Table of contents

1. Abstract

This issue of the journal is dedicated to the scientific and applied research presented at the VI International Conference "Modern Technologies for Non-Destructive Testing". The conference was held on October 9–14, 2017 in Tomsk (Russia).

The conference brought together experts from different countries and organizations who received a great opportunity to share knowledge in sessions, to initiate discussions on topics of interest to all participants.

The aim of the Conference was to support young talented people, to involve pupils, students, post-graduate students and young scientists in the solution of actual scientific problems of non-destructive testing, quality management and new educational technologies.

The main goals of the event were exchange of information and discussion of topics related to non-destructive testing, quality management, new educational technologies and widespread implementation of the obtained results.

The key topics of the conference were advanced technologies in non-destructive testing, effective quality management systems and educational technologies in the field of control and management.

The Conference Organizer is The Department of Physical Methods of Non-Destructive Testing of the Institute of Non-Destructive Testing of the National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University.

List of Committee Members are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The influence of the defects in ZnO films on the electrical and photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cells was investigated in the work. According to the results of the research it was established that the defects in ZnO films affects the concentration of defects of perovskite films synthesized on the ZnO surface. However, the difference in the defect concentration in perovskite films is about 30%, while the concentration of defects in ZnO differs by 1000 times. A less significant influence is the concentration of ZnO defects on the electrical and photovoltaic properties of perovskite solar cells. The magnitude of the short-circuit photocurrent and the open voltage of the cells are affected by the concentration of perovskite defects and the quality of the perovskite-ZnO interface.

This scientific work is devoted to the study of the electric drive operation of pipeline armature at low ambient temperatures. Hit of moisture into reducer and rare inclusions in operation of locking regulator are led to curdling lubricant that causes the increased wear of mechanical knots. There is a probability of freezing mechanical components; it leads to emergency situations. The problem of improving working efficiency of the electric drive of shut-off regulating armature at low ambient temperatures of the environment is solved in this work. A simulation model of the GUSAR electric drive was developed to solve this problem. Studies of the simulation model show the need to limit the torque increase rate on a drive motor shaft. The algorithm of setting of PI speed controller to obtain acceptable transient processes is suggested. Recommendations for the use of the algorithm in the microprocessor control system of electric drive are proposed. It is shown that the electric drive operation algorithm with torque increasing limitation on the motor shaft will be smoothly working off the perturbing actions that occur in pipeline armature.

The paper presents a new design of a shock-proof two-axis microelectromechanical gyroscope. Without stoppers, the shock load enables the interaction between the silicon sensor elements. Stoppers were installed in the gyroscope to prevent the contact interaction between electrodes and spring elements with fixed part of the sensor. The contact of stoppers occurs along the plane, thereby preventing the system from serious contact stresses. The shock resistance of the gyroscope is improved by the increase in its eigenfrequency at which the contact interaction does not occur. It is shown that the shock load directed along one axis does not virtually cause the movement of sensing elements along the crosswise axes. Maximum stresses observed in the proposed gyroscope at any loading direction do not exceed the value allowable for silicon.

The article is devoted to the development of a software and hardware complex for investigating the grinding process on a pendulum deformer. The hardware part of this complex is the Raspberry Pi model 2B platform, to which a contactless angle sensor is connected, which allows to obtain data on the angle of deviation of the pendulum surface, usb-cameras, which allow to obtain grain images before and after grinding, and stepping motors allowing lifting of the pendulum surface and adjust the clearance between the pendulum and the supporting surfaces. The program part of the complex is written in C # and allows receiving data from the sensor and usb-cameras, processing the received data, and also controlling the synchronous-step motors in manual and automatic mode. The conducted studies show that the rational mode is the deviation of the pendulum surface by an angle of 40⁰, and the location of the grain in the central zone of the support surface, regardless of the orientation of the grain in space. Also, due to the non-contact angle sensor, energy consumption for grinding, speed and acceleration of the pendulum surface, as well as vitreousness of grain and the energy consumption are calculated. With the help of photographs obtained from usb cameras, the work of a pendulum deformer based on the Rebinder formula and calculation of the grain area before and after grinding is determined.

Fuel cells are a very efficient, reliable, durable, and environmentally friendly energy source. Membranes for fuel cells were developed based on nitrogen-containing high-molecular compounds and organic–inorganic composites. Their electrical conductivities were measured. The influence of a silicon block of composites on the proton exchange properties of membranes was proved.The comparative characterization of the studied materials was performed.

In this work the possibility of the sheath hermiticity testing by measuring of the cable capacity per unit length variation during spark testing is considered. The research object is 2×0.75 HO3VVH2-F cable. According to the physical modelling it is proved that such defect of sheath as pinhole through the whole thickness of sheath can be registered for the test length 10 cm with test voltage frequencies 1kHz and 10kHz.

In this paper, we describe a non-destructive method for determining the mechanical stresses based on the mapping of the sample surface. The method shortens the measurement time. The loading of PC's RAM decreases during measurement process. Determine the area of local surface irregularities. The magnitude of the curvature of the structure estimate over the entire surface of the substrate. This makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the calculation of the magnitude of mechanical stresses using the Stoney formula. The use of the proposed technique increases probability of success of substrates bonding operations and contact lithography.

The paper investigates the feasibility of using T-shaped feedback in teraohmmeters. Theoretical and experimental dependences of the output voltage of the T-shaped feedback converter on the measured resistance and circuit parameters are obtained. The use of T-shaped feedback is found to decrease the reference resistance rating from 10 GOhm to 100 Ohm that indicates 100-fold reduction (with an error of less than 1%).

Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films based on graphene oxide were synthesized and studied. Structure and optical properties of the films are studied. At using of the films as counter electrodes in DSSC cells, it is shown that pure LB graphene oxide films, despite the advantages in electrotransport properties, have a rather high resistance. This is lead to the decreasing in the number of charge carriers injected into the semiconductor layer from the dye molecules, and in a complex decrease in the efficiency of solar cells. However, when LB films are deposited over the Pt layer, the electron transport characteristics of the counter electrodes are improved, which is manifested in an increase in the efficiency of solar cells compared to cells with a conventional Pt electrode.

Abstract.The low-energy alpha particles irradiation impact on structural phase composition and 321S31 steel surface TiCrN and TiMoN coatings morphology have been summarized. The samples irradiation has been carried out in the DTs-60 (the Dubna cyclotron) heavy-ion accelerator by the⁴He⁺² low-energy ions (40 keV) into a 1.0·10¹⁷ ion/cm² fluence. It has been established thatthe 321S31 steel alpha particles implantation having energy of 40 keV results in the austenite initial γ-structurepartial transfer, stimulated by the irradiation, to the martensiteα-structure. The low-energy alpha particles irradiation within the fluencies range from 10¹⁶ to 10¹⁷ ion/cm² for the TiCrN and TiMoN coatings formed by the ionic bombardment condensation method doesn't result in the phase transfers with a coating crystal lattice type change.

Spectral-luminescent and photovoltaic properties of polymethine dyes of various structures are studied. It is shown that an increase in the length of the methylene chain between the active chromophores leads to a red-wave shift of the absorption and fluorescence spectra. Significant changes in the absorptivity and lifetime of fluorescence do not occur in this case. The best photovoltaic parameters have cells sensitized with shorter dye molecules. It is shown, that for a longer dye the resistance associated with electron recombination on the TiO₂/electrolyte surface is much higher than the electron transfer resistance in the semiconductor, which reduces the efficiency of electron transfer in the solar cell, sensitized with longer dye molecules.

The article deals with issues related to increasing the efficiency of the system of automatic maintenance of the temperature of liquid media entering the pipes to the place of consumption. For this purpose, a flowing water heater model is proposed, made in the SolidWorks environment, the construction parameters of which can be changed using the appropriate macro and screen form. It is shown that the choice of the location of the temperature sensor has a significant effect on such parameters of the device as the accuracy of maintaining a given temperature regime and the duration of the transient process caused by a change in the temperature of the liquid entering the heater. On a concrete example, it is shown that by changing the distance between the sensor and the heating module, it is possible to achieve minimum temperature fluctuations of the heat-transfer-agent at the heater outlet.

Research works were carried out to develop a technique with the aim to increase the lifetime of steel items used in corrosive media. The possibility to monitor corrosion parameters of steel samples is analyzed on the basis of magnetic properties obtained by means of a magnetic structuroscope DIUS-1.15M designed by the Institute of Metal Physics of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IMP UB RAS).

The article reviews the development of radial-piston pump with phase control and alternating-flow mode for seismic-testing platforms and other test machines. The prospects for use of the developed device are proved. It is noted that the method of frequency modulation with the detection of the natural frequencies is easily realized by using the radial-piston pump. The prospects of further research are given proof.

The paper is devoted to the assessment of accidental risks occurring at the works engaged in stone extracting and petroleum production. Two basic kinds of accidents common for stone extracting and petroleum production have been chosen to be discussed in the part under consideration. The most dangerous accidental situation characteristic for a stone milling line is an unsanctioned explosion, UE, of blasting agents used for the development of stone deposits. The analysis of a risk occurrence in certain accidental situations is to be carried out. With reference to petroleum extraction, a combustibles and lubricants (C & L) explosion is the most dangerous of characteristic accidental situations. To reveal the most probable causes of accidental situations to be realized, a graph of cause and effect relations has been constructed for each of the accidental situations most probable causes to real situation of an accident. Disasters of a natural origin are the most probable causes of unsanctioned explosions at the deposits of stone raw materials. Technology related natural disasters are the most probable causes of unsanctioned explosions to be realized at multiple well platforms engaged in petroleum production.

Influence of cuprum nanopowder additive received by electric explosion on the process of manganese ferrites MgFe2O4 consolidating at thermal sintering was researched by dilatometry method. Cuprum nanopowder at a rate of 5 mass % was added into the original commercial-grade powder of manganese ferrite MgFe2O4. Powder mixture was numerously blended with screening for better blending before pressing. Powder compacts were formed by cold one-axle static pressing. It was proved that introduction of cuprum additive caused shrinkage increase at final heating stage. There was abnormal compact enlarging at sintering in the air at isothermal stage; the specified process was not observed in vacuum. This difference can be explained by changes in conditions of gaseous discharge from volume of pores.

The paper describes the technique to detect local wire insulation defects through measuring the wire capacitance. The operating principle of the CAP-10 device is explained. The principal possibility of this device to detect local defects in wire insulation is shown. The experiments showed that the device can be used to detect defects of different types.

The method of testing the conjugation "Ball support - body of the tie-rod end" is considered. The design of the test bench for simulating the working conditions of the interface is proposed. The results of testing the conjugation samples in accordance with the test procedure are given. The conformity of test results was assessed.

The mechanical properties of near-surface layers of corundum ceramics treated by high-power pulsed ion beam of carbon are investigated. The samples for investigation were prepared from corundum substrate, which is usually used in microelectronic. The ion treatment was carried out at the TEMP-4M facility under the following conditions: an accelerating voltage of 160-200 keV, the current density in the pulse varied within 15-85 A/cm². It was found that ion irradiation changes the structure and properties of near-surface layers of corundum ceramics. At the same time, melting and erosion of the surface layer takes place. These processes are accompanied by the formation of a network of microcracks. Microcracks are propagated only by the depth of melting layer. The mechanical properties were measured using a NanoTest600 nanohardness testing instrument. It was found that the nanohardness depends of the treatment modes. At a current density of 15A/cm², with an increase treatment dose, the nanohardness of the irradiated surface layer increases in comparison with the initial value before irradiation. At higher current densities, the nanohardness of irradiated ceramics decreases relatively to the initial value before irradiation. The dependences of nanohardness off the irradiation dose in this case have the view of a curves with a minimum at irradiation doses of 2.5·10¹⁴ and 1.3·10¹⁴ cm^-2, for current densities of 50 and 85 A/cm², respectively.

In this article, requirements to materials of hydraulic cylinders and methods of eliminating the main factors affecting the quality of the applied coatings rod hydraulic cylinders. The chromium plating process - one of ways of increase of anti-friction properties of coatings rods, stability to the wear and corrosion. The article gives description of differences of the stand-speed chromium plating process from other types of chromium plating that determines a conclusion about cutting time of chromium plating process. Conducting the analysis of technological equipment suggested addressing the modernization of high-speed chromium plating processes by automation and mechanization. Control system developed by design of schematic block diagram of a modernized and stand-speed chromium plating process.

The research aims to develop a microminiature eddy current transducer for aluminum alloys. The research topic is considered relevant due to the need for evaluation and forecasting of safe operating life of aluminum. A microminiature transformer-type transducer was designed, which enables to perform local investigations of unferromagnetic materials using eddy-current method based on local studies conductivity. Having the designed transducer as a basis, a hardware-software complex was built to perform experimental studies of aluminium. Cores with different shapes were used in this work. Test results are reported for a flaws in the form of hidden slits and apertures inside the slabs is derived for excitation coil frequencies of 300–700 Hz.

In work techniques of calculations of the key parameters of the bimetal capacitive IR detectors matrix are presented. Sensitivity characteristics of the bimetal detector were calculated and prototype model of detector in the form of bimetallic console was produced. The possibility of use of capacitive MEMS-receivers on basis of bimetallic effect as an alternative to pyroelectric and microbolometer IR detectors is shown.

Polymer composite and metallic materials have found wide application in various industries such as aviation, rocket, car manufacturing, ship manufacturing, etc. Many design elements need permanent quality control. Ensuring high quality and reliability of products is impossible without effective nondestructive testing methods. One of these methods is penetrant testing using penetrating substances based on liquid penetration into defect cavities. In this paper, we propose a model of liquid flow to determine the rates of filling the defect cavities with various materials and, based on this, to choose optimal control modes.

A module based on dye-sensitized solar cells with Ag/TiO₂ structure was developed. It is shown that the addition of the core-shell structure to the semiconductor film of titanium dioxide, where the nanoparticle Ag serves as the core, and the TiO₂ is shell, increases the coefficient of solar energy conversion into electrical energy. The effect of the photoanode area on the efficiency of conversion of solar energy into electrical energy is studied. It is shown that the density of the photocurrent decreases with increasing of the photoanode area, which leads to a drop in the efficiency of solar cells.

Parameters of electromagnetic responses (EMRe) generated during uniaxial compression of rock samples under excitation by deterministic acoustic pulses are presented and discussed. Such physical modeling in the laboratory allows to reveal the main regularities of electromagnetic signals (EMS) generation in rock massive. The influence of the samples mechanical properties on the parameters of the EMRe excited by an acoustic signal in the process of uniaxial compression is considered. It has been established that sulfides and quartz in the rocks of the Tashtagol iron ore deposit (Western Siberia, Russia) contribute to the conversion of mechanical energy into the energy of the electromagnetic field, which is expressed in an increase in the EMS amplitude. The decrease in the EMS amplitude when the stress-strain state of the sample changes during the uniaxial compression is observed when the amount of conductive magnetite contained in the rock is increased. The obtained results are important for the physical substantiation of testing methods and monitoring of changes in the stress-strain state of the rock massive by the parameters of electromagnetic signals and the characteristics of electromagnetic emission.

The article presents an original technique for selecting parameters and evaluating the efficiency of wind-diesel power plants for isolated power supply systems. The initial data to perform energy calculations are simulation models of electric load and wind speed. The load is simulated using typical schedules of electric loads of a decentralized consumer, taking into account a random component for each hour of the day. To create a simulation model of the wind, a typical climatic series of wind speeds at a prospective site of the power plant has been constructed according to the data of long-term meteorological observations. The proposed technique was verified through the example of choosing a wind-diesel power plant for the village of Ust-Olenyok of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia).

This paper studies the method of simultaneous measurement of oxygen, hydrogen and water impurities that is based on combining moisture coulometric and solid electrolyte. The basic reduced measurement error for the molecular impurity in inert gases for measurements ranging from 0 to 5...50 and ...500 mln^-1 of oxygen totals 6, 3.8 and 2.8 % respectively. Similarly, measurement error totals respectively 8, 3 and 3.8 % for hydrogen, and respectively 6, 3 and 3 % for water molecules.

Typical features of oscillograms of signals from the piezoelectric transducer are installed at supernumerary affectings on barring surface. Possibility of use for identification of affectings of patterns of behaviour of group of the time rows realising the hybrid approach to the analysis of signals is shown.

At the design of new modifications of x-ray tomography there are difficulties in the right choice of elements of X-ray optical system. Now this problem is solved by practical consideration, selection of values of the corresponding parameters – tension on an x-ray tube taking into account the thickness and type of the studied material. For reduction of time and labor input of design it is necessary to create the criteria of the choice, to determine key parameters and characteristics of elements. In the article two main elements of X-ray optical system – an x-ray tube and the detector of x-ray radiation - are considered. Criteria of the choice of elements, their key characteristics, the main dependences of parameters, quality indicators and also recommendations according to the choice of elements of x-ray systems are received.

It was revealed that the generalized cascade-probability function (GCPF) can be obtained from the three-dimensional equation of the cascade process (of the Boltzmann type). It was established that this function, depending on the number of interactions, first increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. With the increase in H, the maximum of GCPF is shifted to the right, and its value decreases.

A new composite material for use in optical molecular oxygen sensors is proposed. The absence of pores on the surface of the material avoids microbiological fouling and concomitant deterioration of the characteristics with time, and the presence of the mesoporous phase results in a linear calibration and acceptable response times, even for layers that are significant in thickness.

The article shows how the known statistical methods, which are widely used in solving financial problems and a number of other fields of science and technology, can be effectively applied after minor modification for solving such problems in climate and environment monitoring systems, as the detection of anomalies in the form of abrupt changes in signal levels, the occurrence of positive and negative outliers and the violation of the cycle form in periodic processes.

A phenomenological model is proposed on the example of the rock destruction development in underground mines. The characteristics of the electromagnetic signal generated due to the appearance and change of the dipole moment of cracks, whose beads are charged when the discontinuity is disturbed, are analytically investigated. The model is constructed using the theory of reliability and percolation theory, which allows to take into account the non-synchronism of the mechanical converters.

Complex experimental studies on the effect of electron irradiation on the deposition rate of active sludge in aqueous systems by the optical method have been carried out. The obtained dependences of density (ρ) on time (t) are of the same nature for different radiation sources. The experimental curves of the dependence of the active sludge density on time are satisfactorily described by an exponential model.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies on the possibility of applying the effective filtration principle in the developing non-destructive testing methods. The presented results make it possible to conclude that the optimal filtration principle can be applied in the further development of methods for determining the absolute values of the stress-strain state of similar objects. It is necessary for its implementation to have impulse responses of similar objects for given stress-strain state values.

The Raman spectroscopy method established that subsequent treatment with ion ions leads to a change in the microstructure of coatings based on carbon and metals. It is established that the structure change is determined by the changes occurring at the interface and depends on the sp3 → sp2 phase transition due to the appearance of local thermal peaks at the end of tracks of nitrogen ions implanted in the coating volume. It is shown that the microhardness of metal-carbon coatings (α-C: Cu, α-C: Ti, α-C:Al) increases after ion-plasma treatment, which is determined by the formation of solid interstitial phases based on CNx and metal carbonitrides.

The questions of radiation defects, factors of influence of electronic high-frequency discharge plasma components on the molecular structure and properties of the fluoropolymer vacuum films synthesized on a substrate from a gas phase are considered. It is established that at sedimentation of fluoropolymer coverings from a gas phase in high-frequency discharge plasma in films there are radiation defects in molecular and supramolecular structure because of the influence of active plasma components which significantly influence their main properties.

In this paper, we propose a new method and instruments to identify the torque, the power, and the efficiency of internal combustion engines in transient conditions. This method, in contrast to the commonly used non-demounting methods based on inertia and strain gauge dynamometers, allows controlling the main performance parameters of internal combustion engines in transient conditions without inaccuracy connected with the torque loss due to its transfer to the driving wheels, on which the torque is measured with existing methods. In addition, the proposed method is easy to create, and it does not use strain measurement instruments, the application of which does not allow identifying the variable values of the measured parameters with high measurement rate; and therefore the use of them leads to the impossibility of taking into account the actual parameters when engineering the wheeled vehicles. Thus the use of this method can greatly improve the measurement accuracy and reduce costs and laboriousness during testing of internal combustion engines. The results of experiments showed the applicability of the proposed method for identification of the internal combustion engines performance parameters. In this paper, it was determined the most preferred transmission ratio when using the proposed method.

The article is devoted to the development of a program for studying the operation of an asynchronous electric drive using vector-algorithmic switching of windings, as well as the development of a hardware-software complex for controlling parameters and controlling the speed of rotation of an asynchronous electric drive for investigating the operation of a cyclone. To study the operation of an asynchronous electric drive, a method was used in which the average value of flux linkage is found and a method for vector-algorithmic calculation of the power and electromagnetic moment of an asynchronous electric drive feeding from a single-phase network is developed, with vector-algorithmic commutation, and software for calculating parameters. The software part of the complex allows to regulate the speed of rotation of the motor by vector-algorithmic switching of transistors or, using pulse-width modulation (PWM), set any engine speed. Also sensors are connected to the hardware-software complex at the inlet and outlet of the cyclone. The developed cyclone with an inserted complex allows to receive high efficiency of product separation at various entrance speeds. At an inlet air speed of 18 m / s, the cyclone's maximum efficiency is achieved. For this, it is necessary to provide the rotational speed of an asynchronous electric drive with a frequency of 45 Hz.

Experiments on dependence of strain (ε) vs stress (σ) during bending tests of non-irradiated and irradiated (by electrons) samples of ribbed plexiglas have been carried out. Obtained curves are described satisfactory within linear model, ε grows linearly as soon as σ increases.

AlN films doped with zinc were grown on Si substrates by RF magnetron reactive sputtering of a compound target. Policluster films of diamond doped with boron were formed on layered Si/AlN substrates from the gas phase hydrogen and methane, activated arc discharge. By electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy the composition and structure of synthetic policluster films of diamond and AlN films were studied. Photovoltaic devices based on the AlN/PFD layered structure are presented.

Results of obtaining and analyzing the temperature dependences of initial permeability of ferrite ceramics are presented in the paper. It was shown that the level of the defective state of ferrite ceramics can be obtained from the value of two parameters α and β of the phenomenological expression describing the experimental dependences. The results showed that the main criterion of the defect state is the parameter β/α, which is related to the elastic stresses in the material. An indicator of the structure perfection is also the value of the maximum of the initial permeability near the Curie temperature.

Solid solutions of the InSb-ZnTe semiconductor system containing up to 20 mol.% of ZnTe were synthesized for the first time. The role of mechanochemical treatment in the process of obtaining solid solutions of this system is shown. Solid solutions in the InSb-ZnTe system have been identified by Raman spectroscopy, and the optical properties of its components have been studied. On the basis of an analysis of the anti-stokes spectral radiation distribution the solid solutions formation was identified both on the dependence of the spectral distribution maximum's shift on the composition of the InSb_1-x-ZnTe_x system, and by estimating the radiation intensity of the initial binary semiconductors at frequencies corresponding to the LO- and TO- vibrations of the binary compounds crystal lattice. The values of the band gap for InSb, (InSb)_0.95(ZnTe)_0.05 and (InSb)_0.9(ZnTe)_0.1 were calculated, their values were 0.22 eV, 0.30 eV and 0.38 eV, respectively.

New microfocus source of hard bremsstrahlung (photon energy > 1 MeV), based on the betatron B-18 with a narrow Ta target inside, for high-resolution radiography and tomography is presented. The first studies of the source demonstrate its possibilities for practical applications to detect the microdefects in products made from heavy materials and to control gaps in joints of parts of composite structures of engineering facilities. The radiography method was used to investigate a compound object consisting of four vertically arranged steel bars between which surfaces were exposed gaps of 10 μm in width. The radiographic image of the object, obtained with a magnification of 2.4, illustrates the good sensitivity of detecting the gaps between adjacent bars, due to the small width of the linear focus of the bremsstrahlung source.