Table of contents

Prof. Dr Eng Kareem Hasan Alwan¹, Dr.amer shakir alkinani1, Ahmed J. Obaid²

¹Center of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Baghdad, Iraq.

²Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq.

E-Mails: ¹kareem.h@iurp.uobaghdad.edu.iq ,dr.amerkinani@iurp.uobaghdad.edu.iq , ²ahmedj.aljanaby@uokufa.edu.iq

SPSC Conference Proceeding volume Involved Our Peer Reviewed Papers that are reviewed and presented through the Prospects of Sustainability and Planning of Cities Conference (SPSC-2020), Which held in Center of Urban and Regional Planning, University of Baghdad, Iraq, 16-17 Dec.2020. SPSC aims to gather all the new trends, projects, technologies, and recent research works in many fields in sustainability and planning studies. All Submitted Papers will be based on double-blind reviews, where only Accepted papers and based on reviewers' comments and editorial board decisions will be considered for possible publication in our Conference Proceeding with IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES).

SPSC Conference got very significant interesting from authors comes from several countries like: Spain, India, Algeria, Surya, Indonesia, and Many other Countries where the authors are successfully presented their works and attend our conference sessions who managed by our scientific and organizing committee Members, and answered all the questions that directed to them by session chairs and attendances. We successfully held this conference within 2-Days (16 and 17 December 2020), where on the first day we successfully listened to the keynote speakers' presentations then the session started from 12:30 PM in Iraq Standard Time till 02:30 PM. We would like to express our thanks and appreciation to all our session chairs for their hard work and attend our (6) sessions through two days and more than 8 hours per day to deliver the presented works in a successful manner.

List of Venue of the Conference, The Reason(s) why SPSC Conference Held Virtually, Technology, Technical Difficulties and Drawbacks of Conference Virtually, The Main Technical Difficulties of Virtual Meetings can be summarizing as follow, Conference Chairs, Organizing Committee, Scientific Committee, International Committee, International Committee, Invited Speakers, Organizing Institutions, Conference Partners and confrence photographs are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Triple-blind

• Conference submission management system: CMT Site Submission System

• Number of submissions received: 92

• Number of submissions sent for review: 53

• Number of submissions accepted: 34

Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):36.9%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3

• Total number of reviewers involved: 73

• Any additional info on review process: there are 26 papers were received for publishing in the Journal of the Urban and Regional Planning Center, and 92 papers for publishing in the IOP, so the total paper submitted in the conference are 118 papers.

Contact person for queries:

Name :Dr.amer shakir alkinani

Affiliation: center of urban and regional planning

Email :dr.amerkinani@iurp.uobaghdad.edu.iq

Reconstruction represents an opportunity to achieve sustainable development for each cities and buildings destroyed by wars and disasters. Many previous studies highlighted reconstruction although their presentation in most cases was general and selective in adopting some aspects but not others. The research problem was determined by the lack clear vision to the possibility for adopting sustainable development, with its multiple dimensions, is in reconstruction of both cities and buildings, so that the Objective of the Research is to present the most organized and clear knowledge in a way that serves the reality of the local situation by adopting a descriptive-analytical approach for several studies and applied experiences. The research has realized distinction for the importance of each of the organizational, institutional and Cultural dimensions in reconstruction along with all the economic, social and environmental dimensions in a way that achieves sustainable development based on multiple Basis, principles, and techniques that contribute in their entirety to the advancement of the reality of cities and buildings after wars and disasters, which therefore requires the necessity of taking them into account in the local experience of reconstruction.

Sustainable housing is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life. This research focuses on (internal indicators), including (affordable housing, and the conditions of the dwelling unit to live, and (external indicators) including the social services, infrastructure, transport, identity, safety and security, and environmental pollution. This was done by studying two residential areas in the city of Baghdad, which differed in the social, economic, environmental, and urban aspects, which are (Al-Sadr neighborhood and Al-Muthanna neighborhood). The research has adopted the descriptive method, and comparative quantitative analysis, to indicate the degree of satisfaction of the residents by relying on the five-step Likert scale (strongly disagree-strongly agree). The Contingency Coefficient test was used to evaluating the levels of the responses of the observed frequencies of sustainable housing and the quality of urban life. The results of the research showed that most of the sub-indicators have made a significant difference for Al-Muthanna neighborhood. While the other indicators: commercial services, public transport services, safety and social security have made a significant difference for Al-Sadr neighborhood. The research reached to develop proposals towards improving and developing indicators that to achieve balance and justice in achieving sustainable housing and good quality of urban life.

The Tigris River has recently suffered from a significant decrease in water levels, in addition to the scarcity of drainage and the velocity of water entering the river from Syria, Turkey and Iran. These decreases in the levels leads gradually to drying of some parts of the banks, raising the level of the riverbed, and the appearance of dry areas in the middle of the river. This led to a decrease in the width of the river and hindering the movement of river navigation. Also, the decrease in water levels leads to an impact on the water levels needed by the liquefaction plants to secure the drinking water needed by the city of Baghdad. So, it is necessary to find a technique in which the flow characteristics of the Tigris River are revealed in periods of scarcity, in order to create planning solutions that increase the water height to levels that ensure uninterrupted water supply in the liquefaction plants all over the river. Therefore, this research aims to simulate the movement of water in the Tigris River to detect flow characteristics in times of scarcity by building a one-dimensional hydraulic model (for steady flow) using the HEC-RAS program. Where the simulation will be done based on the geometric data for the shape of the river, as well as the initial and boundary conditions that represent the levels and drainages of water for the river at periods of scarcity, in addition to identifying the values of the Manning coefficient. The model will produce results that are longitudinal and cross sections, flow charts, tables and values, on the basis of which planning solutions are proposed to raise the water level to the required level, restore the natural properties of flow, and examine the compatibility of the proposed solution with the reality of the situation. It was concluded that raising the water level would be by proposing an (Ungated Inline wirs) dam. The proposed dam was tested at a minimum level in times of scarcity, ensuring its ability to raise water levels to the height required for all liquefaction plants installed along the river that required a minimum level of 28.5 m.

The location of water compact unites in Al-Khairat city within Karbala government were studied regarding to quality and quantity of water, through a large amount of geo-spatial information such as an electronic field survey, intelligent survey methods, get off the location survey modeling by simulation scenario analysis. It was sent to be educated people to obtain correct and realistic result. The geographic information system (GIS) program is used to be creating a database for the region in the program. Then, the establishment of the water compacts unites added to the GIS program to obtain new sites to resettlement for the construction of new water compacts unites to fill the shortfall in the city. The analysis is done by GIS with eight new locations were obtained and results were matched with reality. It was concluded that there are two out of eight sites that are not suitable for construction a water compact. The lack of location survey model for water compact in Iraq as general and for study area to meet the needs for water which are complex problem related with population health. This study aims to survey the quantity and quality of water for the Al-Khairat city and fill the gap if it exists with the proposal of new sites for new water compacts to get the location survey modeling system to reduce the impact of negative locations.

The research problem: The lack of location survey method model for water compact unites to meet the requirements for water which are complex and spatial problem.

The objective of research: Proposal for predicated resettlement locations for water compact units to get highly efficient performance.

The absence of ecological perception in the local urbanization resulted in the lack of a clear conception of achieving sustainability in its simplest form in the urban reality and in the city of Baghdad in particular. The research assumes the possibility of achieving urban sustainability in Iraqi cities by applying the cities for the most effective methods to implemented ecological solutions and introducing appropriate urban planning tools and improve the living environment. The research focuses on the ability to define some aspects to achieve a sustainable local urban identity from global experiences. This was performed by proposing a scheduled theoretical framework, through which the features of sustainability can be extrapolated from the experiences of countries like the UK, China, Spain, Finland, Germany, and the US, which are considered leaders in the field of environmental conservation. The goal is to reach healthy urbanism preserved from emissions, with developed systems, take into account the environment and social life to establish ecological cities as part of its contributions to low carbon development with the aim of mitigating climate changes and contributing to the promotion of the sustainable identity of the city.

In a world where tourism has become the leading industry on the market, sustainable tourism has found its place and is becoming a major player in the network of traveling Internet users. Hospitality, solidarity and conviviality are essential are giving meaning to sharing. This "extra soul" has the capacity to enrich moments, places, attractions and heritage. Archaeological heritage sites constitute an important factor for the economic and social life of a large number of countries, the development policy came to emphasize the safeguard and the preservation of landscapes and natural or man-made sites, against the attacks which have impoverished the cultural heritage, this heritage which represents a historic imprint for future generations. Archaeological sites exert major tourist attractions. Successfully managed cultural tourism can capture the appeal of archaeological heritage and generate significant funds which will then be used to finance studies, conservation, maintenance and the presentation of this heritage to the public. This is how tourism has become, according to the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the world's leading industry. Algeria contains archaeological sites which are classified as world cultural heritage by UNESCO. Unfortunately, reality shows that most of these sites are left to deteriorate without any real intervention. It is important to point out the importance of putting in place a work plan aimed at developing tourism that preserves archaeological sites considering social, environmental, cultural dimensions, etc. We will conduct this analysis based on a problem built around this main question: How to preserve our cultural heritage to achieve sustainable tourism? Through this research work, it is a question of examining the problem of integrating the conservation and enhancement of archaeological sites in the context of producing sustainable tourism for the city of Annaba and for Algeria. a global way.

The need for urban simulation is to improve understanding of urban development and to predict urban changes. The dynamics of urban systems seek to represent the evolutionary patterns of a city over time and space, and it is possible to reduce uncertainty and increase understanding of the urban system as it is a very complex system. An integrated and proactive approach has been developed to plan for growth and transportation for the city of Al-Diwaniyah. Which is based on the CA (Cellular Automata) and shows that the pathway of simulation results reveals the difference in the expansion of urban areas in all directions of the city. This study extended to future stages to (2049) through a dynamic model. It is complicated by using the certification authority (CA cell model) and the results show that the complex interaction between growth and transmission has been well handled by the model. The model has shown during the simulation period of reality and the future (2019-2049) with cellular modelling CA and the future scenario for prediction indicates that commercial and entertainment in Al-Diwaniyah city increased in (2049) and therefore cellular modelling was found to be the most suitable for use in simulating urban growth in areas with evidence of simulation of reality and its comparison with the averages of uses in the city's basic plan, which determined a percentage of 2035 that was exceeded by reality in 2029. The simulation results show that Al-Diwaniyah will face enormous challenges in the field of transport and urban development in (2049) within the framework of the current trends scenario. The accelerated growth of the population that excelled the estimates of the basic plan by a large percentage, especially among the model, reached 2034 with a city area of 10805 hectares. While in the basic plan it was explained by 2035 the city reaches 10643 hectares, and from the observation of the stages of changing uses according to the basic plan for the city of Al-Diwaniyah. In fact, the reality excelled the proportions from 2009 until Now 2019, especially the city of Al-Diwaniyah, which is directed towards commercial activity and religious and recreational tourism investments. The study ended with the most important recommendations and proposals to improve the city's reality and drew the researchers' attention to the importance of the subject of the study.

The idea of the research came from the control of real estate developers and investors in the private sector on changing the activities of land uses, contrary to the basic design of cities. This change will be in two types, but the activity will be changed completely, such as converting green areas and orchards into commercial areas such as restaurants and markets, or by increasing the intensity of the activity itself within the same use as splitting the residential areas into small or multi-story housing units. The aim of the research is to quantify this situation in the Karrada district of Baghdad, and trying to find a vision to solve this problem by assuming that this change can be directed positively forward by changing the city's structure functionally, as one of the biggest problems is leaving the issue without question. On the other hand, the weak implementation of the law in general, and therefore the difficulty of controlling the profitability of the investment movement in changing the city's activities. Since this phenomenon appeared clearly after the structural change of the economy and society in Iraq after 2003, the time period for the study was chosen from 2007 to 2019. Where the year 2007 was considered the beginning of assimilation of changes after 2003 and their urban appearance with their socio-economic impacts, and 2019 is the current time when this change reaches its peak.

Green areas are an essential component of city planning, as they serve as an outlet for them to spend their free time, in addition to the environmental role that these green areas play in improving the city's climate by purifying the air and beautifying the city. The study's problem is summarized in identifying the appropriateness of the current spatial distribution of green areas in the city of Najaf with the current population densities and the pattern in which green areas are distributed using GIS and knowing the per capita share of those green areas in the city, the research assumes that the inconsistency of spaces between regions Green and residential neighbourhoods need to conform to the standards for the individual share. The research also aims to know the reality of the green areas in the holy city of Najaf using GIS to take advantage of the capabilities provided by the program in the field of entering and analysing information related to its spatial distribution, as well as identifying the pattern in which the green areas are distributed in the city of Najaf, and come up with recommendations and proposals to address the existing imbalance. The research found that more than half of the neighbourhoods in the region do not conform to the standard followed in assessing the individual's share, where the individual's share ranged between (0.4-3.9) square meters, and there are neighbourhoods completely devoid of green areas, and this is due to poor planning in those areas. On the neighbourhood link index, the pattern of distribution of these green areas was aggregated to random. As for the Moran coefficient, its value departed from one frequently, indicating a weak spatial and random correlation of green areas, The area reached by the impact area of the green areas reached (5512) hectares, which is equivalent to (83.32%) of the total area of the Holy City of Najaf, and the neighbourhoods near the middle centre and surrounding it are the most intersecting neighbourhoods in the impact area.

Sports infrastructure is considered to be the fundamental, physical, and design unit required to facilitate performing sport activities, and had become one of the important requirements in residential neighbourhoods' centres and a complementary part of infrastructure that aims to serve all community groups. It's also an important complementary part for residential neighbourhoods' centres as it creates areas for the different activities, in addition to its great social and economic impact in the contemporary community. It's also linked to the provision and type of sport institutes of a community (for example: gardens and recreation centres being utilized for sport uses). That's why it's important to search in the concepts that determine this structure in residential neighbourhoods' centres, which represent the issue of this research that states: there is no clear perception about the importance of the sports infrastructure in the integration of residential neighbourhood centres, which make them suffer from shortage or neglect. This research aims to build a comprehensive theoretical framework that includes presenting the theoretical concepts and influencing variables of the sports infrastructure and its possible values and clarifying its role in the integration of residential neighbourhood centres. In addition to the sustainable vision for these centres where the research assumes that sports infrastructure is part of the integration of the growing residential neighbourhoods' integrated centres.

Community services are considering as the basic services for society, that the population increasing generates great pressure on those services. So, the research problem was represented, by increasing the population, the accompanying changes in land use, and physical expansion, which lead to an increase in the demand for community services. The research aims to study the reality of the community services and extent of their compliance with physical expansion and their conformity for planning criteria. The theoretical side deals with a number of concepts, including and physical expansion in the city, as well as the concept of community services and their types and planning criteria. While the practical side included presented the reality of the community services in the study area (Al-Shuala city), and measuring and analyzing the impact of physical expansion on those services. Finally, the research is reached to a number of conclusions, the most important one, which is study area, is satisfied clear deficit, and the actual need for community services. The research recommended, need to adopt approaches to sustainable urban planning, changing some land uses, and moving them in and outside the city.

Iraq suffers From the problem of structural imbalances of the components of the economic spatial structure, and led to obstacles to the spatial development programs and their financial allocation spatially and sectorally. Therefore, the research problem (structural imbalances between resources and uses without building a multi-resource system despite the economic possibilities and opportunities available in the spatial dimension). The research aims to study and analyze structural imbalances and their indicators in the spatial structure in Iraq, and its impact on the sustainability of development spatially and sectorally and access to development paths to ensure the achievement of Spatial development goals. The research hypothesis (there is a relationship between the direction of the development path spatially and sectorally and the treatment of structural imbalances of spatial dimension leading to the sustainability of spatial development programs). The research includes study the concept of structural imbalances and spatial development, and the study of the indicators of spatial and sectoral imbalance in Iraq The magnitude of this imbalance is measured by a mathematical equation and at two level) sectoral level and spatial level). while included the last part proposing a development path to address these structural imbalances, which can lead to a kind of balancing resources and uses to achieve The goal of sustaining spatial development programs spatially and sectorally. The research important conclusions that there large complex imbalances that are far from rate normal, the important recommendations are to follow inclusive development approach.

Transportation is one of the aspects that enable us to achieve sustainability on a university campus, by taking environmental, social, and economic requirements. Walking is a green mode that can be essential to promoting sustainable transport. This study aims to evaluate the ability of campus physical development planning at Diyala University in creating sustainable transport on campus by determining the problems that exist. The research problem was identified in the absence of a comprehensive view of the importance of greenway network connectivity in the sustainability of the campus and the most important barriers that prevent it from being achieved and the incentives to be activated. The methodology used in this study was the quantitative and qualitative approach, by observing the movement problems on campus and imaging as well as defining thermal hotspots using the GIS program, to active modes of transportation through various strategies. Findings revealed several issues on design solutions that related to three levels for campus's greenways, the relationship of (paths-paths) and (paths-buildings) and (paths-landscape) and the identification of vital foci represented by the areas of intersection, movement, and stopping. Consequently, the framework for a guideline to develop this campus and any campus of similar characteristics. Finally, sustainable design for the University of Diyala has been developed.

The research deals with the concept of the Informal settlements, as they are unauthorized subdivisions of lands in the urban environment that start with a sudden invasion on the lands of others without legal capacity, for a specific group of individuals, where they reside their houses, without official permission from the owner They are located in city centers or urban vacancies. So the paper aims to build a comprehensive theoretical framework for solving and addressing the problem of Informal settlements through the Programs and strategies of the urban land management system. The problems of the Informal settlements (security of tenure, ownership issues, increased demand for shelter, violation of the scheme of land use, basic services) are the main issues and tasks of urban land management. The research defines urban land management as the responsible authority in the urban sector that has the responsibility to solve and address obstacles that prevent achieving urban development aims, including these obstacles (informal settlements, housing, and infrastructure services). The research problem was represented by The lack of a clear perception of the role of urban land management programs and strategies in solving and addressing the problem of the Informal Settlements, while the research hypothesis was that Solving and addressing the problem of Informal Settlements is through the programs and strategies of the urban land management system, which is represented by the formal urban land management programs for informal settlements, a sustainable urban land management system and urban land management development in varying proportions. The paper built a theoretical framework for solving and addressing the problem of Informal settlements through the Programs and strategies of the urban land management system. The research concluded that The importance of programs and strategies for each of (formal urban land management approach, sustainable urban land management system, decentralized urban land management system and urban land management development), including (securing tenure for informal settlement dwellers, developing informal settlement areas and converting them into formal areas, providing basic infrastructure services, developing Participatory approaches between the public and private sectors, community participation, recognition of the right to decent housing), in solving and addressing the problem of informal settlements, albeit partially, which contributes to reducing or limiting the resort to informal settlements and thus their gradual disappearance.

Well-consideration should be given to the change in land use since it has a significant impact on the hierarchy of roads in terms of traffic congestion, traffic accidents, and low efficiency of roads as they serve traffic volumes higher than what has been planned for the master plans of cities. Therefore, this research investigates the impact of change in land uses on the hierarchy of roads in Ramadi city by utilizing Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) in the Geographic Information System (GIS) to analyze the relationship between changes in land uses and road class according to the functional classification system of Ramadi city. The GWR analysis method was adopted because it provides an accurate description of the study area and takes into account the spatial dimension of the phenomenon. It was concluded that all classes of roads (major arterial, minor arterial, collector, and local roads) have a linear relationship with changes in land uses. Moreover, results show that the secondary arterial roads are the most affected by changes in land uses while the local roads are uselessly affected.

Babylon city (18-6 B.C.) located on Euphrates river which represents the First nucleus of the historic centers in the province of Babylon. The river coast has been an important part for thousands of years ago, as a socio-cultural activity. In (1101 A.C) historic downtown was found in AL-Hilla city south of Babylon city. The beach continued to be used for cultural and social activities similar to the past. Recently, these historic centers with their river coast are suffering from neglect, decay, and depreciation, as a result of, random urban planning.

This paper is an attempt to adopt an analytical descriptive curriculum to develop and revival the two historic centers, through employment beach sports, as well as depending on community participation in design decision, to harmonize sustainability thought and achieving human well-being in Babylon city. Its discussed the role of the beach sports to configuration river coast in the two historic centers and downtown, in another word, how can the establishment of beach sports play a basic role in Investigating the sustainability criteria in Al-Hillah city through community participation?.

The conclusions show that the establishment beach sport activates in the city today achieve (57.3%)of the overall sustainability criteria, and it contributed in development of two historic centers in another word, beach sports activities establishment will be supported the sustainable criteria, as well as, the reason of the low achievement of the current sustainable criteria is environmental degradation.

The hot, dry environmental conditions prevailing in Al-Najaf and Yazd cities - a modern old problem-must be studied with some detail to come up with new solutions to adapt to the current environmental conditions of the two cities. the research aims to compare the methods used by the residents of Al-Najaf and Yazd cities to handle the hard-environmental conditions in the past and the way to adapt to them. Eight criteria were compared and discussed to investigate the ways and methods to improve the environmental situation in the two cities. The research concluded that there is a great similarity in the environment of the two cities, as well as the environment responding to the treatments that human life adapts. This necessitates the need to preserve the environmental design vocabulary for these two cities (Yazd and Najaf) such as the central courtyard of the aligned residential units to soften the atmosphere within the one unit and increase the family bonding.in addition to preserving the side Shanasheel and local privacy. Yazd city overpass Al-Najaf city by maintaining climate treatments for the historical centre and developing them in line with the development of building methods and construction materials.

Countries are developing the spatial development of their societies through the projects that they undertake in various ways, and this development may be cause great impact on the environment, which also depend on the type of development, whether industrial, agricultural, or service and after the problems that occurred as a result of development on the environment, most of the countries currently did to legislating laws Environmental and some other procedures before granting environmental approvals for the purpose of establishing spatial development projects. One of the most important of these laws and regulations is Environmental impact assessment (EIA). The environmental impact assessment in Iraq consider is modern with a comparison with the legislation in the developed world countries. The research problem is the presence of gaps and weaknesses in the law of environmental impact assessment in comparison with regional or global environmental laws, the research hypothesis supposes that regional laws for instance Saudi Arabia are more sobriety and technical instructions than Iraqi regulations. After studying laws and regulations we found that the environmental impact assessment was initiated only as an item within the Law of Protection and Improvement of the Environment in Article Ten of the Law for the Protection and Improvement of the Environment No. 27 of 2009. It does not include the sustainability principles or their detailed methods or the steps of the environmental impact assessment used internationally. The research summarized the most important recommendations that the departments (decision-makers) should follow the procedures and steps for environmental impact assessment and follow a clear methodology, in addition to legislating a special law and special instructions attached to regulations and forms that are studied in detail and covering all environmental, economic and social aspects.

The marshes are possessing natural economic capabilities and environmental resources and unique biological diversity. It inhabited by thousands of citizens for thousands of years, as these residents relied heavily on the natural environmental and economic resources which they depend on them as a basis for their livelihood, and given the increasing continuous demand for these resources as well as the frequent government neglect for this environment, for these reasons the research problem resulted from the weak investment of natural and economic environmental resources and their excessive and unsustainable exploitation, which led to an imbalance in the environmental and economic balance of the region. The main goals of the research were to maintain the natural resources in sustainable and sustainable economic activities for the residents and to achieve the goals of sustainable development, and the research adopted the hypothesis that natural and economic resources can be sustained through sustainable spatial development by activating institutional aspects as well as environmental awareness, which will enhance their sustainability in the present and the future. To achieve this, a complete survey of villages and human settlements in the study area was conducted, as well as a determination of the proportions of the economic activities and their geographical distribution. The research concluded that there is unsustainable use and un-environmentally sound methods for some natural resources through some economic activities such as fishing for fish and birds, as well as a lack of interest and governmental neglect for some of the economic activities, such as buffalo breeding and milk production. The research reached the most important recommendations of the necessity of activating sustainable spatial development and the existence of great opportunities to invest better and sustainable natural and economic resources as well as developing the eco-tourism aspect, to achieve the well-being and prosperity of the inhabitants as well as to preserve the marshes, their integrity and their sobriety within the list of world heritage and their international environmental agreements.

Given the importance of ecology and its entry into various fields in general and the urban environment particularly; ecological cities take wide ranges of application at multiple regional and global levels. However, it repeatedly noted that there was a state of cognitive confusion and overlapping in the term ecology comes from the diversity of implementation within several disciplines. Architects, designers, and planners have instilled biological development directly into the formal principles as well as the social structures of the ecological cities. Therefore, the research presents a rapid review of the most relevant areas that dealt with the ecological cities by research and analysis at various levels, from the concept and definition of the term, architecture, direction, design, planning, and housing to know the most significant similarities and differences of ecological cities within the various urban specialties. The findings reveal the application of the term Eco-city is branched and fallen under several names within one main goal to preserve the ecosystems and the natural environment while developing an appropriate microclimatic zone and achieving sustainable and healthy comfort levels for their residents through different urban indicators and techniques.

The traffic accidents threats humans live and its increases during the time. For this reason, this paper tries to analysis the traffic accidents by assessment of accident situations. Also, study the effect of road design elements and regulations coincide with case study in two methods applied first the five parameters individually tested. Then effective parameters tested together, correlation between accidents and the parameter, the roads and streets must design carefully and according to specifications and criteria. In this paper trying to indicate the weak points of road network and fixing this points to avoid them in the future. The ring road have a negative aspect because it extends the path and collecting local roads more than the straight paths. Also, restriction of sight distance occurs, the topographic of Erbil city is helpful in avoiding vertical curves, but the horizontal curves presented with concentric ring roads.

In urban areas, there are many centres containing activities, events and residents. They may be main or secondary centres. However, there are centres related to urban transport. We also assume that there are urban centres called kinetic nodes that differ from each other along the transport line. In this paper, we aim to identify the causes of the discrepancy between these kinetic nodes. The problem is to find a solution to identify transmission stations that are more important than others along the al-Baya – Bab al-Moazam transport line.

This paper sheds light on the visual distortions that urban communities suffer due to neglect and weak law enforcement and their impact on the economic, environmental and social aspects. Architecture has a major role in addressing sagging and deformations that affect buildings, reviving them and making them more sustainable instead of consuming new lands, Contrary to the principles of sustainable and irreplaceable resources. The study relies on selecting four examples from 32 projects that deal with different issues related to the visual distortions that Lebanon's suburbs and rural areas suffer from, and to provide serious and affordable solutions in order to change the existing stereotype in the urban environment. This study focuses on the importance of the role of architecture, especially the involvement of architecture students in local universities in reformulating the scenery in the streets of the community to which they belong. This experience will have a positive impact on society and improving its livelihood and environment.

Streets are an important component of the urban form and the most popular urban space in the city. Therefore, our streets deserve to be more than just traffic lanes because the negative impact of car-centered lifestyles has led to the reduction of urban spaces and their inadequacy with human needs, as it creates a social burden. We are also increasingly aware of the devastating cost of car air pollution, to our health. Cities are starting to realize that by encouraging more people to walk by reducing the number of car trips, as in old cities. A healthier and equal society can be created, business and investment attracted, and streets become a vital space for pedestrians and need to be governed effectively and efficiently to promote a conducive, sustainable and friendly environment for all. The aim of this study is to find out the difference between a pedestrian street scene and a car based on the characteristics of a pedestrian-friendly environment. The study area that will be covered in the research in the practical side is the Al-Khoranq walkway in the old city of Najaf with an organic planning and Al-Rawan Street in the modern districts of Najaf with network planning. As for the practical side of the research, geographic information systems technology was used with field surveys and image capture of the study area. The study reached a conclusion that the planning of our city around cars left many streets unattractive places for walking or hiking due to the failure to achieve safety and comfort for pedestrians, unlike pedestrian streets that were planned for the person and achieve his well-being when using the street.

The hazards of floods in the world were and still vague matters to forecast because it is difficult to predict the type of flood that the city will be exposed to and the amount of damage it will cause if it happens to a city, However, it is very important to understand the level of risk for each case of expected floods (whether the flooding is pluvial flood or dam failure flood), That's make residents and decision-makers understand how to deal with obscure areas and how to choose land uses and locate them in the appropriate place away from risks and according to urban planning standards, The risk matrix is a new method for planning institutions to study and understand the lands and avoid locating land uses in dangerous lands because it is considered an important tactic in the strategic plans that must be carried out for the lands before embarking on the establishment of projects and urban infrastructure services, The risk matrix includes an inventory of the expected risks that these lands may pass through on the one hand and the type of uses on the other hand, to study the potential of exposure of these lands and uses to the expected risk, This paper discusses the impact of the hypothetical collapse of the Mosul Dam on some of the infrastructure urban services of the city of Baghdad, for example (main water plants, main power stations, sewage treatment plants, oil refinery, Baghdad International Airport) and in two cases (collapse in the case of the level of the lake of the dam 319 m and The collapse in the case of the level of the lake of the dam 335 m), The result is two risk matrices that show three risk levels for each service (low risk, medium risk, high risk) and for two cases of dam lake level.

The religious endowments (according to religious and legal contracts) are one of the important sources that acquire historical, cultural and economic importance in all countries of the world. For optimal management of real estate (non-transferable assets) of religious endowments, the proposed study introduces a new technical method for management, and under this method, a geospatial database is constructed: (satellite images, digital maps, and field survey data enhanced with GPS coordinates). Real estate that belongs to a religious institution in Iraq (Shiite endowment in Hilla city) will be investigated as a case study for the proposed research. In this proposed study, methods of statistical and spatial analysis are employed on the spatial database provided by Geographic Information Systems, in order to better manage and invest these properties.

The epidemics of the first half of the 19th century made sanitation an essential point in the urban life. It laid the way for a city based on sunlight, ventilation and an urban planning of straight-lined, wide street and green areas. Until the beginning of 2020 we have lived in the belief that this urban model protected us. However, there were already many indications that the city was not capable of giving a satisfactory answer to the parameters of the 21st century, such as pollution, the heat island effect and the excessive consumption of energy and resources. Now, the coronavirus COVID-19, has put a stop to the city movement and with it, to the pollution it involves, revealing the level of contamination to which we were exposed. Therefore, it has become a priority to minimize energy consumption, energy dependence and pollution to improve the health and quality of life of its citizens. As answers to these demands, buildings with living organisms, such as microalgae, make the city a sustainable and Self-Sufficient environment. Giving an answer to the problem above, the design of the Park-Labyrinth proposes the installation of an intensive cultivation of microalgae that not only helps reduce CO2 emissions, transforming it into a product that generates interest, but also generates benefits to society in terms of recreation, energy production, reduction of polluting gases and use of space.

This research aim to study of spatial distribution of Nitrate and Phosphate concentration, and also N/P ratio in waters of Maninjau Lake (0°19' S; 100°12'E)), West Sumatera Province, Indonesia, collected from 11 sampling points of water samples which were performed during 3 (three periods) May, June and July 2017. Other major sources of environmental nitrogen and phosphate are fertilizers and wastewater discharged from farms and livestock facilities, and sewage from residential areas which leak into lakes. The Nitrate and phosphate concentrations in Maninjau Lake waters, the results of the analysis found that Nitrate values ranged from 0.02-0.40 mg/L mg/L (quality standard 10 mg/L), while phosphate ranged from 0.12-0.54 mg/L mg/L (quality standard 0.2 mg / L). Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) generally limit the main productivity in lakes. The N/P Ratio calculation results are known that 0.29-0.58, the value shows that there has been an excessive addition of phosphate elements into the waters, so that it appears that the N element is a limiting element that affects the biological conditions of ecosystems such as phytoplankton biomass, species composition which is likely to occur dominance of certain types. This situation is quite reasonable, considering that around the study site is a residential area that discharges household wastewater that uses detergents into the waters. Anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus supply to natural ecosystems has increased them in many lakes.

The research aim was to observe the distribution pattern of Escherichia coli as groundwater pollution indicator in the most populous area, Matraman Sub-District Area in Jakarta, Indonesia (106°49'35" EL and 06°10'37" SL) consists of six (6) Urban Villages. The existence of Escherichia coli was measured with Most Probable Number (MPN) method as mentioned in Indonesian Standard Number 01-2332.1-2006. This research was also measure pollution parameter of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and pH, and topography analyses used as well to determine groundwater flow direction. Groundwater sampling was conducted in several housings that have low, middle, and high income as indicator of sanitation quality which causes groundwater pollution by Escherichia coli bacteria. The research result showed that the level of average Escherichia coli was 345,9778, 310,0556, and 727,1389 MPN/100 mL. Escherichia coli distribution pattern was headed from southeastern to northwestern area, in correspondence with Matraman Sub-District topography. The average pH level, temperature and DO₀ in whole area respectively were 6.3, 24.7°C and 2.238 mg/L, that exceeded minimum water quality standards in Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation Number 492/MENKES/PER/IV/2010 regarding drinking water quality requirements. This study could be a reference for daily groundwater utilization in Matraman Sub-District and to provide information for further research.

The distribution of the electrical network on the spatial structure, especially within cities, and for the end-users to different spatial obstacles, through this research, the importance of using geographical information systems applications in the process of distributing and managing the electrical system can be identified. This study evaluates the spatial relationship between the electric distribution company and the nature of the link between them and among the end users in the study area (the city of Tal Afar), to find a way to optimize the distribution and management of how electricity is distributed. The study indicates that the study area contains only one transformer of 132KVA class distributed 16 lines of 11KV class and 5 lines of 33KV class, and a second transformer of 11KV class distributed 4 lines of 11KV class and one line of 33KV class to serve about 16,837 housing units, Which has an average consumption of 5.06KV, which indicates that the transformers are burdened with approximately 663KV, which confirms the importance of proper management according to modern technology through which to invest time and costs easily.

The study of historical castles has a great impact on the urban and urban development of historical city centers and has a great importance in forming the urban body of these cities. Because of its impact on the social, economic, political, cultural and tourism levels in addition to its physical and spiritual importance to successive generations that link them with the cultural and social heritage. Historic castles suffer from a state of neglect, deterioration, vandalism and transgression that is a result of successive periods as a kind of negative effects of wars that happened in the country in successive periods. The work on studies and researches specialized in developing historical castles is one of the responsibilities of the local and global level. Which contributes to strengthening the role of moral standing of the castles cities community tourist attraction and raise the country's economy. The choice of the historic castle of Hit to study in this research is due to its historical and urban depth. Which is the main seed in shaping the structure of the city of Hit with time, and what this city is witnessing today from an urban renaissance in Anbar Governorate. From seeing the studies and researches that dealt with the urban development strategies of the city, the research problem crystallized with (lack of architectural, urban and archaeological studies specialized in dealing with the method of urban development of the Citadel and the lack of clarity in determining its development strategy). The hypothesis of the research was formulated as (The urban development strategy of Hit Castle affects the integration of the castle with the surrounding urban fabric and its historical characteristics). Depending on putting theoretical terms on the development strategy by analyzing strategies for similar examples, and by comparing its terms and identifying its advantages and disadvantages, the optimal strategy for urban development is been chosen according to the index that will be extracted from the practical study of Hit Castle.

Traditional residential revival in the city of Baghdad has been characterized by achieving environmental, social and economic integration and meeting the humanitarian requirements, taking into consideration the compatibility between the material and spiritual sides, focusing primarily on achieving the safety of the pedestrian movement which provides the best protection. As well as walking on foot is one of the oldest means of transport necessary and necessary and indispensable for access to various events and so on their positive impact on human health. At a time when most of the modern residential neighborhoods are deficient in achieving this trend, which generated a clear confusion in the movement of pedestrian because there is no homogeneity facilitates the transition process. Therefore, the research will examine ways to achieve this homogeneity by developing appropriate solutions and treatments to reduce this confusion and reach conclusions and recommendations.

The sustainable environmental neighborhoods is sustainable development of neighborhoods that include considerations related to transport, density, urban forms, and environmental buildings and especially those related to social and functional integration, and civil society participation, This standard, which did not attract the attention of specialists in the 1990s, has today become a center of attention for all those interested in urbanism and sustainability. The problem of the research is the existence of urban problems in residential neighborhoods that lead to lack of sustainability in the city, and the research aims to explain the role and importance of environmental sustainability of residential neighborhoods in achieving city sustainability assuming that environmental sustainability of residential neighborhoods leads to the sustainability of the city, and as a general methodology for the research, the descriptive analytical method was adopted. The research included sustainable environmental neighborhoods, neighborhood definition, and definition of sustainable neighborhoods, characteristics of sustainable neighborhoods, types of sustainable neighborhoods, goals and standards for sustainable neighborhoods, Sweden's experience, and the research reached the following main conclusions:

1 - Sustainable environmental neighborhoods are modern neighborhoods that appeared most often in industrial sites that suffer from pollution to give a positive image of these sites to be new neighborhoods that enjoy social, participatory, economic and environmental quality and they are urban poles characterized by density and interconnection and respond to the principle of sustainability in terms of general quality.

2 - The achievement of sustainable neighborhoods is one of the stages towards achieving sustainable cities because it is a test of the principles and directions before achieving the sustainable city.

3 - There are common characteristics of sustainable neighborhoods, including density, functional integration, sustainable transportation, the high quality of the perimeter, intergenerational and social inclusion, prosperity, ease of communication, and control of values and community participation.

In recent years, planning science has evolved from a rational approach to an experimental one, from (as a product forms to a process of policy formulation and planning decision-making). Then, planning had transformed from the era of modernity to post-modernity, Which was accompanied by a lot of a number of trends, refer to planning is no longer measured by matching its outputs, results and formulated in shapes to the plan, but rather on the extent to which the planner contributes to improving the decision-makers' understanding of immediate problems now and in future. Among the most prominent of these trends: Multi Ethic planning or Multicultural City planning to(Leonie Sandercock), collaborative planning to (Innes, Healy), Just city to (Fainstein), New Urbanism, and Phronetic planning to (Flyvbjerg), Which will be summarized by the research, and sheds light on Phronetic planning is the main of research axis.Wherefore, the research deals with the definition of this schematic, the philosophical foundations and the intellectual dimensions by introducing a theoretical framework that deals in detail with the concepts, details and rationality in the ideas of Aristotle and Foucault. The Planning and Design Study Project (OECD) as a model for international accreditation, winning the European Union Prize as Urban Policy in Democracy and Planning Terms. Finally, The research concludes that Phronetic planning is the most appropriate to deal with democratic practices to influence the solution of local problems that require practice and application to solve the conflict between the reconciliation and societal need, To deals with each urban situation as a special urban phenomenon and a unique humanitarian problem, that cannot be generalized or resorted to rational theories to find unilateral solutions.