Table of contents

The 2^nd International Conference on Physics and Mathematics for Biological Science 2020

Dwi Wahyuni

Editor in Chief The 2^nd International Conference on Physics and Mathematics for Biological Science 2020

University of Jember

E-mail: dwiwahyuniwiwik.fkip@unej.ac.id

We would humbly thank all participants who have embraced the time to partake in "The 2^nd International Conference on Physics and Mathematics for Biological Science 2020 (ICOPAMBS 2020)". This even was conducted by the Department of Mathematics and Basic Science, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education in the University of Jember August 8 - 9 2020. The conference was undertaken in dual modes, namely virtual and face-to-face basis, either for the plenary and parallel session. We invited four plenary speakers in the plenary session. They are from Australia, India, Philippines, and Indonesia. In detail, Prof. Adil Bagirov, Ph.D is from Australia, Dr. Ramesh Nachimuthu is from India, Associate Prof. Joanne V. Serrano, Ph.D is from Philippine, and Prof. Dafik, M.Sc, Ph.D and Dr. Dwi Wahyuni, M.Kes are both from Indonesia. Due to the travel restriction in the Covid19 outbreak, the speakers from abroad delivered their slide presentation virtually as well as the participants who stay far from Jember town joined the conference virtually by using ZOOM cloud meeting. The platform employed to manage and organize all data and manuscript submission used Easychair system. The participants who stay nearby Jember town, they joined the conference in face-to-face basis. We had 50 participants joining in person. They were placed in two classrooms respected to the medical protocol for Covid19. Thus, each room of 88m² area consisted of 25 participants. The time spent for each speaker was 60 minutes, and Q/A session after plenary session was run within 30 minutes. The total number of participants was 175 people, and the number of submission received by ICOPAMBS 2020 committee was 125 participants. The number of paper sent to reviewer was 110 papers, and the number of accepted submission papers is 74 papers. Thus the acceptance rate is 59.2%.

The main purpose of the conference is to welcome scientists, lecturers, students, and researchers from diverse parts of the globe to showcase their massive interests and insights germane to Physical Science, Biomedicine, Biotechnology, and Applied Mathematics. The conference is projected to be the yearly international forum where civil society organizations and representatives, university students, academics and researchers, scholars, scientist, teachers and practitioners from all around the globe to share and exchange ideas germane to theoretical and practical knowledge about Physics, Mathematics, Biological Science, and their applications. The conference takes the initiative to present and discuss the cutting-edge trends for disseminating novel theoretical, methodological and empirical insights as well as more fine-tuned understanding concerned with Physics, Mathematics, Biological Science, and science education. The conference focuses on the following themes: (1) Physical Mathematics, Computational Physics, and applications, (2) Mathematical modelling for Material Physics, semiconductor materials, and Applications, (3) Bioinformatics and Computational for Biomaterials, (4) Graph Theory, Combinatorics, and Applications, (5) Applied Statistics, (6) Polymer, Biomaterials and applications, (7) Mathematical modelling for Biological Sciences, (8) Environmental science, Biotechnology, and applications (9) Geophysics and Earth Sciences, (10) Development of Software engineering for Physics, Mathematics and Biological Sciences

On behalf of the organizing committee, we gratefully acknowledge the support from The Faculty of teacher Training and Education-University of Jember of this conference. We would also like to extend our gratitude to all lovely participants who have taken part in this unforgettable and valuable event.

Dr. Dwi Wahyuni, M.Kes

University of Jember

dwiwahyuniwiwik.fkip@unej.ac.id

List of THE COMMITTEES are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: The article is Double-blind review where the author and reviewer don't know each other. The criteria of accepted paper are related to the paper standard template, state of art of the research, gap and novelty of research, methodology, and originality.

• Conference submission management system: The Conference submission management sytem using icopambs website (www.icopambs.fkip.unej.ac.id) equipped with easychair submission system.

• Number of submissions received: 125

• Number of submissions sent for review: 110

• Number of submissions accepted:74

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):59.2%

• Average number of reviewers per paper: 3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 66

• Any additional info on review process: The reviewers gave some feedback to each paper based on the reffering guidelines such as state of the art of research, methodology, gap, a proposed novelty, and originality. They also review the originality of the research finding, and the bibliography cited in their paper.

• Contact person for queries: Dr. Dwi Wahyuni, M.Kes, University of Jember, dwiwahyuniwiwik.fkip@unej.ac.id

Semiconductor materials used as potential barriers in the study are GaAs, GaSb, and AlAs. These materials will be arranged in certain combinations to form triple potential barrier structures and the effect of combinations will be analysed against transmission coefficient values. In this study, the maximum energy of the electron is 1 eV and the matrix propagation method is used where the effect of the combinations structure on transmission coefficient values is numerically analysed using a computational program. The results showed that the structuring potential barrier affects the value of the transmission coefficient. In the uniform barriers arrangements, the value of the transmission coefficient decreases with increasing potential barrier energy. Whereas in the arrangement of different barrier combinations, two opposing combination arrangements have the same transmission coefficient values. Thus, from six combination arrangements, there are three kinds of transmission coefficient values. The maximum transmission coefficient value is 1.000 in the triple potential barrier of GaSb at 0.49 eV. Research on the tunnel effect contributed to the development of electronic and optoelectronic devices such as transistors and lasers.

Mount Merapi is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. The characteristics of this mount are explosive and eruptive. Moreover, its eruption causes lava floods. Its last eruption took many victims, and they were both dead and injured. They lost belongings and anything surroundings as well. Considering the negative impacts, research is needed to determine the subsurface structure of Mount Merapi as a disaster mitigation measure. One method that can be used is the gravity method. The gravity method is a geophysical method with an interpretation based on the different density of masses obtained from the Earth's gravity acceleration data. In this research, an interpretation of the results of two-dimensional modeling will be performed. Research data is secondary data obtained from satellites. The research uses a literature study method on Mount Merapi by processing gravity data to obtain Bouguer anomalies, separating Bouguer anomalies into local and regional anomalies using MagPick and Surfer software, and two-dimensional modeling to determine density value density of subsurface mass using Grav2dc software. The results obtained consist of lithological interpretation consisting of basalt-andesite rocks, pyroclastic rocks, and magma chamber.

Marginal land development in Situbondo Regency has not yet received special attention from farmer as the farmer-enterpreneur, so that the efforts made by stakeholders have not yet gotten maximum results. Therefore, increasing awareness and understanding of the development and use of marginal area is needed. The objectives of this study are: 1) knowing the land characteristics of crops commodities at marginal land and (2) mapping the suitability of cropland at marginal land. The locations of the study are Jatibanteng and Sumbermalang Subdistricts with the consideration that the subdistrict is the area where the majority of rice fields are dry and marginal area in Situbondo Regency. The research method uses an analytical approach. The data collection method is using secondary data, which is available statistical data that has been published by BPS and primer data. The data analysis method uses SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and soil chemical analysis. The results showed that of (1) the land characteristics can be seen from soil chemical analysis including: a) Phosfor content of land ranged from 28,06-84,28 me/100g which was dominated by high status; b) Potassium value of land ranged from 16.95-59.96 me/100g which was dominated by moderate status; c) Organic matter content of land ranged from 1.75-3.39% which was dominated by medium status; d) Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) value of land ranged from 14.76 - 37.03 me/100g which was dominated by the high status; and e) Base Saturation in Jatibanteng Subdistrict was classified as low to moderate, ranged from 30.39% - 50.10% and Sumbermalang subdistrict ranged from 20.15% - 48.62%. Provision of organic material is a way that can be applied to increase the value of BS, because organic matter affects soil properties such as its physics and chemistry. (2) Meanwhile the the second objective was found that: a) around 35% of Jatibanteng Subdistrict was in the S1 (Highly Suitable) category; on the other hand, Sumbermalang Subdistricts was in the S2 (Moderately Suitable) and S3 (Marginal Suitable) categories for the rice field suitability, b) class suitability of corn in the study area was included in the more dominant of S2 (Moderately Suitable) category reaching almost 85% of the land areas, and c) cassava plants had an S1 (Highly Suitable) suitability class dominated by Jatibanteng Subdistrict which was almost 50% of its areas in Sumbermalang Subdistrict with the suitability of S2 (Moderately Suitable) and S1 (Highly Suitable).

Cementitious composites are common construction material for infrastructures. Their abundant resources are one of the reasons why they are widely consumed. The drawback of these materials is its brittle nature resulting in unavoidable cracking problems in the infrastructures. Further, the crack will initiate the corrosion of steel reinforcement and reduce structural durability. Calcium carbonate precipitating bacteria are the potential to heal the cracks in the cementitious composite if they are selected and treated carefully. This paper reviews different types of bacteria applied in concrete, and the methods can be used as a healing agent. This study recommends using bacterial cementitious composites as self-healing material, surface treatment, and crack healing agent.

East Java Province as one base regions of the soybean commodity. Soybean also provides added value, when processed into tofu, tempeh, chips, soy sauce and other products. The fact is that agro-industry activities are still dependent on imported raw materials. The objectives of this study is to forecast soybean commodity production and find out soybean production base in East Java. The locations of the study are East Java Province, because it has the largest harvest area and highest production in Indonesia. The research method applies an analytical method. The data collection method uses secondary data, in which the available statistical data has been published by BPS. The data analysis method used is base and non-base sector analysis Location Quotient and Box-Jenkins Model (ARIMA) analysis. The results show that out of 38 district and city in East Java, ther are 10 district soybeans production base. The district of soybean production base is Sampang Banyuwangi, Nganjuk, Bangkalan, Lamongan, Bojonegoro, Trenggalek, Blitar, Ponorogo and Jember District. The highest LQ value of soybean base production is Sampang district of 5,49; Banyuwangi district of 2,77 and Nganjuk district of 2,00. The development of soybean production forecasting in East Java in 2018-2027 fluctuations, tends to be constant and increase.

Dermatitis was a type of skin disease which caused by skin inflammation. The Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) was a reaction which appeared when the skin got contact to toxic chemicals which caused to inflammation. The aim of this research was to examine characteristics of workers and H₂SO₄ content which were related to the case of irritant contact dermatitis on rubber plantation workers in a plantation area company of Sumber Tenggulun Tanggul Jember. The research design was descriptive quantitative research which would figure out the causal relationship of contact dermatitis disease to the workers, particularly in the relation with chemicals. The research population was taken from all workers in the plantation area company of Sumber Tenggulun Jember. The data sampling exerted total sampling technique on 35 samples. The data analysis was logistic regression method which aimed to analyze the data by describing or illustrating the collected data as it should be without drawing any general conclusion or generalization. The research finding referred that factors of age, gender, genetics, chemicals use, and exposure characteristic affected insignificantly to the case of irritant contact dermatitis. The plantation should recommend the workers to wear personal protective equipment as an earlier protection from the dangers of accident and occupational disease.

This study aimed to determine the composition of gold to silver minerals in rocks originating from Dongi-Dongi at 2 stations and to determine the composition of gold to silver minerals in rocks fixed to definite proportion. This study used secondary data, which were the result of rock analysis from Dongi-Dongi. The analysis showed that the gold composition from the three samples at Station 1 ranged from 0.01 to 0.99%, and the composition of silver ranged from 0.02 to1.46%. While the composition of gold at Station 2 ranged from 0.01to 2.55%, and the composition of silver ranged from 0.07 to3.02%. The results of the similarity analysis test of two variances and more than two variances showed that the composition of gold to silver has the same ratio in each sample, with Fcount <F_table, then H₀ is accepted. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ratio of gold to silver in each sample is the same, and follows the Law of Definite Proportion as stated by Proust that a chemical compound consists of elements with a mass ratio always remains the same. In other words, each sample or compound has a fixed composition of elements

Freshwater gastropods are benthic fauna whose live under the water surface or attached to the bottom rocks of the river, pond, or lake. Ranu Grati is a freshwater lake located in District Pasuruan, East Java. Information on gastropod community from this lake is still scarce. We surveyed Ranu Grati from November 2019 until February 2020 to find out the gastropod's diversity. We found 118 individual gastropoda consist of five families and six species. Gastropod's community in Ranu Grati was classified as moderate (H '= 1,415). Morphology of each species will be discussed briefly in this paper.

Freshwater fish diversity is the number of fish species found in freshwater areas. This research is an exploratory study aimed at the diversity of freshwater fish in the Sanenrejo and Wonoasri Resort's Rivers of Meru Betiri National Park. Fishes were caught using gill nets with mesh sizes 0.5 inch and handnet The level of diversity of freshwater fish in the Sanenrejo and Wonoasri Resorts is classified as being moderate with the diversity index values in the Sanenrejo and Wonoasri Resorts respectively 1.5902 and 2.2323 while the overall index value is 2.4102. Freshwater fish found consisted of 15 species, namely: Barbodes binotatus, Trichopodus trichopterus, Neovespicula depressifrons, Rasbora lateristriata, Planiliza subviridis, Orechromis niloticus, Eleotris melanosoma, Dermogenys pusilla, Periopthalmus argentilineatus, Pterygoplichthys pardalis, Channa gachua, Butis butis, Nemacheilus fasciatus, Siycopterus cyanocephalus, and Monopterus albus.

Jember Regency is an agricultural area. Giving fertilizer is one of the agricultural activities. It usually contains a phosphate. If fertilizer is used too much, it will cause environmental pollution. The level of phosphate pollutants increase that can cause eutrophication. Phytoremediation is a plants utilization technology to reduce pollutants. This study aims to determine the effect of Typha sp. and Echinodorus palaefolius to reduce phosphate levels from fertilizer residues. The research reactor was a batch. The reactor used bed evapotranspiration system. Phytoremediation test analysis was carried out every two days for 8 days. Typha sp. and E. palaefolius on the day 8^th observation levels phosphate were down by 90,33% and 92,86%. The most efficient in this experiment was E. palaefolius.

Covid19 pandemic has occurred since 2019. The spread of the virus prevents humans from doing their normal activities. The inability of people to have normal activities also has a bad effect on the economy. The government is trying to start opening public activities in the hope of sustaining economic growth. However, this policy risks doubling the spread of the virus. This research proposes a way to mitigate the risk of the pandemic using multi arm bandit optimization. With this approach, the system is guided to independently look for which sectors can be opened and which sectors should be closed temporarily.

The roles of coffee commodities for the Indonesia economy are quite important. They are as a source of income for coffee farmers, foreign exchange sources, industrial raw materials producers, as well as employment providers through processing, and also marketing and trade (export and import). This research was conducted with the aims: (1) To know the impact of multiplier caused by coffee commodities to economy of East Java province.; (2) To know the value of coffee commoditis sector relation to other sectors that support the economy in East Java province. The results showed: (1) Coffee commodities have an impact of multiplier on East Java province's economy of 1.115. It means that if there is a change in demand in coffee sector of one million rupiah while final demand in other sectors does not change; it will increase the use of output of other sectors either directly of indirectly Rp. 1.115.000,-. (2) Coffee commodities have direct and indirect inter-sectoral values of 1,854. It means that if there is an increase in demand for coffee commodities sector of one million rupiah. It will increase the supply of inputs among the whole in the economy of East Java province of 1.854 million rupiah or Rp. 1.854.000,-.

Various disaster mitigation efforts due to volcanic earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are carried out to reduce the risk of casualties and damage to infrastructure. One such effort is to conduct volcanic deformation studies. The results of this deformation study include estimating the position of the hypocenter, the pressure source, and the magma supply volume, so that the volume of material released during the eruption can be estimated. With the Mogi Model approach to analysis the Tiltmeter data on the eruption of Merapi Volcano in 2016, the estimated hypocentre is at a depth of about 1,100 to 2,440 m and the depth of the pressure source is about 2,345 m below the peak of Merapi with a magma supply volume of 21.81 million m³. With the same model approach from GPS data on the 2010 eruption, the results show that the hypocentre is at a depth of about 1,100 to 2,500 m below the peak of Merapi The source of magma pressure is at 2,200 m below the peak of Merapi and the volume of magma supply before the eruption is 15 million m³. These two results indicate that the depth of the pressure source causing surface deformation originates from shallow magma and is consistent with the seismicity analysis of Merapi in the same period.

This study aims to synthesize and characterize chitosan beads using the Fourier Tranform Infra Red (FTIR) spectrophotometer. The test was carried out by making chitosan beads by mixing chitosan and 0.1 M acetic acid and dropping it into 0.1 M NaOH solution to form gel beads. Based on the results of the study obtained the value of the degree of deacetylation of chitosan by 76.85% and chitosan beads by 89.32%. While the characterization of chitosan beads based on FTIR spectrophotometer showed a difference in the peak absorption of NH3 at wave number 1450.47 cm⁻¹ with a slightly wider band on the chitosan beads while the sharp NH2 absorption band appeared in the region of 1435.04 cm⁻¹ in chitosan. And there is an absorption peak in the region of 570.93 cm⁻¹ which is the KBR absorption peak used as pellets in chitosan samples.

At present, many methods are used to discussed about landslide problems, especially regarding the slip field from the perspective of a one-disciplinary or multidisciplinary approach. One of the approach is using the 2D resistivity geoelectrical method. This research has been carried out to identify landslide and slip fields in Citeko Village, Cisarua District, Bogor Regency using the dipole-dipole resistivity configuration on geoelectrical method. Measurements were made in three passes with 235 metress in length and 5 metress in electrode distance. Data were processed using Res2dinv software, and the results showed that in the study, area lithology of its subsurface rocks was detected, including alluvium and sand layers, weathered material, up to volcanic rocks. Then, there are also clay layers, silt clay layers, and sandstones. The slip fields could be analyzed like a clay layer with resistivity values ranging from 42.3 Ωm⁻¹ to 155 Ωm⁻¹, and its position was in line 1 and line 2, with a depth of 8.5 metres - 16.4 metres. It also identified in line 3 at the depth of 16.4 metres. Then, based on the interpretation of resistivity 3D modeling with Rockworks software from geoelectric data, it shows that the direction of the landslide tends to be centered towards the Northwest to the West, this is also supported by visual observations in the field.

A rainbow antimagic coloring is one of new topics in graph theory. This topic is an expansion of rainbow coloring that is combined with antimagic labeling. The graphs are labeled with an antimagic labeling, and then the sum of vertex label have to obtain a rainbow coloring. The aim of the rainbow antimagic coloring research is to find the minimum number of color, called rainbow antimagic connection number, denoted by rac(G). In this research, we studied some simple graphs to be colored with rainbow antimagic coloring. The graphs we used are lollipop, stacked book, Dutch windmill, flowerpot and dragonfly. In this research, we aimed to develop new theorem. Based on the results, we got some theorems about rac(G) for the rainbow antimagic coloring. In addition, on some graphs that we use, we get rac(G) equal to rc(G), rainbow connection number. Instead, on the others, the value of rac(G) cannot reach the rc(G).

Let G be a graph, then the dominator coloring of G is a proper coloring, in which every vertex of G dominates every vertex of at least one color class. The Total dominator coloring of graph is a proper coloring with extra property that every vertex in the graph properly dominates an entire color class. The total dominator chromatic number ${X}_{d}^{t}({\rm{G}})$ of G is the minimum number of color classes in a total dominator coloring of it. In this paper, total dominator coloring of dense, octahedral and queen's graphs have been disscussed.

Let G be a connected, finite, and undirected graph. A vertex set D in G is an efficient dominating set of G if D is an independent set and for each point υ ∈ V(G)-D is adjacent to precisely one vertex d ∈ D. The representation of points υ ∈ V(G) in respect of an ordered set W = {w₁, w₂,..., w_k} is the k–vector r(υ| W) = (d(υ, w₁), d(υ, w₂),..., d(v, w_k)), which d(u, v) is the distance between the points u and υ. The set W is a resolving set of G if r(u|W) = r(υ| W), for each point u and υ in G. A set of vertices in graph G which is an efficient dominating set and resolving set is called a resolving efficient dominating set. The minimal cardinality of resolving efficient dominating set is called resolving efficient domination number, denoted by γ_re(G). The comb product between graph G and graph H is a graph which get from taking a copy of graph G as many vertices of graph H and grafting the i-th copy of graph G to each vertex of H, and its notated by G ▹ H. In this paper, we determine the resolving efficient domination number of comb product graph, namely K_n▹C₃, K_n▹P₃, W_n▹C₃, W_n▹P₃, and S_n▹P₂

A set of vertices D ⊆ V(G) is the dominating set of graph G if every vertex on graph G is dominated by dominators. The dominating set of D on graph G is a perfect if every point of a graph G is dominated by exactly one vertex on D. For each vertex υ ∈ V (G), the k-vector r(υ| W) is called the metric code or location W, where W = {w₁,w₂,...,w_k} ⊆ V (G). An ordered set W ⊆ V(G) is called the resolving set of graph G if each vertex u, v ∈ V(G) has a different point representation with respect to the W where r(u|W) ≠ r(υ|W). The ordered set W_rp Ç V (G) is called the resolving perfect dominating set on graph G if W_rp is the resolving set and perfect dominating set of graph G. The minimum cardinality of the resolving perfect dominating set is called the resolving perfect dominating number which is denoted by γ_rpG. In this study, we analyzed the resolving perfect dominating number of comb product operations between two connected graphs, such as K_n ▹ P₂, K_n ▹ P₃, Btn ▹ P₂, Bt_n ▹ P₃, and Bt_n ▹ C₃.

The set D ⊆ V(G) is called dominating set on graph G so that every vertex not in D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D. The set D_t ⊆ V(G) is called total dominating set on graph G so that the vertex in D_t are neighboring at least one dot in D_t. The smallest cardinality of the total dominating set is referred to as total domination number. The total domination number in G is shown by γ_t(G). The set of vertex D_t ⊆ V(G) is resolving total dominating set from G if the vertex representation u,υ ∈ V(G) with respect to x ∈ D_t is r(υ|D_t) so that r(υ|D_t) ≠ r(u|D_t). The smallest cardinality of Resolving total dominating set in G is shown by γ_rt(G). In this article, we provide the results of the study for the differentiating number of total dominance from sunlet graphs.

The spread of the 2019 Corona virus Disease pandemic (Covid-19) resulted in many organizational entities being forced to redesign business processes, reducing the cost of reducing working hours, to terminating employment (layoffs). The informal sector has the worst impact. Thus, both the government and the private sector make various efforts in overcoming problems of social impact that arise. One of them is through the formation of the Task Force for the Acceleration of Handling Covid19 (covid19.go.id) as a single contact crisis center. However, the extent of the impact that arises will result in preventive, curative and promotive efforts at risk of not being handled properly. The implementation of knowledge management based on graphs (knowledge graph) will enable agile integration between various sources of information. The Graph Data Model captures the relationships of various different entities by connecting them through the edge of information extracted from various heterogeneous sources. After the data is represented in a graphical format, there are various analytic graph techniques for asking multi-hop (multi-node) relationships between entities in the knowledge graph that is built. In addition, graphs allow users to visualize data quickly, interactively and exploratively for analysis.

Dominating set is a set D of vertices of graph G(V, E) and every vertex u ∈ V(G) − D is adjacent to some vertex υ ∈ D. The set D is called independent set if no two vertices in D are adjacent. Independent domination number of G is the minimum cardinality of D and denoted by γ_i(G). The metric representation of vertex υ in connected graph G with respect to an ordered set W = w₁,w₂,w₃,...,w_k of vertices is the k-vector r(υ|W) = (d(υ|w₁), d(υ|w₂), d(υ|w₃),..., d(υ|w_k)), where d(υ, w) represents the distance between the vertices υ and w. The set W is resolving independent dominating set for G if W is independent in G, and distinct vertices of G have distinct representations with respect to W. The minimum cardinality of resolving independent dominating set is called resolving independent domination number and denoted by γ_ri(G). In this paper, we analyze the resolving independent domination number of path graph, cycle graph, friendship graph, helm graph, and fan graph.

Brine Tank is a tank that serves to freeze ice blocks. Brine Tank contained salt water to condense water. Numerical analysis and simulation were carried out after a mathematical model of the ice freezing process in the Brine Tank space was formed. The simulations used in this study were Matlab and Fluent. The matlab graphic result of ice freezing process in brine tank factory ice box with an initial temperature 301 K faster than initial temperatures of 302 K and 303 K. Results graph using freezing MATLAB with a pool temperature 266 K faster than an temperature of 267 K and 268 K. Based on the MATLAB calculation results using the Gauss Seidel iteration method and the exact calculation, it show that the results of the difference between the numerical temperature value of each node and the exact temperature value of each node is less than 0.001

Covid-19 is a global emergency epidemic that affect all areas of life including the economy. Growth in the world economy has decreased due to lack of purchasing power that lasts for only at home policy. This policy is carried out to prevent the spread of covid-19, which on the other hand actually increases the use of e-commerce and mobile commerce as means of shopping. The use of e-commerce and mobile commerce is considered capable of helping consumers to buy basic necessities and health that are needed during activities at home. Buying and selling transaction through e-commerce and mobile commerce have increases during covid-19. Which is then utilized by e-commerce and mobile commerce by providing various attractive offers for consumers. The consumer does not need to interact with the seller and the items needed will be sent home.

In line with the development of information systems and technology today, which has entered the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, the learning process in high schools also develops by utilizing information systems and information technology platforms by developing electronic learning systems or often called e-learning. For the successful implementation of e-learning, it is important to know what factors and indicators can be used to build a performance evaluation model., so that the implementation strategy can be determined in a future that is sustainable and superior in competition. The method used to process data is a factor nalysis method, whereas to construct an evaluation model of a number of factors obtained, the regression mpdel is used. The results of the analysis produced 5 (five) new factors, namely a culture of change, a knowledge management system, the latest information, the dissemination of knowledge, and the development of teaching materials.

This article dicussses how the SPRIDER learning model is used to improve student's critical thinking in natural science learning junior high school. Critical thinking skills are a person's ability to analyze ideas or ideas logically, reflectively, sistematically and productively to help making evaluation and decisions about what is believed or will be done so can solve the problem. The development model used in this study is the Thiagarajan 4-D development model. Result of the need analysis questionnaire, overall 100% of teachers support the development of learning models that are integrated with religious aspects with expectations that it will strengthen the student's religious character to produce an intelligent and religious generation. The first syntax model for SPRIDER is stimulation; provide a stimulus that student interested in the material to be studied with religious integration. The second stage is problem orientation; provide problems that can improve student's critical thinking skills. The third stage is reading; student read material related to the problem given. The fourth stage is investigation; students conduct investigations in groups to solve problems. The fifth stage is discussion; students dicuss in their groups to find solutions. The sixth stage is evaluation; the last stage where the teacher will evaluate the learning activities that have been implemented to determine the level of student's understanding about the material that has been learned.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of Problem Based Learning with 3D thinking maps on the ability to think creatively and physics learning outcomes. This research is a true experimental research design with the Posttest Only Control Design. The data analysis technique used is a statistical test with a different test technique (t-test) using SPSS 23. Experimental class learning using Problem Based Learning accompanied by 3D thinking maps, whereas for the control class do not use it. The normality test results of student learning outcomes in the experimental and control classes are not normal, so the t test on student learning outcomes uses the Mann Whitney U Test. T test results of student learning outcomes that have a Sig (2-tailed) value of 0,000 then the value is below 0.05 which indicates that Ha is accepted (Ho is rejected) then it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning model with 3D thinking map affects the physics learning outcomes in high school.

Awareness of protecting the environment continuously or called sustainability awareness should be built through education. This study intent to develop learning devices based on dilemma stories in Buffer Solution subject matter to improve students' sustainability awareness. Through the dilemma stories, students' critical thinking skills and problem solving were trained. The research method used the 4D model. The research subjects consisted of 5 validators and 5 high school students to test readability. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the data collection using questionnaire conducted online by email and whatsapp. To test the validity and readability of student worksheet and the dilemma story sheet developed, the CCVLES (Constructivist Chemistry Values Learning Environment Survey) questionnaire and Aiken's content validation sheet were used. Analysis of the data used descriptive. The results showed that the learning devices developed were valid with an average score of validity of 0.93. The criteria for the dilemma stories according to the CCVLES are very good with a score of 84.4. The student worksheet developed was quite interesting. From the results of the research it can be concluded that the learning devices are valid and can be used in learning Buffer Solution Chemistry with the aim of increasing students' sustainability awareness.

The COVID-19 pandemic has forced all communities to have technological knowledge, particularly in the education sector. This study aimed to introduce the integrative STEAM approach as a learning innovation in the COVID-19 pandemic for schools in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. The implementation of the 2013 thematic integrative curriculum in elementary schools is a unique challenge for parents in guiding their children. One of the suitable approaches following this demand is integrative STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics). This approach is able to perform creative and innovative learning by utilizing integrated technology in accordance with the 2013 Curriculum in elementary schools. The total of 120 correspondents participated in the service activities aimed to introduce this approach, and it consisted of Elementary School teachers and its students' aide in the South Kalimantan. This introductory activity began with the presentation of the approach, followed by a discussion session as well as questions and answers, which ends with an evaluation of its implementation by filling a questionnaire. The results showed that 93.75% of the participants were interested in the presented topics since they aroused their curiosity. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is an increase in insight and knowledge about the integrative STEAM approach to the participants.

Indonesia is one of the countries whose people are most affected by the 2019 corona virus (COVID-19). When the corona virus spreads faster, the Indonesian government imposed large-scale social restrictions in big cities to villages in Indonesia. With the changing situation in carrying out work activities during this pandemic, it will certainly affect the quality of organization in companies and the quality of education in schools and colleges. In order to identify all processes in teaching and learning activities that are running well or not, schools need to monitor and measure employee performance. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are generally used as benchmarks to determine how well a company's performance can be represented by employee performance. In this study, the key performance indicator preparation process was carried out through the stages of designing a questionnaire, distributing questionnaires to employees in educational institutions, conducting factor analysis and then developing a KPI model. The output is in the form of a KPI model that can be used as a reference in the formation of KPIs in educational institutions, namely Y = 5,360 + 1,380 X1-1, 068 X3.

The aim of this research was to examine the improvement of counting numbers process in early math among B group students through leng kali leng traditional game. The participants were 20 children from B group. They were in 5-6 years old. A leng kali leng traditional game was used to teach early math. Research method used action research. The qualitative data were collected through classroom observation, check list and students' worksheet. The improvement of early math process skills were examined through descriptive statistic. Result showed that the early math process skills improved after the intervention of learning. The research also revealed that traditional game was motivating; it provides meaningful contexts for children to play mathematical ideas and skills while reducing the fear of failure and errors, since they can always play again.

The power of mathematical representation by applying concepts needs to be improved so that students can remember mathematical concepts sustainably. The purpose of this study to development and describe the process of interactive online media learning using a geogebra aid easyclass to help students represent mathematically on linear program materials. Research model is research dan development 4-D Thiagarajan. Twenty-four sophomores of science 4 man 2 jember. Media is tested based on three criteria that are valid, practical and effective. Validity of learning media when reaching high categories with correlation coefficient values (α) > 0,6. The practicality of learning media when achieving good categories with a percentage > 60%. The effectiveness of learning media when the average score of a student's study results tests meets completedness, 80% of all students get a score greater or equal to the Minimum Completed Criteria = 75. Studies show 0.917 correlation value and therefore valid to a very high category. Practical analysis based on student responses indicates a percentage of 99 percent so it is stated practical by excellent criteria. The effectiveness is analyzed based on a student's mathematical representation on a matter and quiz exercise when after using the learning media. Based on data analysis, interactive online learning media use a geogebra aid linier program material meets valiant criteria, practicality and effectiveness so that media can help students reflect mathematically on the linear program material and can be used for learning activities.

Some facts show that students often have difficulty in studying the kinematics and dynamics of motion. To overcome these problems, it takes learning experience that can help students build their knowledge about physics. One way is to connect the material physics with contextual phenomena because basically everything in nature can be learned based on physics studies. Semanggi Bridge located in Jember district is a connecting bridge that has a unique shape with three paths in the form of down, circle, and straight path. The studiesresults of kinematics and dynamics of motion on sloping and flat trajectories obtain physics quantities, ie position, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, kinematics and dynamics of motion on circular paths obtain physics quantities, ie angular position, angular velocity, angular acceleration, centripetal acceleration, centripetal force, and maximum speed. The studiesresults of kinematics and dynamics of motion can be used as a basis for designing contextual learning resources such as subject matter, sample questions, laboratory activities, and exercise questions related to contexts of physical phenomena.

Creative thinking is one of the high-level thinking skill as a form of finding the best solution to solve a problem that emphasizes aspects of fluency, flexibility, originality, and elaboration. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using STMCpE based Chemo-entrepreneurship textbooks on students' creative thinking skill on Acid – Base Material. This is a quasi-experimental research with nonequivalent control group design. Data obtained from the results of creative thinking tests conducted in the experimental class and the control class before and after learning. Pretests are used as student's premier knowledge data and the data after learning are used as data for different tests using ANCOVA. The results showed that the creative thinking skill of students who studied with STMCpE Based Chemo-entrepreneurship Textbook higher than students who studied with conventional learning with a significance value of 0.000<0.050. A large percentage of the effect of the application of STMCpE Based Chemo-entrepreneurship Textbook 87.7%. This shows that the creative thinking skill of students who learn with STMCpE Based Chemo-entrepreneurship Textbook is better than classes that use school textbooks.

The aim of the research is to know the impact of implementing Auditory Intellectually Repetition (AIR) learning model based on learning community for student's creative thinking skill. The research subjects were Indonesian second-grade students of junior secondary school in class VIIIB as the experimental class and class VIIIA students as the control class. Quasi Experimental is used as quantitative research designs. Data collection methods are observation, pre-test, and post-test. Instrument testing and analysis were carried out before conducting tests to measure discriminatory power, difficulty level of test items, reliability, and validity. Analysis of the data in the affective and psychomotor domains used descriptive techniques, cognitive domains using prerequisite testing, similarity of initial ability averages, and hypothesis testing. The results show that the learning instrument has reached values above 4.0 so that they are declared valid and feasible to be used for the learning process with the aim of exploring students' creative thinking skills. The application of the AIR learning model based on learning community give a positive effect on the students' creative thinking skill. The average achievement aspect of student's creative thinking skills in the experimental class is higher than the control class.

Online trading arithmetic is a new learning that is used to improve students' creative thinking skills in solving mathematics higher order thinking skills problems. Besides, it can also improve students' entrepreneurship skills. The learning process online trading arithmetic uses several market place applications such as Shopee, Bukalapak, and Tokopedia in which many online sellers offering the same item at different price. In addition, there are many possibilities to change the price of an item so students are interested in getting the best price for maximum profit. This research aimed to determine the differences of students' level of creative thinking in solving mathematics Higher Arithmetic Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) problems after the learning of online trading arithmetic. This research employed a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The research subjects were junior high school students consisting of 20 students which was divided into two groups; the control and experimental groups. The control group received regular arithmetic learning (control class) while the experimental group received online trading arithmetic (experimental class). The results of this research indicated that: (1) the level of students' creative thinking skills in solving mathematics HOTS questions in the experimental group showed the majority of students are in the creative category, while in the control group was less creative; (2) the metacognitive level of the majority of students at MTs Miftahul Huda Muncar Banyuwangi was at level 3 (aware use) for the experimental group while it was at level 2 (aware use) for the control group; (2) the result of statistical analysis showed the significance value of Sig. (2-tailed) was 0.00 < 0.05; it can be concluded that the implementation of online trading arithmetic learning had a significant effect on students' creative thinking skills; moreover, (3) there was an effect of the students' metacognition level on their creative thinking abilities, which indicated that the higher the students' metacognition level, the higher their creative thinking level.

Collaborative Learning (CL) is one of Student Centred Learning method. CbL is main aspect in Lesson Study for Learning Community (LSLC). In application, it is combined with Caring Community (CC), and Jumping Task (JT). CL, CC, and JT is very important to build students' self confidence and their ability. Data is collected by questionaire, interview, and observation. This study is done in Mathematics Learning in Junior High School. CL that integrate with JT is done by 4 steps : (1) lecturer build group with 3-4 members, (2) lecturer give task to students, that is write research topic, (3) one student present their idea in his/her group, and other students discuss and give some solutions, (4) lecturer and students discuss about the research topic, problems and solution. The result if this research is analyzed in 4 aspects, that is, description and quality of CL that integrate with JT, description and quality of CC, quality of students' self confidence, and students' ability. First, the quality of CL is high. Groupis designed by 3-4 members, with JT, that what is give, what is problem, and thier solution. Quality of sstudents presentationis high, process of presentation their idea in his/her group is systematic and clear, and process of discussionis very good. Discussion between teacher and students about the research topic, problems and solution is high. Second, quality of CC is very high. The meaning of CC is communication between students, especially, from higher level student to lower level student.

Indonesia is a multicultural country with a variety of cultures, one of which is Reog Ponorogo. Reog Ponorogo is a traditional dance passed down from generation to generation as a culture and identity of the Ponorogo society. Unfortunately, many people considered that Reog Ponorogo only as entertainment that does not contain scientific concepts. This research investigates physics concepts, especially Newton's Law in Dadhak Merak dance of Reog Ponorogo. This research used the content analysis method involving unitizing, sampling, recording, reducing, inferring, and narrating. The result indicated that Newton's First Law came up in the inertial frame of the Dadhak Merak. Newton's Second Law is shown in the acceleration changes influenced by the mass and force of Pembarong. Newton's Third Law is related to the dancer's reaction force and the ground that raises a lateral force to the Dadhak Merak dance. This research is expected to contribute as a source of information on the development of contextual teaching and learning physics material.

This research was aimed at evaluating the HOTS of the students after implementing the blended learning model. This research was a quasi-experimental type of pre-test post-test control group design. The purposive sampling technique was used to determine 2 research samples, namely biology education class as an experimental class taught using blended learning and mathematics education class as a control one. The purposive sampling technique was used to determine 2 research samples. The instrument used in this study was HOTS which consisted of 24 multiple choice items that had met validity and reliability criteria. The data of students' HOTS was obtained from pre-test and post-test scores. The analysis technique was in the form of gain and effect size test as well as prerequisite test and hypothesis testing. The analysis results showed differences in the experimental class average post-test scores were 66.52 ± SD 17.69 and the control class was 42.01 ± SD 22.55, the experimental class gain score was 0.58 (medium) and the control class was 0.24 (low) and the experimental class effect size was 2.39 (high) and the control class was 0.53 (medium). The result of normality and homogeneity test of HOTS data showed normal and homogeneous results so that it could be proceed with hypothesis testing through t test. The result of the t-test analysis with a significant value (2 tailed) was 0.00 less than 0.05 or there were significant differences. It can be inferred that HOTS taught by students through blended learning is better than conventional models.

Various efforts must be made by the government in the education sector in the 21^st century and industrial era 4.0 so that students have the life skills needed is to implement integrated education starting from the family, school and community environment through literacy cultural habituation. Several studies have shown low attainment of scientific literacy. A high level of scientific literacy can improve the quality of education so that it can compete with other countries. This study aims to describe the level of scientific literacy of high school students in East Java. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The data collection technique was in the form of a written test. The research variable is the science literacy ability of high school students in the content aspect. Samples were taken using purposive sampling. Overall, the average percentage of the results of high school students' scientific literacy skills in East Java based on the aspect of science content is in the low category. The level of students' understanding of basic science concepts is still low or weak, so that students are less able to apply and interpret data, even though the form of the problem is simple. The cause of the low ability of students is in expressing the content of the discourse given and interpreting the data in the form of pictures, tables, diagrams and other forms of presentation. In addition, there are limitations to the students' ability to express thoughts in written form, reasoning skills, reading accuracy is still low, and students are not used to connecting information in the form of text and then expressing it in the form of new expressions to answer given test questions.

Brown sugar is one of the traditional artificial sweeteners that is widely used by Indonesian people. Unfortunately, society considers that the brown sugar-making process is only a step of unscientific traditions and habits. This research aims to explore the physical concepts of heat transfer in making traditional brown sugar. Data were gathered through interviews, documentation, and observation. Analysis of the data used is descriptive qualitative with triangulation techniques. This research represented that brown sugar manufacturing contains heat transfer processes of conduction, convection, and radiation in the Ndewan processes. The conduction process occurred in the furnace (heat source), which propagates in the pan during the heating process, and the convection process happened when the palm sap is heated. Also, the radiation process transpired around the furnace. This study is expected as alternative teaching material in the learning physics class to be more contextual.

This research aimed to describing the metacognition skills of mathematical olympiad students' in solving the national sciences olympiad problem on two-variables linear equation system material. The participants were four mathematical olympiad students at Banyuglugur–Situbondo. This research used qualitative descriptive research. Test and interview were used as data collection methods. The research findings show that all of the students had strengths and weaknesses in solving the problem. Three students among of them were able to write down and explain what was known and asked by the problem given. All of the students have re-evaluated all of the results before stating that the completion has been completed. The first student was showed not only the metacognition skills but also the creative-innovative thinking skills. The student has found the other method/technique to solve the problem by utilizing the other source. An interesting finding of this research was that one of the students presents a different technique than usual. This student cannot explain in detail and clearly, the techniques used, but he presents the appropriate result. The student has used "trying to guess" the possible answers and used them in the mathematical equation system formed.

The professional teachers have to know about the students' critical thinking process. So, a teacher can teach mathematics kindly to students at school. Then, all prospective teachers have to like that to be ready to be a good facilitator in the process of learning mathematics at school and others. This study aimed to describe the critical thinking process expected by prospective teachers to students in solving mathematical problems based on critical thinking stages of Facione's theory. The research method used is descriptive research employing a qualitative approach. The subject of the study was the prospective mathematics teachers who were students of the Mathematics Study Program at Ibrahimy University, Situbondo, Indonesia. The data were collected by giving an essay test item to prospective teachers. The test was given to collect data related to the critical thinking process of prospective mathematics teachers. Moreover, the data collected through observations, tests, and interviews were analyzed and tested for their validity by using triangulation. The data analysis technique used is qualitative descriptive data analysis. The results of this study indicate that: (1) each of group subjects' expectations tend to have different expectations for students' critical thinking processes; (2) the high-group subject tend to expect that students follow and complete all of the critical thinking process stages according to Facione's theory; (3) the moderate and low-group subjects tend not to expect their students to follow and complete all of the critical thinking process stages according to Facione's theory; and (4) the percentage of indicators achievement of critical thinking processes expected by prospective teachers to students in solving problems based on Facione theory was revealed to be; Identify (57.14%), Define (50%), Enumerate (78.57%), Analyze (50%), List (39.29%), and Self-Correct (32.14%). The results of this study can serve as the fundamental to be discussed within the teacher's summit in finding out the critical thinking process expected by teachers towards the students, because it will have a positive impact both on themselves and their students.

Knowledge of appropriate science learning techniques can be found through analysis of multi representation abilities which include verbal, image, mathematical and graphic representation. Chemistry as part of science contains concept that can be presented through various representations (multi representation), one of them is a graphical representation. The ability of students to read and interpret graphics will provide additional knowledge for students in learning chemistry. This study aimed to explain students' ability to read and interpret graphs in chemistry learning on the reaction rate subject. The method used in this research was descriptive qualitative. The data used in this study came from various sources such as journals, books, proceedings, internet and observations. The result showed that using chemistry module based multi representation in learning chemistry could improve the understanding of chemical concepts and students' ability to read and interpret graphs.

This research informs about multiple representation based physics learning. Multiple representation is an alternative learning strategy that is very important in physics. The delivery of material in various representations in the form of verbal, mathematical, picture and graphic will provide variations in the learning process so that it can make it easier for students to capture learning material. This is the advantage of multiple representation based learning. This study aims to analyze physics learning based on multiple representation of the learning outcomes of SMAN 3 Jember students, especially on Projectile Motion material. The type of research is quantitative descriptive with respondents consisting of 52 students of class XII MIPA SMAN 3 Jember. Respondents were given a pretest and posttest which consisted of 10 multiple choice questions including verbal, graphic, picture, vector and graphic representations. The research data obtained were analyzed by looking for the N-gain value to determine the category of increasing multiple representation based physics learning on student learning outcomes. The N-gain value obtained at 0.47 indicating that there was an increase student learning outcomes with the medium category.

Physics is closely related to verbal concepts, pictures, graphics, and mathematics. The results of learning physics can not only be seen through the ability of students to represent physical concepts verbally and mathematically, but can also be seen through the ability to represent in the form of images and graphics. This study aims to analyze the abilities of students in interpreting process images in physics learning in the subject of direct current electricity. This study uses quantitative descriptive research by involving high school/MA grade XII students as research subjects. The analysis in this study was carried out with the analysis of several related journals. The results showed that the level of students' ability to interpret images in textbooks based on physics learning through physics based textbooks in the process included in the sufficient category.

This study aims to produce valid learning instrument with sainti-ka on environmental pollution topic to build the character of curiosity and responsibility of 7^th grade of junior high school with scientific approach. This study was a research and development study. Borg and Gall development model was modified and used include only Define, Design, and Develop. This study produced learning instrument consisted of silabus, lesson plan, student work sheet, and achievement test. The results showed that the developed learning instrument are feasible to use and in the very good qualification.

This study aims to explore the metacognitive skills of students with high mathematical abilities in the mathematics education study program at the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education in the University of Tadulako in solving contextual problems. The process of student metacognition is determined by providing a number of contextual problems that must be solved, then explored in stages by thinking aloud and unstructured interviews. It aims to explore students' metacognitive skills in solving contextual problems. The results of data analysis show that students with high mathematical abilities in solving contextual problems involve their metacognitive skills.

Knowledge of the concepts of online learning and teacher skills in the use of information technology, is an important factor of online learning in the pandemic covid-19. Facts show that teachers' knowledge and skills in online learning and the use of information and communication technology are still low. On the other hand students are prohibited from bringing mobile devices to school, with the reason to interfere with the lesson. Teachers and schools need to get help and guidance, so they can maximize learning even in the pandemic. The problem raised is how to improve the skills of teachers in online learning during the co-19 pandemic? The purpose of this activity is to provide skills as well as an understanding of how to use information technology for effective, efficient and safe learning from negative stigma that has been feared by schools and teachers. This activity using the guided training method and was carried out in four stages namely observation, training, mentoring and evaluation. The results of the activities showed that the training and technical guidance of online learning based on google application improve the skills of teachers in online learning

This article aims to develop 5E-STEAM learning model that is used to increase the critical thinking skill in science learning. Critical thinking is the ability to think logically, to apply these rational thoughts in order to evaluate problems, and to make good judgments and decisions. 5E-STEAM is a learning model that combines the 5E Learning cycle with the STEAM approach. This research used 4D development model that consist of four stage i.e define, design, develop and dissemination. Results of the need assessment given to 10 teachers showed that only 10% of teachers applied STEAM in the class, while others use PBL, Discovery learning, and inquiry learning. As many as 70% of teachers do not know about 5E Learning Cycle, and as many as 30% only know but they have not implemented yet in learning. In addition, as many as 70% of teachers know only the acronyms of STEAM, but do not understand how to apply STEAM in learning. Moreover, the other 30% don't know about the STEAM approach. The 5E-STEAM syntaxs are Engagement; stages provide real world problem. The second is Exploration; the stages of problem solving. The third is Explanation; students explain ideas or concepts about solutions to problems. The fourth is Elaboration; stresses collaborative teamwork. The fifth is Evaluation; teacher provides feedback and tests student's knowledge.

This research aimed to describe the ability level of scientific work skills and find out an increase in the students' ability of scientific work skills when using crocodile physics simulation media. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. The research subjects were 35 students of class X MIPA 2 of SMAN Jenggawah. Data collection tools used in the form of the results of the assessment of practicum worksheets 1 definition of momentum and practice worksheets 2 of the law of conservation of momentum. Based on the results of research conducted obtained; first, the ability of students' scientific work skills when using crocodile physics simulation media shows that students are highly skilled in formulating problems, formulating hypotheses and communicating data. Students have skilled abilities in applying concepts, formulate variables and define operational variables. Whereas the indicators analyze the data and make conclusions having sufficient skilled enough. Second, there is an increase in the ability of students' scientific work skills from practicum 1 to practicum 2 when using crocodile physics simulation media on all indicators. For indicators to formulate variables and analyze data based on trendline lines in microsoft excel in the form of slope lines or gradients between the two graphs there is a relatively small increase in ability.

The purpose of this research was to reconstruct HOTS questions using questions in mathematics textbooks. The study was conducted used a research and development method. The objects of research and development were questions in mathematics textbooks using in junior high school. The research procedure consisted of collecting and selecting textbooks in mathematics instruction, selecting the topic of the subject, identifying and selecting problems, and reconstructing HOTS items. The item reconstruction phase included expert judgment and field trials. HOTS problem reconstruction was carried out through the improvement of questions in the textbooks so that the answers were not unique; the solution required several mathematical concepts and the use of other knowledge. The results showed that questions in mathematics textbooks could be reconstructed as HOTS questions. HOTS problem reconstruction can be achieved by changing the problem in such a way that it does not have a single solution, using a variety of mathematical concepts and other knowledge.

The purpose of this study was to analyze students' problem solving skills in work and energy material using the RACH model. The method in this study was a descriptive method using survey techniques. The instrument used is a problem solving test. Tests were given to 253 students from eighth grade in junior high schools in Banjarmasin randomly selected. The RASCH model was used as a processing stage of data from raw data into logit numbers that provided information related to infit, outfit and unidimensionality using a winstep program to achieve this goal. This study investigated the quality of person measure, person reliability, and variable map. The results of the analysis are based on the RASCH model with the Mean Square Statistics (MNSQ) value is 0.95, Z Standard (ZSTD) is 0.0, pearson reliability is 0.77, and cronbach alpha (KR-20) person raw score test reliability is 0.86. Lower logits manifests students with lower ability. This proved that the students' problem solving skills was absolutely poor. Students' problem solving skills need to be improved through classroom learning in future research.

In the field of social sciense generally uses a conceptual model as an initial hypothesis of research. But in the field of technology and engineering, objects of study or research can be modeled in a more appropriate form. This research proposes the application of mathematical modeling approaches in the process of designing conceptual models. Using this approach it is hoped that researchers and students will understand more accurately the interrelationships between variables so that appropriate solutions can be proposed. The diagram that we recommend are influence diagram with the enhancement using stock and flow diagram, and causal loop diagram. The modelling process can be supported by System Dynamics Software.

Students have many difficulties in constructing proof of the statement, plus the Covid-19 pandemic conditions, students study at home. For that, we need media that help the student's difficulties in constructing proof while studying at home. This study aims to describe the ability of students during the Covid-19 pandemic in constructing proof of group problems, after being given the media scaffolding worksheets. The trial was conducted online, after learning the exercises were given evidentiary problems through scaffolding worksheets with the topic Group. To find out the ability to construct a proof, test, and interview are given based on the student's proof answers. Interview guidelines are prepared to refer to indicators of construction proof. For this reason, this research is qualitative descriptive research. The research subjects were students of Unirow Tuban Mathematics education who took the Algebra Structure course. The design of scaffolding worksheets refers to the mapping of construction evidence indicators, and the level of scaffolding developed by [32]. The results showed that the ability of students in the initial steps of proof, proof of flow, using related concepts, the argument of proof, and the language of proof had very good improvement. So the ability of students to prove group problems after using scaffolding worksheets increased.

Word problems are the most important thing in learning in Indonesia. Most of the students met the problems. This research aims to enhance the students'ability in the difficulties of students in solving word problems in social arithmetic. This research is qualitative. Researchers collected data through tests, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques included data collection, data reduction, display (data), and concluding. The results showed that the difficulties in solving word problems in social arithmetic were difficulties in understanding the problems, namely the inability of students to translate the problem that is not able write down what is known and asked; difficulties in transformation, i.e. the inability of students to determine the formula for solving arithmetic problems social; difficulties in the settlement process, namely the inability of students in students perform arithmetic operations to solve the social arithmetic problem. Factors which causes students difficulty that is lazy to read too long questions, difficult to digest words in a problem, lack of student interest in learning mathematics, a way of learning for students who tend to memorize the material so the concept does not clear, students rarely practice the questions, do not understand the counting operations well, motivation low learning, a less conducive classroom, and learning strategies.

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of uphill running exercises on the speed of soccer extracurricular participants in senior high school number 6 Palembang. This research is an experimental research design with Quasi Experimental Design in the Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The population in this study is 60 people, and the sample in this study is the same as the total population. The sampling technique in this study uses a systematic sampling technique with ordinal pairing system. The experimental group was the group given treatment in the form of Uphill running while the control group is the group that was not treated. The type of instrument used in this study is the 60meter run test or often called the 60meter sprint test. This form of test is used in the initial test (pre-test) and final test (post-test) which aims to determine the fastest time prediction level of students, the results obtained by the average experimental group time at pre-test of 75 and post-test 79.1, and obtained the average results the average time of the control group at the pre-test was 74.9 and the post-test was 76.4. After testing the results of the data were analyzed using statistical data analysis techniques t test with a significant level (α = 0.05). Based on the data analysis of the research results obtained tcount = 14.33, and ttable = 1.675. The findings in this study are that uphill running exercises significantly influence the speed of soccer extracurricular participants. it can be concluded that the existence of uphill running training can affect the speed of the futsal extracurricular participants.

The discovery learning model is a learning model which can be implemented in the Curriculum 2013 in Indonesia. However, the student's learning outcomes of chemistry subject at SMAN 7 Palu using this learning model are not satisfactory because the students' scores have not passed the passing grade. Therefore, it is needed other learning model that has the characteristics of the scientific approach to be implemented. The purpose of this study is to see whether the application of the guided inquiry learning model based on the scientific approach in Fundamental Chemical Law topic can provide better learning outcomes for students in class X of SMA Negeri 7 Palu compared to the discovery learning model. The research method was a quasi-experimental study by conducting the experimental group and control groups. The results obtained by this study, to be precise the learning achievement data reached 92,1% to 96,05% in the experimental class 1 and 91.35% - 94.75% in the experimental class 2. While student's learning outcomes obtained an average of 56,48 and 46,25 with a standard deviation of 11,07 and 11,98. These values prove that the guided inquiry learning model to provide better learning outcomes compared to discovery learning. Furthermore, based on the two samples t-test results obtained, it was found that - t_table <t_count> + t_table (-1.68 <2.99> +1.68) with a significant level (α = 0.05) and degrees of freedom 41. Consequently, it can be inferred that the implementation of the guided inquiry learning model based on the scientific approach in the Fundamental Chemistry Law topic can provide better learning outcomes for class X students of SMA Negeri 7 Palu.

Technological developments are currently entering the industrial revolution 4.0 where everything is digital based. Learning media are tools used by educators in carrying out learning activities. One of the learning media that can be applied in learning mathematics is GeoGebra software. However, the GeoGebra software does not interact between educators and students, so we need a Google Classroom to improve interactive learning that can be combined with GeoGebra Online. The process of developing interactive online learning media using Google Classroom were assisted by GeoGebra software on quadratic function material used the Thiagarajan development model which consisted of four stages, namely define, design, development and dissemination. The results of learning media validation fulfilled the validity criteria with a correlation coefficient based on the validation sheet of 0.92 which is included in the valid category with a very high interpretation. Practical criteria with a percentage of the average value of the user response questionnaire based on a user response questionnaire of 91.75% which is included in the practical category with a good percentage. The effectiveness criteria with the percentage of learning outcomes based on the learning outcomes test was 82.61% which is included in the effective category with a very good percentage. The development of instructional media tested at SMA Muhammadiyah 3 Jember has fulfilled three criteria, namely valid, practical and effective.