Table of contents

Good morning, Ladies and Gentlemen, Dear Colleagues,

It gives me great pleasure to extend to you all a very warm welcome on behalf of Politeknik Negeri Malang and to say how grateful I am to all guests and presenters of The Second Annual Technology, Applied Science and Engineering Conference (ATASEC 2020) and 11^th Joint National Seminar on Engineering 2020.

I also would like to convey my special appreciation to Mr. Indrazno and Mr. Rosa Andrie, as the chairman of the conference and all committees, which comes from a combination of all engineering majors in Politeknik Negeri Malang, who are responsible for the implementation of these conference.

We are very grateful to be able to continue to hold this conference at the second time, despite of the limitations due to Covid19 pandemic. Our plan was, to welcome all participants of conference to visit our beautiful city Malang, However, even though we cannot meet face to face we can still carry out this conference virtually with enthusiasm and joy.

The ATASEC 2020 has a theme "Welcoming Industry 4.0 through Advanced Technology, Science and Vocational Engineering Education". As for SNGBR 2020 theme "Implementasi Penelitian Terapan Multidisipliner Bidang Rekayasa melalui Kolaborasi Pendidikan Tinggi Vokasi dengan Industri". These theme will be a media for sharing knowledge from researchers and industry from all fields of advanced technology and science.

These conferences will be attended by 5 distinguish keynote speakers:

1. Prof. Nobuo Funabiki, from Dept. of Electrical and Communication Engineering, Okayama University, Japan.

2. Prof. Madya Dr. Rosli bin Omar, from Dept. of Electonic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, (UTHM), Malaysia.

3. Dr. Eng. Anggit Murdani, ST., M.Eng., Vice Director on Student Affair and a senior lecturer in Machine engineering department, Politeknik Negeri Malang.

4. Ir. Anang Yahmadi, MengSc, Executive Vice Director, Divisi Perencanaan Pengadaan Strategis, PT. Perusahaan Listrik Negara (National Electrical Company), Indonesia.

5. And Mr. Nana Sutiksna, Practician QA/QC from Oil and Gas Industry.

Please accept my high appreciation to all 5 keynote speakers for joining here with us today.

Ladies and Gentlemen,

Such a conference is an extraordinary opportunity, as a good time to share knowledge from a variety of affiliates and also a variety of concentrations in the scope of the field of Advanced Technology, Science and Vocational Engineering Education.

Thank you also to all experts, researchers, lecturers who come to share their knowledge today.

I am sure you that we will have fruitful and rewarding exchanges today. I wish you all a very success with this important conference and I look forward to learning about the outcome.

So, let me now open these conferences officially by wishing you a delightful and vibrant day.

BISMILLAH HIRROHMAN NIROHIM.

Thank you.

Malang, August 5^th 2020

Director of State Polytechnic of Malang

Drs. Awan Setiawan, MMT., M.M.

List of committee, Conference Documentations, photos are available in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review:

Single-blind review

Each paper is distributed to reviewers in which the reviewers know the names of the authors yet the authors do not know. The reviewed papers were sent to the authors through their personal account and they have to send them back to the organizers using their account as well. A second round review will take place if necessary.

• Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions?

First thing the reviewers take into account is whether the scope of the papers they analyze meet that of the intended publisher. Following the process, the reviewers should make sure that the papers meet the standards of international publications in terms of both content and references. Authors are given three decisions; accepted, revision required, and rejected. Once their paper(s) is rejected, the do not have an opportunity to resubmit it. If they need to revise their paper(s) and is not able to submit the revised paper prior to the deadline, they are considered withdrawing their paper.

• Conference submission management system:

Konfrenzi Automatic Conference System

• Number of submissions received:

101

• Number of submissions sent for review:

96

• Number of submissions accepted:

84

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):

101/84 × 100 = 83.1%

• Average number of reviews per paper:

2 (two)

• Total number of reviewers involved:

10 (two)

• Any additional info on review process (ie plagiarism check system): None

• Contact person for queries: ade_gaffar@upi.edu

This study aims to improve the performance of heterogeneous biocatalysts by using the combination of immobilized and ultrasonic lipases in the esterification reaction for the synthesis of citronellyl lauric flavors. Synthesis was conducted out through the reaction of citronellol with lauric acid by using immobilized lipase and ultrasonic. The results showed that immobilized lipase provided stability for up to 9 weeks and could be reused for 5 cycles of reactions. Immobilized lipase 473 U / gram was applied to the synthesis of citronellyl laurate with a reaction time of 90 minutes, 45⁰C, with and without ultrasonic. The result of citronellol conversion with ultrasonic is 3.6 x higher than conventional methode. It shows that the immobilization method provided stability to the biocatalyst, but because it had a limited internal mass transfer so the rate of reaction of ester formation reduced. On the other hand, ultrasonic contributed to increase the dispersion and collision of substrate molecules, reducing reaction time, and intensifying catalytic processes. Thus, the combination of immobilized enzyme and ultrasonic methods can be applied to biochemical processes widely.

Green diesel is an emerging option to solve the increasing consumption of diesel (fossil based fuel). It involves converting readily available vegetable oils and animal fats to alkane hydrocarbons that can be considered to be drop-in replacements for petroleum-based fuel component. This review journal investigate the results of diesel-like hydrocarbon fuel by catalytic thermal decarboxylation of Mg-Zn basic soap by saponification using NaOH from kapok oil. Specifically, it outlines a comparative assessment of the operating parameters of the temperature and mole ratio of Mg-Zn catalyst to select the appropriate path based on the desired conversion, yield and selectivity. The results of the literature study show that kapok oil can produce diesel equivalent biohydrocarbon products by reviewing the main composition of the kapok oil which containing linoleic acid. An increase in the temperature of the decarboxylation reaction can increase the conversion to green diesel products, n-heptadecane. The result from previous experiment showed that the highest conversion of decarboxylation of castor oil is 65% at 475°C. However, high temperatures can cause decreased selectivity due to the production of undesirable products like in the decarboxylation experiment of soybean oil which showed that the yield at 400°C is decreased to 25%. The mole ratio of Mg-Zn used in the decarboxylation reaction does not have a significant effect on the yield of green diesel products.

At Malang city, municipal solid waste (MSW) composition is mostly an organic waste that can utilize for Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF). Vinasse is a side product of the bioethanol industry, that mixed with MSW and dried by biodrying technique for solid fuel. The purpose of this research is to evaluate SRF characteristics of organic waste and vinasse mixture generate from biodrying. Research performed by drying the mixture of organic waste and vinasse at (0, 10, 20, 30, 40%) b/b ratio using biodrying reactor with five-level trays. This mixture inserted into the reactor tray, aerated at aeration flow rate 2 L/min from the compressor for nine days. The resulting SRF performed then characterized its moisture content, burning rate, and calorific value. The results showed that the biodryer reactor was successfully made with dimensions of 165 x 50 x 70 cm, consisting of five-level tray with a size of each level tray biodryer of 60 x 45 x 5 cm. The best SFR which has the highest heating value obtained from organic waste with vinasse 10%. It has a moisture content of 11.56%, the burning rate of 0.0135 g/sec, and calorific value of 3912.56 cal/g.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas at atmospheric pressure will tend to freeze, because of low temperature (-78°C), this results in frequent blockages in the piping section. In the process of synthesis of ammonia in the industry in the presence of a catalyst, CO₂ gas will be toxic because it can cover the active-side of the catalyst. The process of CO₂ gas absorption that is often used is reactive absorption using promoted solvent. The most commonly used solvent is a tertiary amine alkanol solution, one of which is a solution of Methyldiethanolamin (MDEA) using a piperazine catalyst. The output solution from the absorption of CO₂ gas is processed by desorption to regenerate the solvent. CO₂ gas desorption process is needed to save the use of solvents and catalysts. The purpose of this research is to do modeling and simulation on the process of desorption of CO₂ gas from a promote MDEA solution using a packed column. Modeling assisted software media with a rate-based model approach using numerical equations with the completion of Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE) - 45. The data obtained was simulated and validated by comparing experimental data. The research parameters are the temperature of the input solution desorber, type and concentration of catalyst. Increasing the temperature of the solution and the concentration of the catalyst will increase the percent removal of CO₂. This is caused by the effect of the temperature of the solution on the value of the reaction rate constant, and the type of catalyst influences the catalyst reactivity level of CO₂ gas. The results of simulation data validation with experimental data show the average deviation of 22.05%, 14.24% and 7.85%.

Waste frying oil is a harmful liquid to human body and environment. However, it can be utilized as fuel. Transesterification of waste frying oil with methanol is presence of potassium hydroxide as catalyst produces fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) known as biodiesel as main product with glycerol as byproduct. Previously, several researches have been carried out concerning about utilization of both substances as renewable liquid fuel. In this research, three materials biodiesel, glycerol, and methanol which involved in transesterification process are combined in order to determine another renewable liquid fuel. Combination with composition 1:1:1 to 1:1:4 (v/v) is burned in an external combustion engine. Viscosity of glycerol is the main problem to form fuel for the engine. The result shows that the higher percentage of the methanol, the easier is the combustion. Composition by volume 1:1:4 of biodiesel, glycerol, and methanol respectively is the best mixture of liquid fuel for boiler burner.

Biodegradable foam is an original packaging as a styrofoam alternative. Sago starch is used to produce biodegradable foam because of its huge amount, low-cost, and high biodegradability. Starch as a prospectus foam material is sensitive to water due to its hydrophilic properties. Thus, improvement is necessary to boost its water resistance capability. Coating the foam with a hydrophobic material prevents water contact with the starch. In this work, Beeswax was used as a coating agent due to its hydrophobicity. The purpose of this work to determine the concentration and time of beeswax coating on the mechanical properties of biodegradable foam. Beeswax was varied at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10% wt concentration with coating duration process for 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 seconds. Biodegradable foam was produced by baking process at 80°C for 1 hour 20 minutes. The results showed that the beeswax coating process increases the water resistance, although it does not significantly affect the tensile strength. Beeswax addition as much as 4% wt. for 150 seconds had improved the biodegradable foam properties as much as 1.92%, 73% in 28 days, and 0.09 MPa for water absorption capability, biodegradability, and tensile strength, respectively.

Bagasse is a solid waste from the sugar cane milling process in the sugar industry. Bagasse contains lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which through the fermentation process by Phanerochaete chrysosporium can produce crude cellulase, furthermore cellulase and other enzymes can be used in bagasse fermentation to produce bioethanol. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fermentation time and the addition of crude cellulase to the yield and concentration of bioethanol produced in bagasse fermentation. The research was carried out with the stages of the process: Preparation of raw materials (bagasse), Preparation of crude cellulase, Fermentation process, Product analysis (Bioethanol). The variables used in the experiment were fermentation time (96, 120, and 144 hours) and the addition of crude cellulase (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% (v/v)). Analysis of crude cellulase activity using the DNS method, while the analysis of bioethanol concentration using the chromatography methods. The results showed that the maximum yield was 16.24% and the highest bioethanol concentration of 11.04% was obtained at the time of fermentation of 144 hours and the addition of crude cellulase by 50% (v/v).

Gas transportation is usually done using pipes. As was done in one of the Gas Companies. In gas transportation consists of suppliers (Station A) and receivers (station C). From the supplier to the receiver goes through a very far pipe. Gas that passes through the pipeline has a composition consisting mostly of methane, but it is undeniable that there is still heavy carbon and impurities in the gas. Heavy carbon and various impuritis contained in the gas will disrupt gas transportation in the pipeline because it can cause condensate. Condensate consists of heavy carbon and impuritis which changes phase into liquid. The occurrence of liquid is caused by external and also internal influences, especially on the temperature and pressure that is treated to the gas. Condensate in the pipe will cause obstruction or decrease the volume in the pipe and otherwise it will cause internal corrosion. In the Gas Company there is an offshore pipeline that has the deepest depth of 70 meters. This elevation allows condensate inundation to occur in the offshore pipeline. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of operating conditions on the occurrence of the existing condensate phase in the offshore pipeline between B Station B and C Station, which is 105 km away. The method used is the collection of gas composition data through gas chromatography analysis at station A, piping specifications, operating conditions at station B, and Hysys Aspen Simulation. It can be concluded that the offshore pipeline between B station and C station formed condensate (liquid phase) on 2nd day. The operating pattern of the envelope phase shows that in this condition natural gas condensate is formed because it is in the gas-liquid phase. If the methane composition and sea temperature are getting smaller, the possibility of natural gas condensate formation will be even greater.

Cellulase is an enzyme that can degrade cellulose through a catalytic process. The enzyme that works synergistically to release sugar (glucose). This review aims to determine cellulase enzymes' activation from three different microorganisms, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, and Trichoderma reesei. Enzymes' activation using various kinds of lignocellulosic substrates and the effect of adding carrier agents on the freeze-drying process. The cellulase enzyme from Trichoderma reesei has an activity of 3.4 IU / mL. This enzyme is produced by pre-treatment 1% H2O2 in lignocellulosic media. Aspergillus niger has a cellulase enzyme activity of 0.229 IU / mL using a sugarcane bagasse substrate that has been pre-treated by shiitake mushrooms. The cellulase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis has an activity of 0.907 IU / mL, with the addition of CMC levels of 5% as an inducer. Cellulase enzymes in liquid form are susceptible to denaturation during storage. The production of cellulase enzymes in solid form is expected to maintain the stability of the resulting cellulase enzyme activity longer. The addition of non-reducing sugar as a carrier agent in the freeze-drying process is reported to preserve the biological activity. The addition of sucrose and trehalose, each with a concentration of 300 mM, maintained the amylase enzyme activity up to 90%. The addition of sucrose with an optimum concentration of 60 mM protects both total protein stability and good lysozyme activity. It is suspected that a carrier agent with an optimal concentration can maintain protein stability in cellulase enzyme activity in this review.

Xylanase has many benefits, but many obstacles to produce it. Common microorganisms produce fungi and bacteria such as Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, and Bacillus subtilis. Various methods can do enzyme immobilization; one of them is entrapment in the form of sol-gel. This study discusses the xylanase activity. The enzymes have produced from Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, and Bacillus subtilis. After that, the xylanase enzyme has immobilization using the sol-gel method. This study is doing by lab work and study literature. Lab work is for knowing fiber amount by van Soest method with amount of % hemyselulosa 4,8% 7,33%, 9,1% for media 0 months, two months, and four-month. The study literature doing with compare xylanase amount by Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, and Bacillus subtilis the highest enzyme activity by Trichoderma viride with optimum condition temperature 25°C, pH five and incubation time 36 hours with enzyme activity 26,67 U/mL. The immobilization obtained xylanase activity of 28.88 U / mL. The matrix composition of TEOS, 5% xylan, and 5% calcium alginate during fermentation for 168 hours. This value is higher than the fermentation process without immobilization carried out for 72 hours with an activity value of 22.04 U / mL.

The study of hydrothermal treatment on the phase formation and the crystallites of gamma-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) was performed. Different reaction time and temperature of hydrothermal treatment were investigated. The preparation of γ-Al₂O₃ includes precipitation of aluminum nitrate nonahydrate by ammonia, aging, washing, transferred the gel into the hydrothermal reactor, drying, and calcination at 600 °C. The precipitation was stopped at pH equals 7.5. The reaction times of hydrothermal treatment were 1 – 2 hours, and the temperatures were 140 – 200 °C. X-Ray Diffraction analysis was used to investigate the phase formation and the particle size. The results show all the samples represented pure nano γ-Al₂O₃. The examination of hydrothermal treatment of y-Al₂O₃ reveals as the reaction time longer, the crystallite grows bigger, as well as the higher temperature applied. The smallest γ-Al₂O₃ obtained based on the Scherrer equation is 4 nm and the biggest is 6.5 nm. Interestingly, the peaks of the γ-Al₂O₃ prepared by hydrothermal treatment at the longest time and the highest temperature have shifted into a higher diffraction angle. In the case of this sample, the peaks shifted into a higher diffraction angle. That is means there is a change in the lattice structure of γ-Al₂O₃ probably was affected by the lattice of hydroxyl content.

Increased biodiesel production has an effect on increasing the availability of glycerol, where glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. So far, the use of glyserol is less than optimal where only a small portion is used as an additive in the food industry. So it needs efforts to utilize glycerol becoming a more valuable product. Based on its characteristics, glycerol is potentially converted with catalytic cracking process produced gas that are enrich in H2, CO which is known as synthesis gas (Syngas). Syngas is the main ingredient in the petrochemical industry, besides syngas can also be used as an alternative fuel do to its heating value. The main objective of this research is to study the conversion of glycerol to syngas with the catalytic cracking process, the effect of the ratio of catalyst to glycerol and reaction temperature on product yield. This research was carried out in a semi batch reactor filled with Ni/ZSM-5 catalyst which was flowed by Nitrogen gas at 350, 400, 450 and 500°C reaction temperature variations with catalyst ratio of 0, 3, 4 and 5% (w/w). Gas products were analyzed using Gas Chromatography (GC) to determine the composition of the constituent gases which are CO, CO₂, H₂ and the catalyst characterization was carried out by the BET, XRD and AAS methods. The highest yield was obtained at a proocess temperature of 500 °C with catalyst ratio of 3 wt % which produced 49.45% of Syngas with the hydrogen selectivity of 20.94%.

Styrofoam is widely used for food packaging because it has good weight, stability, and stiffness but it cannot be decomposed naturally by microorganisms. D-Limonene, one of the monoterpene derivatives, is an environmentally friendly styrofoam solvent. This monoterpene is the main component of essential oil that can be extracted from orange peel. The aim of this study is to destruct styrofoam wastes (foods packaging, electronics packaging, foam boards and cup noodles) using d-limonene from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel extraction by water distillation process. The orange peel after size reduction is extracted by water distillation process at 94°C for 7 hours to produce essential oils. It was used to destruct styrofoam waste at the different volume ratio (1:0:0; 1:0:3; 1:1:2; 1:2:1) of the essential oil mixture (essential oil : ethanol: water). The result of this study shows that styrofoam wastes can be destructed using d-limonene from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel extraction. D-limonene of essential oil from orange (Citrus Maxima) peel can be used as destructive agent of styrofoam waste. The fastest destruction time of styrofoam waste occurs at electronic packaging with essential oil mixture by volume ratio of 1:1:2.

The depth of crack in concrete structural elements can be measured using ultrasonic waves. One tool that can be used is PUNDIT. The research was conducted by measuring the depth of cracks on the concrete beam test object with a variation of the PUNDIT transducer distance. The purpose of this research is to determine the effect of the distance of the transducer (b) on the relative error (% error) measured in the cracked concrete depth. The results showed that the results of concrete crack depth measurements with the smallest relative error (% error) is obtained by adjusting the transducer distance to about 2/3 or 0.67 the thickness of the test object (h). At the distance of the transducer less than 0.67 or more than 0.67 the thickness of the test object, the relative error (% error) will be greater.

During the corona virus pandemic, the thesis examination in the Construction Engineering Management study program was conducted online. This is in accordance with the rules of the director at State polytechnic of Malang. Based on this background, a thesis examination system was developed to enable the tests to be conducted online. The main features of this application are the guidance assessment, exam evaluation and revision can be done online. To evaluate the system that has been developed, the usability level of the application is measured using the System Usability Scale. System usability scale is a technique used to measure usability score, system quality, the information presented and the system interface. Based on the questionnaire filled by user the usability score of SIPROK-MRK was 0,82.

Parking is a vehicle that stops or does not move for a while and is abandoned by the driver. requires infrastructure for parking purposes while the available land is increasingly limited. The method of field research (Field Research Method) is direct observation at the location to see the physical condition of the movement of vehicles entering and leaving the location during rush hour. Meanwhile, research on the area of parking was carried out by means of digital map measurement (Digital Map Measurement Research Method), namely by measuring based on measurement results from digital maps. The number of motorbikes that entered was 5716 vehicles, while 1373 vehicles exiting with a volume of 4546 vehicles were parked. The parking area for motorbikes is 7,480.44 m2 with a parking area of 5,217.67 m2 and a circulation area of 2,262.77 m2.

Pedestrians are an element of urban transportation. The Pedestrian movement includes down the road, crossing both on the road and at the intersection. The existence of adequate pedestrian facilities is needed, including crossing facilities. The number of pedestrians on the Soekarno Hatta road is very high while gap vehicles are short so that it is difficult for pedestrians to cross. The purpose of this study was to determine the need for crossing facilities on the Soekarno Hatta street in Malang. Primary data collection was carried out on March 9-11, 2020. Analysis results obtained by the number of pedestrians is 322 people and volume traffic 4867,1 pcu/hour, PV2 = 6,3. 109 so that appropriate pedestrian facilities are pedestrian platform.

Soil water content observations from remote sensing are growing for landslide disaster management due to the potential of wide coverage and fine resolution. Characteristic evaluation of various soil water content products is necessary for improving the accuracy. This study assesses soil water content products from Soil Moisture Active Passive from Global Modelling and Assimilation NASA, Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity from ESA, and Soil Water Index (SWI) from Copernicus Global Land Service. Results are compared with soil test in terms of spatial and temporal distribution, time series, and quantitative performance indices. The study is conducted in Brantas River Basin Indonesia, where the upstream is vulnerable for landslide disaster. The investigation has shown that with correlation coefficient 0.81, SWI is suitable for further application in the study area. This finding has important implications for modelling the landslide hazard using quantitative soil water content product from satellite imagery.

Sidoarjo Regency as one of the downstream areas of the Brantas River Basin is prone to flooding. This study aims to simulate the flood discharge and inundation in Buntung River, a river passes through Sidoarjo City area with several time return periods and to discuss its physical flood mitigation. Data needed in this study are Rainfall Data for 3 Rain Stations, topography map, cross section of river stream, and land use map. Based on these data, a flood flow analysis plan is then performed using the Nakayasu synthetic hydrographs method. The inundation is simulated using HEC-RAS with 10, 25, and 50 years return periods. Based on the calculation, Buntung River flood discharge with return period of 10, 25, and 50 years return periods is 151,342, 196,923, and 233,981 m3/s respectively. The inundation extend of 25 years return period is reaching 0,53 m height above the bank along Sta. P0 to P1. The study reveals that the existing cross section cannot accommodate the design flood for at least 25 years return period. Therefore, normalization is essential for river improvement. The channel is design with river cross-sectional shape of double trapezoidal. The size of the earth dike is 0.60 m above the flood water level with 3.0 m width and 1:2 channel slope. The designed river channel improvement increase the channel depth from -3,56 m to -4,07 m in Sta. P1. The normalized channel could accommodate the design flood and would be beneficial for increasing the urban area safety from flood disaster.

The construction of Mainroad Section X of Pandaan-Malang Toll Road requires of heavy equipment for excavation and embankment works. The type and number of the heavy equipment can be varied depending upon the construction volume, equipment capacity, and the budget. Therefore, the combination of heavy equipment must be chosen carefully to minimize the cost. This study aims to determine the optimum number of heavy equipment combinations with constraints of work volume, schedule, and resources availability to minimize the construction cost. The data needed is site lay-out plan, cross section of the road, project time schedule, specifications of the heavy equipment, and the resources unit price. The method for optimization is Linear Programming using Simplex Method. The results shows that the optimum combination of heavy equipment for excavation work are 14 units of bulldozer type Zoomlion ZD160-3, 5 unit excavator type Komatsu PC200-8MO, and 19 units dump trucks type Mitsubishi Fuso-FN627 at Rp 14.839.362.044,00. As for the embankment work, the optimum equipment are 5 units excavators type Komatsu PC200-8MO, 19 units of dump truck type Mitsubishi Fuso-FN627, 19 units of motor grader type Caterpillar 120K, 18 units of sheep foot roller type Ammann ASC-200, and 23 units of water tank truck type Mitsubishi-125HD at Rp 22.979.058.760,00.

In this paper the development of interlocking models of lightweight bricks is proposed and its shear failure assessment in wall structures has been studied. Walls are a brittle infill structures and quiet vulnerable to collapse compared among all building components when a strong earthquake occurs. An interlocking system approach is such a simple method that is proposed to make sure the wall behave keep strong and stiff during seismic load. This research was performed to improve the shear capability and modelling of lightweight brick as well, which is interlocked each other. The data from the specific gravity testing results and its compressive strength then inputted as one of the modelling parameters. An experiment was carried out utilizing the Taguchi method to find out the optimum mixture used in shear testing in medium scale of walls. The compressive strength and shear strength testing methods follow the Indonesian code of SNI 03-1974-1990 and ASTM E2126-2011. The cube specimens of 15x15x15cm were used for compressive experiments, while a set of wall structures of 100x100 cm that was surrounded by reinforced concrete practical frame of columns and beams of 13x13 cm was used as shear test specimens. From shear testing results that using cyclic loads, it was found that the system can resist a maximum load of 45 kN by a lateral deflection of 45 mm. The results also obtained elastic stiffness of 2.55 kN / mm, the yielding behaviour occurs at the load, lateral deflection, ductility factor Δf/Δy and shear strength of 38.25 kN, 14,961 mm, 2.61 and 35,714 kN / mm respectively, which means that each width of 1 mm wall can be resist a shear load of 35,714 kN. It can be simply concluded that in cyclic shear loads, the more the wall is getting damaged or cracked, the structural stiffness will decreased as shown in a hysteresis behaviour.

In order to optimize the throughput rate of these automatic systems, the time taken for the pick and place electronic components for each board has to be minimized. This study focused on optimization problems faced in automated assembly of electronic component in Printed Circuit Board (PCB). Components are placed on PCB where the process of pick-up and placement occurs starting from the machines to pick up the components from the feeder magazine. The number of components to be picked and placed maximum four components, depending on its contribution to minimize tour distance. Increased complexity of PCB assemblies, components and shorter product obsolescence timescales implies machines utilization must be maximized in order to achieve cost efficiencies. The difference in size and shape of components is handled by the head, which brings the optimization problem closer to real machine situation. In hope that the electro-pneumatic arm design can speed up the working time of installing components on the PCB and can add new designs to be registered for patents.

This research discusses the design of rectenna with microstrip antenna with frequency BTS work frequency in Malang city by using a rectifier to convert electromagnetic power into DC output on GSM1800 working frequency and use the energy storage design to be stored. Harvesting this energy is alternative energy conversion. The produced electrical power can be used by low-powered-devices. Since the obtained power is small, additional circuits will be used so that the obtained power can be stored in energy storage. The power obtained from this research is around 1 to 16 mV. It is obtained from BTS around the Malang city.

Currently, to monitor the parameters of an electrical system, including current, voltage, power, and frequency can be done remotely by using either computers, laptops, or android mobile phones, as long as those gadgets are connected to the internet. Generally, the equipment of this monitoring system is installed in a module at a fixed position. As a measurement tool, it is required that the measurement values are valid. For this reason, to ensure that the measurements shown by the remote monitoring system that has been installed are valid, another monitoring system is needed as a comparison. Based on the problems mentioned above, this research aims to design and analyse a portable web-based monitoring system for electrical parameters measurement. This equipment has a web-based monitoring system, which can remotely monitor the measurement of electrical parameters through the web. In addition, the equipment is light and portable, which can be easily moved from one place to another. Due to its advantages, this equipment can be used as a comparative tool to get valid values for electrical parameters measurement.

The Pico-hydro power generation is a power plant with a scale below 5 kW. This type of power generation is suitable for areas with streams or rivers with low water levels. One area that has natural conditions like this is the Javan Langur Centre (JLC), a rehabilitation facility for one of the endangered primate species, the langur. To support the operation of JLC, a pico-hydro power plant has been built, which has a capacity of 300 watts. However, due to the water discharge is quite low, the efficiency of the generator is less than 10%, of which, the total output power from the pico-hydro generator is about 27,3 watts. While the electrical energy requirements in JLC is around 50 watts for lighting. To meet the shortage of electricity supply, it is necessary to increase the power generated by the existing pico-hydro power plant, i.e. by applying a cascade system. This system utilizes water from the existing pico-hydro power plant drainage channel as the intake flow for the new pico-hydro power plant. This system also utilizes differences in elevation or water level to make the terraces. With the application of the cascade pico-hydro system, the electrical power requirements at JLC can be met.

Javan Langur Centre (JLC) is a facility dedicated to the treatment of langur, an endangered primate species. To support the maintenance and rehabilitation activities, the need for electrical energy is a vital. In this facility, electrical energy is needed for lighting and baby primate's incubator with a total power of around 120 watts. There is no electricity grid included in this area and the supply of electrical energy is still very dependent on the gen-set owned by the residents which is located approximately 2 km from JLC, making it less efficient. In terms of natural energy resources, JLC has the availability of water sources that originate from small streams making it possible to develop pico-hydro technology. There has been built a pico-hydro power generation with a potential electric power that can be generated approximately 300 watts. However, the water discharge of the river stream in that area is quite low, around 0.00035 m3/s, that makes the efficiency of the power generation is 10% only. In other words, the actual electrical power that can be generated is around 30 watts. So as to meet the electrical power needs at JLC, another electrical energy source is needed. One alternative is to install solar cells or photo voltaic (PV) with a capacity of 100 watts peak. The output power of these two energy sources can be combined and regulated by applying Hybrid Power Generation technology. With the application of this technology, the need for electrical energy in the JLC area can be met.

Smart homes are a set of interconnected electrical appliances to become intelligent service systems aimed at reducing human workloads, saving electricity, and improving home security. Wireless Smart Home system enhances popularity due to flexibility, portability, and low installation cost. With the availability of technology and the internet of Things (IoT), devices can collect information from the environment according to the surrounding conditions. Raspberry Pi is a microcomputer which is a primary device that can be used to control sensors and actuators. This control can be activated from anywhere, as long as the area has an Internet connection. Using the fuzzy logic method, the controls don't need to be done manually. This method can automatically control the electronic devices in the home, using the facts in the knowledge base. The main features of the smart home are real-time, remote control, data security from intruders. Data security becomes important to access right in maintaining the confidentiality of sensitive information that may be known by the right party. Technology systems are containers created in one library, applications, and configuration files, and all that is required to be a reference to rely on.

The Matching Impedance (MI) design method using Non-Uniform Transmission Line (N.U.T.L.) is a design method that offers more advantages over the 1/4 transformer method, the 1/4 multisection method, and the stub method. In this study, the Matching Impedance system is designed to match the WLAN antenna load with a line impedance of 50 Ohm at the 2.4 GHz. The Matching Impedance system is designed using a transmission line with a Characteristic Impedance (Zo) value that is triangular (Triangular Taper) distributed. This study also examines the effect of the number of cutting sections on a transmission line if the line with the Triangle distribution is implemented on a Microtsrip. From the test results, it is found that the number of sections used to form the Non Uniform transmission line has a significant effect on the bandwidth of the system working frequency for the required value of the Reflection Coefficient.

Nowadays, the circulation of counterfeit money is significantly increased, encouraging to conduct research related to genuine real money detection or counterfeit money based on digital imagery. Technological sophistication one of the quality of printers whose ink is very good and can print money like the original makes the layman should be more wary of money ownership. In this research conducted the authenticity of money using the method KNN (K-Nearest Neighbor) and CNN (Convolutional Neural Network). Accuracy KNN method is 87,75%. While the detection accuracy used by CNN is 96,67%. The results obtained from these 2 methods can still be improved with advanced research namely with pre production on the set and the image used. The data set used has the same exposure level, image capture angle and image size.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a community development program managed by PT. Otsuka Indonesia, one of which is form a hydroponic farmer community. In the activity of fostering hydroponic farmers there are several problems, namely the process of plant nursery, seeding, and harvesting are still carried out conventionally, while the assisted farmers do not have much time to supervise because they have a core job. Based on these problems, this study will focus on solving the problem of hydroponic plant supervision that can be known directly by farmers and also from the CSR of PT. Otsuka Indonesia. In completing the research, the steps carried out were based on the CRISP-DM (Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining) methodology. The factors used in solving the problem are the type of hydroponic plants, the acidity of the soil, the intensity of sunlight, the ambient temperature of the hydroponic plants, the water level and periodic reporting as needed in the form of a Smart Ecosystem. For this reason, it is necessary to build a device from an Arduino microcontroller based on IoT so that supervision of the hydroponic planting process can be done without having to be in hydroponic land and get reports every period of the development of hydroponic plants in the application. By using this device, it is hoped that many hydroponic farmers will use it so that during the hydroponic vegetable production process it can be in accordance with the old standards of the nursery until it is worth selling.

Modification of the induction motor into a permanent magnet synchronous generator is to put a permanent magnet on the squirrel cages stator to generate the magnetic pole as a replacement for the electromagnet pole produced at a separately excitation of the conventional synchronous generator called the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG). The purpose of this research is to design PMSG by modification of induction motors into permanent magnet synchronous generator with 24 slots 16 pole by using radial flux and utilizing stator. This research is a software-based FEM (Finite Element Method) for design and the magnetic Material used for permanent magnet synchronous generators is Neodymium Iron Boron (NdFeB). The PMSG on this design obtains the back EMF constant for its half-cycle of 4.902 rad/s and gets a voltage of 191.455 Vdc at 375 rpm speed and when given the loading of 100 Ω at 375 rpm speed produces a voltage of 176.73 Vdc, the current of 1.77 A and the output power is 313.24 Watt with efficiency reaching 85%. The PMSG modelling is done to have a specification of 24 slots 16 poles, changes the the characteristic Induction motor with synchrounous speed of 1500 rpm becomes as low as 375 rp. So This PMSG modification can be used as wind turbine or microhydro power palnt with low speed prime mover energy.

The paper discusses magnetic power generators; if a conductor moves across the magnetic field, a voltage difference will occur at the ends of the conductors. The voltage rises as it approaches the area and vice versa, so electricity arises in cycles: positive - zero - negative - zero. In this study utilizing the rotation of a magnetic motor caused by the unbalance repulsive force between magnets. The design of the tool starts with designing a generator model that will be made. The design of generators is based on calculations obtained through the reference of generator design. The generator design uses magnets instead of anchor coils on the rotor (source of magnetic flux) and copper wire coils as anchor coils on the stator. This design considers rotor and stator parameters, including the distance between magnets, rotor diameter, rotor plate thickness, area of a magnetic area, number of stator coils, number of stator windings, and stator coil dimensions, and calculate generator output power. Tool testing is done to obtain data from tools that have been made. In testing the comparison of the results obtained from the study of the target to be achieved, if the results have not yet reached the target, then improvements are made to the results obtained as expected. Tests were carried out with no load and burden. The results showed that the rotor speed in the generator design could be achieved by determining the number of rotor poles, the generator voltage is influenced by the flux density produced by permanent magnets and the number of stator windings.

Motorbikes and cars are the most widely used means of transportation by students, lecturers, and employees at Polinema. 14 motorcycle parking locations are available with a total capacity of approximately 6605 motorcycles and 18 car park locations with a capacity of around 330 vehicles. With a total of 12,226 students and 530 permanent lecturers and assuming 50% of them bring vehicles to campus at the same time, it can be estimated that the real need for parking and the difficulty in finding a parking space that is currently empty. The purpose of this study is to provide information to parking users about the location that can be occupied by the vehicle. The method used is to install 2 infrared sensors in 8 parking locations. Every 2 minutes the sensor sends data to the server, and then the server processes and provides information about the parking space vacancy. Information is displayed through displays displayed at each parking location in POLINEMA. The results of the work of the system made in this study can be seen on a monitor connected to the server which will make it easier for motorists who want to park their vehicles in the POLINEMA area. Measurements taken to see system performance are delay and the success rate of the system. Of all the measurements, the largest delay average was 1.9 seconds and the smallest delay average was 0.636 seconds. for the success rate it has the highest 100% and for the lowest is 80%.

One of the fossil fuels is petroleum fuel. Petroleum is a non-renewable natural resource. Various aspects of life have felt its effects, where fuel oil has begun to experience scarcity. The higher price of fuel oil should make us realize that the amount of oil reserves has begun to run low. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of electrodes, current strength, and concentration of NaHCO3 on the HHO gas generator output. HHO electrode generator material made of aluminum and brass. The electrode's shape is rectangular with a size of 250 mm x 400 mm, with a gasket seal. The test begins with the HHO gas pressure test. The independent variable used is aluminum and brass electrode variations. The electric current given is 20A, 30A, 40A, and the amount of 5-25% NaHCO3 catalyst. Then proceed with analyzing the pressure obtained on the HHO gas flow rate. To test the HHO gas flow rate carried out with a duration of 1 to 3 minutes in each treatment, the measurement of the discharge using a gas regulator to determine the flow rate of H2 and O2 produced. The results showed that the lowest gas discharge value was on aluminum electrodes with a current of 20A, i.e., 0,00033554 m3/s, while the highest discharge value on brass electrodes with a current of 50A was 0,001657 m3/s. It shows that the better the metal element contained in the electrodes and the higher the current applied, the greater the flow of H2 and O2 gas flow.

The use of DC power systems is increasingly widely used, so we need a system to convert DC power systems, one of which is a buck converter. The buck converter system requires a controller so that the output voltage generated is as desired without any disturbance when the buck is operating. This study examines improvements in buck converter performance using backstepping and SMC controllers. Backstepping controller and SMC are able to maintain stability where it can be shown by looking at the output voltage value of the buck converter. The results of a comparison of the simulation implementation of the backstepping controller and the SMC show that the recovery time of the SMC is faster than backstepping. From this comparison it is also seen that the amount of SMC voltage deviation is smaller than backstepping.

State Polytechnic of Malang (POLINEMA) has taken a part of a joint action to energy savings. The load profile of POLINEMA has specificity in the intensity of electricity energy (IKE) consumption due to it charachterictic as a vocational higher education. This specificity has caused POLINEMA to have many laboratories and workshops in each building. Energy savings can be done if it is supported by an energy consumption data audit system. The data will be calculated and compared to IKE standart. For that purpose, this research is aimed to design and implement an Energy consumption monitoring device based on Enegry Database Management System (EDBMS). In this research, the energy audits were carried out on the lighting and cooling systems of seven buildings in POLINEMA, namely AB, AC, AD, AE, AF, AG, and AH buildings. After auditing of each building is as follows, the IKE value in the AB building is 30.5 kWh/m2/Year, the AC building is 7.5 kWh/m2/Year, the AD building is 15.2 kWh/m2/Year, the AE building is 24.3 kWh/m2/Year, AF building at 71 kWh/m2/Year, AG building at 79.5 kWh/m2/Year, and AH building at 22.6 kWh/m2/Year. In conclusion is Energy consumption in POLINEMA is classified as efficient where the standard of a building for Commercial/Education is 240 kWh/m2/Year.

A teleoperated robotic system offers a rapid deployment for performing tasks in dangerous environments. An effective teleoperation requires a proper feedback system such as a vision system using cameras. Despite its effectiveness of using camera, the limited field of view (FoV) become one of the main burdens of the operation. To deal with this problem, some researchers used wider-view camera or multiple cameras. In contrast, this research proposed to achieve a better teleoperation by eliminating FoV limit by using 360 camera. This research also aimed to improve the immersive experience by utilizing virtual reality (VR) headset. The proposed framework then developed to accommodate all the requirements and then evaluated by some numerous trials by some participants. An AprilTag marker was placed on the robot and tracked by a ceiling mounted camera to record the trajectory data. The obtained trajectories then measured its performance by using a standard performance metrics. The experiments demonstrated that the proposed method achieved lower collision area, closer to desired ideal path and smoother than using a standard camera as the feedback system. However, as the 360-video streaming induced higher latency, the proposed approach was slower. The measurements justified that the proposed approach achieved a better teleoperation especially for mission critical tasks.

This paper introduces a robot vehicle designed for the same forward or reverse maneuver specifications. The vehicle has two two-wheel drives with a Double Ackermann Inverted (2WD-4WS-1A) steering method for Automatic Guide Vehicle (AGV). In the batch processing system industrial estate, AGV is used for transportation in the component warehouse area. In the steering system, Ackermann's mechanics are described as optimizing the maximum maneuvering radius of the AGV, based on the turning center point. AGV drive is designed with four wheels, two drives and one steering mechanics. The vehicle's mechanical steering system is designed with a system geometry analysis to control the turning radius of the vehicle. The Ackermann AGV steering method that has been implemented will be tested for its maneuvers. The results of the study were measured empirically to determine the efficiency and optimization of the system in the AGV design. The efficiency of steering control using only 1 steering wheel as 4 wheel control and small optimal radius on the AGV will increase maneuverability compared to using 2 WD.

Conserving energy is important now more than ever. Dimming lamps to the required illuminance is one way to reduce the energy usage. Technological advancement in the form of new materials, sensors, and apparatus allows us to reduce the energy usage of an equipment. To obtain a clear understanding of consumer energy usage, a smart meter which is able to monitor and store energy usage characteristics can be a useful tool to have. This paper discusses the development of multi-points smart energy meter using ESP32, ZMPT101B voltage sensor, and SCT-013 current sensor. The measurements result of the meter developed has been validated using commercial energy meter. A 35 W dimmable LED panel light benefitting dimming function in QH7938 chip has also been constructed. The dimming characteristics were obtained, with the output luminous flux of 5644 to 950 lumen, and power input of 35 to 5.32 watt. Subsequently, the energy saving case scenario in 2.5 x 2.8 x 3 meters home office with various natural lighting condition were also presented.

The increasing use of electronic and electrical equipment that continuously emits radiated emissions in the industrial, military, communications, household, and medical fields has increased dramatically over the past few decades. Radiated emission can interfere performance of other electronic devices around it. There is a demand for electric devices to comply with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standards before being marketed, requiring manufacturers to carry out EMC testing before devices enter the market. Transverse Electromagnetic (TEM) cells are usually used by designers to ensure that electronic devices comply with EMC standards. TEM cells for radiated emission measurement are widely used because they are cheap and time-saving before full compliance testing is carried out, which expensive for one-time screening. The main problems of commercial open TEM cells are relatively high price, weight, handling problems and portability. In this study, low-cost TEM cells were designed that could be used to test radiated emission generated by electronic devices. The fabricated TEM cells can operate up to 960 MHz and it can be used to test radiated emission generated from small electronic devices. It has better performance and more sensitive than branded TEM cells in the radiated emission test of a mobile phone.

Solar energy can be utilize to power a system located far from the electricity sources such a mobile tower applied in open-pit mining in PT Bukit Asam Tbk. However, the tropical weather in an open-pit mining can increase the surface temperature of a Photovoltaic (PV) panel, lead to overheating and the reduction of the efficiency and the reduced electricity power. This condition requires a cooling system to reduce the temperature. This paper presents the application of Phase Change Material (PCM) and heatsink as the cooling system for a PV panels. The PCM installed are in two sizes aluminum hollows, a 0.0025 m³ and 0.00625 m³. The experiment was conducted in 2 batches, 14-29 February 2020 for the installed 0.0025 m³ aluminum hollow, and 1-14 March 2020 for 0.00625 m³. The application of a 0.00625 m³ can reduce the PV panel's surface temperature up to 3-5°C. The generated current using PCM 0.00625 m³ is 0.034 A for Isc and 0.014 A I_load higher than without cooling system. The application of a aluminum hallow with the size of 0.00625 m³ gives 9-20% efficiency, and the efficiency gives 8-15%. The experimental results show that the use of a hollow aluminum with a size of 0.00625 m³ can reduce the surface temperature of the PV panel and increase the power and efficiency of the PV panels.

Indonesia's food self-sufficiency program requires the use of paddy fields with rice as the main food. That irrigation infrastructure problem also needs efficiency mitigation of cost impact using fuel oil in operation manually of engine irrigation. An automatic photovoltaic irrigation system can solve the problem of deficiency irrigation infrastructure, especially in the dry season as a more efficient power supply for irrigation infrastructure. In this research, implemented the automatic photovoltaic irrigation system is combined with the sunlight tracking system to get power supply, according to the direction of the sun. The irrigation pattern requires the suitability of soil moisture, water level, and power supply voltage as variables for the application of an automatic photovoltaic irrigation system. An automatic photovoltaic irrigation system is equipped with a website to monitor the irrigation variables. The Irrigation variables data is obtained from sensor readings then sent by NodeMCU to the website and calculates the suitability of irrigation variables as parameters using fuzzy logic to control automatic irrigation. The conclusion from this study was obtained after testing the system with the system running well, fuzzy logic parameters run with variables value of voltage > 9.9 Volt, water level < 2cm, and soil moisture < 69%.

This paper presents the implementation of Arduino Nano microcontroller for a single-phase pure sine wave inverter, which can convert DC voltage to AC voltage at high efficiency and low cost. Solar-powered electricity generation is being favored nowadays as the world increasingly focuses on environmental concerns. The designed inverter converted DC voltage into AC voltage for a small-scale off-grid solar PV system suitable for electrification in remote areas, pollution-free, and inexpensive. Its inverter uses a sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique and a simple circuit, consisting of only 2 MOSFET switches and 1 MOSFET driver. The H-bridge inverter's output is applied to a step-up transformer with a dual coil input and a single-coil output, and hence, we can create positive and negative sides of the wave. Mitigate a voltage noise; a capacitor is parallelly installed at the secondary side of the transformer. Several simulations are performed to verify the effectiveness of the designed inverter using Proteus software, and continued hardware implementation. Based on some experiments we have done, the designed inverter produces a 230 V r.m.s 50 Hz sine wave with very low harmonics distortion. The highest efficiency was obtained using 2200nF / 400V of the filter capacitor, and the smallest voltage regulation gained using 2200nF / 400V of the filter capacitor when compared with other capacitors. The proposed system is economical, efficient, and reliable and can be used for small scale power applications.

Based on WindSat data from 2004 to 2014, Indonesia has an average wind speed of above 8m/second at sea. In addition, the energy potential of the sun is around 4.8 kWh/m². A mechanical model ship with a catamaran type will be installed photovoltaic module and wind turbine generator which are equipped with microprocessor to control the angle of the wind turbine blades, the energy generated by the PV and wind turbine generator will be regulated by the dual input buck boost converter using the PID method to regulated voltage to 14 Volt used to charge the battery. The power stored in the battery will be used to drive the ship model propulsion system. This paper discusses about pv performance, generator performance, dual input buck boost calculation, and simulation. From testing the energy obtained is 774WH. From the simulation of the dual input buck boost converter circuit, the setling time is 11ms when using the PID control system and 35ms when using PI. Energy from the sun and wind can be combined into one with a dual input buck boost converter so that the energy can be absorbed is more optimal.

The electricity supply used in State Polytechnic of Malang (Polinema) is still fully supported by PLN by utilizing the electricity source of the Electric Steam Power Plant (PLTU) with coal as a fuel. As the use of electricity in Polinema's environment is very large, this has an impact on the expensive cost that must be incurred every month. The use of solar power as a new source of electricity that utilizes the nature of renewable energy can be used as an alternative electricity in Polinema. Supported by the use of solar panels with relatively affordable price and can be used as a long-term investment, it is expected that the use of electricity from PLN can be replaced by this solar power plant (PLTS). In this research, a prototype of electrical energy monitoring device produced by solar panel using several sensors connected in one network or commonly called Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) was designed and made. WSN was built using ESP32 microcontroller which is assembled with a voltage and current sensor which then the readings from the sensors will be sent wirelessly to the router to proceed to the server with internet facilities. Information from the sensors are being continously stored and monitored, so user can see the results of WSN reading from any location connected to the internet (real time).

This research proposed environmental sensing humidity and ambient temperature or object use CC2560 Texas instrument sensor tag device. This device will be implemented on a mobile app to detect surrounding humidity and temperature environment, hoping that it will be used to monitor the user's daily activity. The sensor will transmit raw data to a central data collector mobile app using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication and configured with the other same device CC2650 sensor tag in a field with Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Temperature and Humidity sensing was doing with distance to testing the accurate and sensitivity about the sensor device and the sensor is going work well when the time sampling in second time, the humidity and temperature can follow and change with real time sampling until 30s start from 30.12 and humidity start from 85.81 percent because of specification of the sensor device data transfer very fast wit Bluetooth Low Energy / multi-protocol 2.4 GHz and wireless MCUs with 352-kB flash and 80-kB SRAM, so the device get very little energy, low cost, and have good durability can access data and transmit for a long time.

Rooftop standalone solar technology is a new renewable power generation solution worldwide and can reduce carbon dioxide levels in the environment. However, several factors affect the performance of the power plant, it is highly influenced by weather parameters. This paper shows the design of the rooftop standalone solar power plant and the influence of temperature, light intensity, and environmental humidity on it. The designed system consists of a 200WP photovoltaic, 1260Wh LiFePO4 battery, and an MPPT solar charge controller 40A. This standalone power plant was applied to supply the energy of the home lighting, with 20Watt the total of power. The result shows the design of the rooftop standalone solar power plant. Furthermore, there is an influence of temperature, light intensity, and environmental humidity on the LiFePO4 battery input power.

Currently, energy diversification is needed to overcome the limitations of fossil energy as a fuel for electricity generation. In Indonesia, one source of renewable energy that has great potential is wind energy. Wind energy conversion system is an environmentally friendly electricity generator with unlimited availability. However, the electrical energy produced depends on the fluctuating wind speed so that it produces a fluctuating voltage. Variable speed wind turbine is one of the most widely used wind turbine types because it has better efficiency but requires control to overcome the fluctuations in the voltage generated. This paper presents voltage control on a prototype variable speed wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and buck converter. The output voltage generated by the PMSG will be rectified by a three-phase uncontrolled rectifier. Voltage control is done through the duty cycle settings on the buck converter that is connected to the battery for energy storage. PID controller is used to set the duty cycle of PWM pulses with a switching frequency of 31.5 kHz. The Propotional Integrator Differensiator (PID) controller is embedded in the microcontroller. Based on the test results, the resulting output voltage can be held constant at 14V by providing variations in wind speed changes which are simulated through PMSG speed changes. Transient responses with the fastest settling time of 1.2 s were obtained with the PID controller parameter values Kp = 0.6, Ki = 0.15 and Kd = 0.6.

Three Dimensional Printing (3DP) is one of the technologies that support industry 4.0. One of the common 3DP technology is FFF (fused filament Fabrication), the technology is also known as Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). In this case, extrusion thermoplastic through a hot nozzle with certain melting temperature. The extrusion machine (extruder) will melt the plastic pellet and push the pellet through a heating zone that has a different temperature and pushed out by a screw to the nozzle to be printed into objects. This research aims, to make a control innovation for plastic pellet feeding double extruders. Those extruders for a bilateral 3DP symmetrically to print an object with a size of 2000x2000x2000mm using FDM method. The research simulation results showed that the extruder melts the plastic pellets with a temperature of melting is 200°C, temperature controlled by PID. In this research using 4mm plastic pellets diameter polyethylene high density (HDPE). The double extruders is controlled by two stepper motors Y- and Y+ axis with speed 70mm/s, on 2mm nozzle diameter. The extruder can be produce 110mm melted plastic filaments in 250 steps.

Currently, almost all activities carried out by all parties are inseparable from the sound system. With the sound system, it is not necessary to speak loudly. There are several types of sound systems or models, ranging from the cheapest to the most expensive, with the usual quality up to good. However, there is a problem that can be obtained by a sound system that is of good quality or the usual quality, namely feedback from the speaker to the mic. Feedback will be very annoying because of the entry of sound from the speaker to the mic, which should be avoided. By using the inverse phase method and narrow bandpass filter, the simulation results can eliminate the feedback signal that is 100%. However, there are side effects on the band that occurs feedback, which is the reduction in the sound signal by the feedback power level that occurs between 30% - 100% that are in the frequency band range.

The Temperature Control Module is a tool that is useful for adjusting the temperature of a liquid or solution so that the temperature of a liquid is as determined. A device that uses a heat exchanger as a place to combine temperature, so that the temperature of a liquid with another liquid will meet there so that the temperature of the liquid in the heat exchanger can be changed. From the temperature control practicum module prototype in the chemical laboratory, it is known that in the open loop test with hot water input temperature above 90 °C and cold water input temperature 28 °C an output value of 69 °C is obtained. This value is stable but slowly decreases. By providing feedback and the controller in the form of sensors and data will be processed by the PLC, then a value that corresponds to a set of values is obtained, namely 60 °C, but the output temperature is unstable because the output graph is still fluctuating and unstable. Based on experimental calculations and PID calculations using the Ziegler Nichols method, the Kp = 30, Ti = 77.95, and Td = 19.489 were obtained. By providing the PID algorithm calculated by the Ziegler Nichols method, it can increase the output temperature to 58 °C. This is due to the addition of the PID gain to be more substantial so that the system becomes unstable.

Automation in the manufacturing process in the industry today is absolutely needed. Advances in technology has changed the characteristics of the manufacturing industry. The development of robotics, visualization technology and collaborative automation has increased the development of the manufacturing industry, enabling automation to be applied not only in the mass production process but also in low volume production. This is done to pursue the benefits of investing in industrial automation machines: productivity, accuracy, safety, cost savings, quality improvement, and repeatability. Industrial automation is the main key in following the development of technology into industry 4.0. This study aims to propose a new pneumatic system using the microcontroller by implementing the step counter methods. In this research, it is used to control a drilling fixture that has 3 (three) DACs. The Arduino microcontroller system used in this study to perform the step counter methods. Arduino type Mega 2560 control system has 10 inputs and 10 outputs for the 5/2 directional control valve (5/2 directional control valve – DCV. Through the application of this method, the preparation of microcontroller-based control circuits can be done in a structured and easier way, both the steps of preparation, control, and troubleshooting.

A control system in industry has an important role to increase the effectiveness and efficiency in manufacture process. Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Department in State Polytechnic of Malang has several tools to develop competence in automation process control system, one of them is the pressure control module. This module aims to control the rate of compressed air flow coming out from the compressor. Nonetheless, the control system used is still analog. In order to improve the performance of module, rejuvenation has created by PLC that is optimized by PID controller method. This rejuvenation process is carried out in several stages, such as designing PLC hardware and software then testing and analyzing the system. There are four stages in testing and analyzing the system, both testing and analyzing the open loop system without tank and with tank, PID close loop with tank and without tank. Based on the results, this study indicated that the close loop system with PID has a better response than open loop system, which is able to improve the errors and transient responses so that the system is more stable and fit with set point value. The PID parameter that produces a good response when used in the pressure control module is Kp = 100 Ki = 1 and Kd = 0. This parameter is able to produce a system measurement value of 80% with error of 0%.

The increasing quality and quantity of cyber-attacks and the demand for the information security revolution are also followed by the threat in developing Smart City of Bogor. In assuring these problems, it is crucial for the City Government of Bogor to develop and information security strategy which is capable to protect public privacy data and critical information of Smart City Bogor. The research was conducted with a qualitative method by using a grounded theory approach at the critical infrastructure of Smart City Bogor, which is the Department of Transportation, Department of Health, Department of Fire Rescue and Department of Communication and Information. The result showed that the information security as a core strategy which only created by the readiness of the legal ware as a causal factor in forming the knowledge and information security awareness in the preparation of priority program and development of the command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems of Smart City Bogor which became the basis of the formulation of Smart City Bogor's information security theory.

Many of students who can't complete the study promptly is a problem that needs to be faced with a fast and effective way. In the student's education system is an important asset to the note the graduation rate of students promptly. Predicting graduation is very important for the institution to determine the strategic policies for the institution. The scope of the study is limited in performing accurate comparison between studies that only use Genetic Algorithm method and the research-based Genetic Algorithm using forward selection. Here we can conclude that the value of the highest accuracy is there in the Genetic Algorithm-based method Forward selection. Thus the Genetic Algorithm method with the selection of attribute-based Forward Selection is the best method for solving a problem in the prediction accuracy of graduation.

The research activities in The State Polytechnic of Malang addressed to achieve the output as articles, intellectual properties, and product innovations. The incentives are given to the researchers who publish articles in reputable publishers due to increasing the articles in both numbers and quality. In this work, an information management system of publications is developed and analysed. The system is integrated into the staff database in order to relate with yearly staff performances. In the system, articles are categorized according to classification as International and National publications. Furthermore, both the International and National Categories are classified as a reputable and accredited publisher, respectively. The proposed system has tested by administrators in each unit and randomly staffs as respondents to fill the questioner. The result shows that the management system can be operated by an administrator in each unit and the staffs do not have difficulty to use the proposed system. It means the proposed system can be applied in The State Polytechnic of Malang.

Medical records are very crucial in health services all over the world. This is due to not only to record individual health conditions but also for getting the most appropriate medical services at a local health facility when in mobile conditions. By having a look at the medical records, the local health workers can know the medical history and give their best service in treating the patient. Conventional medical records commonly are written manually and are not flexible for the mobile environment. Therefore, the electronic medical record (EMR) has become mandatory to be implemented to cope with such problems. Another important thing that requires attention is the patient has the right to know the contents of the medical record, especially when having health services at a different hospital or other health services when at mobile conditions. Accessing the EMR from the mobile environment brings a crucial matter, namely, how to secure the contents of EMR and ensure that the access can only be given to the legitimate owner fit as well as other legitimated actors such as the related doctors and the EMR officials. Based on the arisen problem, the contribution of this research is to make the implementation of encryption algorithms that will be used on Secure Electronic Medical Record (SEMR) systems using secure and fast encryption techniques by using Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) on the information system of a health service place.

Radiological examination has an important role in determining the diagnosis of dental problems and making decisions about the right type of treatment according to the case indications. Dental x-ray is a medical procedure for taking pictures of the inside of the mouth using radiation fluid, where the results are used diagnostically to help the dentist see the entire structure of the jaw bone and teeth, and dental problems that cannot be seen directly. Dental radiographic interpretation, which is generally performed by dentists, is a time-consuming and error-prone process due to high variations in tooth structure, low experience levels, and fatigue factors experienced by dentists. The workload of a dentist and the occurrence of misdiagnosis can be reduced by the existence of a system that can automatically interpret the x-ray results. To overcome these problems, a model will be developed to be able to detect objects in the dental panoramic x-ray images using Mask R-CNN, one of the methods in Deep Learning. Deep Learning is an artificial intelligence function that modelled the workings of human brain in processing data and creating patterns for use in decision making. With the detection of objects in panoramic x-ray image automatically, it is expected to save time, improve the quality of dental care, and also the quality of diagnosis made by dentists.

Public service provides services to the public carried out by the government whose services can be in the form of goods, services, or administration. The sub-district is a public service provider from the application stage to the publication phase of the document. Where people need not go to several agencies to take care of licensing documents, but enough to come to the district in their respective regions. Districts as the spearhead of government administrators must carry out their functions as the embodiment of excellent public service. However, in reality, public services at the sub-district level are of poor quality. Less responsive, less informative, and convoluted bureaucracy is often a major problem in service. Even though in the current technological era, the sub-districts should adopt technology for their activities. Innovation in using smart city concept technology in sub-districts is the key to solving existing problems because integrating entities in the smart city concept can facilitate the exchange of information, speed of data exchange, and rapid decision-making by service officers the public. So that the public services organized by the sub-district become more quality.

Currently, Android has been installed on more than 70 percent of the smartphone devices in the world, which has significantly increased the need for Android-based application engineers. Many IT departments in universities and professional schools have included the Android-based programming into the main subjects. To improve Android programming educations, we have developed Android Programming Learning Assistance System (APLAS), a platform to accommodate the students learning Android programming independently. APLAS adopts the test-driven development method to realize automatic validations of students' answers to the programming assignments. Previously, APLAS has been implemented as a desktop offline application. In this paper, we present a Web application implementation to manage the learning activities online. This implementation consists of three main parts, namely, Validator, Web Interface, and Database System. To evaluate the effectiveness, we offered three learning topics, Basic UI, Basic Activity, and Advanced Widgets, into this Web application, and asked 60 students in Indonesia to solve them. The results showed that the Web application has well been accessed and smoothly utilized by them. The reliability of the validator program was confirmed by handling more than 180 submissions.

The application of technology in the world of education can affect the quality of students in understanding learning material because technology is one of the important elements to assist in the teaching and learning process. One educational application that can be developed is Augmented Reality (AR) technology. AR is one of the learning media that can be used to combine virtual objects or objects into a real environment with the virtual world to be able to interact in realtime. English is a foreign language that must be mastered. In learning English, students need to be given adequate vocabulary learning that can be provided through reading or listening activities. The importance of adequate vocabulary in English to support the smoothness of oral communication, where there are 2 things that inhibit the ineffectiveness of oral communication namely students do not have adequate vocabulary mastery and do not know how to use vocabulary in their spoken language. Effective and interactive learning media will facilitate students in learning vocabulary. This research an instructional media based on augmented reality vocabulary cards will be made for learning English vocabulary. Learning English vocabulary developed is a basic vocabulary consisting of object recognition and greeting. The learning media will display real objects and sounds, so that the object looks real and the ease of pronunciation of English consonants correctly.

Natural disasters are unpredictable events in both the location and the time of occurrence. Natural disasters can cause property loss and can even be claimed by life. To reduce the amount of losses, the handling of rapid evacuation should be conducted by the SAR team to help victims of natural disasters. But in fact, there are a lot of obstacles in the evacuation process. Starting from the difficulty of searching the victim's body, the difficulty of the terrain reached until limited equipment needed. In this study designed the body detection system of natural disaster victims using image processing where the shooting of victims was carried out using drones aiming to help find victims in a difficult or prone location when reached directly by humans. Background of the problem, in this research proposed a development method for the detection of victims of natural disaster that aims to help the SAR team as well as natural disaster volunteers in the search for victims who are in a difficult to reach place. The method used by You Only Look Once (YOLO) uses the Python programming language associated with image processing. From the research has been obtained accuracy detection object disaster victims with good accuracy. Based on the experiments that have been done obtained a good accuracy value of 95.49% with epoch of 12000.

Research culture in Department of Information Technology Polinema is always developed continuously every time. In addition, many research titles that are critical of environmental problems are beginning to be seen. The Information Technology Department has an outstanding focus on issues, namely smart systems which include smart education, smart living, smart healthy, smart city and smart tourism. Research resources in the Information Technology Department Polinema are competing to realize that research focus. For this reason, efforts are needed to increase the availability of facilities that are not only material. The fast response can be solved by providing Real-Time Research Data Portal. The contribution of this paper is to design of middle ware on web portals that have high scalability capabilities for providing large data facilities and fast access. Real-time big data processing is the path that will be described in the architecture that will be created and adapted to the needs of the Department of Information Technology Polinema. The results of the latency evaluation test indicated that RabbitMQ allowed us to enforce concurrency, thereby reducing overall RTC by up to 50% compared to traditional HTTP.

Learning mathematics in Indonesia today has not given the expected results, it is not better when compared to other countries. If a student is active and able to count quickly and carefully in mathematics, then the student will indirectly be easier to solve problems either in mathematics itself or applied in everyday life. The average educator has not used interesting media to improve children's numeracy skills, there are often difficulties in students' mathematics learning. Many research contributions are directed at taking advantage of the success of video games and using them to benefit from the education domain. The concept of learning in this research is carried out by utilizing the development of information and communication technology through interesting mathematical game applications through web-based learning. The game is developed using scratch by MIT so that the development process is less time consuming and easier. The game is in form of the quiz that makes students utilize their mathematical skills to get rewards. In that way, the competitiveness of the students also increases at the same time with their numeric ability. This learning has an appropriate value to be a breakthrough to balance current technological developments and improve students' numerical ability. Because of the mathematics games has a rewards system, it is interesting for students to learn math.

Distance learning in the pandemic era of COVID 19 must meet the needs of the system. E-Learning Madrasah is an application program developed from the Ministry of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. The learning that can be done in the pandemic era of COVID 19 corresponds to government directives. E-Learning Madrasah has an essential role in distance learning at the basic education level up to secondary education. To improve the software functionality required testing system. The following research uses the Blackbox Testing approach to e-learning Madrasah software testing. The testing scenario includes several scenarios, including login form testing, class setting testing, computer-based test testing, student learning evaluation testing. The scenario can be used to test functionality so that the recommendation results can be used to develop e-learning madrasah in the future. The resulting results showed e-learning Madrasah using the BlackBox testing approach to testing software functionality levels with the need to reach 90%. These results show from the experiment of some of the scenarios.

The development of the Information and Computer Technology (ICT) sector, three-dimensional (3D) technology is also growing rapidly. Currently, the need to visualize 3D objects is widely used in animation and graphic applications, architecture, education, cultural recognition and Virtual Reality. 3D modeling of historic buildings has become a concern in recent years. 3D reconstruction is an attempt to document reconstruction or restoration if the building is destroyed. By using the 3D model reconstruction using Structure from Motion (SFM) and Multi View Stereo (MVS) algorithm based on Computer Vision, it is hoped that the results of this 3D modeling can be utilized as an effort to preserve 3D objects in the Penataran Temple cultural heritage area. This research was conducted by taking as many as 61 images of objects in the Blitar Penataran Temple area. The photos obtained were reconstructed into a 3D model using the Structure From Motion algorithm in the meshroom. This research a trial of the original image with a compressed image for reconstruction is used to compare the 3D reconstruction process from the two input data. From 61 images processed using the Structure Form Motion algorithm, 33 poses of camera pose and 3D points were improved, both original and compressed images. The number of iterations compresses 1.4% less than the original image and takes 43.53% faster than the original image.

Human activities in a building are closely related to the use of clean water. At this time, the concept of a water installation is demanded to be as effective as possible by minimizing the possibility of water waste caused by leakage problems, broken pipes, blocked pipes, and others. However, some concepts still use traditional techniques by depicting 2D models and manual calculations. The method used is a hydraulic analysis with SNI 03-7065-2005 as standard and using Autodesk Revit MEP as modeling and calculating tools. Necessary data are technical specifications, design drawings, and designed plumbing facilities. The system comprises of Domestic Cold Water, Sanitary Grey Water, Sanitary Black Water, and Vent. Building Information Modelling (BIM) is applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing design and design its modification as well as to provide the working drawing. The analysis includes analysis of piping system completeness, system crash, flow, velocity, pressure loss. Based on the report, it can be concluded the flow velocity of Domestic Cold Water is 0.7-6.4 m/s which is out the range of standard value. For the pressure, a manual calculation is performed to validate the report results using the Darcy Weisbach equation that has the same value as the report by Building Information Modeling. The cost of the design conditions has a difference of Rp 8.363.608 or eight million three hundred sixty-three thousand rupiah or 0.4% more efficient.

Educational media of private body parts for Down syndrome children is an educational media in the form of audio-video animation containing information about private body parts. This application developed as part of the supportive learning for Down syndrome children who have entered puberty so that they can avoid sexual abuse. An evaluation is carried out to determine whether the educational media created are according to the needs. The evaluation process is done by interviewing the respondent after conducting a trial on the educational media. The selected respondents were teachers, parents and students. Testing is held at SLB Tk. National Bagian C Malang. The interview questions based on several criteria for assessing multimedia applications, including 1) Ease of use of navigation, 2) Cognition content, 3) Presentation of information, 4) Media integration, 5) Artistic and aesthetics, 6) Learning function. The results of evaluations show that the educational media developed have met the criteria of multimedia assessment. Application of private body parts can provide understanding to Down syndrome children about personal body changes and social contact.

Micro-expressions are emotional representations that occur spontaneously and cannot be controlled by humans. The micro-expression movements are temporary with fast duration and have subtle movements with little intensity. This is difficult to detect with the human eye. Previous studies have shown that micro-expression movements occur in several areas of the face. This study aims to determine the subtle movements in several areas of the face using the motion detection method. We compared the performance of two motion detection methods: the optical flow method and the Block Matching Algorithm (BMA) method. The optical flow method uses the Kanade-Lucas Tomasi (KLT) method and the BMA method uses the Phase Only Correlation (POC) algorithm. Observations were carried out based on region, where the face area was divided into several observation areas: eyebrows, eyes and mouth. Both methods perform motion detection between frames. The KLT method tracks the movement of the observation points on the frame movement. Meanwhile, the POC method matches the blocks between frames. If the two blocks are the same, no motion vector is generated. However, if the two blocks are different, it is assumed that there is a translational motion and a motion vector is generated. Experiments were conducted using a dataset from CASME II with emotional classes of disgust, happiness, surprise, and sadness. The classification accuracy of the POC method is 94% higher than the KLT method of 84.8% which uses the SVM classification.

Diabetes is an alarming threat to people around the world because the number of diabetics is increasing every year. Diabetics with other complications have a very high risk of death. Therefore, the use of technology to predict the risk of early diabetes is needed. Neural Network as one part of artificial intelligence plays a role in solving prediction problems with satisfying results. In this study, a multi-layer perceptron neural network is used to predict the risk of early stage diabetes with optimal parameters from the optimization results using Improved Crow Search Algorithm. The test results prove that the multi-layer perceptron with optimal parameters is able to provide better accuracy compared to other algorithms such as J48, PART, Decision Table, Naïve Bayes, AIRS1, AIRS2, and Single Layer Perceptron with the highest accuracy values of 97.69% and 96.92% for one and two hidden layers, respectively. This proves that the proposed solution can be used to predict the early stage diabetes risk.

Object recognition has been a challenge for an intelligent system. There have been various approaches to develop such a system by utilizing machine learning especially which are based on neuron that is, neural network and deep learning. Common problems when using those approaches are the first one is dataset availability and the second one is the number of data. Lack of data causes neural-based approaches cannot be well operated, while a small number of data causes low accuracy results on the system. From another point of view, a considered-new technology from Cognitive Artificial Intelligence (CAI) perspective called as Knowledge Growing System (KGS) which may cope with such problems. With the capability to build its own knowledge from nothing, KGS is able to carry out recognition while developing its knowledge regarding the phenomenon it is trying to recognize. In this research, we showed KGS capability to perform object recognition as it is developing knowledge when interacting with such object directly. We did a benchmark on face recognition use-case with some common machine learning methods to show their performance on a small number of data, and KGS showed good results. With 100 feature-set from 5 persons' face images, KGS achieves Degree of Certainty (DoC) as much as 80% which is the system's prediction accuracy that enables it recognizing the person based on that-moment data. Even though it is still lower compared to machine learning methods, but KGS shows advantages that it does not require high computational cost because it requires no training and no model development. In this research, we also showed that KGS enables the fast-deployment light-operated object recognition system.

The most widely used universal Cartesian 3-Dimensional (3D) Printing today is not fast enough. However, by applying double nozzles, the process for making symmetric bilateral product can be done in half of the time. A symmetric bilateral product is an object that has the same size on the right and left sides. So, the method can be implemented by having double actuators that are mounted by a nozzle on each side. Both nozzles, called as Y and -Y nozzle, move on the same time and distance but in different direction. Besides that, an appropriate mechanical support is needed to be prepared, so that the motors can move in different direction at the same time. Therefore, a design simulation for two Y actuators was carried out. The simulation and the data taking were using actuator simulation software. The simulation results shows that the G-code can control two Y actuators with 99.64% accuracy with average error of 0.216% for revolution speed, and 100% accuracy with average error 0% for distance. The motor can move in different directions with the same type of screw.

3-Dimensional (3D) Printing Technology (3D printer) has become a Standard Acceleration Tool for Industry 4.0. Until now, 3D Printing system material melting technology has been using Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) method. FDM is the melting of plastic materials through melting temperature and the formation of 3D objects in layer by layer manner. Meanwhile, the feeding for melting material is in the form of rolling filament. Currently, in this research FDM uses plastic pellete feeding method. Its exstrusion is called extruder, that is, plastic pellet processed through heater zone and pushed out by screw to the nozzle where the nozzle is a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) drives 3-Degree-of-Freedom (3DOF) applying cartesian axes. In this research, the printing uses high density polyethylene plastic pellete (HDPE). Temperature control in melting heater using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) method is controlled by microntroller and programmed through marlin firmware. The design and implementation result showed that the extruder system is capable to melt HDPE pellet at 200°C with heater power 300Watt and the screw can rotate to push out melted plastic at 2mm of nozzle.

Darrieus is classified as a vertical axis wind turbine that has a simple construction. It is widely used for small-scale domestic needs in rural or aquaculture areas. As with other types of vertical axis wind turbines, Darrieus have low efficiency. There is resistance on one side of the blade which aggravates the shaft rotation. Another problem is the low ability to self-starting. Some even need help from an external source to start. This is certainly detrimental in terms of energy conversion. The purpose of this study is to obtain information on the wind speed needed for a Darrieus to self-starting on variations in the number of blades and pitch angles. The blade profile used is NACA 6412. Variations in the number of blades are 2,3,4 and 5 and pitch angles of -10°, -5°, 0°, 5°, and 10°. Data retrieval was carried out experimentally using the wind tunnel. It is shown that the self-start wind speed was strongly influenced by the number of turbine blades. The number of blades 5 requires the lowest average self-start wind speed. The pitch angle has a different effect on the wind self-starting speed depending on the number of blades.

The problem lies in the colour resistance of the black chromium electroplating results that are not yet known for its effective test methods. The purpose of this research is to find an effective method for testing colour resistance. The methods used include preparing the specimen from motorcycle rim, black chromium electroplating, heating the specimens in Muffle furnace for different temperatures, cooling the specimen to room temperature, measure and calculate the colour state in order to decide the fading level, corroding the specimen in several acidity solutions from chloric acid, calculate the corrosion rate and analysis of the results. The results of the study in the form of (1) measurements with Colourflex showed that heating the low carbon steel rim for 2 hours at 200°C the colour remained dark black, at 250, 300, 350, and 400°C the colours faded 20, 40, 45, and 60% respectively. (2) corrosion test shows that at pH 3, 4, 5, and 6 the corrosion rate is 0.166, 0.136, 0.122 and 0.107 mm/year which the colour begins to fade at pH 4 and increase for more acid.

The research aims to control product quality off-line (quality by design) in producing lightweight plastic products for food packaging. The lightweight product is very profitable for the producers due to the efficient production costs. Quality by design was done by designing controlled parameters in the plastic molding process which includes clamping force, holding time, injection pressure, injection speed and injection temperature and their interactions. The plastic material that is made observable is Polypropylene (PP). The response parameter in this study is the weight of the product. The parameter design method used was Factorial Experiment Design with 5 independent variables with different levels of variation. The results showed that the combination of injection temperature and holding time had a significant effect on product weight. To produce heavier products that are in the area above the holding time of 0.4 seconds at any injection temperature. Meanwhile, to produce a lightweight product (under 43 grams) is at a combination of injection temperature below 263 C and holding time of about 0.3 seconds. The standard weight of the product on the plain bucket food packaging for this yogurt container is 42.5 gram.

Efforts to increase coefficient of performance (COP) of Mobile Air Conditioners (MAC) still continue to be done, including by increasing the extra fan condenser speed. The problem is whether it can improve the COP, it needs to be tested further. This study focuses to examine the effect of extra fan condenser and engine speed variations to COP. This study was conducted on a MAC engine stand which able to measure the pressure and temperature of MAC system. The data measured at inlet compressor (P1, T1), outlet compressor (P2, T2), outlet condenser (P3, T3), and outlet expansion valve (P4, T4), at engine speed of 1.000, 1.500, 2.000, 2.500 and 3.000 rotation per minute (RPM), respectively with variations extra fan condenser speed of 0.15, 1.74, and 2.22 m/sec. The data was plotted on p-h diagram to obtain enthalpy value, so that obtained COP value by calculation. The major result obtained are the variations of extra fan condenser and engine speed had an effect on the COP. The highest COP (4.48) was achieved at an engine speed of 2,000 RPM with extra fan condenser speed 2.22 m/sec. Increasing extra fan condenser speed causes better cooling at condenser and cooling effect on the evaporator.

To cope with wind changes when the speed is excessive, the turbine needs to be equipped with a speed regulator. To control the turbine rotational speed can be done by changing the variable angle or blade cross-sectional area. Changes in blade angle are automatically followed by changes in blade cross-sectional area. To get a more stable rotational speed, the cross-sectional area of the blades is changed inversely with the wind speed. Experiments were carried out to obtain an effective blade cross-sectional area, in order to obtain a characteristic curve of the change in angle or the effective cross-sectional area of the blade when wind speed changes. Based on the results of this test, a wind turbine prototype has been designed using 3 blades with a maximum area of 0.22 m2 each. The change in angle is automatically carried out by adding a centrifugal pendulum at a position half the radius of the blade length. Control of rotational speed using a centrifugal pendulum is quite effective as a control for wind turbine rotational speed. Although the rotating speed is not very constant, it shows better stability.

Hole-flanging is the process of forming a plate to produce a collar around the hole. This formed collar has several important functions to increase the bonding surface area, as a supporting medium for other components, as a guide, increase construction rigidity, etc. This collar is generally formed through conventional hole flanging which involves making the initial hole in the plate, then punch with a certain profile and a larger diameter pressing the plate in one step of the forming process. This forming process will cause the deformation of the plate so that a collar is formed around the hole. In recent studies, it can be found that the collar can be formed not only with one stage of the conventional hole flanging process, but can also be achieved by a multi-stage incremental hole flanging process using a punch with a multi-purpose general profile. In this research, an experimental study was carried out on the effect of 'strain hardening' on the limit forming ratio (LFR) in the single-step incremental hole flanging process on aluminium plates using conical punch. The research hypothesis shows the influence of 'strain hardening' on the limit forming ratio (LFR) in the single-step incremental hole flanging process.

The efficiency limitations of wind turbines provided by Betz's Theorem prompted researchers to develop new geometric shapes of wind turbines propeller that split pipe spiral slice by placing the web between turbine blades. The idea of developing the shape of the turbine was inspired by the shape of a duck's or swan's leg which has a web between its fingers that functions to obtain the thrust when swimming in water. The purpose of this study is to obtain the strength of material with optimal geometry and aerodynamic parameters in producing wind turbine efficiency. The method of obtaining research data is using solid work software for design, Ansys software for CFD simulations and Wind Tunnel laboratory equipment for experiments and also using Minitab 19 software for data processing. The results of the CFD simulation and experiment based research show that the turbine propeller turbine with using the web has higher efficiency than without the web.

Gasoline engines fuel cannot be directly replaced with pure ethanol, moreover ethanol contains a lot of water. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of fuel pump pressure on performance of 4-stroke engine motor cycle by ethanol fuel. The independent variable is pressure of the fuel and the engine speed. The dependent variable is the engine power, torque, and specific fuel consumption. The power and torque test use inertia dynamometer. The results showed the addition of fuel pump pressure, at 3.5 bar pressure can produce higher power at each engine speed with a maximum power of 6 HP at 8000 rpm. As for the best results torque obtained at a pressure of 3.5 bar which is 5,5 Nm at 7500 rpm, besides that the lowest specific fuel consumption SFC at a pressure of 3,5 bar is 0.409 kg/HPh. The results of this study can be concluded that gasoline vehicles can use ethanol fuel by increasing the fuel pressure up to 3.5 bar.