Wilcoxon Test to analyze the pain intensity of control and intervention group before and after the early ambulatory intervention. Mann Whitney Test used to analyze intestinal peristaltic activity between control and intervention group after the early ambulatory intervention. The results of bivariate analysis showed that there was a difference of intestinal peristaltic activity in the control group and the intervention group before and after the early ambulatory intervention (p = 0.000, p <0,05), there was a difference of intestinal peristaltic activity between the unpaired groups after the early ambulatory intervention (p = 0.000; p <0.05). The results of this study can be an input for nursing services and studies to apply the method of early ambulation in accordance with the stages and conditions of abdominal postoperative patients on postoperative peristaltic activity.

Marine macroalgae has potent applications for food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic. Several species of green and brown macroalgae from Binuangeun beach have been collected and analyzed by phytochemical test and total lipid content. Phytochemical screening has been carried out to discover bioactive compound in macroalgae. The lipid of algae contains fatty acid, oxylipins, and sterol, which has nutritional dan chemo-taxonomic properties. The results show the presence of bioactive compounds in green and brown macroalgae such as flavonoids, saponins and steroid. The analysis of total lipid content reveals that macroalgae of brown (Turbinaria sp.) and green (Tydemania sp.) species recorded the total lipid content, 5.69% and 5.87%, respectively.

The number of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases endemic at the village Sei Kera Hilir I Sub-district Medan Perjuangan Medan City since 2017 which was 46 cases. One cause of the spread of dengue fever was a place of water container around the house that became the breeding ground for Aedes aegypti. This study aimed to know the relationship of presence of larva Aedes aegypti at water container with DHF incidence in the village Sei Kera Hilir 1 Sub-district Medan Perjuangan Medan City. This research was an analytic observational study with cross sectional design. The samples of this study were 100 homes taken by cluster sampling. The data was analyzed using Fisher's Exact Test. The most commonly used water container was the bucket (56%), the most common water container with Aedes aegypti was the dispenser (16%), and there were 10 respondents with a history of DHF in the last 1 year. In bivariate analyses, the presence of larvae Aedes aegypti in water container significantly related to DHF incidence in the village Sei Kera Hilir 1 Sub-district Medan Perjuangan Medan City. There was a relationship between the presence of larva Aedes aegypti at the water container with the incidence of DHF in the village Sei Kera Hilir I Sub-district Medan Perjuangan Medan City.

Copigmentation is one of the methods to stabilize and enhance the anthocyanin.color. Green tea has the phenolic compounds (one of them is catechin) that potentially serves as co-pigment. In this study co-pigmentation of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) anthocyanin extract with green tea extract were investigated. The anthocyanin was extracted with water at pH 2. Green tea extract was made by maceration in hot water by varying time. The co-pigmentation was conducted by varying ratio of anthocyanin.extract with green tea extract (1:1; 1: 2; 1: 3; 1: 4; and 1:5). The results showed that the total anthocyanin in anthocyanin extract from purple sweet potato was 1700 ppm, the total polyphenol in green tea extract was 10014 ppm. Green tea extract can be used as co- pigment for anthocyanin from purple sweet potato by evaluating the bathochromic effect (maximum wavelength shift, Δλmax) and hyperchromic effect (the increase of absorbance, ΔAmax). Green tea extract showed the best co-pigmentation in the ratio (1: 1) while the bathochromic effect (Δλmax) was 4 nm and hyperchromic effect Δmax) was 0.548.

Breast cancer was the second most common cancer that causes death in women worldwide. One ingredients of herbal plants as an alternative therapy in the community, was gambir leaves. This research was conducted to examine the anticancer activity of Uncaria gambir Roxb on T47D breast cancer cells in vitro. Six levels of concentration U. gambir (31.25 mg/ml up to 1000 mg/ml) was included on the 96 microplate well which had been filled with breast cancer cells, the positive control was doxorubicin (with concentration of 0.03-1 mg/ml). The anticancer effects of U.gambir was determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide 2.5). The results showed the existence of anticancer activity of Uncaria gambir Roxb at concentrations of 250, 500 and 1000 μg/ml. The largest anticancer activity found at a concentration of 500 μg/ml with the percentage of apoptotic cells of breast cancer by 20%, but we also found a decrease in the value of the apoptotic at concentration of 1000 μg/ml. The IC50 of U.gambir was 1.086 μg/ml whereas the IC50 doxorubicin was 0.108 μg/ml. This study concluded that the inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by gambir leaves extract was still quite weak compared to doxorubicin.

The Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of the BPOM Republic of Indonesia reports that cases of extraordinary events (KLB) of food poisoning have caused the deaths of 2500 people and as many as 411,500 sick people annually. Responsibility and awareness of producers and distributors on food security is not adequate. The results of testing vegetables and fruit samples in 2017 found 17.56% containing pesticide residues. The lack of consumer concern about food security is reflected in the small number of consumers who demand producers to produce safe and quality food products. A model is needed in the formation of community behavior, especially farmers who produce vegetables in West Sumatra because they are far from being environmentally sound. The study of the formation of farmers' behavior in producing safe and quality vegetables needs attention. In this article, more emphasis is placed on analyzing the influence of environmental health knowledge on the formation of environmentally sound behaviors of vegetable farmers in the city of Padang. The model used is a model of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation (ADDIE) conducted in Kuranji, Koto Tangah and Nanggalo Padang sub-districts. Based on the needs, it is done with a module, the video contains an explanation of the behavior of farmers, environmental behavior by farmers, technically, the benefits of environmentally friendly behavior by farmers. The results of the study concluded that there was no influence on the behavior formation model of environmentally sound vegetable farmers on increasing environmental health knowledge.

The motorcycle is a two-wheeled vehicle driven by a motor fuel. The motor fuel is a machine converting the thermal energy into the mechanical energy. The power and torque are one of the parameters that maintained in improving the motorcycle performances. One of the appropriate ways that can be generated use of enhancing the power and torque is to upgrade the combustion process by pairing the turbulators in the intake manifold. The pairing aims at producing the air vortex into the combustion chamber. The research finding of power and torque using the dynotest indicated that the turbulator used in the intake manifold at a 25 degree blade-angle decreased the power by 22% and torque by 9%. The use of turbulator in the intake manifold at a 40 degree blade-angle increased the power by 12% and torque by 3%. The use of turbulator in the intake manifold at the 55 degree blade-angle, on the other hand, decreased the power by 9% and the torque by 7%.

Using turbo as power booster still has left over one problem, namely, turbo lag. The turbo lag is still not resolved and Turbocharger technology development could not raise the engine's maximum torque. The purpose of this study was to analyze the ideal intake manifold pressure on several variations of engine rotation and some treatments of turbochargers with the vibration parameters and to examine the smallest vibrations when there was a change into the intake manifold for shorter engine acceleration and smoother engine sound due to the lower vibration. The results gotten from this study were from the intake air in the intake manifold showed a decrease in the vibration of 7-10% and experienced an average increase in volumetric efficiency of 26.63% compared with the engines without turbo and 18.32% when compared with the engine with turbo standard. This proved that the perfect combustion was at the smallest vibration. The smallest vibrations on the engine in the same rotation described the pressure conditions and the combustion chamber in the ideal conditions.

Tibarau sugar cane is a renewable energy plant that is very likely to be processed into solid fuel in the form of bio-briquettes. Development of bio-briquette tibarau as an effort in the effort of alternative fuels to reduce the energy of oil-fueled energy. In producing biobriquette tibarau fuel, which has a measurable quality and performance with its calorific value. The use of bio-briquettes tibarau is a potential in developing renewable energy to achieve national energy security. Through the process of making bio-briquette products with carbonization technology in the furnace at certain temperatures that occur in the increase of heat. From this study, the results were obtained in the form of developing a bio-briquette tibarau model which is recommended as an alternative fuel. Characteristics of bio- briquette of tibarau content using tapioca adhesive were 32270.26 k/kg at carbonization 3000C and composition percentage 80 : 20. While bio-briquettes tibarau by using damar adhesive amounted to 36943.08 kJ/kg. Carbonization temperature affects the calorific value of biobriquettes tibarau sugar cane. The carbonization process of briquettes developed into biobriquettes were very important in improving the performance of bio-briquette fuels.

Limboto Lake is a natural lake located in Gorontalo Province. The condition of the lake is increasingly critical due to environmental damage and slowly loses its function. This study used Landsat 8 OLI imagery and rainfall data in the period of January 2015 to December 2016. The spatio-temporal map of the inundation area of Limboto Lake was obtained through automatic extraction method of water features with water index formula using GIS and Remote Sensing software. Analysis results based on Landsat 8 OLI image data showed that there was a large fluctuation in Limboto Lake inundation area during the study period. The largest inundation area is 4,043 ha and the smallest is 1,440 ha. This shows that the area of Limboto Lake inundation area can widen and shrink by almost 3 times. The results of analysis of rainfall data showed that large fluctuation in the Limboto Lake inundation area has a moderate correlation with the amount of rainfall that occurs. Rainfall which is the source of surface runoff and filling the Limboto Lake basin no longer has a major influence on the fluctuation of the Limboto Lake inundation area, only by 35%, there is an accumulation of other factors by 65% which is the cause the condition of large fluctuations in the Limboto Lake inundation area.

The Gambir plant (UncariagambirRoxb) is one of the largest commodities in West Sumatera. The Gambir plant contains high cellulose, lignin and tannin compounds which can be utilized as adsorbents to absorb dissolved metals in water. Biosorbents produced from Gambir plants contain tannin compounds that do not have strong bond structures and are so easily degraded, that it is necessary to strengthen the structure by immobilization using silica gel. The biosorbent made consists of BiosorbentWithout Treatment (BWT) and Biosorbent Treatment Silica Gel (BTSG). This research was conducted to determine the ability of leaves of Gambir in absorbing cadmium (Cd). This study was conducted using a batch system. Characteristics of bisorbent obtained for BWT type with moisture content 1.27%, volatile 10.77%, ash content 2.62% and bound carbon content of 85,48%. As for biosorbent type BTSG obtained water content value 5.19%, volatile 21%, ash content 53% and carbon content bound by 24,6%. The optimum conditions obtained are the type of BTSG. Where is the size,concentration of initial waste, dosage and contact time of biosorbent are very influential on the adsorption process. Where the optimum condition are with the biosorbent size of 60 mesh, the concentration of 25 ppm, bisorbent dosage of 5 mg/L and contact time of 30 minutes. The reaction rate runs on the second order and the isotherm adsorption is Freundlich. The recovery rate obtained is 6.39%,energy free Gibbs is -0.068 kJ/mol.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of problem-based learning model and visual-spatial intelligence in developing student's geometry achievement. This study used non-equivalent control group design and the sample collection technique was purposive sampling. The populations were students of class VIII SMP 7 Padang in the school year of 2017/2018 involving 32 students of class VIII.2 as an experimental class and 32 students of class VIII. 1 as the control class. The instrument used in this study was test of visual-spatial intelligence and geometry achievement. The data were analyzed quantitatively by using independent samples two path analysis of variance. Based on the data analysis, it was found that: (i) the geometry learning outcomes of students learning with PBL model was higher that those learning with DL model; (2) geometry learning outcomes of students having high spatial-visual intelligence were higher than students having low spatial-visual intelligence; (iii) there was interaction between the application of PBL model and spatial-visual intelligence; (4) students having high spatial- visual intelligence got higher geometry learning outcomes after learning with PBL model compared with that after learning with DL model.

Many research shows that students have difficulties in understanding definition of definite integration. Therefore, the research is interested in designing classroom activities integrated with design research method to help students gain better understanding. In order to support students, realistic mathematics approach was chosen. Series of instructional activities had been designed to reach mathematical goal by using geogebra software. First year university students were chosen to implement the classroom activities. The results indicate that geogebra software help student gain better understanding to the definition of definite integral by providing dynamic visualization of the sum of inscribed and circumscribed polygon.

The APOS model is a mathematical learning model based on APOS theory, with syntax consisting of phases: Orientation, Practicum, Small Group Discussion, Classroom Discussion, Exercise and Evaluation. The APOS model has been implemented in Integral Calculus courses by Class A Semester 3 Students in Mathematics Education Study Program FKIP UNIB 2017/2018 TA. Specifically for the improper integral subject, there are five students who choose to discuss improper integral LK independently in group. The purpose of this study is to see the effectivity of APOS Model Based Worksheets on the Improper Integral subject matter. The effectivity was analized from the mastery of the improper integral by giving a test, if the five students were still master the material, after the launch time of up to two months. The instrument used were a test, and an open questionnaire. From the results of this study, we conclude that mastery of the material was in category "very effective". Based on the polling from the questionnaire, it can be concluded that the worksheet based on the APOS Model was effective to help the development of independent, diligent, thorough, resilient, responsible, jointly active, helpful, critical and creative characters of students. So, the Apos Based Worksheets was effective to use in calculus class on the Improper Integral material.

Real analysis is one of the courses to help the students gain experience in the type of critical thought. Students must understand the definitions and theorems to solve problems and perform an analysis process of thinking, so that student analysis develops to the given problem. The research that has been done shows that students' ability to perform the analysis can be improved. But, not to be examined whether the ability to perform the preliminary analysis can be seen from the learning outcomes and how its results reflect the student's ability to perform it. The problem is "Does the student's ability to perform an analysis of the given problem can be predicted based on the learning outcomes that obtained?". In this research used flow proof in performing a preliminary analysis. After theoretically analyzed the comparison between reverse regression and inverse regression, then established models and prediction interval of the students' ability to perform the analysis. The result of this research is the ability of students to conduct an analysis can be predicted from their learning outcomes.

This article discusses the preliminary stage of research on the development of problem-based learning (PBL) tools for high school student. At the preliminary stage of the research, observations and interviews were conducted with mathematics teachers and high school student in class XI. Based on the results of the observation and interviews, the learning device used are still of a general nature and have not allowed the student to improve their mathematical problem-solving skills. Student rarely uses the LKPD and if the teacher does not do so, the content contains little material and many questions that did not allow the student to chat with friends or groups and present contextual problems. In the RPP, there is no step in the learning model used, so sometimes it does not meet the conditions and needs of the student.

This article documents the experience and lessons from implementing a blended learning model aimed at increasing the mathematical proficiency and student character of 8 graders of junior high school students in Bali. It presents some series of mixed method-research result during 2016-2018. Lessons from the experience for the future implementation of blended learning model that can enhance the success of blended learning programs in junior high school are : (1) assessing school and teacher readiness for using blended learning program, (2) facilitating students and teacher with adequate learning sources, (2) increasing teacher competence (a) in designing lesson media such as clear and interesting tutorial videos, and authentic student tasks, (b) in developing strategy to facilitate meaningful students discussion forum, (c) in challenging students to develop higher order thinking, (3) in developing students character such as curiosity, critical thinking, hard work, the sense of community, cooperation and collaboration. The article concludes that enhancing the teacher competence in implementing blended learning program plays a very important role in increasing students mathematical proficiency and their character.

This validity aims to determine the validity of mathematics learning tools based on generative learning models to improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. The validity seen is constructed validity and content validity. Construct validity is the suitability of the product that is developed with theories that are the basis of product development, while content validity is the suitability of the product developed with the established curriculum. Validated learning devices are Learning Implementation Plans and Student Worksheets class VII junior high school. This learning tool is validated by 5 Expert Experts consisting of 3 Mathematical Experts, 1 Indonesian Language Expert, and 1 Educational Technology Expert. Validity test data was obtained from the results of validation by experts using the instrument validity test sheet form questionnaire. The results of the experts' validation indicate that the learning device meets valid criteria.

Mathematics in senior high school has many subjects. One of them is calculus. In order to teach mathematics in senior high school, teacher must mastering calculus subject. But, even mathematics teacher find that calculus is a difficult topics to master and to teach. It was showed by mathematics teachers' answer sheet where there were many mistakes. The aim of this study was to analysis mathematics teachers' error in solving calculus problem. Type of research was descriptive qualitative. Sampling technique used purposive sampling. Sample was 31 mathematics teachers in Padang Pariaman. Instrument was teachers' answer test. Result shows that teachers have different type of error, such as conceptual, factual and procedural error.

This research aims to improve students' mathematical problem solving ability and mathematical disposition use Formulate-Share-Listen-Create (FSLC) strategy. The method used in this research is quasy experimental, with the design of randomized control group only design. The instrument research are students' mathematical problem solving ability tes and mathematical disposition questionnaire. The data of posttest was obtained by using t–test after normality test and homogenity test. The results showed the student's mathematical problem solving ability who used FSLC strategy is higher than conventional strategy. The student's mathematical disposition who used FSLC strategy is better than conventional strategy.

This study discusses the preliminary research stage in developing professional learning based mathematics learning tools in culinary skills programs for vocational high school students. At the preliminary research stage interviews were conducted with mathematics teachers and students of class X vocational high school. Based on the results of interviews with mathematics teachers, the learning tools used are still general without regard to the professional competence of students, therefore it is necessary to improve the learning of mathematics by taking into account the professional competence of pesetas students especially in culinary skills programs. The problems in the learning tools that were developed were related to the profession of students in the culinary skills program, including the hotel, restaurant, hospital, service and flight cheffs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the implementation of environment-based learning media on Students'mathematical problem-solving abilities and describe the impact of their implementation on students' nationalism-attitudes. This study uses Pretest-Posttest One Groups Design. The research sample was 13 students in grade V SD 2 Penebel. Data on students' mathematical problem-solving abilities were collected using tests. Data on nationalism attitudes of students were collected using questionnaires, which were distributed at the end of the experiment. Data analysis used a t-test with a significance level (α = 0.05). The impact of learning on students' nationalism attitudes is analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results showed the average score of students' mathematical problem-solving abilities before and after being given treatment were 38.46 and 79.81, respectively. The results of paired differences of mean is -41.345. This means that, there is an increase in problem-solving abilities before and after being given treatment. The result of the two-tailed t-test shows that sig. = 0.000, because 0.00 < 0.005. Therefore 0.000 < 0.05, this means students' problem-solving abilities before and after being given treatment differ significantly. Thus it can be concluded that the implementation of environment-based learning media is effective to improve students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. The results of the distribution of student nationalism attitudes obtained the number of students included in the minimum of a high category is 92.31%.

The study aimed to produce a valid teaching material of mathematics literation with problem solving based in theme integrated learning on grade VI of primary school. The teaching material will promoted to be used as a complementary tool in the implementation of 2013 curriculum in classrooms. The study was conducted using the McKenney and Reeves development model. This consists of preliminary study, prototyping, evaluating and revising the prototype and producing the final product. The instruments used in the data collecting process were the validity of the teaching material. The data obtained in this study was quantitative data from validators.

The aim of this study is to construct an Islamic learning media using Macromedia Flash on curved side geometry subject. The type of this research is a development research which refers to ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. The result of this research indicates that based on the assessment of the media experts, the learning media have been valid and Based on the assessment of contain experts the learning media have been valid. The results of questionnaire responses of teachers, questionnaire responses of students, and interviews with students indicate that the learning media have been applicated by teachers and learners.

Reasoning-and-proving is believed by mathematics educators worldwide as an essential part of teaching and learning mathematics. In addition, relating a mathematics problem to real-world situation can help student making sense of a mathematics concept. One of the main sources used in Indonesia is mathematics textbook of Kurikulum 2013 which is provided by the government for free. Therefore, this study aims to look at students' opportunities to solve rela- world related problems that involves reasoning-and-proving activities in the mathematics textbook focusing on the grade 7 textbook, chapter 1 about Number. The methodological approach and analytical framework used is a combination between framework of reasoning-and- proving activities and the use of real-world related problems. The results show that mathematical problems involving reasoning-and-proving activities provided by the textbook are still limited, counting for just around 20% while 80% of the problems cannot be identified as reasoning-and- proving. Slightly higher, real-world related problems in the textbook count for approximately 30% while 70% of them are not related to real-world situations. The results suggest that grade 7 students who use the textbook of Kurikulum 2013 have inadequate opportunities to learn real- world related problems and reasoning-and-proving activities from the book.

Teacher knowledge and beliefs are known to play crucial roles in shaping teacher teaching practice regarding mathematical problem-solving. Thus, assessing the teacher's quality of mathematical problem-solving can be traced through such three factors. This paper aimed at exploring the elements of mathematics-related beliefs, mathematics problem-solving knowledge for teaching, and problem-solving-based teaching practice needs to be improved by mathematics teachers. Some empirical findings of assessing those three factors from a two-year research project involving a total of 288 teachers from primary and secondary school on teacher's problem-solving were presented as the manifestation of teacher quality regarding mathematical problem-solving. More specifically, the teachers participating in such a research project were indicated to have beliefs about nature of mathematics, mathematics teaching and mathematics learning ranging from Instrumentalist view to problem-solving view. Also, it was found that teacher problem-solving content knowledge such as knowledge of mathematics problem and problem-solving strategies was insufficient to hold a problem-solving instruction. Furthermore, the teacher's teaching practice, assessed by observing how the teacher participants guide their students to solve a mathematics problem following Polya's four stages of problem-solving, range from directive to consultative teaching. In sum, beliefs, knowledge, and teaching practice are discussed as three interdependent factors which determine the quality of teacher's mathematical problem-solving.

Mathematics lesson is considered to be a difficult lesson for such students. As a consequence, their achievement in math is still very concerning. Thus, we need a learning model that makes students give positive responses toward math lesson. Discovery learning is as an alternative. But, there are schools that students of a class consisted of normal and special needs students. Implementation of learning process cannot be separated from those two kind of students. Thus, this article attempts to discuss students'responses toward discovery learning process by focusing on special needs students. To this aim, participant observation and documentation were conducted to reveal the data. The subjects of this study were students of Grade 9 SMP Pembangunan, Padang city. The findings shows that students give positive responses to the model especially in their attitudes towards discovery learning.

Learning equipments is a guideline in carrying out a study. In mathematics, a learning equipments should facilitate learners actively construct knowledge and pursue learning conditions that allow learners to practice mathematical ability. Flipped Classroom learning is one lesson that can facilitate active learning because learning is swapped with classroom learning activities outside the classroom with technology. A video learning is one that helps students to learn outside the classroom. Therefore the research conducted with the aim of developing the flipped classroom-based math learning for learners grade X SMA valid, practical and effective to reach math learning goals. The equipments that was developed consisting of Learning Implementation Plan (RPP), Student's Worksheet (LKPD), and instructional videos. The experiment was conducted using Plomp development model which consists of three phases, namely a preliminary investigation, development phase, and assessment phase. In the phase of preliminary investigations carried out a needs analysis, curriculum analysis, analysis of the concept and analysis of learners. In the development phase conducted its own evaluation, expert review, one to one evaluation, small group evaluation and field test. In the assessment phase achievement test conducted to see the effectiveness of the equipments developed. Instruments used to collect data in this study is guideline interviews, questionnaires, observation sheets and achievement test. Data obtained were processed descriptively and quantitatively. Subject test in this study was the students of grade X SMA Negeri 6 Padang.

Students in junior high school learned "system of two linear equations" materials focusing on the procedural steps of problem-solving provided, they become difficult if given problems with higher levels or different problems. This is because the ability of students mathematical reasoning is relatively low. Based from observations and interviews with teachers, one way to overcome this problem is developing the learning design using Realistic Mathematics Education (RME). In this research, the instructional design developed is Local Instruction Theory (LIT), teacher book and student book. The purpose of this research is to develop the characteristics of learning design. The topic of the system of two linear equations based on RME in class VIII SMP is valid, practical and effective. This research will combine two types of research and research. Tjeerd Plomp and Gravemeijer & Cobb. Learning implementation of learning, teacher book and student book using design research Plomp. Then, for the development of a learning trajectory, designed by using design research Gravemeijer & Cobb. Validation is done by an expert or lecturer of Mathematics Education, Educational Technology, and Language. Practicality has seen from the observation learning implementation, practicality and interviews questionnaire with students and teachers. Effectiveness has seen from the results of student activities and the final test of learning. The data is analyzed descriptively.Introduction

Most of the students in Calculus are not satisfactory. Some of the causes include: mathematics material has not been linked to contextual problems so that the learning process becomes less attractive, besides that students have not been able to utilize technological advancements to help understand the concepts of Calculus material, such as: graph making, derivative and integral calculations and their applications, and others other. The aim of the study was to determine the validity and practicality of Calculus Teaching Materials which are integrated ICT based contextual problems to improve students Problem Solving abilities. The research method used is R & D which is a method to produce a particular product and test the effectiveness of the product. Data collection instruments in the study included validity test sheets, practicality test sheets. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis. The results of the study are the creation of an ICT-based calculus teaching material that integrates contextual problems to improve valid and practical student problem solving skills.

Development of technology encourages educational sector to adapt. Flipped Classroom provides an approach of learning that integrate learning process with technology. Flipped classroom is a model of learning in which the process of learning in classroom is inverted, so that students are given the learning material before class, then students'understanding of the material is deepen in the classroom session through discussion facilitated by teachers. Thus, this article discuss about students'perception toward flipped classroom learning. In order to know students' perception, it is important to conduct a flipped classroom learning followed by semi structured interview and questionaire. The semi structured interview and questionaire are given to students of SMA Pembangunan Kota Padang. The findings show that students are interested to this approach. It is happen because students can learn the material whenever and wherever they want.

The aim of experimental research is to examine the enhancement of students' mathematical communication abilities after they worked under Problem-Centered Learning approach with scaffolding strategy (PCLSS). Three schools are selected by stratified sampling technique in the Gorontalo City junior high school student, as a sample representing school level: high, medium and low. In each school two classes selected: one group as an experiment group treated by PCLSS approach, and one group as a control group with conventional treatment. The research instrument was students' mathematical communication ability (MCA) pretest and posttest. Through parametric and non-parametric statistical analysis, informations obtained were: (1) students' MCA who received PCLSS obtain higher ehancement than students who received conventional teaching approach, both in terms of the level of schools, mathematical prior ability (MPA) and the overall students. All categories show a significant difference in term of communication skill, (2) there is an interaction between learning approaches and school levels toward the enhancement of student's MCA, (3) there is no interaction between MPA and learning approach toward the enhancement of student's MCA.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of reciprocal teaching model in higher education. The result shows that the participants taught by reciprocal teaching model have higher average score of post-test than the participants taught by traditional learning model. Statistical significance was analysed using analysis of covariance as appropriate. Further, the result of observation and interview show that the teaching model has positive effect in making a good understanding and more participation during the classroom learning process.

This article discusses the validation of guided inquiry-based mathematics learning tools to improve students' mathematical problem solving abilities. Validated mathematics learning devices are Learning Implementation Plans (RPP) and Guided Inquiry Student Worksheets (LKPD). This validation is carried out by competent experts in their respective fields. RPP and LKPD are validated by 5 experts consisting of three mathematical education experts, one linguist, and one educational technology expert. Mathematicians validate aspects of content and presentation, linguists validate aspects of language while educational technology experts validate graphic aspects. Improvements from mathematicians to RPP are suggestions about improving the steps of learning activities that better illustrate guided inquiry while towards LKPD, the commands or guidance provided must be clear and not make students hesitant in working on LKPD and improve the illustration of the images used. Improvements from linguists to LKPD are changing the language in the referrer and the command mark must be added. Improvements from educational technology experts to LKPD are adding images to the cover. Overall, the average validation value of RPP and LKPD from the fifth has been valid, namely 3.10 which is in the valid category.

Based on preliminary research in SMKN 1 Koto Balingka and SMKN 1 Lembah Melintang obtained information that student's math problem solving ability are still low. One of the contributing factors is that the mathematics learning device has not facilitated students to improve their math problem solving skills and students assumptions that mathemathics is not important to learn because it is not related to student's expertise program. It become the basis for developing learning tools like RPP and LKPD based on expertise competency in the electricity engineering expertise program for students of SMK class X. The electricity engineering expertise program was choosen in this study because there was no math learning device that is in accordance with the electricity expertise program. The preliminary analysis phase is carried out by observation, interview with teachers and students and tests of math problem solving skills. The reseach subjects were grade X of SMKN 1 Koto Balingka. The type of reasearch is development reasearch using PLOMP models that consist of preliminary research, in the form of needs analysis, curriculum analysis, concept analysis and analysis of students.

This study aims to produce learning devices based on quantum learning models and learning to improve students' critical thinking skills. Learning tools are developed in the form of Learning Implementation Plans (RPP) and Mathematics Student Worksheets (LKPD) in the eighth grade of SMP. This learning tool refers to the Plomp model which consists of 3 phases, namely the initial research stage, the development phase or the prototyping phase and the assessment phase. The product of learning said to be valid if the resultant learning were valid of content and construct. The instrument used in this research was a validation sheet containing aspects of presentation, content and material feasibility, graphics or display and language. developed Validity of who are called as validator consists of 3 experts in mathematical education, an expert in Indonesian language and an expert in educational technology. Expert validation result show that valid criteria in mathematics learning devices.

Calculus course is a much needed material in the development of science and technology. Calculus is the important for learning the next many topic. Students have difficulties in understanding the calculus.The lecturers often explain subject matter by giving examples of problems and exercises,so the concepts are less meaningful. Students only learn to solve problems mechanically. Considering those problems, one way that can be used to overcome the problem is to design a learning tools. The designed teaching materials should be able to summarize the existing concepts so that students are easily understood the concept. Lecturer can use M-APOS modification approach M-APOS (Modification-action - process - object – schema). The purpose of this study was to produce M-APOS based calculus lecturing tool that valid, practical and effective to improve students'mathematical communication ability. This research is a development research. The result of this research show that the learning tools of calculus based on M-APOS aprroach are valid both in terms of content and construct. The developed M-APOS based calculus learning tools have met the practical criteria both from the aspect of implementation, ease and required time. Yet, the developed M-APOS based calculus learning tools have not been effective in improving students'mathematical communication ability.

This paper aimed at designing learning trajectory (LT) for teaching sets using Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) approach and investigating it's influence on students' mathematical critical thinking ability. The method used is a design research that contains three stage namely preliminary design, teaching experiment, and retrospective analysis. The research's subjects at grade 7 students in Padang,. Data were collected trough observations, interviews, checklist, videotaping, and analyzing the students' works. Students have their own strategies in constructing, describing and describing their understanding helping students improve their mathematical critical thinking skills. Finally, we discovered the growth in the students' mathematical critical thinking ability.

This research aimed at investigating the influence of thinking aloud pair problem solving (TAPPS) technique toward the students' abilities in problem solving, based on gender and learning styles. This research was conducted at grade eight in a middle school in Padang, West Sumatra Indonesia, using a quasi experimental method. The sample of the research was two groups of the students that have been selected randomly. Data were collected through questionnaire and test. Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in analyzing the data. The results of the research show that 1) problem solving abilities of the students who have been taught using TAPPS technique is significantly higher than those who have been taught using conventional technique; 2) problem solving abilities of female students is significantly higher than male students; 3) the students who has visual learning style are better than those who has auditory and kinaesthetic learning styles in problem solving abilities; 4) there is no interaction between the techniques and gender nor learning styles in influencing the problem solving abilities of the students. It can be concluded that the TAPPS technique gives significant influence on students' problem solving abilities based on gender and learning styles.

Chemistry learning in senior high school is currently dominated by classroom activities. Laboratory activities have not been optimally carried out, because of the science process and student understanding skills have not been well developed. The purpose of this study was to reveal the effectiveness of using guided inquiry colloid system modules integrated experiments on science process skills and student learning outcomes. The type of this research was a quasi-experimental, with a Randomized Control Group Posttest Only Samples were obtained through simple random sampling technique, consisting of experimental class and control class. The experimental class learning using modules based on integrated inquiry inquiry experiment while the learning control class is conventional. From the data analysis, the average value of the ten indicators of the science process skills of the experimental class students was 80.0 (very high category) and the control class was 71.7 (high categoryThe average value of student learning outcomes of the experimental class was (80.9) whict was significantly higher than the control class (60.6). From these findings, it can be concluded that the guided inquiry-based chemical equilibrium module integrated experiments was effective to improve science process skills and student learning outcomes. It is suggested to the chemistry teacher to use this module as an alternative in learning media.

Development of assessment instruments has been carried out at chemistry education seminar course in the Chemistry Education Study Program at Makassar State University. The instrument is tool to evaluate students paper. Development of the instruments for chemistry education seminar course was carried out by Research and Development which based on the ADDIE development model. The ADDIE model consists of 5 stages, namely analyzing, designing, developing, implementing and evaluating. The results of the analysis show that the instruments has been valid and practiced. The results of conformity between two expert validators for one paper using an assessment instrument showed a very high correlation coefficient.

Argumentation skills have been minimally fostered in the worldwide science classrooms that brings students' low ability to make scientific arguments. This study had compared the effect of the strategies of jigsaw, two-stay-two-stray (TSTS), and discovery-learning (DL) in promoting Indonesian secondary school student's argumentation skills in the concept of chemistry reaction-rate. Data were collected using open-ended tests and video observations. The results of quantitative analysis show that jigsaw and TSTS were more effective than DL in enabling the students to produce high quality arguments. The results of observation data analysis show that distinctive learning experiences the students had in the form of chance to conduct diverse types of discussion under reasonable time allocation caused the differences of effect between the strategies. This finding suggests that implementing an argument-driven learning strategy that provides students with fruitful opportunities to perform intense debates is highly recommended to promote students' skills in scientific argumentation.

This study aims to reveal the effectiveness of redox and electrochemical cell modules based guided discovery learning on critical thinking skills and learning outcomes of senior high school students. This research is a continuation of Research and Development research, that is in the develop phase. The effectiveness test was carried out through quasi experiment with pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study were all students of XII class at Public Senior High School 1 ( SMAN 1) Nan Sabaris, West Sumatra, Indonesia in 2018-2019 academic year. Samples were taken through simple random sampling technique. The research instruments used were a test of critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes. Critical thinking skills are analysed by percentage and learning outcomes with IBM Statistical Product and Service Solutions 23. This research found that the critical thinking skills were obtained at 92.8% in very high category and N-gain values of 0.72 in high category. It was concluded that redox and electrochemical cell modules based guided discovery learning were effective against critical thinking skills and improved learning outcomes of students in XII class at SMAN 1 Nan Sabaris. Therefore, redox and electrochemical cell modules based on guided discovery learning can be used in real learning in high schools to improve critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes.

This study aimed at designing and implementing the model of project-based learning integrated with Ethno-STEM. The learning model is an approach to Science in Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics in the context of Ethnoscience. The learning model was applied to the learning of organic chemistry for secondary metabolite topics to develop students' entrepreneurial character. The subjects of this study were chemistry students who attended the organic chemistry and entrepreneurship course. The study took place in the Chemistry Department of UNNES. The research instruments included tests, observation sheets, and non-tests to measure the entrepreneurial characters. The data were analyzed using the qualitative descriptions and practicality tests of the model of project-based learning integrated with Ethno-STEM. In this study, the increase in the students' entrepreneurial characters was measured based on the N-gain score. The results of this study and discussion found (1) the character description of the model of project-based learning integrated with Ethno-STEM to develop the students' entrepreneurial characters, (2) the model was able to improve the students' entrepreneurial characters based on the N-gain scores, (3) the students were able to produce creative products and design chemical batik motifs with secondary metabolite structures on canvas and chemical bottles. The students responded positively to the developed model of project-based learning integrated with Ethno-STEM.

This quasi-experiment research aimed to find the effect of prompting question on students' worksheet - based on guided inquiry towards students' learning achievement and activity of class X MIA of MA Negeri 1 Makassar. The research desain used was"post-test only control group design". This research population was students of class X MIA of MA Negeri 1 Makassar that consist of six classes. Class random sampling technique was used to choose the samples, so that acquired samples are class X MIA 1 as experiment group and X MIA 2 as control group with number of students 36 and 35, respectively. Independent variable in the research was a prompting question on students' worksheet based-guided inquiry and dependent variable is students' learning achievement and activity. Data of students' activity and students' learning achievement were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistic. The results of the analysis for students' learning achievement shows that the score average of group experiment and control were 72.11 and 66.34. While, the results of the analysis for students' activity shows that score average of group experiment and control were 81.25 and 78.31. Hypothesis was analyzed by nonparametric test, Mann-Whitney test for learning achievement. The result are Z_counted = 1.69 and in α = 0.05, the Z_table is 1.64. Since, Z_counted> Z_table, so H₁ was accepted and H₀ was rejected. It means that, there was a positive effect of prompting question on students' worksheet based - guided inquiry toward students' learning achievement of class X MIA MA Negeri 1 Makassar on electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solution subject matter. While, Hypothesis was analyzed by nonparametric test, Mann-Whitney test for students' activity. The result are Z_counted = 1.22 and in α = 0.05, the Z_table is 1.64. Since, Z_counted< Z_table, so H₁ was failed and H₀ was accepted. It means that there was not a positive effect of prompting question on students' worksheet - based on guided inquiry towards students' learning activity of class X MIA of MA Negeri 1 Makassar on electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solution subject matter.

This descriptive research was done on atomic structure and periodic table topics in SMAN 7 Padang. On these topics, students had difficulties on achieving learning goals where only 38% students could achieve the minimum defined criteria. This research aims to determine percentage of learning difficulties in all learning indicators and find factors that cause learning difficulties. 57 tenth grade students as research sample were obtained through cluster sampling technique. Research instruments used were diagnostic test and questionnaire and data were then analyzed descriptively. Analysis showed that learning difficulties were 91.2%, 13.2%, 88.3%, 51.5%, 70%, 64%, 84%, 84%, and 74.9% in the indicator of describing subatomic particles and their discovery; determining atomic number and mass number of elements and isotopes; describing atomic model according to Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr, and wave mechanics; explaining electron configuration and orbital diagrams; determining quantum number and orbital shape; describing development of periodic system; modern periodic system; periods and groups in periodic table; and periodic trends of elements respectively. Students' learning difficulties were influenced by school factors including teaching methods 35.8%, curriculum 47.5%, teacher relation with students 49.1 %, relation among students 41.7%, time and school discipline 33.3%, teaching tools 39.4% and school building condition 17.7%.

This study aims to map the conception of pre-service chemistry teachers individually and in groups. The participants were 88 post-5^th semester pre-service chemistry teachers at Universitas Negeri Surabaya (Unesa). Mapping conceptions of the participants used three tier diagnostic tests which is administered into the Ionunesa Detector software. The study found every participant has a burden (percentage) of misconceptions on chemical subject matter will be taught at school. In addition, there were four subject matters tested (chemical bonding, solution, reaction rate, and chemical equilibrium) in which the misconceptions burden of participants for the subjects were above 27% and the highest burden occurred in chemical bonding, the amount of 45.99%.

This paper is part of a dissertation study that aims to reveal the level of validity and practicality of guided discovery learning (GDL) model developed for senior high school chemistry learning. This research and development study used 4D instructional design model. Instruments used were observation sheets and questionnaires. The product was validated by 12 experts and tested on 8 chemistry teachers and 96 students in three public senior high schools in Padang, Indonesia in 2016/2017 academic year. Observation results were analyzed by percentage technique while data of validity and practicality of GDL-PK model were analyzed with Cohen's kappa formula. Analysis showed that the average values of kappa moment (k) were 0.87 for validity test and 0.91 for practicality test belonging to very high degree category. Analysis of observation result showed that the average percentages of model implementation were 94% in SMAN X Padang, 97% in SMAN Y Padang, and 87% in SMAN Z Padang having very high degree category. Results showed that GDL-PK model was valid and practical and could be fully implemented by teachers and students in chemistry learning. Therefore, the developed GDL-PK model was feasible as teachers' and prospective teachers' considerations for senior high school chemistry learning.

This study aims to develop a valid and practical instructional media based on Chemo-Edutainment (CET), specifically a chemistry ludo game for atomic structure topic. This study used Research and Development (R&D) method with 4-D model, consists of Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. This study performed validity and practicality test. The instructional media validated by three lecturers from chemistry department FMIPA UNP and two chemistry teachers from MAN 1 Payakumbuh. The validity and practicality questionnaire were used as the instruments in this study. The data collected by disseminating the questionnaire then analysed using Kappa Cohen formula. Based on the data, the validity level of the developed instructional media was 0.77 and the practicality level at 0.85 (from teachers) and 0.94 (from students). This result means that the developed instructional media can be used in learning atomic structure topic.

The purpose of this study was to develop behavior critical thinking skills (CTS) and Learning Independence (LI) of students through critical analysis of learning techniques in the subject of Chemistry Education Seminars. The methods used are 1) explanation and assignment of critical analysis assignments, 2) conduct critical analysis of national and international journal articles, 3) compile presentation materials and discuss the results of critical analysis in class, 4) conduct class presentations and discussions, 5) compile report books the results of critical analysis of articles that are validated, 6) direct observation of the process of learning, and 7) filling in the CTS, LI, and student questionnaire responses. The subjects were students of the Chemistry Department of FMIPA UNM in the academic year 2017/2018 with thirty students. Results showed that the average value of students' critical thinking skills was 4.14 with the high category, the average value of student learning independence was 3.95 with the medium category, and the average value of student response to the critical analysis of learning techniques was 3.09 with the category responds positively. Furthermore, it was obtained information that the articles analysed critically were related to the needs of the elements of the student thesis research plan, namely the elements of background problems, literature reviews, and research methods.

This study aims to determine the effect of using the Problem Solving learning model on Self-Confidence and student learning outcomes on the topic of reduction-oxidation. The research design used was Quasi-Experimental Design with Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The sample of this study amounted to 58 students, where 29 students in the experimental class and 29 students in the control class. In the experimental class, the Problem Solving learning model was applied while in the control class conventional learning models were applied. Data analysis for hypothesis testing using a separated variant t-test. The results of the data analysis showed that self-confidence at a significant level of 0.05 with dk = 56 was obtained tcount 2,284 > ttable 1,672, then H0 was rejected and H1 was accepted so that there was an effect of the problem-solving learning model on self-confidence. Results of data analysis Learning outcomes show that at a significant level of 0.05 with dk = 56 obtained t_count 7.519 > t_table 1.672.

This research aims to produce student worksheet with class and laboratory activity based on guided inquiry in electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution materials and then express its validity and practicality. This research used the type of research and Development (R & D) research with the Plomp development model. The instrument used is a validity and practicallity questionnaires their data were processed by using the kappa cohen (k) formula. Based on the validity of the questionnaire, it showed that the developed LKPD has a substantial validity with k = 0.80. The data showed that the developed student worksheet has been valid. Based on the practicality questionnaire data in the small group evaluation obtained an almost perfect level of practicality with k = 0.83. Based on the practicality questionnaire in the field test obtained an almost perfect level of practicality with k = 0.87 based on the teachers' responses andk = 0.85 based on the student's responses.

This paper aimed at describing and explaining teachers' handicap in conducting learning process using scientific approach. This case study involved 25 senior high school teachers of SMA Negeri 1 Rendang, Karangasem, Bali and conducted in the form of in-house training. This training was conducted for preparing teachers to implement the 2013 Curriculum. During the study, these teachers were treated as students following a teaching learning process using scientific approach. All teachers involved in five steps of learning, namely: observing phenomena, asking questions, collecting data, associating data, and communicating results. The results of this study revealed that teachers have handicap in doing observation, writing observation results, formulating questions, and using hand phone to find information. Teachers have no problems in writing report and communicating findings. Based on these results, it is suggested that the school should improve teachers' knowledge and skills about scientific approach, particularly using the so called 5M learning strategy and hand phone to support learning processes.

This research aims to develop a buffer solution module based on guided inquiry and multiple representations and reveal validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This module adapts to the demands of a revised 2013 curriculum that guides students to discover their own concepts and helps students understand the concept of buffer solutions through multiple representations. This type of research is development research, the development model used is the Plomp model which consists of three stages, namely preliminary research, prototyping stage, and assessment phase. The subject of the research was the eleventh grade students. The research instrument used was questionnaire validity sheet, practicality sheet, and learning outcome test. The module is validated by the validator and revised to get a valid module. Valid modules are tested to find out the practicality and effectiveness in the field. The results of the validity sheet analysis show that the module has an average kappa moment of 0.77. This shows that the module is valid with a high category. The results of the field trial showed the practicality of the product based on the teacher's response was 0.73 and the student's response was 0.76. This score includes high criteria. This is evidenced by the product effectiveness test which can be seen from the increase in the initial and final test scores from 18.8 to 84.6. This improvement shows that effective modules are used in the learning process. This is supported by the n-gain value of 0.7 which states that the module is effective with high criteria.

Many studies have revealed that the concepts of motion are common misconceptions, either by students and teachers. In general, misconception occurs because prior knowledge obtained by the students when interacting with nature before they enter school institutions. Misconceptions tend to be resistant until they are graduate if not done remediation. This article analyzes student misconceptions about the motions and efforts to remediate it using cognitive conflict-based learning (CCBL) model through the application of real experimental video analysis. The research method used is survey research, experiment research, reviewing literature through searching national and international journals and presenting the results of the workshop on real experiment video analysis. The results of this study explain that misconception occurs in the concept of motion, both straight, circular and parabolic motion. Students can not relate between the concepts of motion with the equation that explains the concept. This study also explains the potential of the CCBL model through 4 syntax in enhancing concept understanding and remediating the misconceptions about motion through the application of real experimental video analysis. The role of the real experiments video analysis is needed in the third syntax of the CCBL model, namely the discovery of concepts and equations. Real experimental video analysis is required to remediate the student misconceptions about motion through Tracker program. The real experiment provides a real experience for students to conduct trials like a scientist. Students build the concept of motion and relate it to the equation. Real experimental video analysis in the implementation of the CCBL model has the potential to improve understanding of concepts and remediate student misconceptions about the concept of motion.

The study of Problem Based Learning (PBL) application on the subject matter of temperature and heat aims to see: (1) an increase in the activity of students taught by applying PBL learning models. (2) increased student learning performance by using student worksheets. (3) Researcher's achievement when applying PBL in learning. This type of research is quasi experiment with a population of all students of class X MIA MAN Binjai as many as six classes. The research sample was determined by simple random sampling technique. The instrument used to collect data consisted of 3 student worksheets based on 3 sub-materials in the subject matter of temperature and heat and student activity observation sheets for each sample. Descriptive data analysis results, obtained research findings are: (1) the activity of students taught by applying PBL learning models increases with the active category. (2) the learning performance of students who learn to use student worksheets increases in each learning. (3) Researchers were able to apply learning with PBL models with good categories.

Based on the observations, data from student's response shown that the nuclear physics was an abstract material, so it needs visualization in the learning process. The facts found that in the process of nuclear physics learning have not supported by virtual laboratory activities yet. The virtual laboratory is needed by the students to visualize the abstract material of nuclear physics. This research aims to develop valid and practical student worksheets (LKM) as a support of the virtual laboratory activities using PhET simulation on the topic of natural radioactivity. The method that used in this research is Research and Development (R & D) by applying the ADDIE model by steps: analyze, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The results of this research shown that student worksheet that have developed are valid and practical to supporting virtual lab activities.

This study aims to determine the feasibility (practicality and effectiveness) of contextually based physics teaching materials through guided inquiry learning to improve scientific literacy of grade X students in the first semester of senior high school. This research method uses research and development (R&D), this physics teaching material was tested on high school students in grade X even in the school year with one-group pretest-posstest design. The instruments of data collection used in the study were sheets, practicality test sheets and effectiveness test sheets in the form of student learning outcomes test sheets. The data analysis technique used was the analysis of practicality, and analysis of effectiveness. Based on the data analysis that has been done, it was obtained, the contextual physics teaching material through guided inquiry learning to improve student scientific literacy was very practical which was characterized by the average value of teaching materials according to teacher responses 93,82 and teaching materials according to student responses 81,5. Then, the use of physics teaching materials based on inquiry learning was effectively used in learning to improve students' scientific literacy skills.

The rapid development of digital technology demands a simple learning resource that can be used by students in learning and understanding Physics learning independently. But in reality, the teacher and students still use printed teaching materials that are still dominated by the teacher in explaining the material without students being directly involved in solving a concept. The use of electronic modules and learning models and the appropriate approach is expected to increase students' understanding of the concept of physics. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of electronic module development using the model Inquiry based learning (IBL) with the approach Contextual Teaching And Learning (CTL) on Physics material. Respondents selected in this study were students of class X of SMA 1 and SMA 2 Pariaman. Based on observations, it was seen that students were not active and creative and had difficulty understanding the concepts in physics learning. Whereas for competency, attitude is very good, but for competence, knowledge and skills need to be improved. The results of the analysis be a reference the development of electronic modules using the model Inquiry based learning with the approach Contextual Teaching And Learning (CTL) to physics learning in class X high school.

ICARE-Based Student Worksheet (ICARE-BSW) was a learning tool equipped with the ICARE (Introduction, Connecting, Apply, Reflecting, and Extend) steps used in the learning process and its achievement activities. Researchers have conducted a limited test of the use of ICARE Based Student Worksheet (ICARE-BSW) with 6 groups of Students on 5 ICARE Based Student Worksheets (ICARE-BSW) with different tools. Learners have been done on the Student worksheet by following the steps of ICARE. In addition, at the end of the meeting also carried out the responses to the use of the Student Worksheet, appearance, and understanding of the tools. This response was a major source of development and change that will be applied to the improvement and progress of the ICARE Based Student Worksheet (ICARE-BSW). The results of the responses show that the ICARE Based Student Worksheet view is interesting, the learning tools are lacks, and it needs to be developed again work instructions on the use of ICARE Based Student Worksheet (ICARE-BSW) in learning. Further development is directed towards improving the tools, quality, and quantity of ICARE-Based Student Worksheet (ICARE-BSW) use in the application of large group trials at different grade levels. The researcher provided a response questionnaire to see the Student's responses about the ease of access, adequacy of content, and appeal of the use of ICARE-Based Student Worksheets (ICARE-BSW) involving Educative Participants in interacting and improving productive skills and knowledge in learning. The results of a questionnaire of responses illustrate that the use of ICARE Based Student Worksheet (ICARE-BSW) is good enough in improving student's skills on physics introduction level.

The implementation of physics learning is expected to increase students' activeness and creativity in building concepts independently. Facts in the field, the implementation of physics learning accompanied by practicum activities have not been carried out optimally. Students worksheet development is carried out in order to improve students' competencies and make students active in learning. The purpose of this study was to describe the results of the initial analysis for the development of students worksheet. The type of research is descriptive research. The instrument used was an interview guide sheet and questionnaires sheet. The research sample was physics teacher and students of class X of Senior High School Padangs. Research data were analyzed with descriptive statistics. The results of the initial analysis are: learning is still teacher-centered, the structure, content, and graphics of the student worksheets used still need to be revised, student worksheets that do not contain models and approaches, the practicum in the laboratory is rarely done, the students lack motivation to have a textbook and students are less active in learning so that the competence of students still low. The results of the analysis will be the reference for the development of student worksheet using the inquiry based learning model with the scientific Approach for learning physics class X.

Physics learning is expected to involve direct activity of students in the investigation process to build their knowledge. But in fact, learning is still teacher centered and the involvement of students in the learning process is still low. To solve that problem, need to use teaching materials in the form of student worksheet to guide students to developing and implementing the concept independently. The research aims to describe the preliminary study of student worksheet development. This research includes descriptive research and instrument used are questionnaire and interview sheet. Research subjects are physics teacher and students of second grade high school 2, 3, and 7 Padang, West Sumatera. And then, the results of the preliminary study described. First, the competence of knowledge and skill students needs improvement. Second, the use of learning models and approaches that involve students direct activities have not been optimally carried out by the teacher. Third, the available student worksheet have not optimally to guided students in developing and implementing the concept independently. This preliminary study describes the need for the development of student worksheet using the inquiry based learning model with science process skills approach for physics learning of second grade high school.

This research intends to produce interactive teaching materials that has been valid and practice tested. The teaching material presents matter of physic with scientific approach contains character values in learning matter about sound wave, light wave, and optical devices. The teaching material is developed as a solution to increase student interest in physics. This research is a research and development (R&D) type that uses Plomp development model. For validity and practicality test this research uses questionnaire instruments. The validity questionnaire instrument is filled by three physics major of FMIPA UNP's lecturers as the validators. For practicality questionnaire instrument is filled by two teachers and twenty students of SMAN 8 Padang as the practitioners. Finale data of the questionnaire instrument is analyse by using Likert scale. From validity test, the developed interactive teaching material is rated very valid with percentage average score 86,4 %. From practicality test, the developed interactive teaching material is rated very practice by teachers and students with percentage average score by teachers 93 % and percentage average score by students 82,0 %. It means that the developed interactive teaching material is proper to be used in school as learning media.

Research in physics education has long been concerned with a problem that undergraduate students acquire conceptions which are unsatisfactory from the scientific point of view. It is very important for educators to review further how strongly the conception is held in various domains of physics. Learning about magnetism is an important component of physics science education, thus requiring deeper analysis of understanding concepts. This research objectives to reveal the conceptual understanding about magnetism topics of undergraduate students. This research was a descriptive study to analysis 32 first year undergraduate student test results of conceptual understanding in Physics Department of State University of Makassar, South Sulawesi. The research data was obtained through technical test. These questions consists of 20 sets of question. It is has been developed by researcher and validated by experts. The result showed that only 40,9% undergraduate students understood about magnetism concept, 30,9% is just guessed, and 28,1% don't understood. These result is still relatively low, considering the questions given are still very basic, and have not linked to the Maxwell equation. These results can be used as basic for determining the appropriate learning which is suitable for student in understanding Physics context as basis for entering electrodynamics courses.

Learning materials of statistical physics that have been developed are syllabus, course plan, and handout. It has very valid criteria based on to expert judgment. According to lecturers and students as users, it has also been practically used. However, the learning materials are still in limited use, so it needs to be disseminated to similar department and majors in West Sumatra. The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of the dissemination's result of learning materials based on the Indonesian National Qualification Framework (Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia, KKNI) with a constructivist approach. Dissemination is one of the stages of Research and Development (R & D) using the 4-D model developed by Thiagarajan (1974) which is used as steps in this research. At this stage, the learning materials has been distributed to lecturers of physics education department of IAIN Batusangkar and STKIP PGRI Sumatera Barat. The timeline of the learning materials's dissemination is adjusted to the semester schedule of statistical physics course in both institutions, namely semester of July-December 2016. The research data was collected using questionnaires that were given to lecturers who teaches statistical physics courses. The data analysis technique used is descriptive data analysis. The analysis results of the questionnaires show that the learning materials that have been disseminated are has an clarity, valid, has an impact and benefits, has an timelineness, and practical so that it can be accepted for use in lectures. The conclusion of this research is the dissemination of learning materials based on KKNI with constructivist approach that have been developed effectively used by the user in similar department and majors in West Sumatera.

One of the teacher's demands in the curriculum is being able to develop the performance assessment. The preliminary study shows the unavailability of performance assessment based on integrated model in elementary school students learning, especially in static electricity materials. The purpose of this research is to develop the performance assessment and works sheet based on integrated model that valid and practical in the learning science. The subject of research is fifth grade students at Elementary School in Padang Timur, Padang Barat, Koto Tangah and Kuranji (sub-districts in Padang). The students works sheet was required in the performance assessment. This research used research and development of 4D model. The research instrument were observation format, interview guide, and questionnaire. The results showed that the performance assessment sheet and students works sheet include valid category based on expert judgment. The performance assessment sheet and works sheet include practical category based on teacher and students response.

With the demands of a competitive era, 21^st Century Learning must reflect 4C-based learning, namely critical thinking, creativity, communication, and collaboration. This Case Study is one of the preliminary analyzes of the Research and the Development of Integrated Science Student's Books for 21^st Century Learning with the theme of air pressure and the human respiratory system. The research method used is descriptive method which aims to find out the needs of teachers and students in the Integrated Science learning process at SMPN 1 Solok. Data collecting techniques use questionnaires filled by teachers and students. The questionnaire results show that the student's books that have been available have not been able to guide the students in the integrated science learning process so that the students still has difficulty in integrating learning material. Meanwhile, students want fun learning and an explanation of the in-depth learning material from the teacher. By paying attention to the needs of teachers and students, it is expected that the development of Integrated Science Students Books can be integrated with 21^st century learning.

Learning Physics aims to develop knowledge and train students' thinking skills. One of the things that can support that is when the teacher in the learning process actively involve learners. But in fact, teachers still dominate the learning activities by providing information directly consequently students be dependent. As we know, student worksheet has printed materials that help students learn independently, actively and creatively. Student worksheet can help students in finding a concept, apply and integrate it. The use of student worksheet is expected to help students in improving their knowledge and skills. The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of developing student worksheet using inquiry based learning models (IBL) model with science technology society (STS) approach on Physics materials. Respondents selected in this study were students of class XI in SMAN 7 and 5 Padangs. Based on these observations, it is seen that the lack of interest of learners in studying physics and the lack of motivation of learners in physics learning. Accordingly to the result for the competence of the attitudes is good. Conversely, it needs an increase for the competence of knowledge and skills needs. The results of the analysis will be the reference for the development of student worksheet using the IBL model with the STS Approach for learning physics class XI.

The purpose of this study was to conduct analysis of student in the development of the Student Worksheet using an Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) model with a constructivism approach for physics learning high school class XII/I. The method used in this study was a qualitative descriptive method. The subjects of this study were students of class XII Science in Senior High School 10 Padang. Data collection instruments in the form of questionnaire sheets were used to find out the characteristics of students. The questionnaire sheets consists of 6 indicators with a total of 40 positive statement items. Based on the analysis of students, the student's interest in phisycs learning is 71.17%, learning motivation of students towards physics learning is 69.15%, students prefer learning physics in discussion and experimenting with percentages 79.03% and 77.42%, the positive attitude shown by students during physics learning is 74.78%, student's physical knowledge is 57.77%, the skills of students in experimenting is 67.88%. This results will be used as a benchmark for developing student worksheet using inquiry based learning model with constructivism approach for physics learning high school class XII/I.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model on problem solving skill in physics at SMA Negeri 1 Lubuk Pakam. Problem solving skill by Heller consisted several stages : focus to the problem, describe problem in physics, plan the solution, execute the solution, evaluate solution. This study used quasi experiment method with two group pretest-posttest design. The samples of research was chosen by random sampling method, X MIPA 2 as experimental class using PBL model and X MIPA 6 as control class using conventional learning. Data collection was done through problem solving tests and observations. The result of the analysis shows that the student facilitated with PBL model get the highest score average compare to the control class. The conclusion of this study, there is a significant effect of the problem based learning model on problem solving skills in the subject matter of momentum and impulses.

Computational thinking that is an essential skill which everyone should learn, especially in Computational Physics courses. Problems in learning Computational Physics courses in the Department of Physics was the ability of students in analyzing problems and designing algorithms for programming is weak, especially since the last 5 years. Therefore, the indication of this condition is the learning outcomes of students in the Computational Physics course that do not reach the mastery learning standard. The capability required to analyze problems and programming design algorithms is the ability to think critically and computionally. This paper will explain the circumstances that influence Critical and Creative Thinking Skills of students in Computational Physics courses. Next, based on the above, we have conducted research that aims to describe the factors that affect students in critical and creative thinking on the subject of Computational Physics. The data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire that have 60 statement items. This questionnaire was distributed to 100 college students who have been and are taking a course in Computational Physics. So, the results showed the factors that influence the critical and creative thinking of college students such as the ability to read the book, the time to learn and do the exercises given, learning resources used, students' understanding of the goals of Computational Physics lectures, student interest in Physics courses Computing, the curiosity of the students being taught, the student's enjoyment of the Computational Physics course.

Knowledge is a basis to build student's character. Development of the 2013 curriculum in Indonesia conducted by the government for character building. The learning activities of each subject in the class build the character of students through reinforcement of learning material. The purpose of research is development the values of social and emotional intelligence in physical learning material to build student's characters in comprehensive learning process. The research method is research and development with several steps, namely research on existing products, literature studies, product development planning, internal design testing, design revision, product making, preliminary field testing, first product revision, main field testing and second product revision. Based on the data analysis, the development of the values of social and emotional intelligence in physics learning materials is very valid, very practical and effective to be used in physics learning to support the character building of students in senior high school in grade X.

Teaching process in the 21^st century should be able to develop the holistic competence of students. Integrated teaching is relevant to the principles of 21^st century learning to develop holistic competence. Besides that, the integration of literacy skills in teaching is able to strengthen the competence of students in a certain area. In the 2013 curriculum, the education policy in Indonesian has promoted the application of integrated teaching and literacy program in the school. However, the integration of learning material of natural science and literacy skills of students in schools was still low. Solution of the problem was to apply the instructional material of natural science with literacy skills on our respiratory and excretory health theme. Research method can be entered into a quasi experimental. Research design was non-equivalent group of two group samples. The research instruments to collect the data consist of a written test in multiple choices, observation sheet of attitudes, and performance assessment sheet of skills. The data were analyzed in three ways, namely descriptive statistics, comparison of two means test, and Mann-Whitney test. The results of the data analysis indicate that the application of instructional material of natural science with literacy skills in the scientific approach has a meaningful effect on students' academic achievement in aspect of knowledge, attitudes, and science process skills.

The research objective is to identify the use of diagrams representations in various cases of the physics system and identify questions that cannot be answered and whose answers are wrong in the topics of mechanics, optics and electricity. The study was conducted on 40 physics students who have taken introductory physics courses. The research instrument is in the form of questions that only require drawing answers. The findings of the study were only 9.84% who answered correctly, 32.18% of students answered incorrectly, and there were 57.98% who did not work or did not answer. It has been found that 49.3% of students did not answer correctly in mechanics, 10% in optics, and 40.7% in electricity. Furthermore, the number of students who did not work or did not answer found 16.1% in mechanics, 42.4% in optics, and 41.4% in electricity. Pedagogically, the implication of the results of this study is to be very important in physics education, namely to condition the balance of physics understanding not only in mathematical mastery but also in mastering the use of diagrams representations. Understanding the correct diagram will increase meaningful physics learning, especially in finding solutions to solve physics problems correctly.

Awareness and understanding of the people about the environment and nature's behavior should be improved to anticipate natural disasters. The purpose of this research is to 1.) Knowing the capabilities of student groups in describing general knowledge of landslides based on real conditions in the field. 2.) Know the ability of students in describing and explaining the relationship context – the concept of natural landslide events. The research design used, namely treatment by subject. The subject in this study is the whole student participants in College Learning physics-based Environmental education IV semester of physics. The subject consists of 2 classes with a total of 60 students and the rest of the students are divided into 5 groups and each group consists of 12 students. The technique of data collection is done using task groups report student data analysis techniques using a percentage. The results showed that the score is nothing much obtained vary for each group, and shows there is an increase close to learn at this stage of the treatment, and treatment-3 with the mentorship approach. Based on the results of data analysis it can be concluded that the ability of students improved in terms of describing the General knowledge of landslides based on real conditions in the field. There is an increased ability of students in describing and conducting the association relationship context - the concept of landslides associated with the concept of physics through a mentoring approach

The use of process-based assessment instrument by teachers is not yet implemented effectively. Most of teachers have used written test and oral test in the form of mid-semester and end-semester test well, but the process aspects such as skills and attitudes have not been implemented optimally. Therefore, it is necessary to do research to analyze the assessment process provided by teachers. This initial research was conducted in one of the high schools in Padang City, namely SMAN 15 Padang. Data analysis techniques used are tabulation and percentage. The data obtained from an assessment process conducted by teacher are around 80% results-based assessment and 20% process-based assessment, wherein the results-based assessment are more dominant than the process-based assessment. Skills indicators assessed in this study include: doing practicum (K1), conclude the results of the practicum (K2), make a presentation (K3), apply new knowledge (K4), and solve problems and questions (K5). While attitude indicators assessed in this study include: curious (A1), confidence (A2), responsibility (A3), discipline (A4), conscientious (A5), cooperation (A6). Suggestions raised based on the results of preliminary research that process-based assessment especially skills and attitudes need special attention by conducting further research to develop a process assessment instrument

Learning is not only to develop knowledge but also holistic competencies of learner. Therefore, it is needed teaching materials that not only can develop the knowledge but also on the competence approaches also have an important role in supporting learning activities which is contextual approach of student's skills such as a student worksheet. In addition, the selection of appropriate. Contextual approach is a learning activity that can build knowledge through interaction and interpretation of the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of developing student worksheet. In this research an initial analysis was carried out on students. Instruments of this research is the form of a questionnaire. Selected respondents in this study are students of the first grade class in SMAN 5 and SMAN 3 Padang. Based on the observation, several results can be presented. First, there is still a lack of interest of students in learning physics and so do knowledge and skills of students in studying physics. The results of the initial analysis of these students will be the basis for developing student worksheet using the IBL model with a contextual approach to the second semester of high school in physics learning for the first grade class.

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of guided inquiry learning model to the skills of the students' science process because in the implementation of the Science Process Skills of the less developed students in class XI MIPA Senior High School.The research data was obtained by giving scientific knowledge test in the form of posttest and non test in the form of observation skill of students science process during the practicum activity (as main data) and interview with teacher of biology study (as supporting data). After all activities carried out, the data were analyzed quantitatively by hypothesis test. Based on the data analysis there is influence of guided inquiry learning model to the science process skill and students' scientific knowledge. It can be seen that the average score of the students' Science Process Skills in the experimental class is 70.34% and the control class is 63.30%. From hypothesis test thit = 7,536 and ttable value = 1,664, this means thit>ttable so hypothesis accepted. Average scientific knowledge of experimental class students 64,78 and control class 55,23. From hypothesis test for thit = 3.075 and ttable value = 1.664, this means thit>ttable so hypothesis accepted. From the results of this study can be concluded that the application of guided inquiry model influences the students scientific process skills and students scientific knowledge on the material of human excretion system of class XI MIPA Senior High School 8 Jambi City. The skills of students scientific processes and scientific knowledge can be well channeled with the help of guided inquiry learning models that involve active students during the learning activities. From the results of this study suggested that teachers can apply guided inquiry learning model in learning activities, especially practical activities that make students become enthusiastic in learning. This model makes students like a scientist so that raises the spirit in students to perform the whole procedure of practice to be implemented.

The 21st-century education is a medium of transformation through which learners are encouraged to become a creative thinker, lifelong learner, and leader of change. The curriculum of biology education program should be developed in line with the goal of national education, the direction of the 21st-century education, and the core concepts and core competencis of biology. The national education goal which is similar to the demands of the 21^st century learning has become the foundation for the development of Indonesian future generations who are expected to honor the ideology of Pancasila and morality, to be healthy, knowledgeable, capable, creative, independent, democratic, and responsible as a citizen. Biology education program contains lessons that can prepare future generations to take role in sustainable development and in solving global social problems. The curriculum of biology teacher training program can be developed through the redefinition of the 21st-century education goal that is to equip biology teachers with four competencies and capability features by integrating mastery content, attitudes, characters, values, managerial skills, problem-solving practices and research skills. However, the reconstruction of learning and assessment procedures is still a major issue in curriculum development. Therefore, life-based learning curriculum can an alternative to embed learning to a meaningful real world context where students are required to study authentic issues, solve realistic problems or do a project with a set of practical goals.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the problem solving model for science learning. The model effectiveness was determined by student's activities, science process skill, and knowledge aspect. The data was obtained through experimental research with a randomized control-group pretest-posttest design. This study was conducted at three different school, namely state junior high school 1 Padang, state junior high school 12 Padang and national junior high school Padang. Two classes of each school were choosen as simple random sampling. The instrument were observation sheets to collect student activities and multiple choice questions to collect students SPS and knowledge aspect. Student activity data were analyzed using the Cohen's Kappa formula and percentage. The data of improving SPS and knowledge aspect were analyzed by U Mann-Whitney test using SPSS 19. The results revealed that the PS models proved effective which was based on the students' activities in which they were categorized as a very active category, as well as to improve students' SPS and knowledge aspect. Therefore, reflected from the findings of the present study, it is recommended for the teachers to implement the use of PS models in science learning at junior high school.

Genetic learning elaborates on several learning models and is applied in accordance with the characteristics taught in RQA learning, trained to read the material specified, make questions according to the material with levels and answer themselves and be discussed in groups to be presented in class. The purpose of this paper is to reveal useful information about nano biology education with the RQA strategy the concept of genetics based on metacognitive. So genetics is known as one of the key areas of Nano Biology, and compared to genetics there is no other field that has the role to shape our knowledge of things in life. Metacognitive skills are a person's awareness of what is actually known, regulated in order to be able to effectively manage metacognitive activities, this is urgent as early as must be known and contains declarative, procedural, and conditional knowledge while regulations include activities in planning, monitoring, testing, repairing and evaluating students. The conclusion is that biological nano education with metacognitive-based RQA strategies is urgently needed to comprehensively master the biology concept.

Human living dynamic is a complex of technology and society system in which science, technology, and also cultural beliefs are developed and have been growing together toward a life sustainability. Hence, cultural beliefs and practices hold by a distinct tribes or society in Indonesia represent their values which could be influenced by their environmental factors. Geophysical characteristics, climatology dynamics and the presence of living organisms mainly plants and animals are some essential sources of their cultural-based scientific knowledge and may represent as an ethno-ecology view. For Javanese farmers, as an example, this cultural-based science knowledge and practice have been developed and well-known implemented for their agriculture system by which the season cyclic (dry and rain) as well as animals ecological dynamics may determine the way of farming they have been carried out. This ethno-ecology view known as Pranotomongso which considers the traditional knowledge based on a careful observation on climate dynamics and its factors, such as sun and moon positions, or wind intensity, also their impact on plants and animal interactions in ecosystem. A deep-understanding of Pranotomongso leads an effort to optimizing and sustaining the crop production by maintaining and controlling both plants and animal diversity. As a cultural-based calendar, could Pranotomongso be utilised for examining the biodiversity information as well as crop sustainability? Regarded to this basic question, this paper provides an insight discourse based on the way Pranotomongso is developed in term of scientific perspectives, such as rainy and dry season calculations, and both the plants and animal diversity existence.

Students need science process skills (SPS) to they investigate in learning. Teachers at senior high schools in Manokwari have measured student skills, but are not specific to science process skills. The contribution of SPS towards student cognitive achievement became the focus in this research. 88 participant research was taken from X_MIA class of SMA Negeri 01 Manokwari. Measurement of SPS and cognitive achievement of students used the test. The results of the data analyzed used a simple regression found that P < 0.05, it means that there was a contribution of SPS towards student cognitive achievement. The contribution of SPS towards student cognitive achievement was 55.7%. It can be concluded that the SPS has a contributed towards cognitive achievement of students when the teacher applies guided inquiry-based learning in his class.

Mobile learning is a learning media for using in helping teachers in the 21^st century class to train students' metacognitive skills. There have not been many researchers on the use of mobile learning in senior high schools of Manokwari. Metacognitive skills become the focus of research that was to be achieved in this research. A total of 126 XI_MIA class students of SMA Negeri 01 Manokwari which was divided into five groups were taught used mobile learning in teaching biology. Data collected used learning outcomes test. Corebima rubric (2009) was used to measure metacognitive students. Data analysis showed that p = 0.214 > 0.05, which means that there were no differences in metacognitive skills of students for the five treatment groups. The mean total overall of metacognitive skills was 70.12. It belongs to the good category. It can be concluded that the use of mobile learning in teaching can be training the metacognitive of students well in teaching biology

The profile of the science education problem in West Sumatera and surroundings is reported in this paper. The purpose of this work is to investigate the various problems in science education in West Sumatera and its surroundings. Descriptive research method is used in the research. An addition, closed and open questionnaire instrument is applied in data collecting. The certified and non-certified teachers are selected as respondents using accidental and snowball sampling technique. The descriptive statistic and qualitative technique are performed in data analysis. Based on the investigated data, the main problems in science education in West Sumatera are (1) teacher (quality, uneven distribution and teaching load), (2) curriculum (amendment and implementation), (3) students (interest and learning creativity), (4) managerial (headmaster and leadership), (5) parents (parent or family care), (6) government (government polices), (7) community environment (lack of support), (8) infrastructure and facilities (uneven of building, laboratories, libraries, and other facilities), (9) problems of UN application as determinant of graduation, and (10) problem of teacher's teaching burden postcertification. These findings show the science education problems in West Sumatera need to be follow up for improvement the education quality, especially in science education.

National Education goals to provide the character of students, one of which is the attitude of environmental responsibility. The current global environmental issues became a very crucial issue. Attitudes of student responsibilities need to be established primarily starting from the level of education. Environmental learning and environmental attitudes must begin was provide in classroom. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of student worksheet based on multimedia on environmental pollution swubjects to improve student's environmental responsibility. Successful formation of environmental responsibility attitude is also influenced by students' knowledge of environmental issues. The research method is quasi experiment, the effectiveness of student worksheet based on multimedia influence of environmental pollution material and level of knowledge on student environmental responsibility attitude. The study was conducted in Biology Education Program of FMIPA UNJ in March 2017 until Mei 2018. The sample of the study was the students of class X At 5 Schools in the Banten Province. Media development results obtained on http://lekersmulia.co.id. The result of normality test showed the result of value (p>.05), p = 0.58 and homogeneity test with value (p>.05), p = 0.060, the data showed normal and homogen. In the result of hypothesis test using 2 way anava test showed value (p⩽.05), value p = .00, it showed that there is influence of Lekers Mulia and Level of Knowledge to Attitude of Environmental Responsibility.

Biology as a science learning essentially consists of products, processes, and attitudes that require students to invent and solve the problems. Learning science is a process of knowledge construction through the thinking activities of learners. In this situation, students are given the opportunity to develop their knowledge independently through an investigation activity. According to the 2013 curriculum, it is recommended that some of the learning models are the inquiry learning model. This inquiry model is designed to guide students directly into the scientific process through exercises that emphasize the scientific process.This study aims to determine the needs of students on the development of guide module based on inquiry for senior high school students. This research is a descriptively. The subjects were thirty students of Class XI and a teacher of Biology SMAN 7 Padang. Data collection used descriptively to book analysis instruments, curriculum analysis instruments, and interview guides. The results showed that (1)Handling teaching materials for students focus on science as a product, presentation of material has not directed students to be involved in finding knowledge, (2) Presentation of material on the students' instructional materials has not been based on one of the recommended learning models in the 2013 curriculum. (3) Handling instructional materials for students have not been able to motivate students to learn, the pictures in the material presentation appear unclear and incomplete information, (4)The presentation of the material on the students' teaching materials is not systematic and directed, (5) The respiratory system material and excretion require an investigation or observation of the concept of the material being studied.

Based on studies reported the higher cases and improper sexual behaviour emerged due to the lower of health reproductive knowledge among teenagers and our representative survey that described a need for improving students health sexual knowledge in Kota Padang, we integrated promotion and prevention knowledge into learning material for students of senior high school (SMA). Furthermore, an experimental study has been conducted to measure the influence of learning material, called BASR BPP KRR toward adolescence' health reproductive knowledge. Population consists of SMA students in Kota Padang. By using purposive sampling, around 179 SMA students are involved as the sample which represent three different categories of school academic ability level. Experimentation applies pre-test – post-test group only design, consist of two variable, learning material (independent variable) and reproductive health knowledge (dependent variable) which measured using multiple choice test. Then, the learning result (gain) analysed statistically by using t-test. The result showed the highest knowledge improvement on average were 28.7 by students' of higher category school, 17.7 by middle category school, and 1.04by lower category school. The result shows BASR BPP KRR learning material significantly contributes to the improvement of higher academic level students. The increasing gain score also found toward middle academic level students, yet it is not statistically significant. Toward students' of a lower academic level, BASR BPP KRR learning material does not increase the knowledge.

Emotional and spiritual quotient (ESQ) reported as one factor that influence students' achievement in learning. Therefore, integrating ESQ into particular topics of evolution learning material was one of our research focuses before. A biology module based on ESQ has been produced about evolution topic for grade XII students. This experimental study conducted to examine whether the module is effective or not to improve students' knowledge about evolution. As sample, 190 grade XII students were taken with purposive sampling from three chosen schools in Padang, West Sumatera. Post-test only design using objective paper test applied with two variables; biology module as dependent and evolution knowledge as the independent. It analyzed statistically by using ANOVA and Mann Whitney test with p-value 0.05. There was a significant influence of students' evolution knowledge in high and medium school at a significance level of 0.000 with F value 387.475 for SMAN 4 Padang and F value 63.727 for SMA Pertiwi 1 Padang. Meanwhile, for the lower school it influences did not significant based on Mann Whitney test asymptote Sig (2-tailed) 0.499. In conclusion, biology module based on ESQ about evolution topic is effective to use by students from high and medium ability.

The learning process requires a media that can be used as an intermediary to deliver material to students. Learning media that can be used are worksheets. This research is a development research on product (student worksheet) practicality test stage. Student Worksheets developed based on concepts and problem solving to improve students' ability to understand high-level concepts and thinking in animal development courses. This Student Worksheet tried out to student of Biology Department in animal development courses. The results showed the student worksheet practicality value of 4.16 (practical). Based on the results of this study can be concluded student worksheet based on concept approach and problem solving to improve students' ability to understand the concept and high-level thinking in the course of animal development is practical.

Instructional media is a tool used by teachers to deliver learning material to all students. This tool plays an important role in efforts to improve learning outcomes, as a whole. The development of instructional media in the last few years is not only focused on printed media, but also media based on technology, internet and information. However, based on our observations, it is known that the use of instructional media that suits the need of students and the development of the times is still very low. Meanwhile, teachers are demanded by the government to improve the quality of education at the elementary to high level. This study presents fact about teachers in several high schools in West Sumatera, who have problems to create, to use and to empowerment of instructional media. The research method are interview and survey. The purpose of the study was to describe qualitatively the main problem of the teacher which was a barrier for them. The teacher who is the object of research works in schools in West Sumatera Province. The selection of schools was carried out by purposive sampling technique. The conclusion of the study is about the dominant factor that is become a problem for the teacher.

Critical thinking is a process that is focused and clear used in mental activities such as problems solving, making decisions, persuade, analyze assumptions and conduct scientific research. The ability to think critically affected by the knowledge acquired competence of learners. Inquiry is one of the learning model that has potency to develop students' critical thinking skills. This study aims to determine the effect of the inquiry learning model of the critical thinking skills of learners. This research is a quasi-experimental research design using Randomized Control Group Posttest-Only Design. The population in this study was the students of class VIII SMPN 11 Padang. The samples in this research that VIII.B class as an experimental class and the control class as a class VIII.C taken using purposive sampling technique. The instrument used was a final test in the form of essay as much as 14 items to see the effect of inquiry model of the critical thinking skills of learners. The hypothesis in this study were tested using t-test, for normally distributed data and has a homogeneous variation. Based on the results of the research data showed that critical thinking skills t> t table (4.23> 1.67). Therefore, it is stated hypothesis is accepted. It can be concluded that the implementation of inquiry learning model has a positive influence on learners' ability to think critically.

This study aims (i) to determine the level of understanding of high school students on the concept of cells (ii) to identify which basic competencies of the concept of cell students who experience misconceptions. This research is descriptive research. The method used to identify misconceptions that occur in students is the Certainty of Response Index (CRI). The sample in this study were students from 8 senior high schools in the city of Makassar. The instrument used in the form of a reasoned multiple choice diagnostic test equipped with CRI values and structured interviews to determine the causes of misconceptions.The results showed that high school students in the city of Makassar experienced misconceptions on the 6 Basic Competencies about the concept of cells which were studied with the tendency of students to experience more misconceptions in Basic Competence 3.2 to compare transport mechanisms in membranes (diffusion, osmosis, active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis) from observations and Basic Competence 4.2 experiment with diffusion and osmosis by using potato tubers or spinach or salted stem and linking them to trans membrane transport events

This study is a classroom action research which aims to apply the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model as an effort to improve the learning activities of class XII MIA 3 SMA Negeri 1 Padang students. This research is conducted in two cycles on genetic substance material. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. The instrument used in this study is the student's observation sheet as a form of reflection in each cycle. Six aspects that observed were working on the student's worksheets, working together/discussing in groups, observing presentation activities, giving responses/questions, paying attention to teacher explanations, answering questions or giving opinions. The results showed that the learning activities of students through the application of the PBL model were classified as good category. This category based on an increase of student's activities from the first cycle with an average achievement score of 60% (good category) to cycle II with an average achievement score of 76% (very good category).

Biology learning in general should consider the scientific process, where students must be able to build their own knowledge actively through meaningful learning processes. One way is to improve students ability to solve problems in accordance with one of the goals of applying the 2013 curriculum. This ability can be created with the help of teachers as facilitators and other facilities such as teaching materials. In high school students of class XI there is no official curriculum book 2013 issued minister of education. Books used by students in schools are private publications that have not been proven valid, practical and effective. Therefore, the researcher did a requirement analysis to 30 students of grade XI IPA in SMAN 7 Padang with the aim to see the need to develop biology materials based on problem solving about respiratory system and excretory system in high school student of SMA XI. Data collection using observation techniques, questionnaires and interviews with data analysis include front end analysis, students, needs and curriculum. From the analysis of data that has been done can be disclosed the results of this preliminary study are (1) teaching materials used by students still in the form of textbooks and teacher handouts that have not been proven valid, practical and effective, (2) teaching materials used not help students to improve ability solving problems, (3) teaching materials used are not in accordance with the contents of the curriculum standard of 2013, (4) students' competence in developing problem solving skills in non-trained learning, and (5) problem solving biology-based teaching materials not yet available. Based on this it is found that the need to develop a biology-based materials problem solving about respiratory system and excretory system material in high school students XI.

This research aimed to develop natural family extension media online which can be used as alternative method of family planning, to know the effectiveness of natural family planning extension media online, and to give knowledge of reproductive health in women. The development of Natural Family Planning media using the 4-D development model developed by S. Thiagarajan, Dorothy S. Semmel, and Melvyn I. Semmel includes: Define, Design, Develop and Disseminate. Stage Develop, producing revitalized Natural Algorithm on line media based on input from experts and on-line instruments to get a knowledge of family planning and reproduction health. Furthermore, the dissemination (Disseminate). At this stage is use of Natural Family Planning extension of media online/off line that has been developed on a wider scale to conduct Natural Family Planning online/offline. Results obtained 1) Natural Family Planning media online/offline in the form of PPT Media, Video, Quiz and Forum Valid, 2) Media Extension effectively used by family planning officer of online, 3) Natural Family Planning improved female reproductive health.

The 2013 Curriculum requires a balance between the attitudes, skills and knowledge competencies for students. To realize it the teacher is responsible for the implementation and success of the biology learning process in the 2013 curriculum. This study aims to describe the implementation of the biology learning process in the 2013 Curriculum in Senior High School at Pesisir Selatan District. This is a descriptive research. The population and samples of this study are all teachers who teach biology and have implemented the 2013 curriculum in the implementation of the learning process in Pesisir Selatan District Senior High School, which was held in July 2018. Data collection uses a questionnaire instrument consisting of process standards, assessment standards and the impact of the 2013 curriculum for learners and teachers in schools. Technical data analysis is done by using percentage. Based on the results of data analysis and discussion that has been done, the results showed that, on the aspect of planning implemented by teachers in obtaining criteria either with percentage of 72%, on the aspects of learning implementation obtained very good criteria with 83% percentage, and on the aspect of assessment criteria quite well with a 61% percentage.

The learning strategy used in the lecture process is currently oriented towards mastering the concept, and has not attempted to empower students' metacognitive skills. This research was a quasi-experimental study that aims to find out the influence of PBLRQA strategy on the metacognitive skills of students with different academic achievement in the study of animal physiology. This study used a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design. The sample of this study was the third year biology students as many as 115 people distributed in 4 groups. The experimental group was taught by using PBLRQA strategy and the control group was taught by traditional learning, each represented by two classes. Student cognitive retention is measured by essay questions. The research data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with two-ways covariate analysis (ANCOVA). The results showed that the score of metacognitive skills of students taught by PBLRQA increased by 55.23% from pretest to posttest, while those taught by traditional learning increased by 44.91%. The results of hypothesis testing showed that learning strategies, academic achievements, and interaction of both affect student metacognitive skills. The PBLRQA-upper academic achievement strategy's metacognitive skills differ significantly by 18.65% from the PBLRQA-lower academic achievement, while conventional-upper academic achievement learning strategies differ significantly by 10.02% from the conventional-lower academic achievement. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that PBLRQA strategy could empower students' metacognitive skills with different academic achievement.

Green Consumerism or the use of environmentally friendly products is important in the life of this modern era. Green consumerism contributes to the preservation of the environment for life in the future. The use of green products is part of the pro-environmental behavior that plays an important role in reducing the amount of waste, sustainable development, and saving resources. This is the underlying need to do this research. The purpose of this study is to describe students' pro-environmental behavior, in terms of groups of MIPA and non-MIPA students. Differences in perceived scientific background can be a distinguishing factor. The method used is descriptive method. Pro-environmental behavior data was taken from 130 students of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (MIPA) Program and 130 Non-Mathematics and Natural Sciences (non-MIPA) students in Universitas Negeri Jakarta, in June 2018. The results of t-test showed no significant difference in pro-environmental behavior between MIPA and NON MIPA students. The students' proenvironment behavior score in both groups has averages that do not very much, with an average score above 60. This indicates that in essence MIPA and non-MIPA students have pro-environment behavior that is still relatively good.

damage to coral reefs and mangroves results in disturbed ecosystem balance. This needs to be anticipated, one of which is through learning This research developed environmental conservation model through Environmental Education Community Network (EECN) and aimed to know the knowledge and attitude on the conservation of mangrove and coral reefs on students through EECN. This research was experimental research involving 40 high school students in the Jakarta area. Students got lectures on mangroves and coral reefs as well as observation and direct planting of mangroves and coral reefs in Tidung Island, Thousand Islands (Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia). Knowledge data and attitudes were obtained before and after treatment. The results showed that there were significant differences to the knowledge and attitude on the conservation of mangrove and coral reefs before and after treatment. This implies that direct field recognition supplied benefits and changes in knowledge and attitudes on conservation.

The development of computer processing capabilities has implications for science learning. Various computer simulations are designed as tools or media to improve the mastery of science concepts. Virtual laboratory is one computer software that contains controlled experimental simulations. This weak experimental research uses one-group pretest-posttest design, which is observation or measurement carried out on one group of subjects before and after a treatment. The research subjects were 28 students of Biology Education at one of the educational institutions in the Kota Pekanbaru who contracted elective course in Molecular Biology in the even semester of Academic Year 2017/2018.The treatment in this study is the use of virtual laboratory integrated in the free inquiry learning strategy. The concept of Molecular Biology assessed was Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The test instrument to assess the mastery of the PCR concept is multiple choice questions with four answer choices. The results showed that the majority of students (82.8%) increased their mastery of the concept with a low criterion (N-gain score = 0.23), and on average 93% of students gave positive responses to learning with the virtual PCR experiment on the PCR concept, and 7% of students gave negative responses.It was concluded that the virtual laboratory can improve the concept mastery of PCR with low criteria.

The objective of this study is to describe students' preconception of some electromagnet topics. The data obtained using the Three Tier Electromagnet Test which consisted of 18 items. This test was given to 328 twelve-grade students of the public senior high school in Bali. According to the students' response to the test, students' preconception could be categorized as a scientific concept, misconceptions, lack of concept and error. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that average of 14,58% of students has a scientific concept, 27.86% of students experience a misconception, 39,99% of students experience lack of concept and 17,53% of students experience an error. It can be concluded that students' prior knowledge were very diverse. It is important to indentify students' preconception on electromagnetic as a consideration for effective conceptual change strategy.

The study aimed to described problem solving skills of secondary school students using a student worksheet (SW). The design of study was pre-experimental by using quantitative descriptive approach. The parameters of the study were completion of the SW worksheet and students' activities. The findings showed that the students achieved in enough and good criteria for stages of problem solving. They gained an average score of 3.20 (good criteria) for identifying problems, 3.10 (good criteria) for designing solutions, 2.60 (good criteria) for collecting data, 2.30 (fair criteria) for determining solutions, 2.60 (good criteria) for reviewing solutions. For the students' activities, 56% of students' activities were categorized in very good criteria, then 36% of activities were categorized in good criteria and 8% of activities were categorized in enough criteria. The results of observing students' activities when using SW obtained a score of 3.38 with very good criteria. The results indicated that the students' problem solving skills and activities in using SW were achieved well. In other words, the students were skilled and active in terms of solving problem by using SW.

This study aimed to explore students' understanding about electron configuration of chemical elements based on quantum mechanics atomic model. Sixty students from natural science education department participated in this study. A set of essay questions as was designed and validated through expert judgement and then was integrated into students' final examinations for the Basic Inorganic Chemistry course within the academic year of 2017/2018. Data of students' understanding were analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings of this study revealed that most students made mistake in writing electron configuration especially when it comes to ions. Based on the analysis of the source of these mistakes, we provided recommendations to improve students' understanding about this concept in the future learning.

This research was research and development which focuses to develop Student's worksheet based on science process skills. The development model of the research refered to 4-D model by Thiagrajan which was solved only until defining, design, and development stages. This research aims to find out: (1) Students worksheet based on science process skill in respiratory system to junior high school validity, (2) students worksheet based on science process skill in respiratory system to junior high school practicality, and (3) students worksheet based on science process skill in respiratory system effectiveness to improve student's science process skills. The product examination used one-group-pretest-posttest design and was held in 8^th grade of SMPN 13 Makassar for second semester of academic year 2017/2018 with the number of subject was 29 students. The results showed that the instruments used fit the valid criteria, based on the student responses and science process skills tests are categorized as effective.

The Learning Cylce Model is a contructivist instructional model whether student use their prior knowledge and experiences to construct their thinking. The purpose of this study is to review the development and application of Learning cycle model especially in the last 1 decade. Technique of collecting data was through literature study: obtained some comparisons of phases of Learning cycle models such as 3E Learning Cycle Models, 5E learning cycle model, and 7 E learning cycle models. These models are related to each other in their developments. In addition, each of them has its own characteristic.This study found that 7E LC Models can enhance educational effects : student's Achievement, critical thinking, Science process Skills and Moral reasoning. Therefore, educators, practitioner and researcher should be supported to implement the Learning Cycle Model in Science Teaching and Learning.

STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math) was developed to answer challenges in the 21st century; where students are not only smart in terms of cognitive, but also skilled. STEM in education has the aim of preparing students to be competitive and ready to work according to their preferred fields. The benefits of applying STEM Education are to improve critical thinking skills and be creative, logical, innovative, productive and directly related to real conditions. The purpose of this study is to review the implementation of STEM Education models in the early 21st century. Technique of collecting data was through literature study. The results of this study: 1) STEM has been applied in various countries and in various branches of science; 2) History of STEM Education, 3) Implementation of STEM in non western country, 4) Skill that required in 21^st century, 5) STEM to face 21^st challenge.

Learning is basically the democratic process but unfortunately the study lacks the students' diversity, so the academic atmosphere, the students' body and collage progress are not optimal. The study patterns are still teacher centered unsustainable and lacking initiative. The learning material only emphasizes the concept that comes from the teaching book. Not optimizing the study program, it can also be reflected by the performance of alumni in the field. The performance of learning by the teacher (alumni) is not variable, generally in directional instruction manual. Teacher lacks experience and lack the ability to develop themselves in designing learning materials to utilize the environment around and learning from students' activities. This study is directed to improve the academic climate to agreement that ultimately will contribute to independence and student learning initiative. The manner of learning is to apply the mentoring system conduct. The performance mechanism (group) USES the approach of the assessment and reflections. The results of the researcher: the performance of the play shows a significant difference between indicators. Indicators that shows the highest mentoring performance is indicator-1: building two-way communication with students. The construction of two-way communication between mentors with a group of students is easy to do by mentors, instead of other indicators like indikaor-4: conditioning the initiative to learn the initiative's lesson with the relevant material. The difficulty of mentors in an indicator-4 achievement is to identify and design quickly the choice of relevant materials and according to the development of student groups. There were training and early preparation before the performance of the activity, but in the democratic process of learning the potential of problems, issues and new experiences with groups of students. Material is relevant to the problems that arise in learning process are not predictable. The performance of the performance for indicaor-6 was also low, but indicated the significant progress of the initial meeting to the end. Conclusion: the role of the mentors is very important in building communication and interaction with study in groups as well as the traffic of study groups and increasing the study of study and quality of the students' work.

The goal of this research is to examine the relationship between the skill of students' critical thinking and their learning resources they used. This paper collected data using questionnaire which related to the kind of information they gained on waste phenomenon topic on integrative science course. The Spearman Rank Test showed that the relation of these variables was not significant (R_x = 0.519; p = 0.05). The paper examines the students learning resources such as books, internet and other resources. The future research needs to consider the appropriate learning resources for supporting students' critical thinking skill.

The study was conducted to described teachers' knowledge about scientific literacy science. The study also described the student's achievement after the implementation of the scientific literacy framework PISA 2015 through lesson study. The research method that will be carried out is quantitative descriptive research, where the results of teacher interview explained clearly, and the description of meaningful numbers related to changes in students' scientific literacy abilities after the implementation. Data collection was carried out in five ways, namely observation, measurement of abilities, interviews, and field notes. The results showed that the teacher misunderstanding about the scientific literacy concept. The teacher almost did not know about scientific literacy. There were a significant increased of student achievement after the implementation of scientific literacy competencies framework PISA 2015 in science learning through lesson study. Improvement of students' scientific literacy skills can be done if applied in the learning process.

The important issue that causes medical error is poor communication between professions in providing health services, ineffective teamwork collaboration, and unintegrated health services. The World Health Organization (WHO) triger the Interprofessional Education learning model as an integrated education system in health science students.The purpose of this study is to assess the teamwork formed after the IPE learning was applied to health science students at the professional level at the Universitas Sumatera Utara. Method. This research is a pre and post test design that was carried out by IPE learning in the area of Puskesmas Tuntungan Medan. The sample size is 20 students consisting of students from the faculty of medicine, nursing, pharmacy and public health at Universitas Sumatera Utara. The assessment of teamwork using the Team Work Score (TWS) questionnaire. Data analysis uses dependent t test.The results of this study indicate that the level of teamwork increases after IPE learning. There is a relationship between IPE learning and increased leadership skills, team structure, situation monitoring, group support, and communication (p<0.05). There is an increase in teamwork, after the application of IPE learning to health science students.

This paper reviews the research published from 2011 to 2017 that focuses on the characteristics and emerging topics on Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) in Science education. A systematic search of the relevant research was undertaken of electronic databases including ERIC and Scopus using several key terms. Focussing on peer-reviewed journal articles, the screening process began with a perusal of the title and abstract, followed by the analysis of the purpose, method, findings, discussion and conclusion. The results showed that most of the research used pre-service teachers as the participants (56%). One-third used in-service teachers (31%) or both of them (13%). Furthermore, our results showed that the majority of studies use general science context (69%). Fewer studies focussed on specific subject domains, including biology (13%), Chemistry (19%), and Physics (6%). Based on the analysis of the current research, we found five key emerging trends, including the identification of teachers' TPACK (100%), the relationship between TPACK and other components of technology integration (19%), strategies to developing preservice teachers TPACK (50%), how teacher implement TPACK (44%), and developing an instrument for TPACK (19%). Based on the analysis, we suggest some topics that need further investigation.

This study aimed to describe the influence of peers, parents, and teachers to the superior students learning problems. The research subjects were the superior student in SMPN 4 Singaraja who were selected using purposive sampling technique (n = 7 students). Data on the influence of peers, parents, and teachers on superior students learning problems were excavated for 60 days through questionnaires and interviews. The research data were analyzed descriptively qualitative following Bogman data analysis step which consists of 3 stages, namely: Description, Reduction, and Selection. Based on the research result, the average of superior student relationship with peers, the relationship of students with parents, and the relationship of students with the teachers, give positive influence to the problems of students' learning (students-peers 75.87%, students -parents 62.91%, students-teachers 74.60%).

This study was aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of guided inquiry learning model in improving students' creative thinking skills in science learning. It was a quasi-experimental research with nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population was the eighth-grade students in secondary school. The sample included 54 students; 26 students in the experimental group and 26 students in the control group. The students in the experimental group learned through guided inquiry learning model, whereas the ones in the control group learning through direct instruction model. The data on students' creative thinking skills were collected through the creative thinking skills test. The data were analyzed through descriptively and inferential analysis, namely the independent sample t-test with 5% significance level. The results showed that guided inquiry learning model more effective than direct instruction model in improving students' creative thinking skills. The average score of students' creative thinking skills in experimental and control groups were 90.0 and 79.4 respectively.