Table of contents

The 17th International Conference on Textures of Materials (ICOTOM 17) took place in Dresden, Germany, August 24-29, 2014. It belongs to the "triennial" series of ICOTOM meetings with a long tradition, starting in 1969 - Clausthal, 1971 - Cracow, 1973 - Pont-à-Mousson, 1975 - Cambridge, 1978 - Aachen, 1981 - Tokyo, 1984 - Noordwijkerhout, 1987 - Santa Fe, 1990 - Avignon, 1993 - Clausthal, 1996 - Xian, 1999 - Montreal, 2002 - Seoul, 2005 - Leuven, 2008 - Pittsburgh, 2011 - Mumbai, 2014 - Dresden. ICOTOM 17 was hosted by the Dresden University of Technology, Institute of Structural Physics.

Following the tradition of the ICOTOM conferences, the main focus of ICOTOM-17 was to promote and strengthen the fundamental understanding of the basic processes that govern the formation of texture and its relation to the properties of polycrystalline materials. Nonetheless, it was the aim to forge links between basic research on model materials and applied research on engineering materials of technical importance. Thus, ICOTOM 17 provided a forum for the presentation and discussion of recent progress in research of texture and related anisotropy of mechanical and functional properties of all kinds of polycrystalline materials including natural materials like rocks. Particular attention was paid to recent advances in texture measurement and analysis as well as modeling of texture development for all kinds of processes like solidification, plastic deformation, recrystallization and grain growth, phase transformations, thin film deposition, etc. Hence, ICOTOM 17 was of great interest to materials scientists, engineers from many different areas and geoscientists.

The topics covered by ICOTOM 17 were:

1. Mathematical, numerical and statistical methods of texture analysis

2. Deformation textures

3. Crystallization, recrystallization and growth textures

4. Transformation textures

5. Textures in functional materials

6. Textures in advanced materials

7. Textures in rocks

8. Texture related research on microstructures

9. Texture-induced anisotropy

10. Insight through new experimental methods

11. Technological applications of texture studies

12. Other new developments and future trends related to the field

While there was large interest in the topics 2, 3 and 8, contributions to topic 7 were much less than expected.

ICOTOM 17 attracted 266 scientists from 34 countries with about one third of the participants being students. This is a very good ratio showing that we could attract the young generation. There have been 216 oral and 76 poster presentations, three of which received a poster award. It is our pleasure to thank the members of the International ICOTOM Committee for their valuable help, especially for proposing and choosing the 15 plenary speakers as well as the distinguished scientist of the texture community for the "Bunge Award". 130 papers were submitted for publication in the proceedings, 116 were accepted after reviewing. We would like to express our thanks to all referees for their efficient and prompt efforts. We acknowledge particularly support from the German Research Society (DFG) and the City of Dresden. We are also grateful for industrial support from Bruker Nano GmbH, Oxford Instruments GmbH, Ametek GmbH / EDAX, Labosoft S.C., PANalytical GmbH and IOP Publishing. Finally we thank all members of the National Organizing Committee, Intercom Dresden and Conwerk / Laboratory Ten for the excellent organization of ICOTOM 17 and the very pleasant collaboration.

On the first day of the conference three tutorials have been offered. Each of them has been attended by about 30 participants.

1. Texture-aided residual stress identification system (TARSIuS) (organized by Prof. Dr. J. Bonarski and Mr. B. Kania)

2. MTEX - MATLAB toolbox for quantitative texture analysis (organized by Dr. R. Hielscher and Mr. F. Bachmann)

3. Grain boundary engineering (organized by Prof. N. Bozzolo and Prof. Dr. A.D. Rollett)

A highlight of ICOTOM 17 was the ceremony honoring Prof. Dr. Claude Esling with the Bunge Award for his distinguished contributions to the field of Textures of Materials and his continuous effort to pass on his knowledge to future generations of texture experts. The Bunge Award is named after Professor Hans Bunge († 2004), to whom the world's texture community is very much indebted not only for his magisterial work on the Mathematical Theory of Texture, but also for his lifelong promotion of the field of Textures of Materials. To the great delight of all participants, Helga Bunge and her son Prof. Hans-Peter Bunge, to whom many of the older generation have a personal relationship, attended the ceremony (see Fig. 1 in the PDF). Following the award ceremony Prof. Dr. Claude Esling gave an in memoriam tribute to Prof. Dr. Richard Penelle, who was an internationally recognized texture specialist. Details can be found in the proceedings paper by Esling et al. [this issue].

During the conference the International ICSMA Committee decided to convene the next conference in St. George, USA, in 2017. We wish the organizers of ICOTOM 18 great success and look forward to meeting you in St. George.

Werner Skrotzki* (Chairman of ICOTOM 17, Dresden University of Technology)

Carl-Georg Oertel (Dresden University of Technology)

Guest Editors

Dresden, March, 2015

(* Corresponding author; e-mail address: werner.skrotzki@tu-dresden.de)

The present paper is dedicated to Richard Penelle who was an internationally recognized texture specialist. The first part quickly describes his scientific carrier and the second one presents his last paper as first author and his last research projects on the Invar and 1050 aluminium recrystallization, respectively. Most of his last studies were linked to the understanding of the Cube texture development in fcc materials.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

First, hardening model in f.c.c. metals was formulated with collinear interactions slips, Hirth slips and Lomer-Cottrell slips. Using the Taylor and the Sachs rolling texture prediction model, the residual dislocation densities of cold-rolled commercial pure aluminum were estimated. Then, coincidence site lattice grains were investigated from observed cold rolling texture. Finally, on the basis of oriented nucleation theory and coincidence site lattice theory, the recrystallization texture of commercial pure aluminum after low-temperature annealing was predicted.

Based on the industrial production of non-oriented Si steel, Ca treatment by Ca alloy adding during the RH refining process was studied. The changes of inclusion, crystal texture and microstructure, and its effect on magnetic properties of final steel sheets were analyzed. The results showed that, in present work, Ca treatment can improve the texture proportion of {110} and {111} significantly, and the formation of MnS and AlN inclusions were restrained. Meanwhile, the recrystallization effects of hot rolled strip get bad and the fiber structure enhanced obviously. The grain size of finished steel sheets increased as the increase of Ca alloy adding amount quickly, and then decreased. Compared with the non-Ca treatment charge, the numbers of inclusions whose size below 1.0μm will decrease by 68.06%, 87.50% and 94.94%, the texture proportion of {110} and {111} was 30.3%, 39.1%, 17.6% and 2.8%, 5.5%, 20.6%, while the correspondent Ca alloy adding amount is 0.67 kg/t steel, 1.00 kg/t steel and 1.67 kg/t steel, respectively. In addition, the core loss gradually decreases to a stable level as the increasing of Ca added, and the magnetic induction decreases quickly after slow increasing, respectively. The optimal Ca treatment mode depends on the chemical compositions of steel grades.

Multi-pass rolling experiments with an AZ31 Twin Roll Cast (TRC) alloy were performed on an industrial scaled four-high rolling mill. Within the rolling with an intermediate annealing the evolution of texture was investigated. To quantify the extent of preferred crystallographic orientation experimental X-ray pole figures were measured after different process steps and analyzed using the free and open Matlab® toolbox MTEX for texture analysis. The development of the fiber texture was observed and analyzed in dependence on rolling conditions. In the initial state the specimen exhibits a texture composed of a weak basal texture and a cast texture with {0001}-planes oriented across the rolling direction. During the following rolling process a fiber texture was developed. The expected strength increment of the fiber texture was quantitatively confirmed in terms of volume portions of the orientation density function around the fiber and in terms of the canonical parameters of fitted pseudo Bingham distributions. On the results of this work a model for prediction of the texture evolution during the strip rolling of magnesium in the examined parameter range was developed.

Given that polycrystalline triple junctions are significant contributors to material properties, they are frequently becoming the focus of emerging research. Despite this interest, the tools to quickly and quantitatively analyze triple junction textures remain severely limited. To enable characterization of triple junctions on a large scale, the parameters, space, and conventions of twin dependent triple junction distributions have been developed. In addition, by adopting grain boundary stereological techniques, triple junction distributions have been generated from a single section plane for triple junctions containing a coherent twin boundary. This methodology has been validated using simulated microstructures and, with further experimental development, will provide insight into actual triple junction structures. This technique also establishes the foundation for a generalized non-twin dependent approach in the future.

The two ways of theoretical determination and modeling of the elastic properties of geological or modern technological materials are discussed. Such samples are characterized by a whole string of parameters or distributions (volume parts of the phases, sizes, shapes of the grains, or voids and their orientations etc.). The direct way uses first principles, averaging the strain field calculated by FEM techniques. The indirect way, without absolute spatial characteristics, uses distributions averaging the single-crystalline elastic properties, supposing infinite samples with ideal disorder and non-overlapping. space filling units. Overlapping can effectively been simulated by the DEM technique. The (GeoMixSelf) GMS-approximation able to consider ellipsoidal units, including voids, combines elements of the geometric mean and the self-consistent approximation. One example demonstrates the potentials, limitations and possible combinations of both ways.

The protrusions and retrusions observed on the recrystallizing boundaries affect the migration kinetics during recrystallization. Characterization of the boundary roughness is necessary in order to evaluate their effects. This roughness has a structure that can be characterized by fractal analysis, and in this study the so-called "Minkowski sausage" method is adopted. Hereby, two cube-oriented grains in partly recrystallized microstructures are analyzed and quantitative information regarding the dimensions of protrusions/retrusions is obtained.

The component approximation method for the reconstruction of orientation distribution function (ODF) is based on the assumption that the texture could be presented as a weighted linear combination of distributions depending on the parameters, which are related to the position of bell shaped function in orientation space and to the dispersion. The method uses a minimization procedure to obtain the values of ODF parameters. Traditionally, the mean- square deviation of the measured and recalculated pole figures is minimized. However, the quantitative measure of the fit is RP value which differs from the mean-square deviation. In the present work it is suggested to minimize the RP value to obtain ODF parameters. We are using Trust Region method for solving a non-linear optimization problem. The convergences of the proposed method for different minimized functional are compared. We also illustrate a usage of the different objective function on modeling data for the cubic crystalline symmetry. This study is fulfilled using new RIGAKU software for quantitative texture analysis.

Determination of crystal orientations from diffraction patterns is directly linked to pattern indexing. The problem of indexing can be seen as matching scattering vectors to vectors of the crystal reciprocal lattice. With known crystal structure, the simplest version of indexing is formulated as the (constellation) problem of matching vectors under rotations: given two sets X and Y of unit vectors, determine a rotation carrying the largest subset of X to a position approximating a subset of Y. It is shown that algorithms for solving the constellation problem establish a framework for several orientation determination methods. A class of these algorithms is based on accumulating contributions in the rotation space. A rotation with the largest accumulation is considered to solve the problem. The contributions can be made by n-tuples of vectors with n starting from 1. Formulas for the points of accumulation are given for arbitrary n ≥ 1. Particularly simple turns out to be the case of 2-tuples. It has a potential of being robust, and it is easy to implement.

Asymmetry in hexagonal crystal structure makes the occurrence of slip strongly dependent on the texture of sample. In titanium, which has a c/a ratio less than ideal, slip occurs preferentially on prismatic slip system. However other slip systems may get activated depending on the resolved shear stresses. In this paper we present results from plane strain compression experiments where the same area of the sample was imaged before and after deformation to document changes in microstructure. We then compare these results with a simple calculation of plastic strain based on activation of various slip systems depending on their respective critical resolved shear stresses. We show that incorporation of a strain rate dependent hardening parameter provides a reasonable match with the experimentally observed deformation behaviour of various grain orientations.

Based on the rotational symmehy of the principal axes of X[100], Y[010] and Z[001], 72 possible combinations of the five slips on {110} planes based on Taylor's formidable restriction rule of the five slips are calculated among three kinds of intersections of two {110} planes on 〈111〉 direction in bcc metal. Crystal rotation is carried out by only one solution among the 72 by the minimum total slip at every strain and simulates properly lengthy of accumulated researcher's experimental results such as the three stable orientations of bcc metal in rolling {112}〈110〉, {11 11 8}〈4 4 11〉 and {100}〈011〉.

The degree of similarity between simulated and experimental fcc rolling textures is characterized by a single scalar parameter. The textures are simulated with a relatively simple and efficient 1-point model which allows us to vary the strength of the interaction between the grains and the surrounding matrix and the scheme for the calculation of the lattice rotation. For the copper-type texture the best agreement between simulation and experiment is obtained by {111}<110> slip combined with relaxed constraints according to a procedure different from the traditional scheme for relaxed constraints. A Sachs-type model without any volume effect of deformation twins provides a very high degree of similarity between simulated and experimental brass texture. Addition of volume fractions of deformation twins corresponding to those observed experimentally has practically no effect on the simulated textures.

The goal of this work was to study the asymmetric rolling process using the Finite Element Method (FEM) coupled with the deformation model of polycrystalline material. The Leffers-Wierzbanowski (LW) model was selected to be implemented into FEM. This implementation enables a study of heterogeneous plastic deformation process, like asymmetric rolling, taking into account its crystallographic nature. Our aim was to examine the crystallographic texture and mechanical properties of asymmetrically rolled aluminium 6061. The simulation results are compared with experimental textures determined by X-ray diffraction. The advantages of asymmetrical rolling over symmetrical rolling are reduced rolling normal forces and rolling torques, improvement of microstructure and producing the homogeneous crystallographic texture.

Local shear textures in ASBs of high manganese TRIP steels under high rate straining are determined and the influences of initial microstructure is analyzed using EBSD technique. It is seen that even at the presence of majority of two types of martensite before deformation, ASB is preferred to evolve in austenite, rather than in martenite, due to reverse transformation. Ultrafine grains of thress phases due to dynamic recrystallization are formed and all show shear textures. The less ε-martensite in ASB is distributed as islands and its preferred orientation can be found to originate from the variants in matrix. The grain orientation rotation around ASB in multi-phase alloy reveals significant influence of α'- martensite on texture in ASB. The mechanism of local texture formation in ASB of high manganese TRIP steel is proposed in terms of the interaction of early TRIP and later reverse transformation.

Specially oriented magnesium single crystals were subjected to plane strain compression along the <110> direction in c-axis extension at ambient temperature. The samples exhibited outstanding formability deforming up to a logarithmic final strain of -1. Investigations by optical and orientation imaging microscopy revealed that massive {102} extension twinning at low strains consumed the whole sample and resulted in new soft orientations for slip. Observations also indicated that additional twinning took place in the completely twinned matrix by secondary and tertiary twinning events. At advanced stages of deformation newly formed, equiaxed small grains were observed within numerous bands related to former deformation twins. These "recrystallized" grains characterized by a low grain orientation spread of less than 1° generated new orientations, which led to a substantial weakening and randomization of the texture during deformation up to very large strains. The reported results in this paper are discussed with regard to the microstructure evolution arising from multiple twinning and continuous dynamic recrystallization at room temperature.

An attempt was done to improve the quality of deformation texture predictions by statistical models through the introduction of "clusters" of N grains thus defining a third, intermediate length scale. The interaction between each cluster and the macroscopic length scale is of the Taylor type, whereas inside each cluster a VPSC scheme is used. Predictions of cold rolling deformation textures were quantitatively compared with experimental results for a steel alloy. The results are encouraging.

Nowadays, there is a considerable scientific interest in bulk ultrafine grained materials, due to their potential for superior mechanical properties. One of the possible formation methods of nano-grained materials is cryogenic rolling. The influence of rolling at cryogenic temperatures has been investigated. Significant differences in the textures and the microstructures can be observed between the cryogenically rolled copper and conventionally cold rolled copper, reduced to the same thickness.

Low Ni austenitic stainless steels exhibit outstanding mechanical properties due to the occurrence of two deformation mechanisms: dislocations glide (slip) and phase transformation (austenite fcc phase to strain induced a martensite (bcc)). Both mechanisms have strong dependence on strain and strain paths. The local misorientation development due to slip (grain average misorientation (GAM)) is more in biaxial strain-path (BS) followed by plane strain (PS) and uniaxial strain-path (US); whereas martensite volume fraction followed an opposite trend (US > PS > BS) as compared to GAM. In the present study a constitutive material model is developed based on phase transformation and GAM which has been implemented to describe the strain hardening behaviour of material for various strains and strain paths. Variation of normal anisotropy () with stain and strain paths was also considered. Finally the constitutive model and instantaneous were incorporated in Finite Element (FE) based simulation to improve the strain path predictability for this material.

The deformation texture after cold rolling and tensile test of an industrial Ti-6Al-4V sheet alloy was studied using X-ray diffraction. The alloy was subjected to a cold rolling to different thickness reductions (from 20% to 60%) and then tensile tests have been carried out along three directions relatively to the rolling direction (0°, 45° and 90°). The experimental results were compared to the existing literature and discussed in terms of active plastic deformation mechanisms.

To the purpose of evaluating the effect of deformation on the microstructure, aluminum structures were analyzed on tensile strained samples extended to 25% elongation. In the substructure of these deformed samples linear slip patterns were observed, generally confined to the bulk of the grain. In order to study the crystallographic aspect of these slip patterns, two methods were applied based on orientation contrast microscopy (EBSD). The first method is the statistical analysis of stereological nature, which allows us to determine the incidence of certain crystallographic planes with the slip patterns. In other to corroborate the statistical method, also a 3D analysis was carried out on two perpendicular planes of observation (TD and ND sections). The results of both methods were in a very good agreement. It was found that the linear features are predominantly parallel to the {111} crystal planes, although the frequency of {111} planes was not exclusive; also other crystal planes such as {112} and {110} are involved. These observations give a stronger statistical basis for similar observations earlier made by TEM on much smaller fields of observation.

High-pressure torsion process is the only way to obtain bulk-shaped samples of nearly 100% of high-pressure ω-phase of pure Ti and Zr at ambient condition. The neutron diffraction experiment of HPT-processed pure Ti and Zr revealed that the deformation of high-pressure ω-phase mainly occurs at the prismatic plane, which is completely different as α-phase. This paper also reports the correlation between deformation textures and mechanical property of ω-phase obtained by HPT process.

Samples of magnesium AZ31 alloys are deformed in compression at room temperature under a strain rate of 1×10⁻³ s⁻¹. The initial texture with respect to the loading direction is favorable for {10-12}<-1011> extension twinning during the deformation. At an engineering strain of 2.75%, many extension twins are found to be connected with each other at grain boundaries, forming cross grain boundary twin pairs. Some have low positive or even negative Schmid factors (SFs). The variant selection of them are interpreted in terms of shear accommodations. The observed twin variants require the least or no accommodation through deformation modes with high CRSSs, but the most or more accommodation through those with low CRSSs.

Seven zirconium samples were studied by neutron and X-ray diffraction after deformation on uniaxial tensile machine INSTRON 5882 from strain 5% to strain 30% (strain step was 5%). Preferred orientation parameters were determined by using pole figures and inverse pole figures. The X-ray measurements were performed at theta/theta X'Pert PRO diffractometer with Cr X-ray tube. Observed data were processed by software packages GSAS and X'Pert Texture. Our results can be summarized as follows: (i) Samples prefer orientation of planes (100) and (110) perpendicular to rolling direction. (ii) The position of the basal poles is tilted by 30° from the normal direction toward the transverse direction. (iii) Samples prefer orientation of planes (102) and (103) perpendicular to normal direction. (iv) Level of resulting texture increases with deformation. The obtained results are characteristic for zirconium.

Due to progressive deformation, the dislocation densities in crystals are accumulated and the resistance of grains to further deformation increases. Homogeneous deformation becomes energetically less favorable, which may result for some orientations in strain localization. In-grain shear banding, a typical kind of localized deformation in metals with BCC crystal structure, has been accounted for by the geometric softening of crystals. In this study, the occurrence of shear bands in rotated Goss ({110}<110>) orientations of Fe-Si steel is predicted by crystal plasticity simulations and validated by EBSD measurements. It was observed and confirmed by crystal plasticity modeling that such shear bands exhibit stable cube orientations The orientation evolution of crystals in shear bands and its impact on annealing texture of materials are also described.

The evolution of heterogeneity of plastic deformation in a zinc layer has been probed at multiple length scales using a battery of characterization tools like X-ray diffraction, electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) and digital image correlation. The experimental results indicate that plastic deformation is heterogeneous at different length scales and the value of micro, meso and macro strain by different characterization techniques shows a different value. The value of strain determined at the meso and micro length scale from EBSD and X-ray diffraction was negligible, however, the macro-strain as determined from X-ray peak shift was significant. EBSD results showed evidence of profuse {102} <101> contraction twinning in the zinc layer with higher intragranular misorientation in the twin compared to the matrix. It is therefore, inferred that the evolution of higher intergranular (between matrix and twin) strain due to prolific contraction twinning contributes to the failure of zinc layer on galvanized steel.

The effect of strain path change on precipitation behaviour of Al- Cu-Mg-Si alloy was investigated. Two different types of crystallographic textures were produced by changing the strain path during rolling. The deformed samples were subjected to a short recrystallization treatment and ageing to identify the effect of strain path change manifested in terms of crystallographic texture on precipitation behaviour. Preliminary characterization indicates that ageing kinetics as well as precipitate morphology vary depending upon the mode of rolling. The coherency strains associated with a coherent interface is relieved in a unlike manner for differently rolled samples.

NiAl is an intermetallic compound with a brittle-to-ductile transition temperature of about 300°C at ambient pressure. At standard conditions, it is very difficult to deform, but fracture stress and fracture strain are increased under hydrostatic pressure (HP). On account of this, deformation at low temperatures is only possible at high HP, as for instance used in high pressure torsion (HPT). In order to study the influence of HP on texture evolution, small discs of polycrystalline NiAl were deformed by HPT at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 500°C and different HPs. The influence of HP is presented for deformation at room temperature and 500°C. It is found that HP affects the formability of the samples as well as texture and microstructure.

The goal of this study is to apply an elastic viscoplastic self-consistent crystal plasticity model to predict the texture evolution in a Ti-6Al-4V alloy which has a (mainly) hexagonal crystal structure. The model under consideration is an extension of the viscoplastic self-consistent model proposed by Lebensohn and Tome [1993] which has been adapted to account for elasticity and has been integrated with a new algorithm, making it more computationally efficient within an implicit FE scheme. The flow behavior of Ti-6Al-4V is strongly dependent on strain rate and temperature. To estimate the model parameters, the flow behavior of quasi-static experiments is used. A temperature sensitivity term has been introduced to correct the effects of temperature increase during the dynamic experiments. In order to have a meaningful rate sensitivity exponent, a value is calculated based on valid experimental data, rather than choosing an arbitrary large numerical value. In this way the behavior of Ti-6Al-4V is captured at different strain rates. Predictions of the model are compared to experimental data.

High speed rolling is recognized as the process that can produce sheets of magnesium alloys having RD-split basal texture without or with minimum preheating. However, the mechanism of the texture formation during high speed rolling has not been fully clarified yet. In this study, conventional AZ31 and a rare earth - yttrium added alloy, WE43 were rolled with high rolling speed. The specimens having different textures were prepared by changing the cutting geometry to initially textured sheets. It is seen that the crack, microstructure and texture formations are strongly influenced by the initial textures in AZ31. These features are strongly related to the extension twinning, {10-12}<-1011>. In the case of WE43, cracks are formed more often than in AZ31, despite of the weak initial textures. It is proposed that the activities of the contraction and double twinning systems give more chance of stress concentration, resulting in the narrow shear banding and subsequent cracking. In addition to the experimental analysis, results of the numerical simulation using VPSC model are also used to discuss the texture formation mechanism.

In order to investigate relationship between stored strain and crystallographic orientation, 99.99% purity aluminum cubes were compressed with uniaxial or with plane strain state up to a nominal strain of 30%. The aluminum cubes were examined on the same surface before and after compression by SEM/EBSD technique. Stored strain was estimated by Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) derived from the EBSD analysis, and Taylor factor (TF) was measured before the compressive deformation. The analysis revealed that KAM value or the stored strain decreases until a certain value of TF and then increases with increment of TF.

The plasticity of Mg is restricted at low temperatures because: (a) only a small number of deformation mechanisms can be activated, and (b) a preferred crystallographic orientation (texture) develops in wrought alloys, especially in flat-rolled sheets. This causes problems in thin sheet processing as well as component manufacturing from the sheet. In this study, different rolling speeds from 15 to 1000 m/min were employed to warm-roll AZ31B magnesium alloy to different reductions. The results show that AZ31B sheets rolled at 15 m/min and 100 °C has fractured for reductions of more than 30% per pass. However, by increasing the rolling speed to 1000 m/min the rollability was improved significantly and the material can be rolled to reductions of more than 70% per pass. The results show that with increasing strain rate at 100°C, the splitting of basal poles was observed, indicating the activation of more contraction twins and secondary twins.

Three materials, pure aluminium, Al-4 wt.% Mg, α-brass have been chosen to understand the evolution of texture and microstructure during rolling. Pure Al develops a strong copper-type rolling texture and the deformation is entirely slip dominated. In Al-4Mg alloy, texture is copper-type throughout the deformation. The advent of Cu-type shear bands in the later stages of deformation has a negligible effect on the final texture. α-brass shows a characteristic brass-type texture from the early stages of rolling. Extensive twinning in the intermediate stages of deformation (ε_t ∼ 0.5) causes significant texture reorientation towards α-fiber. Beyond 40% reduction, deformation is dominated by Bs-type shear bands, and the banding coincides with the evolution of <111>IIND components. The crystallites within the bands preferentially show <110>IIND components. The absence of the Cu component throughout the deformation process indicates that, for the evolution of brass-type texture, the presence of Cu component is not a necessary condition. The final rolling texture is a synergistic effect of deformation twinning and shear banding.

IMI 834 Titanium alloy is a near alpha (hcp) titanium alloy used for high temperature applications with the service temperature up to 600°C. Generally, this alloy is widely used in gas turbine engine applications such as low pressure compressor discs. For these applications, good fatigue and creep properties are required, which have been noticed better in a bimodal microstructure, containing 15-20% volume fraction of primary alpha grains (α_p) and remaining bcc beta (β) grains transformed secondary alpha laths (α_s). The bimodal microstructure is achieved during processing of IMI 834 in the high temperature α+β region. The major issue of bimodal IMI 834 during utilization is its poor dwell fatigue life time caused by textured macrozones. Textured macrozone is the spatial accumulation of similar oriented grains in the microstructure generated during hot processing in the high temperature α+β region. Textured macrozone can be mitigated by controlling the hot deformation with certain strain rate under stable plastic conditions having β grains undergoing dynamic recrystallization. Hence, a comprehensive study is required to understand the deformation behavior of α and β grains at different strain rates in that region. Hot compression tests up to 5°% strain of the samples are performed with five different strain rates i.e. 10^-3 s^-1, 10^-2 s^-1, 10^-1 s^-1, 1 s^-1 and 10 s^-1 at 1000°C using Gleeble 3800. The resultant bimodal microstructure and the texture studies of primary alpha grains (α_p) and secondary alpha laths (α_s) are carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD) method.

In the current study, the Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) plastic strain measurement is assessed to ascertain the deformation behaviour within individual oriented grains in polycrystalline RR1000 Nickel-based superalloy. Here, the crystallographic orientation correlations with Geometrically Necessary Dislocation (GND) contents, Schmid and Taylor factors as well as strain hardening were investigated. It is demonstrated that grain boundary is the major factor influencing GND accumulation in soft grains, while the orientation is the critical factor in hard grains' fragmentation. Furthermore, it is concluded that the total GND value for individual grains varies depending on the deformation stage, whereas the locations of high GND density within the grains indicates on strain hardening state. Keywords: GND, Strain Hardening, FCC, Deformation.

The effects of annealing on recrystallization texture of cross shear rolled high-purity Al foil were investigated by orientation distribution functions (ODFs) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). The results show that the intermediate annealing is beneficial to the development of the cube texture. The cube texture can be promoted by annealing, and the critical annealing temperature is about 280 °C. The cubic orientation grains firstly nucleate, and then expand into other grains with a high growth speed, and large angle grain boundary ratio increases, finally can swallow up most of the original grains, which results in the cube texture

The recrystallization textures of a cold-rolled Al-Mn-Fe-Si model alloy with three different microchemistry states after non-isothermal annealing were studied. The microstructure and texture evolution have been characterized by EBSD. It is clearly demonstrated that the actual microchemistry state as determined by the homogenization procedure strongly influence the recrystallized grain size and recrystallization texture after nonisothermal annealing. High Mn content in solid solution promotes stronger concurrent precipitation and retards recrystallization, which finally leads to a coarse grain structure, accompanied by strong P {011}<566> and/or M {113}<110> texture components and a ND- rotated cube {001}<310> component. A refined grain structure with Cube {001}<100> and/or a weak P component as the main texture components were obtained when the pre-existing dispersoids are coarser and fewer, and concurrent precipitation is limited. The different recrystallization textures are discussed with respect to the effect of second-phase particles using two different heating rates.

The effect of microalloying elements sulfur and niobium was studied in Fe48%Ni sheets on the first stages of nucleation and on recrystallization. It was shown that the addition of sulfur promotes the formation of Cube grains while the addition of niobium prevents the Cube grains formation. Regarding sulfur, it combines with manganese which is an inhibitor of recrystallization to form the MnS precipitates. The stored energy difference between Cube component and others components AEoube/other increases when sulfur is added. This stored energy difference which is the main driving energy for Cube grains formation during recrystallization explains the sharpness of the Cube texture when sulfur is added. On the contrary the niobium microalloying element addition prevents the formation of Cube grains. This could be explained by the fact that stored energy of cold-rolled components decreases with the addition of niobium and thus decreases Cube grains fraction when niobium is added. In order to explain these results, the development of Cube texture during recrystallization has been investigated in detail by EBSD, furthermore, the effect of stored energy has been studied by carrying out neutron diffraction measurements on the deformed states.

Based on a large amount of experimental observations on highly mobile Σ17, Σ19, and Σ9 coincidence site lattice boundaries (CSLB), the average jump distances of atoms in connection with misorientation were calculated during boundary migration, which indicated that Σ9 CSLB demonstrate not only a stable structure, but also higher mobility than other boundaries because of the actual lowest jump distance if the boundaries move. The higher mobility could even keep more or less if the misorientation of boundaries deviates from exact Σ9 in a limited extent. Therefore, Goss grains could grow rapidly in the matrix with many {111}<112> grains since the misorientation between Goss and {111}<112> is close to Σ9.

Experiments by rolled single crystals give a more visible conception of the operating mechanisms of plastic deformation and the following recrystallization, than experiments by polycrystals. Studies by usage of X-ray diffraction methods were conducted by Zr single crystals. It was revealed, that regions of the α-Zr matrix, deformed mainly by twinning, are characterized with decreased tendency to recrystallization. Orientations of recrystallized α-Zr grains correspond to "slopes" of maxima in the rolling texture, where the level of crystalline lattice distortion is maximal and the number of recrystallization nuclei is most of all.

In some metallic materials the dominating recrystallization mechanism can be described by the oriented growth behaviour. Phenomenological laws state that in selected materials only these nuclei grow intensively which have a given misorientation relation with the deformed matrix. This description is frequently verified in f.c.c. metals and generally reported misorientations correspond approximately to 400 rotation around the <111> axis. Basing on the above ideas the recrystallization model, including the compromise condition, was formulated and applied to the study of recrystallization textures of rolled polycrystalline aluminium.

The influence of addition of Nb+Ti (0.26 to 0.7wt%Nb and 0.15 to 0.3wt%Ti) to 441 on the development of annealing crystallographic textures was investigated by XRD and EBSD ODFs. It was found that addition of (Nb+Ti) to 441 improved the {111} texture to a limit while the resistance to ridging continued improving with more additions of Ti and Nb. It was found that the TiN nucleates heterogeneously first on the MgO.Al₂O₃ spinel and followed by Nb(C,N) on the TiN particle. The improvement in ridging was attributed to particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) of randomly oriented grains caused by these coarse compound particles.

This study investigates the processing route to optimize magnetic properties along both rolling and transverse directions, and the evolution of texture during the process is revealed by EBSD technique. The results show that, thinner hot-rolled bands accompanied with coarser structures after normalization are beneficial for promoting the magnetic properties of final sheets. Compared with the 35W300 high-grade NGO steel with a similar composition exhibiting B₅₀ = 1.71T (along RD)/1.67 T (along TD), the B50 values of samples obtained by hot rolling to 1.5mm and subsequent processes are equal to or higher than 1.75T (along RD)/1.69T (along TD). Moreover, a greater quantity of {hk0}<001> oriented nuclei result in stronger {hk0}<001> recrystallization texture in recrystallized warm rolled samples heated at 300°C in advance, and stronger {100}<0vw> texture is achieved in the samples prepared by two-stage annealing method. In addition, the distinct deformation and recrystallization behaviors of {100}<001> and {100}<110> columnar grains are discussed.

The influence of carbon content on cold rolling and recrystallization texture in polycrystalline 3%Si-Fe under the relatively high rolling reduction condition has been investigated. The main component of recrystallization texture was {554}<225> orientation in ultra low carbon (ULC) 3%Si-Fe and {411}<148> orientation in low carbon (LC) 3%Si-Fe. The origin of {411}<148> recrystallization texture development in LC 3%Si-Fe is discussed in terms of the rotation of deformation twin from {100}<011> to {411}<148> orientation with the generation of the slip bands inside the neighboring matrix grain {111}<011>. The rotation axis of this crystal rotation was estimated <112> axis. Assuming the single slip system activation in BCC metal, crystal rotation around <112> axis indicates an activation of {110}<111> slip system. In terms of Schmid factor, {112}<111> slip system must be activated in {100}<011> matrix. This is not in agreement with the estimation of {110}<111> slip system activation. Detailed observation on the cold rolled sample revealed that common slip plane passed through the deformation twin and surrounding deformed matrix grains. It is considered that slip plane matching (SPM) with neighboring grains activates the lower Schmid factor slip system in deformation twin. These results suggest that not only Schmid factor but also SPM with neighboring grains should be considered to decide the active slip systems in polycrystalline metals.

The growth behaviour of a specified grain embedded in matrix grains, for which the migration mobility of the quadruple points depended on the relation between the orientations of the growing and shrinking grains, was studied using a modified Potts MC-type threedimensional simulation. Large embedded grains continued to grow without being overcome by coarsening matrix grains, whereas small embedded grains disappeared, under the influence of the relative mobilities of the quadruple points, the composition of the matrix grain texture and the width of the grain size distribution of the matrix grains. These results indicate that orientation relation-dependent quadruple point dragging can affect the recrystallization texture during the grain coarsening stage.

A high purity columnar grained nickel sample with a strong <001> fiber texture was cold rolled to 50% reduction in thickness, followed by annealing at different temperatures. Optical microscopy was used to depict the grain boundaries prior to annealing and to detect nuclei formed on grain boundaries after annealing. Electron backscatter diffraction was performed to characterize the orientations of the nuclei and the deformed grains. Hardness tests were conducted at deformed grains. The potentials of triple junctions as preferential nucleation sites, the influence of deformation differences between adjacent grains on nucleation and orientation relationships between nuclei and parent matrix are analyzed.

Evolution of microstructure and texture during heavy cold-rolling and annealing of Al-2.5%Mg-0.2%Sc alloy was investigated. For this purpose recrystallized sheets of 1mm thickness having finely dispersed precipitates were processed to 3 cycles of ARB (equivalent strain, ε_eq=2.4) followed by conventional rolling to a final thickness of 200μm resulting in total equivalent strain of 4.0. Evolution of ultrafine microstructure and strong copper or pure metal type texture were observed during deformation. During annealing very stable microstructure was observed up to 400°C but further annealing resulted in formation of a layered microstructure with deformed layer sandwiched between recrystallized layers. Formation of strong cube texture is not observed in the recrystallized layers. Isothermal annealing for longer time at 500°C leads to abnormal growth of Q orientation ({013}<213>) within the deformed layer.

Evolution of microtexture during isothermal annealing of a heavily warm-rolled Fe- 0.08%C-24.18%Cr-10.5%Ni duplex stainless steel (DSS) having approximately equal volume fraction of ferrite and austenite was investigated in the present work. The DSS was warm-rolled to ∼90% reduction in thickness at three different temperatures, namely, 225°C, 425°C and 625°C followed by isothermal annealing at 1175°C for different length of time. Austenite showed pure metal or copper type texture at different warm-rolling temperatures. In contrast, the texture of ferrite in different warm-rolled DSS revealed the presence of RD (RD//<110>) and ND (ND//<111>) fibers. The annealing texture of austenite showed retention of the deformation texture components while ferrite revealed strong RD-fiber.

The objective of this paper is to identify the predominant crystallographic relations between deformed state and recrystallized grains during the early stages of recrystallization of the Goss{110}<001> and brass{110}<112> oriented single crystals of Al-1%Mn. The analysis was based on high resolution local orientation measurements in scanning electron microscopy. After annealing the disorientation across the recrystallization front 'defines' the final rotation by angles in the ranges of 35o-50o around axes located near the normals of all four {111} slip planes. Although the rotation axes approach the normal vector of the active slip planes during deformation, they only rarely coincide with the exact location of the <111> direction. For both initial orientations, preferred grain growth occurred along the {111} planes, the most active during strain.

The formation of a recrystallization texture is closely related to the nucleation and growth of recrystallizing grains, which may vary from grain to grain. Cube texture is a commonly observed recrystallization texture in face centered cubic metals of medium to high stacking fault energy after heavy cold-rolling and annealing. In this work, recrystallization of pure copper cold-rolled to a von Mises strain of 2.7 was investigated in situ using three-dimensional X-ray diffraction. Growth curves of 835 grains were determined, and the curves of cube and noncube grains were compared. It was found that the nucleation times of cube grains and non-cube grains were similar, whereas the growth rates of a few but not all cube grains were high. Effects hereof for the development of the cube texture were discussed.

The formation behavior of basal texture during high temperature deformation of AZ80 magnesium alloys in single phase was investigated by plane strain compression deformation. Three kinds of specimens with different initial textures were machined out from an extruded bar having a <100> texture. Plane strain compression tests were conducted at temperatures of 623K and 723K and a strain rate of 5.0×10^-2s^-1, with a strain range of between - 0.4 and -1.0. After deformation, the specimens were immediately quenched in oil. Texture measurement was carried out on the compression planes by the Schulz reflection method using nickel filtered Cu Kα radiation. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements were also conducted in order to examine the spatial distribution of orientations. Three kinds of specimens named A, B and C were prepared from the same extruded bar. In the specimens A, B and C, {0001} was distributed preferentially parallel to ND, TD, and RD, respectively. After deformation, texture evaluation was conducted on the mid-plane section. At the plane strain compression deformation, peaks appeared in the true stress-true strain curves irrespective of the kinds of specimen used. It was found that the main components and the pole densities of the textures vary depending on deformation condition and initial texture. Six kinds of texture components were observed after deformation. The (0001)<100> has formed regardless of the initial texture. There are two types of texture components; one exists before the deformation, and the other does not. Either types are considered to have stable orientations for plane strain compression. Also, the basal texture is composed of two crystal orientation components - (0001)<100> and (0001)<110>. When (0001) existed before deformation, an extremely sharp (0001) (compression plane) texture is formed.

The evolution of microstructure and texture during isochronal annealing of a heavily cold rolled Al-0.3% Cu alloy has been characterized using electron backscatter diffraction. It is found that the rolling texture of this alloy is dominated by the Brass component and that recrystallization during annealing leads to the formation of a pronounced Goss texture. It is suggested that the development of the strong Goss texture in Al-0.3% Cu is caused by preferred growth of Goss-oriented grains into the Brass-oriented matrix.

In a recent paper, we have proposed a modified Potts model for the simulation of the normal grain growth stage in an IF steel. An original concept is introduced by a modular consideration of the grain size effect. It is based on experimental observations of partial textures of certain (sub) populations of grains. This allowed both better reflect the pressure at the grain boundaries and significantly speed up the calculations. This model was used to reproduce the main features of the microstructure and texture. Improvement of texture behavior, especially of the component {111}<112>, which differs slightly from the experiment, requires the introduction of strong assumptions on energy and mobility of grain boundaries. The objective of this study is to verify the ability of the modified Monte Carlo model to give satisfactory results for grain growth, by considering various assumptions on energy and mobility of grain boundaries. The validity of such assumptions and their impact on the simulation results are analyzed and discussed.

Recovery and recrystallisation processes in polycrystalline metals are driven by the release of energy stored in defect structures chiefly resulting from dislocation creation, motion and interaction during plastic deformation. Some statistical models of texture change during recrystallisation employ the Taylor factor to quantify the distribution of this stored energy amongst orientations. While the Taylor factor is an instantaneous measure of the plastic power dissipation per orientation for a given strain mode, it is technically only valid as an estimate of stored energy if strain path and texture can be assumed constant. This motivates the search for alternatives to the Taylor factor which do not neglect the effects of changing strain path and evolving texture. In this paper a first step is made toward this goal by comparing the Taylor factor with a possible alternative, the accumulated slip per orientation, for a plane strain compression deformation of a bcc material. It is discovered that even for this idealised deformation there are specific orientations for which there is a consistent difference between the two parameters at various magnitudes of strain. It is concluded that these results lend support to the case for replacing the Taylor factor with a history based parameter in recrystallisation texture models.

Electro-deposited pure Fe has a characteristic of having very sharp isotropic ND//<111> fiber texture with a needle-like shaped fine grain elongated to ND. This Fe exhibits a surprisingly high r-value of over 7; however, such a high r-value might not be rationalized only from texture. Careful slip analyses reveal that restricted slips take place in the specific {110} slip planes, which are perpendicular to the sheet surface. Since grain boundaries with columnar structure are also perpendicular to the sheet surface, the slip plane in a certain grain may easily connect to the slip plane in adjacent grains having within ±30 degree rotation relationship around the common axis of ND//<111>. The operation of such a slip system is considered to cause the width strain much larger than the thickness strain. Furthermore, the texture evolution during cold-rolling and subsequent annealing was investigated using electro-deposited pure Fe as a starting material. Regardless of the amount of cold-rolling reduction, 65% to 90%, {111}<112> cold-rolling texture developed. After recrystallization, {111}<112> texture remained when material is cold-rolled by 65%, while {111}<011> texture developed when materials are cold-rolled by 80% and 90%. From the investigation into the mechanism on the development of recrystallization texture, the oriented nucleation and selective growth theories are concluded to contribute to the evolution of annealing texture.

Machining is used as a deformation technique to impose large shear strains (γ ∼ 2) in a commercial Fe-4%Si alloy. The partial <111> and {110} – fiber texture components are generated throughout the as-deformed microstructure, which is expected of BCC metals deformed in simple shear. Using an annealing schedule similar to that in the commercial rolling process, samples retain the deformation texture, consistent with a continuous-type recrystallization mechanism. Fine-grained annealed samples reveal two different partial fiber orientations, one of which becomes the dominate texture, following the high-temperature growth treatment. The mechanisms of texture evolution and implications for texture control in the machining-based process are discussed.

In this paper, the effect of magnetic field annealing was investigated on the evolution of recrystallized texture of a cold-rolled pure copper sheet. During magnetic field annealing the transverse direction of the specimen was set to be parallel to the magnetic field. It was found, although, altering the orientation of the specimen to the magnetic field direction during annealing does not change the type of the recrystallized texture component, the intensity of cube texture in the specimen with field is higher than that without field.

The microstructure and texture of explosively welded carbon steel (base) and Zr700 (flyer) plates were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy equipped with a high resolution electron backscattered diffraction facility. The orientation maps demonstrate that the deformed zones near-the-interface are composed of several layers, the width of which depends on the applied bonding parameters. For both metals, the very thin layer of ultra-fine grains directly adheres to the interface. In the areas more distanced from the interface, the structure evolution depends on the plate material. In the case of a Zr 700 sheet the second layer is formed by highly dislocated (sub)grains, which progressively evolve, towards the structure composed of only lightly deformed grains. In the case of a carbon steel sheet, the second layer near the interface was composed of flattened grains.

A model to quantitatively predict ferrite (α) textures in hot-rolled steel sheets has been developed. In this model, the crystal plasticity model, called "Grain Interaction model (GIA)", and the transformation texture model, called "Double K-S relation (DKS)", are linked together. The deformed austenite (γ) texture is predicted by GIA with taking not only the standard {111}<110> slip system but also non-octahedral slip systems into account. Then the transformed a texture is calculated by DKS, in which a nucleated α prefers to have orientation relationship near the Kurdjumov-Sachs relation with both of two neighboring γ grains. For validation, single pass hot-rolling tests on a C-Si-Mn steel were carried out. The comparison between the predicted and the experimental textures shows that the linked model (GIA & DKS) can lead to a remarkable reproduction of the texture of hot-rolled steel sheets.

Bainitic-martensitic microstructures produced by direct quenching austenite subjected to different degrees of pancaking have been re-austenitized and quenched to fully martensitic structures in order to investigate the effect of prior texture on the final martensite texture. Three different prior austenite pancaking states varying from convex-like to highly pancaked were investigated using an ultrahigh-strength strip steel hot rolled with various finish rolling temperatures followed by direct quenching. Microstructures were characterized using FESEM and transformation texture analysed using FESEM-EBSD at the strip surface, quarter- thickness and mid-thickness positions. The results show that an increase in rolling reduction below the non-recrystallization temperature increases the intensities of ∼{554}<225>_α and ∼{112}<110>_α texture components in the ferrite along the strip mid-thickness and of the ∼{112}<111>_α component at the surface. The re-austenitization of the materials at 910°C for 30 min led to an inheritance of the same components from the parent specimens, but also increased the intensity of {001}<110>_α, {110}<110>_α and {011}<100>_α components.

Two new methods, one for determining the experimentally observed Orientation Relationship (OR) and another for reconstructing prior austenite phase, are proposed. Both methods are based on the angular deviation of the OR at the grain boundaries. The first algorithm identifies the optimum OR using the misorientation distribution of the entire scan i.e. without manual selection of parent grains. The second algorithm reconstructs the parent phase using a random walk clustering technique that identifies groups of closely related grains based on their angular deviation of the OR.

The transformation texture prediction by so-called double K-S relation is described. Various types of transformation textures such as the one in hot-rolled steel sheets and those of texture memory in hot-rolled steel and cold-rolled pure iron have been reported to be able to be quantitatively predicted by this variant selection rule. Recently such an experimental investigation has been extended to the texture memory in ECAP-processed pure iron. Although the type of texture as well as the symmetry of samples in ECAP iron is very different from the previous materials, the investigation has clearly indicated that the double K-S relation should indeed be the mechanism governing variant selection on the phase transformation in iron and steel.

Barrier coating consisting of binary silicide compounds Si_xV_y were deposited on a V-4Cr-4Ti vanadium alloy substrate. Samples were cycled in a furnace for 122h at 650°C and 1100°C. The electron backscattered (EBSD) combine with X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) techniques were employed to identify the phases in the multi-layered coating and to determine growth texture for each phase. The microstructure evolutions occurringduring cycling at 1100°C in the protective coating and the crystal orientation relationships between Si_xV_y were determined.

Two electrolytic tinplating processes are currently used in Europe: PSA (based on phenolsulfonic acid) and MSA (based on methanesulfonic acid). The Halogen Process is used in other parts of the world. The electrolyte composition and process parameters affect the electrodeposit and ultimately the tinplate appearance and performance. In order to better understand the impact of electrolyte composition on the crystallographic texture of tin coating tinplate, light tin coatings on single reduced, continuously annealed (CA) tinplate produced in three electrolytes: Halogen, PSA and MSA were analyzed. The crystallographic texture of thin tin coating (<2.8gm^-2) was analyzed by X-ray Diffraction and Electron Backscatter Diffraction. The effect of reflow (melting of the tin followed by rapid solidification) and ironing during drawn and wall ironed (DWI) can forming on the tin crystallography were evaluated. Both texture analysis by XRD and EBSD confirmed that all un-melted tin coatings, made in three different electrolytes, contain texture fibers. The effect of steel sheet crystallographic texture was investigated by comparing the tin crystallographic orientation on continuously annealed steel substrate (with α and γ fiber texture) versus batch annealed (BA) steel with a strong γ fiber texture. The main electrolytic parameters, current density and line speed, did not affect the texture formation of tin coating produced in MSA-based electrolyte within the commercial ranges. Un-melted tin coatings produced in the MSA-based electrolyte showed sharper texture than those produced in PSA and Halogen electrolytes. The FeSn₂ alloy structure was not observed in un-melted tin coatings; however, it was detected after ironing in the DWI process.

The crystal structure and the global texture of 7M modulated martensite in epitaxial Ni₅₀Mn₃₀Ga₂₀ thin films were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the local crystallographic orientations correlated with microstructural features were revealed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The microstructure of 7M martensite can be classified into two distinct constituents. One refers to long straight strips with relatively homogeneous contrast, running parallel to one edge direction of the substrate. The other refers to shorter and bent plates with relatively high relative contrast, being oriented with the plate length direction roughly in 45° with respect to the substrate edges. Each 7M martensite plate is designated as a single orientation variant, and four orientation variants that are twin-related one another constitute one variant group. With the local crystallographic orientations of martensite plates and the orientations of inter-plate interface traces, the Type I, Type II and compound twin interfaces in the low and high relative contrast zones were determined.

A study of the relationship of the crystallographic texture, the preferential orientation of martensite twins and the geometry changes during the martensite transformation of polycrystalline NiMnGa alloy is shown. Two states of alloy are investigated: as-cast state and the state after annealing at 923 K for 5 hours. It is shown that in the initial state the austenite phase has crystallographic axial texture <001>, while martensite has the two-component texture of the <001> and <110>. The preferential orientation of the martensitic twins in the martensitic structure is found. The crystallographic texture of the alloy after annealing is not changed, however, no preferential orientation of the martensitic twins is observed. In the martensitic phase structure martensitic twins are oriented randomly. Anisotropy of the thermal expansion during the martensitic transformation is shown, while in the annealed state such effect is not found.

An Al-1%Si alloy was solution treated and deformed by conventional cold rolling to different strains, followed by annealing at various temperatures until complete recrystallization. The microstructures of annealed samples were characterized by electron backscatter diffraction. It is found that under optimal conditions of cold rolling and annealing, the microstructure desired for sputtering target materials with fine, uniformly sized and randomly textured grains can be obtained for the Al-1%Si alloy.

A technique to measure the phase volume fraction of an individual orientation and the uncertainty in the measurement is demonstrated in this paper. The technique of complete pole figure averaging using neutron diffraction was used to assess the phase fraction of retained austenite in transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels and quantify the uncertainty in the phase fraction. In parallel, an ensemble of orientation distribution functions was calculated to assess crystallographic volume fractions of particular orientations and the uncertainty of these volume fractions using Monte Carlo techniques. These methods were combined to measure the retained austenite phase volume fraction of an individual orientation.

Automotive industry is currently focusing on using advanced high strength steels (AHSS) due to its high strength and formability for closure applications. Transformation Induced Plasticity (TRIP) steel is promising material for this application among other AHSS. The present work is focused on the microstructure development during deformation of TRIP steel sheets. To mimic complex strain path condition during forming of automotive body, Limit Dome Height (LDH) tests were conducted and samples were deformed in servo hydraulic press to find the different strain path. FEM Simulations were done to predict different strain path diagrams and compared with experimental results. There is a significant difference between experimental and simulation results as the existing material models are not applicable for TRIP steels. Micro texture studies were performed on the samples using EBSD and X-RD techniques. It was observed that austenite is transformed to martensite and texture developed during deformation had strong impact on limit strain and strain path.

An equiatomic FCC CoCrFeMnNi high entropy alloy (HEA) was heavily cold rolled up to 90% reduction in thickness followed by isochronal annealing for 1 hour at temperatures ranging between 700°C to 1100°C. A strong brass texture was observed in the cold-rolled condition indicating the low stacking fault energy of the material. A fine stable microstructure was observed during annealing at low temperatures. The recrystallization texture was characterized by the presence of deformation texture components, in particular, the α-fiber (ND//<110>), S ({123} <634>) and the typical brass recrystallization texture component ({236} <385>). Annealing twins were shown to have important effect on the formation of annealing texture.

A thermo-mechanical process consisting of cold rolling and subsequent reversion annealing was applied to high-alloy metastable austenitic CrMnNi steels with different nickel contents. As a result of the reversion annealing ultrafine grained material with a grain size in the range between 500 nm up to 4 μm were obtained improving the strength behavior of the material. The evolution of the texture of both the cold rolled states and the reversion-annealed states was studied either by X-ray diffraction or by EBSD measurements. The nickel content has a significant influence on the austenite stability and consequently also on the amount of the martensitic phase transformation. However, the developed textures in both steel variants with different austenite stability revealed the same behavior. In both investigated steels the texture of the reverted austenite is a pronounced Bs-type texture as developed also for the deformed austenite

The magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels are determined by the microstructure and texture of the material. Besides optimum grain size (microstructure) for low values of specific magnetic losses, a high intensity of θ-fibre texture and low intensity of γ-fibre and α-fibre texture is desirable. Each of the processing steps influences the intensity of the θ-fibre in the final processed material. In this paper the interplay of the various processing steps on the intensity of the θ-fibre is regarded for ferritic Iron-Silicon steels with 2.4 wt.% Si and 3.0 wt.% Si.

The mechanical behaviour of a gneiss sample from the Forsmark drilling site (Sweden) consisting of quartz, plagioclase (oligoclase), microcline and biotite, is characterized by residual strain and crystallographic preferred orientation measurements. Cyclic in situ uniaxial deformation experiments were carried out on a cylindrical sample at four uniaxial stress levels (55, 84, 114 and 141 MPa) and examined using time-of-flight neutrons and simultaneous recording of acoustic emissions. At each stress level applied, a residual strain scan was performed around the sample axis and residual strains were determined. The residual compressional strain detected for quartz was −1.0 × 10⁻³, the maximum value of residual strain approached 1.2 × 10⁻³. The onset of acoustic emissions is an indicator of the previous in situ maximum stress. Comparison of acoustic emission data with applied and residual stress values at different load levels is the key to understand the freezing-in mechanism of residual stress and the Kaiser Effect in rock.

The Ivrea-Verbano Zone offers a unique opportunity to study lower crust/upper mantle rocks unaffected by serpentinization. Peridotites from Finero (North-East Ivrea-Verbano Zone) have been collected to investigate the influence of individual mineral phases on seismic anisotropy. The methods involve experimental ultrasonic P-wave velocity measurements using a hydrostatic pressure vessel, and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis to investigate the crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). CPO was analyzed by large area EBSD scans for major minerals including olivine, orthopyroxene, but also for metasomatic hornblende. The CPO of olivine is confirmed to be the major source of detected seismic anisotropy. Minor influence can arise from hornblende if it is sufficiently abundant.

The investigation was performed on pulse-electrodeposited Nickel with submicrocrystalline microstructure containing slightly elongated grains having a <110> fibre texture in growth direction. Structural units in form of groups of elongated grains possessing a common <110>-zone axis in growth direction and CSL boundaries (in some cases twins) between them have been found in the microstructure by use of EBSD. Grain growth sets in above 325°C but the texture is conserved up to at least 600°C. This means that the arrangement of twins and other CSL boundaries stabilized the structural units; there is no orientation change (by further twinning) when grain growth occurs as seen in previous studies on Ni and Ni-Fe of different initial texture. The observed structural units were characterized in detail and the occurring grains and grain boundaries are described.

Asymmetric rolling is a promising forming technique offering numerous possibilities of material properties modification and the improvement of technological process parameters. This geometry of deformation is relatively easy to implement on existing industrial rolling mills. Moreover, it can provide large volume of a material with modified properties. The study of microstructure, crystallographic texture and mechanical properties of asymmetrically rolled aluminium is presented in this work. The above characteristics were examined using EBSD technique and X-ray diffraction. The rolling asymmetry was realized using two identical rolls, driven by independent motors, rotating with different angular velocities. It was found that asymmetric rolling leads to microstructure refinement, texture homogenization and decreasing of residual stress.

Several actual practical applications of the new X-ray method of generalized pole figures are considered. Among them there are determination of c- and a-dislocation densities in shell tubes from Zr-1%Nb alloy, analysis of strain hardening at opposite sides of shell tubes from ferrritic-martensitic steel with oxide disperse strengthening particles for high-temperature nuclear reactor and revealing of substructure non-uniformity in rods of Cu, subjected to equi- channel angular pressing.

In this work the Grain Boundary Character Distribution (GBCD) in general and the relative proportion of low-Σ CSL (Coincidence Site Lattice) grain boundaries are determined through EBSD in Cu-2.5Ni-0.6Si (wt.%) and Fe-36Ni (wt.%) alloys after processing by high-pressure torsion, equal- channel angular pressing and accumulative roll bonding.

The objective of this work is to study the texture and microstructure evolution of an IF steel deformed by Accumulative Roll Bonding (ARB) using Electron Backscatter Diffraction. Texture changes occur with increasing number of ARB cycles. For the early cycles, the main components are the α and γ fiber components characteristic of steels. With increasing the number of ARB cycles a tendency towards a random texture is obtained. In the initial state, the mean grain size is 30 μm and after 5 cycles it decreases to 1.2 μm. For the first ARB cycles, the fraction of high angle grain boundary is low but it increases with the number of cycles to about 80% for 5 cycles. The Kernel Average Misorientation (KAM) has no appreciable changes with the number of ARB cycles for all the texture components.

A variety of microstructures in Mg/Cu super-laminate composites (SLCs) caused by competitive reactions during hydrogenation has been shown experimentally. Two types of MgCu₂ structures, three-dimensional (3-D) network and layer, were observed after initial hydrogenation of Mg/Cu SLCs under the conditions of 573K, 86.4ks in H₂ of 3-3MPa. It was proposed that Mg/Cu SLCs could be hydrogenated by two kinds of processes. The one is alloying Mg with Cu to form Mg₂Cu followed by hydrogenation of Mg₂Cu, leading to the formation of 3-D network of MgCu₂. The other is hydrogenation of Mg followed by the reaction of MgH₂ to Cu, leading to the formation of layer MgCu₂. SEM observations revealed that there existed Mg₂Cu nano-crystals at the interface between Mg and Cu in as-rolled Mg/Cu SLCs, and layer MgCu₂ at the interface between MgH₂ and Cu in pellets of MgH₂ powder and Cu powder heated under the conditions of 673K, 86.4ks in H₂ of 8.0 MPa. The existence of Mg₂Cu nano-crystals enables alloying Mg with Cu at low temperatures (<473K).

The effects of interstitial content and temperature on texture and substructure evolution of commercially pure titanium during the first pass of equal channel angular pressing were investigated. Different values of critical resolved shear stresses were proposed for different interstitial contents and processing temperatures. Simulation results show that texture was affected by both interstitial element and temperature. Also, in substructure simulation, the cell size was affected by interstitial content, while the fragment size was more dependent on temperature change.

In the present work the importance of 3D and 4D microstructure analyses are shown. To that aim, we study polycrystalline grain microstructures obtained by grain growth under grain boundary, triple line and quadruple point control. The microstructures themselves are obtained by mesoscopic computer simulations, which enjoy a far greater control over the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters affecting grain growth than can be realized experimentally. In extensive simulation studies we find by 3D respectively 4D microstructure analyses that metrical and topological properties of the microstructures depend strongly on the microstructural feature controlling the growth kinetics. However, the differences between the growth kinetics vanish when we look at classical 2D sections of the 3D ensembles making a differentiation of the controlling grain feature near impossible.

Aluminum alloy 6013 was chosen as an example of a material that, after thermal treatment, possesses a relatively uniform and stable bimodal distribution of fine (<<1 μm) and coarse (>1 μm) particles. Samples of this alloy were subjected to plastic deformation by cold rolling. The presence of large and small particles has an influence on the behavior of this material during the recrystallization process. A complex investigation of the microstructural changes during annealing were carried out by means of advanced SEM and TEM techniques. Orientation mapping (OM), i.e., automatic determination of the topography of the crystallographic orientations, was performed using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the SEM and microdiffraction in the TEM experiments. These techniques were combined with in-situ heating experiments in the TEM and SEM experiments. The quantitative description of the microstructure at each step of recrystallization is presented. Changes in the microstructure of the investigated material during annealing reveal the role and impact of both types of particles on recrystallization and grain growth. The obtained results are in agreement with parallel calorimetric studies.

The tensile strength of electrodeposits generally decreases with increasing bath temperature because the grain size increases and the dislocation density decreases with increasing bath temperature. Therefore, discontinuities observed in the tensile strength vs. bath temperature curves in electrodeposition of copper are unusual. The tensile strength of electrodeposits generally increases with increasing cathode current density because the rate of nucleation in electrodeposits increases with increasing current density, which in turn gives rise to a decrease in the grain size and in turn an increase in the strength. Therefore, a decrease in the tensile strength of copper electrodeposits at a high current density is unusual. The grain size of vapor deposits is expected to decrease with decreasing substrate temperature. However, rf sputtered Co-Cr deposits showed that deposits formed on water-cooled polyimide substrates had a larger grain size than deposits formed on polyimide substrates at 200 °C. These unusual phenomena can be explained by the preferred growth model for deposition texture evolution.

The annealing behavior of nanostructured aluminum AA1050 prepared by cold rolling to an ultrahigh strain (ε_vM = 6.4) has been investigated using both transmission electron microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction techniques, paying particular attention to changes in microstructure and texture during recovery and their influence on subsequent recrystallization. It is found that coarsening of lamellar structures during recovery can occur via triple junction motion, and that this process can modify the proportion of different boundary types and texture components compared to those in the cold rolled material. Additionally, the heavily deformed material is characterized by different textures and different spatial arrangements of rolling texture components in the center and subsurface. It is found that changes in the misorientation distribution and texture during coarsening are greatly affected by the initial spatial distribution of crystallographic orientations. In particular, the reduction in the fraction of high angle boundaries observed during recovery is much more pronounced in the subsurface layers than in the center layer. The initial through-thickness heterogeneity is thus greatly enhanced during recovery, which leads to significant differences in recrystallized microstructure and texture in the different layers.

The KoBo device is a press with a cyclically rotating die enabling extrusion of ingots with the permanent destabilization of their substructure. The method involves a cyclic change of deformation path that increases the plasticity of the material and inhibits formation and propagation of cracks. The possibility of using KoBo for obtaining zinc wires with high mechanical properties was explored. A polycrystalline zinc ingot of purity of 99.995% was subjected to extrusion at room temperature. The microstructure of the material was investigated primarily via high-resolution electron backscatter diffraction using a scanning electron microscope. The microstructure is heterogeneous and consists of grains elongated slightly in the extrusion direction (ED). The material has a relatively sharp nearly axial texture with the ED scattered between the <1 0 -1 0> and <2 -1 -1 0> directions. More than 95% of high-angle grain boundaries do not correspond to any twin or low Σ CSL boundaries. The dimensions of the grains range from 10 - 20 micrometers down to the sub-micron scale. Despite the relatively large grains, the final product exhibits very good mechanical properties, which could not be explained by the Hall - Petch relation. It was found that besides grain refinement two other effects could affect the material mechanical properties. These effects are formation of nanograins inside the large, micrometer-sized grains and formation of broad areas of high-density crystal lattice defects extended along the HAGBs.

Grain boundaries affect properties of polycrystals. Novel experimental techniques for three-dimensional orientation mapping give new opportunities for studies of this influence. Large networks of boundaries can be analyzed based on all five 'macroscopic' boundary parameters. We demonstrate benefits of applying two methods for improving these analyses. The fractions of geometrically special boundaries in ferrite are estimated based on 'approximate' distances to the nearest special boundaries; by using these parameters, the times needed for processing boundary data sets are shortened. Moreover, grain-boundary distributions for nickel are obtained using kernel density estimation; this approach leads to distribution functions more accurate than those obtained based on partition of the space into bins.

Manual serial sectioning which includes consecutive steps of sample preparation and Electron Back Scattering Diffraction (EBSD) measurement was employed to extract the twodimensional (2D) sections of a pure nickel sample and to reconstruct the three-dimensional (3D) microstructure. A general alignment algorithm based on the minimization of misorientation between two adjacent sections has been developed to accurately align the sections. By employing this alignment algorithm, any in-plane (translational) and rotational misalignment as well as the planparallelity can be corrected. Surface triangulation technique was used to reconstruct the grain boundary surfaces. The Grain Boundary Character Distribution (GBCD) was derived from reconstructed grain boundaries. The results show that a smoother grain boundary plane can be obtained after precise translational and rotational alignment and correction of planparallelity.

The relative grain boundary energy was computed as a function of the five grain boundary parameters based on equilibrium at triple lines. The results show that the grain boundary planes carrying a Σ₃ type misorientation are dominantly parallel to the {111} crystal plane, which indicates the presence of coherent twin boundaries. It was observed that coherent Σ₃ type boundaries exhibit the minimum relative grain boundary energy, which is approximately 57% smaller than the average of all Σ₃ boundaries, including also incoherent twin boundaries.

Based on the spatially resolved electron backscatter diffraction technique, the microstructural evolution accompanying the martensitic transformation (austenite to 7M martensite) and the intermartensitic transformation (7M martensite to NM martensite) was studied on a polycrystalline Ni53Mn22Ga25 alloy. Results show that the 7M martensite plate groups transformed from initial austenite have a diamond-shape with four twin-related variants. The 7M to NM intermartensitic transformation was accompanied by the thickening of martensite plates. With the experimental results, the characteristics of microstructural evolution during the phase transformations were further analyzed.

Moly-TZM was deformed at constant strain rate of 1.0 s⁻¹ to investigate the high strain rate deformation behaviour by micro structural and stress response change within a temperature range of 1400-1700 °C. To correlate the deformation behaviour with orientational change, recrystallization and recovery of the material, the microstructural investigation was undertaken using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of electron back scattered diffraction (EBSD). Depending on the grain size and orientation spread recrystallized grains were identified and texture was calculated. Change in grain boundary characteristics with increasing temperature was determined by the misorientation angle distribution for the deformed and recrystallized grains. Subgrain coalescence and increase in subgrain size with increasing temperature was observed, indicating recrystallization not only occurred from the nucleation of the dislocation free grains in grain boundaries but also from the subgrain rotation and merging of the subgrains by annihilation of the low angle grain boundaries. Detailed studies on the evolution of texture of recrystallized grains showed continuous increase in <001> fiber texture in recrystallised grains, in contrast to a mixed fiber <001> +<111> for the deformed grains.

Polycrystal materials exhibit large changes in the flow stress and hardening behavior during the strain path change. Such changes are related with the crystallographic texture anisotropy and the rearrangement of dislocation structure during the pre-loading. These effects have been captured by a dislocation hardening model embedded in the visco-plastic selfconsistent (VPSC) model. In this work, the texture evolution and mechanical behavior of TWIP steel during the strain path change are investigated. The experimental studies are carried out on rolled TWIP steel sheet. The mechanical responses are obtained under tensile tests along rolling direction, followed by tension along the directions with 0° and 90° from the pre-loading direction. The simulated results of strain-stress curves and the texture evolution are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Slip transmission across grain boundaries is an essential micromechanical processes during deformation of polycrystalline materials. Slip transmission processes can be characterized based on the geometrical arrangement of active slip systems in adjacent grains and the value of the critical resolved shear stress acting on the incoming and possible outgoing slip systems. We present a Matlab toolbox which enables quantification of grain boundary slip transfer properties and comparison with experiments. Using a graphical user interface, experimental grain boundary data can be directly exported as input files for crystal plasticity finite element simulation of bicrystal experiments.

In processing non-oriented electrical steel sheets using conventional rolling schemes, the most common texture components obtained after final annealing are the magnetically unfavourable <111>//ND (γ) and <110>//RD (α) fibres. A lot of researches have been carried out trying to optimize the processes to produce the favourable <001>//ND (θ) fibre. However, since the final texture is formed through a series of texture evolution steps during the solidification, hot rolling, cold rolling and annealing processes, it is quite challenging to tailor the texture of the final product. In this study, a new rolling scheme was examined, in which the cold rolling direction (CRD) was inclined to the hot rolling direction (HRD) at an angle from 0° to 90° (with a 15° increment). This was intended to alter the texture commonly produced by cold rolling along the HRD, and to optimize the final recrystallization texture. The cold rolling and recrystallization textures of two non-oriented electrical steels with 0.9% and 2.8% Si were measured. It was found that the inclination of CRD to HRD has a substantial effect on the cold rolling texture for both steels, but only in the low Si steel, does it lead to significantly different recrystallization textures. A strong cube texture was produced at an inclination angle of 60°, and the <111>//ND (γ) fibre was significantly weakened or essentially disappeared. The core losses of these steels were measured by Epstein frame method and the results showed a ∼10% difference among strips cold rolled at different angles. A minimum core loss occurred at a 45° inclination angle in the low Si steel.

Technique of the macroscopic yield stress anisotropy calculation of Zr alloys based on texture f-parameters was validated in the frame of this work. In order to compare experimental and calculated anisotropy of products, samples cut out from rolled slabs of Zr- 1%Nb alloy along three directions (rolling, transversal and normal) were subjected to uniaxial tension and compression up to different deformation degrees. Investigation of texture evolution under loading was implemented by measuring of several direct pole figures by means of X-ray diffractometric methods for samples in the initial state as well as after their deformation. Using obtained texture data three normalized yield stresses for orthogonal directions of studied samples were estimated and compared with experimental values measured by initial loading curves.

The elastic anisotropy of bulk rock depends on the mineral textures, the crack fabric and external parameters like, e.g., confining pressure. The texture-related contribution to elastic anisotropy can be predicted from the mineral textures, the largely sample-dependent contribution of the other parameters must be determined experimentally. Laboratory measurements of the elastic wave velocities are mostly limited to pressures of the intermediate crust. We describe a method, how the elastic wave velocity trends and, by this means, the elastic constants can be extrapolated to the pressure conditions of the lower crust. The extrapolated elastic constants are compared to the texture-derived ones. Pronounced elastic anisotropy is evident for phyllosilicate minerals, hence, the approach is demonstrated for two phyllosilicate-rich gneisses with approximately identical volume fractions of the phyllosilicates but different texture types.

Roping as a heterogeneous plastic deformation is generally attributed to the occurrence of the meso-scale clustering of grains with similar orientations. Large-scale electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) orientation maps are customarily used to correlate the orientation topography with the roping profile. The most common way of investigating this phenomenon is to extract the predominant texture components and then to correlate them with the roping profile, since grains belong to different texture components lead to different plastic responses. Instead of using a microscopic representative volume element in the length scale of the grain size, the present work proposes a moving window mechanical model to use a representative volume element of the meso-scale, corresponding to a grain cluster, to simulate roping. For a tensile test in the transverse direction, a quantitative prediction of surface roping profile can be obtained. For an artificial EBSD orientation map, the proposed model can yield both roping wavelength and amplitude.

Tensile tests on two similar 75-μm-thick aluminium sheet materials were carried out inside a scanning electron microscope equipped with an electron backscatter detector. The materials were subjected to simulated brazing prior to the test because this type of material is used for fins in automotive heat exchangers. Grain sizes were large relative to sheet thickness and ND-rotated cube and P texture components dominated the recrystallization textures; their volume fractions differed strongly in the two different materials, though. Strains over the microscope image fields were determined from positions of constituent particles or from grain sizes; the two methods gave consistent results. Grains with high Schmid factors accumulated significantly more deformation than grains with low Schmid factors. Cracks nucleated in high-Schmid factor grains, or in groups of such grains, at the specimen edges. When only low-Schmid factor grains were present at the specimen edges, the crack nucleated inside the specimen. The subsequent crack growth was intragranular and occurred at approximately 90° relative to the load direction.

Two polycrystalline plasticity models, namely the ALAMEL model and the viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model were used to study the effect of the grain shape on the evolution of plastic anisotropy. The latter was characterized by the q-value in this paper. The two models both predict the evolution of grain shape and texture and then can predict the effect of the initial grain shape on the texture. The final anisotropy of the materials was also assessed with the help of these models. Data of tensile tests in three directions for three low carbon steel sheets with either equiaxed or a pancake grain shape were used to evaluate the model predictions. Both models give the same trend of the grain shape effect on the evolution of the q-values. Results demonstrate that the effect of the grain shape can be clearly reflected in the x-value distribution as defined and discussed in this paper. But it is not so obvious in the predicted textures for the investigated three materials according to both models.

Selective Laser Melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technology used to directly produce metallic parts from thin powder layers. To evaluate the anisotropic mechanical properties, tensile test specimens of the Ni-base alloy Hastelloy X were built with the loading direction oriented either parallel (z-specimens) or perpendicular to the build-up direction (xy- specimens). Specimens were investigated in the "as-built" condition and after high temperature heat treatment. Tensile tests at room temperature and at 850°C of "as-built" material have shown different mechanical properties for z- and xy-specimens. The anisotropy is reflected in the Young's modulus, with lower values measured parallel to the build-up direction. It is shown that the anisotropy is significantly reduced by a subsequent recrystallization heat treatment. The characterization of microstructural and textural anisotropy was done by Electron Back Scatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Predictions of Young's modulus calculated from the measured textures compare well with the data from tensile tests.

The magnetic fabric of a rock, defined by the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), is often used as a tectonic indicator. In order to establish a quantitative relationship between AMS and mineral texture, it is important to understand the single crystal intrinsic AMS of each mineral that contributes to the AMS of the rock. The AMS and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of amphiboles, olivine and pyroxenes has been analyzed in a series of amphibolites, peridotites and pyroxenites that do show preferred mineral alignment. The CPO of each mineral phase was determined based on electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Whole- rock AMS was computed based on the CPO and single crystal AMS of the respective minerals. A comparison between measured and modelled magnetic anisotropy shows that the directions of the principal susceptibility axes agree well in amphibolite and peridotite. Pyroxenite is a good example for competing AMS fabrics in polyphase rocks.

The effect of multistep isothermal forging (MIF) on microstructure, texture and anisotropy of ambient temperature yield strength of MA14 (Mg-5.8Mg-0.65Zr (%, wt)) magnesium alloy hot-pressed rod was analyzed. It has been found that the initial axial texture is quite stable under 1st MIF step up to strain e∼4.2 at 400°C and has been gradually transformed into much weaker single-peak one at further processing at 300 and 200°C to total strain of 10.2. Such texture changes were accompanied by strong grain refinement, along with significant reduction of the alloy strength anisotropy.

Firstly, an Al7020 block was characterized by the texture gradient, which was remarkably strong. Texture sharpness in the center with about 30 mrd (multiple random distribution) shows typical plain strain texture components. On the surface and close to the surface the texture sharpness is much weaker showing also shear components. Strongest shear was not directly at the surface but 4 mm deeper. The texture analysis at HEMS Beamline (Petra III/DESY-Hamburg) was done with continuous scanning mode to include all grains to improve the grain statistics. Secondly, with an in situ synchrotron experiment the texture dependent lattice strain behavior was investigated using flat tensile samples oriented 0°, 45° and 90° to the rolling direction (RD). Texture induced anisotropy influenced on the lattice dependent yield strength and the lattice dependent stress-strain behavior, which will be discussed in detail. Due to the high energy synchrotron beam complete Debye-Scherrer rings were obtained so that the patterns, parallel and perpendicular to loading direction (LD), were obtained simultaneously.

The brass-to-copper rolling texture transition is observed during warm rolling austenitic stainless steels. In the current paper austenitic stainless steels 304L and 316L have been subjected to warm rolling at 700°C to 90% reduction. The evolution of microstructure and texture during subsequent annealing has been studied using dilatometry and electron backscatter diffraction. Recrystallisation texture for 304L was primarily cube with some retained rolling texture while 316L only had retained rolling texture. The different behaviour between the two steels is believed to originate from differences in molybdenum content.

Tube drawing is an inhomogeneous process with anisotropic flow. Quantitative texture analysis was used to get inside in eccentricity and ovality of a Cu-tube drawn without a plug. To obtain the texture gradient over the wall thickness high resolution synchrotron radiation was used. One obtains on one hand different textures at the surfaces than in the central region and the other hand a variation of the texture gradient at the maximum wall thickness of the tube compared to the minimum wall thickness.

A partially recrystallized copper sample produced by cold-rolling and annealing was deformed in situ by uniaxial tension in a scanning electron microscope, and electron backscatter diffraction data were collected before and after deformation to certain strains. The local strain distributions are quantified using digital image correlation. Distributions of the normal strain along the tensile direction (ε_xx) are shown in this paper. The recrystallized grains are found to deform more than the remaining unrecrystallized matrix. When ε_xx is averaged along lines perpendicular to the tensile direction, significant variation are observed, which may be related to the local recrystallized volume fraction.

Materials characterization includes a long list of information's which are on one hand important for process optimizations and on the other hand key knowledge for application, lifetime and failure predictions. With the help of area detector investigations one is able to get simultaneously all information related to line position, line intensity and line broadening of Bragg reflections. Examples are residual stress profiles, quantitative texture mapping, diffraction elastic constants, lattice dependent stress-strain curves, thermal expansion coefficients and defect densities. A very special case is high energetic synchrotron radiation which allows very fast and complete detection of generalized pole figures, namely intensity pole figures (texture), line broadening pole figures (micro-strain) and line position pole figures (macro-strain) using complete Debye-Scherrer rings.

The material science diffractometer STRESS-SPEC has high flux and a high flexible monochromator arrangement to optimize the needed wavelength. Many specific sample handling stages and sample environments are available. One of them is a Staubli RX 160 robot with nominal load capacity of 20 kg and more freedom for texture mapping than the Huber 512 Eulerian type cradle. Demonstration experiments of non-destructive pole figures and strain measurements of Cu-tube segments weighing 12 kg weight and 250 mm in length and 140 mm diameter have been carried out. The residual strains measured by the robot and by the XYZ- stage fit quite well, that means the robot is reliable for strain measurements. The texture of the Cu-tube has dominant recrystallization texture components represented by the cube and the rotated cube.

Methods of texture analysis allowed to show that inhomogeneity of the crystallographic texture in shell tube wall is responsible for rise of tangential macrostress in the tube. This inhomogeneity predetermines a difference of thermal expansion between outside and inside layers of tube at its exploitation temperature. The indicator of such stress is formation of radially-oriented hydrides in the transverse section of tube, subjected to treatment in autoclave.

In this work crystallographic texture for a set of rail wheel steel samples with different regimes of thermo-mechanical treatment and with and without modification by system Al-Mg-Si- Fe-C-Ca-Ti-Ce was measured by neutron diffraction. The texture measurements were carried out by using time-of-flight technique at SKAT diffractometer situated at IBR-2 reactor (Dubna, JINR, Russia). The three complete pole figures (110), (200), (211) of α-Fe phase in 5°×5°grid were extracted from a set of 1368 spectra measured for each sample. The samples were cut from rail wheel rim and from transitional zone (between rail wheel hub and wheel disk). It was concluded that the steel modification and some changes in the heat treatment modes of the rail wheels from the experimental (modified) and the conventional (non-modified) steel lead to reorientation of texture component.

Several years of texture investigation via X-ray Diffraction and EBSD techniques clearly highlight the effect of steel chemistry and processing on the final texture development in individual tinplate grades produced by U.S. Steel Košice. The influence of chemical composition, degree of deformation, and the annealing process on the texture development in tinplate steel is presented for selected grades processed in production and using the material controlled laboratory experiments. "Non-earing and Ultra-low Earing" tinplate materials provide a good case study where the desired final texture, which contains a strong γ fiber along with other texture component, is achieved with precise control of key processing variables. Development and production of high strength double reduced material with isotropic properties can be achieved by detailed study of crystallographic texture. As-measured Inverse Pole Figure (IPF) maps and calculated Orientation Distribution Functions (ODFs) were used to characterize the strength of the γ fiber and selected texture components. Calculation of the normal anisotropy index, r, from the acquired texture information, was accomplished for these steels using available crystal plasticity models. Achieved results of detailed texture analysis of tinplate in the manufacture of double reduced high strength tinplate steel grades have been successfully applied.

Specific inhomogeneities consisting of coarse-grained bainite are observed in the microstructure of low carbon microalloyed steels after hot rolling. Earlier a special etching method has been developed allowing to reveal that these inhomogeneities markedly affect a fracture toughness of steels. In the present work their crystal geometry was studied using EBSD technique, and orientations of former austenite grains were reconstructed. The austenite, from which the coarse-grained bainite regions have been produced, is shown to have orientations concentrated predominantly within the brass component of austenite rolling texture. The inhomogeneities of steel microstructure are promoted by orientation dependency of the deformation substructure of heavily deformed austenite grains.

This paper describes the evolution of crystallographic texture in three of the most important high strength aluminium alloys, viz., AA2219, AA7075 and AFNOR7020 in the cold rolled and artificially aged condition. Bulk texture results were obtained by plotting pole figures from X-ray diffraction results followed by Orientation Distribution Function (ODF) analysis and micro-textures were measured using EBSD. The results indicate that the deformation texture components Cu, Bs and S, which were also present in the starting materials, strengthen with increase in amount of deformation. On the other hand, recrystallization texture components Goss and Cube weaken. The Bs component is stronger in the deformation texture. This is attributed to the shear banding.

In-service applications indicate that the as-processed AFNOR7020 alloy fails more frequently compared to the other high strength Al alloys used in the aerospace industry. Detailed study of deformation texture revealed that strong Brass (Bs) component could be associated to shear banding, which in turn could explain the frequent failures in AFNOR7020 alloy. The alloying elements in this alloy that could possibly influence the stacking fault energy of the material could be accounted for the strong Bs component in the texture.

Aluminium-alloys of the AA 5xxx series with Mg contents in excess of 3% may suffer from intergranular corrosion (IGC) when exposed to temperatures in the range 60 to 200°C. At these temperatures Al-Mg alloys are rendered susceptible to IGC by precipitation of β-Al₈Mg₅ phases along the grain boundaries. Accordingly, susceptibility to IGC will depend on grain size as well as type and orientation of the grain boundaries present in the material, that is, on the crystallographic texture of the material at final gauge.

Therefore, it is of great interest to study the correlation of texture and precipitation of β-AlMg phases and, therewith, susceptibility to IGC. For this purpose, different AA 5182 samples were processed so as to produce different crystallographic textures and characterized with respect to microstructure and resistance against IGC. EBSD local texture analysis was applied to provide information about the grain boundary character distribution. Eventually, this may enable Al industry to reduce the susceptibility of Al-Mg alloys to IGC by proper control of the final gauge texture, such that higher Mg-contents may be used in IGC-critical applications.

In this contribution, we have striven to respond to the desire of obtaining the residual stress tensor in the both cold-rolled and hot-rolled substrates designated for deposition of thermal coatings by plasma spraying. Residual stresses play an important role in the coating adhesion to the substrate and, as such, it is a good practice to analyse them. Prior to spraying, the substrate is often being grit blasted. Residual stresses and texture were quantitatively assessed in both virgin and grit blasted sample employing three attitudes. Firstly without taking preferred orientation into account, secondly from measurements of interplanar lattice spacings of planes with high Miller indices using MoKα radiation. And eventually, by calculating anisotropic elastic constants as a weighted average between single-crystal and X-ray elastic constants with weighting being done according to the amount of textured and isotropic material in the irradiated volume. In the ensuing verification analyses, it was established that the latter approach is suitable for materials with either very strong or very weak presence of texture.

Three different thermo-mechanical strategies—annealing, strain recrystallization and strain annealing—were applied to a Nb-stabilized 304H austenitic stainless steel in order to study their effects on grain boundary character distribution (GBCD). An Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) analysis revealed specific combinations of cold reduction-temperature-time that favor annealing twinning. A uniform increase in microstructural size and special boundaries (particularly for Σ3, Σ9 and Σ27 boundaries) was achieved under strain annealing conditions (low cold reductions) and long times at high temperatures (≥ 990°C). These conditions provide a high fraction of special boundaries (about 80%), which replace the random grain boundary network and thus optimize the GBCD. The profuse presence of Σ3ⁿ boundaries is attributed to the geometric interaction of twin-related variants during grain boundary migration. In addition to all this, precipitation takes place at the temperature range where optimum GBCD is achieved. The significance of precipitation in the different strategies was also tackled.

Magnesium alloys have received much attention for their lightweight and other excellent properties, such as low density, high specific strength, and good castability, for use in several industrial and commercial applications. However, both magnesium and its alloys show limited room-temperature formability owing to the limited number of slip systems associated with their hexagonal close-packed crystal structure. It is well known that crystallographic texture plays an important role in both plastic deformation and macroscopic anisotropy of magnesium alloys. Many authors have concentrated on improving the room- temperature formability of Mg alloys. However, despite having a lot of excellent properties in magnesium alloy, the study for various properties of magnesium alloy have not been clarified enough yet.

Mg alloys are known to have a good damping capacity compared to other known metals and their alloys. Also, the damping properties of metals are generally recognized to be dependent on microstructural factors such as grain size and texture. However, there are very few studies on the relationship between the damping capacity and texture of Magnesium alloys. Therefore, in this study, specimens of the AZ31 magnesium alloy, were processed by hot working, and their texture and damping property investigated. A 60 mm × 60 mm × 40 mm rectangular plate was cut out by machining an ingot of AZ31 magnesium alloy (Mg-3Al-1Zn in mass%), and rolling was carried out at 673 K to a rolling reduction of 30%. Then, heat treatment was carried out at temperatures in the range of 573-723 K for durations in the range of 30-180 min. The samples were immediately quenched in oil after heat treatment to prevent any change in the microstructure. Texture was evaluated on the compression planes by the Schulz reflection method using nickel-filtered Cu Kα radiation. Electron backscatter diffraction measurements were conducted to observe the spatial distribution of various orientations. Specimens for damping capacity measurements were machined from the rolled specimen, to have a length of 120 mm, width of 20 mm, and thickness of 1 mm. The damping capacity was measured with a flexural internal friction measurement machine at room temperature. It was found that the damping capacity increases with both increasing heat-treatment temperature and time, due to grain growth and the increased pole densities of textures.

In this paper, in order to approach this problem, specimens of pure titanium were treated with WCP, and the subsequent changes in microstructure, residual stress, and surface morphologies were investigated as a function of WCP duration. The influence of water cavitation peening (WCP) treatment on the microstructure of pure titanium was investigated. A novel combined finite element and dislocation density method (FEM/DDM), proposed for predicting macro and micro residual stresses induced on the material subsurface treated with water cavitation peening, is also presented. A bilinear elastic-plastic finite element method was conducted to predict macro-residual stresses and a dislocation density method was conducted to predict micro-residual stresses. These approaches made possible the prediction of the magnitude and depth of residual stress fields in pure titanium. The effect of applied impact pressures on the residual stresses was also presented. The results of the FEM/DDM modeling were in good agreement with those of the experimental measurements.