Table of contents

PREFACE

It was a great pleasure to welcome all the participants in the 2017 2nd International Conference on Mining, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering (ICMMME 2017) held in Bangkok, Thailand, 17 - 19 March 2017. ICMMME is dedicated to new research developments and advances in the fields of Mining, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering.

The key goal of the conference was to bring the academic scientists, engineers, and industry researchers together to exchange and share their expertise, experience and research results, and discuss the challenges and future directions in their specialized areas of research in these fields. A professor from USA and two professors from South Korea delivered the invited keynote lectures about state of the art research in their areas of expertise. The conference provided a golden opportunity for the students, researchers and engineers to interact with the experts and specialists to discuss with them on technical matters and future directions of research.

The proceeding of the conference consists of papers from the universities, research institutes and industry. The papers were selected after a rigorous peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers should provide the readers an overview of many recent advances in the fields related to materials especially the composite materials and metallurgical engineering including the modeling, analysis, computation and optimization as well as the experimental methods.

I would like to thank all the authors who have contributed to this volume and also to the members of the organizing committee, reviewers, speakers, chairpersons, sponsors and the conference participants for their support to ICMMME 2017.

Prof. Ramesh K. Agarwal

Washington University in St. Louis, USA

22 March 2017

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

To develop new polymer blends having reduced friction force of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) dispersion and improved adhesion of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fluid, FEP dispersion was blended with PDMS fluids at different viscosities of 20 cSt and 100 cSt by using solution mixing method. The FEP/PDMS blends were coated on short hollow tubes and examined by penetrating the tubes into the rubber stoppers. It was found that the tubes coated with the blends showed reduced penetration and friction forces and improved adhesion. The tubes coated with the 100 cSt-PDMS blend in the ratio of 5:1.5 demonstrated the penetration and average friction forces as low as 3828 mN and 1524 mN, respectively. The formation of physical blends was characterized and confirmed by FTIR and DSC analyses.

In this paper, we take the HDPE as the matrix material, OBC as the toughening material, and EDPM-g-MAH as the compatibility agent, HDPE/OBC/EPDM-g-MAH blends were prepared by high speed mixing, melt extrusion, injection molding and so on. The effects of OBC and EPDM-g-MAH on mechanical properties, crystalline properties, fracture surface structure and rheological properties of HDPE were analyzed by universal tensile tester, melt mass flow rate test machine, DSC and SEM. Experimental results show that: with the addition of EPDM-g-MAH, the notched impact strength of the blends increased first and then decreased; HDPE/OBC blend containing 4% EPDM-g-MAH, OBC dispersion in the matrix is more uniform, particle size is significantly refined, melt flow has some improvement, Compared with HDPE/OBC blend materials, notched impact strength and elongation at break increased by 41.07% and 107.28% respectively, the toughness of the blend was greatly improved.

Cellulosic fiber reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC's) are more frequently applied in construction industry and transportation, in which their flammability and water absorption behaviors are important. Fire resistance of cellulosic fiber reinforced composites is important parameter that often limits the application of composites in a given area. This work presents experimental results of a fire retardant behavior and moisture absorption behavior of different weight percentage (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt. %) of sisal/coir fiber reinforced epoxy resin hybrid composites. Traditional cold pressing method was used to fabricate hybrid composites. Flammability behavior of the hybrid composite was studied by using vertical and horizontal burning rates as per standard UL-94. Addition of the cellulosic fiber increases the flammability since natural fiber supports fire. It proves as a bad flame retardant due to the generation of a surface layer during pyrolysis of the cellulosic fiber which exhibits poor fire retardant nature. This layer acts as supporter of fire, which spreads the heat from being transferred to the un-pyrolised material. The speed of flame is much faster in vertical burning position compared to horizontal burning position due to preheating of the specimen. Moisture absorption of sisal/coir fiber reinforced epoxy resin hybrid composites are studied according to ISO 62:1999 standard procedure. Absorption of moisture increases with increasing in the reinforcement weight percentage of cellulosic fiber in fabricated hybrid composite.

A systematic method of material analysis aiming for fuel efficiency improvement with the utilization of natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix composites in the automobile industry is proposed. A multi-factor based decision criteria with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used and executed through MATLAB to achieve improved fuel efficiency through the weight reduction of vehicular components by effective comparison between two engine hood designs. The reduction was simulated by utilizing natural fiber polymer composites with thermoplastic polypropylene (PP) as the matrix polymer and benchmarked against a synthetic based composite component. Results showed that PP with 35% of flax fiber loading achieved a 0.4% improvement in fuel efficiency, and it was the highest among the 27 candidate fibers.

Polylactic acid (PLA) and organically modified layered silicates (organoclay) with concentrations of 2-10 wt% were prepared by melt intercalation technique. The effects of organoclay on the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA were studied. Tensile properties were evaluated using an Instron Universal Tester. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) were performed to study the thermal behaviour of the prepared composites. The nanocomposites exhibited superior improvement of practical materials properties such as Young's modulus and thermal stability, as compared to the neat PLA. The Young's modulus drastically increased, whereas tensile strength and elongation at break decreased. The maximum degradation temperature of the hybrid increased linearly with an increasing amount of organoclay. However, MDSC has determined that the glass transition, cold crystallisation, and melting point temperatures were not significantly influenced by the presence of organoclay.

Using the experience in the development of composite materials with desired properties is given the algorithm of construction materials synthesis on the basis of their representation in the form of a complex system. The possibility of creation of a composite and implementation of the technical task originally are defined at a stage of cognitive modeling. On the basis of development of the cognitive map hierarchical structures of criteria of quality are defined; according to them for each allocated large-scale level the corresponding block diagrams of system are specified. On the basis of the solution of problems of one-criteria optimization with use of the found optimum values formalization of a multi-criteria task and its decision is carried out (the optimum organization and properties of system are defined). The emphasis is on methodological aspects of mathematical modeling (construction of a generalized and partial models to optimize the properties and structure of materials, including those based on the concept of systemic homeostasis).

The paper pursued the hypothesis that alkaline treatment removed hemicellulose and pectin from the flax fibres, the fibre thermal stability will be improved. The use of plant fibres as reinforcement in thermoplastic composites comes with the detrimental effect of thermal degradation on the tensile performance of fibres and composites, particularly during long consolidation times at high temperature. SEM was used to observe the treated fibre surface. The micrographs show that the treatment with a higher concentration of NaOH solution results in a more obviously rough fibre surface. Moreover, FTIR and TGA were used to examine the chemical decomposition and thermal stability, respectively. The spectra of treated materials indicate that both hemicellulose and pectin were dissolved from the fibre surface following treatment. Finally, TGA results revealed that the loss of mass belonging to hemicellulose and pectin in treated fibres results in a shift of the main degradation temperature to higher temperature.

Pollution of water bodies due to the presence of toxic metals and organic compounds, bring out a series of environmental problems of public, government and social character. In addition, water pollution, has become the target and source of concern in many industrial sectors. Therefore, it is essential to develop technologies for treatment and purification of water. Chitosan is a natural product derived from chitin, extracted mainly from the shells of crustaceans. It is a low cost, renewable and biodegradable biopolymer of great socioeconomic and environmental importance. The classic treatment of wastewater containing metals involves physical chemistry processes of precipitation, ion exchange and electrochemistry. Electrochemical technology has been presented as the most promising methods for treating wastewater polluted with metals, colloids, dyes or oil in water emulsions; besides being used in removing organic compounds. Alternative methods like adsorption with biosorbents have been investigated. The great advantage of this latter over other techniques is the low generation of residues, easy recovery of metals and the possibility of reuse of the adsorbent. This article aimed to carry out an exploratory study, of bibliographical nature, on the use of chitosan in electrochemical methods for water treatment.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (SNP) opens a new path to kill and prevent various infectious diseases and also tumor. In this study, we have synthesized silver nanoparticles using multiple fruit peel waste (pomegranate, orange, banana and apple (POBA)). The primarily nanoparticles formation has been confirmed by the color change. The synthesized SNP were analyzed by various physicochemical techniques such as UV- Visible spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transform infra red (FT-IR) spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The formation of SNP was confirmed by its absorbance peak observed at 430 nm in UV-Visible spectrum. Further, the obtained SNP were identified by XRD and TEM, respectively to know the crystalline nature and size and shape of the particles. The activities of SNP were checked with human pathogens (Salmonella, E.coli and Pseudomonas), plant pathogen (Fusarium) and marine pathogen (Aeromonas hydrophila) and also studied the scavenging effect and anticancer properties against MCF-7 cell lines. This studies proves that the SNP prepared from fruit waste peel extract approach appears extremely fast, cost efficient, eco-friendly and alternative for conventional methods of SNP synthesis to promote the usage of these nanoparticles in medicinal application.

Annona squamosa is a fruit bearing plant possesses potent bioactive compounds in all its part. In this present investigation iron oxide nanoparticle was synthesized from hydroethanol extract of Annona squamosa leaves at 60°C temperature. Production of iron oxide nanoparticles in extraction is detected by UV–V spectrophotometer, Scanning electron microscopy was employed to analyse the structure of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis were performed, in order to determine the functional groups on Annona squamosa leaves extract. The synthesized Fe₃O₄ NPs shows potential cytotoxicity against liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2), and there is no toxicity on the normal liver cell line. Our reports confirmed that the Annona squamosa leaf is a very good eco-friendly and nontoxic bioreductant for the synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticle and opens up further opportunities for fabrication of drugs towards cancer therapy.

Modified starch has been widely used in many studies in the field of drug delivery for gastrointestinal drug release. In this study, the starch was modified with poly(N-vinyl-pyrrolidone) by interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) method. Characterizations were done to observe its characteristics in floating drug delivery applications. Three modified starch-based hydrogels were synthesized, i.e. crosslinked starch, semi-IPN, and full-IPN hydrogels. Non-modified starch hydrogel was also synthesized for benchmark purpose. All materials were characterized and analysed by Swelling Test, Buoyancy Test, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Swelling test showed that the crosslinked-starch hydrogel has the lowest swelling percentage compared to other hydrogels, whereas non-modified hydrogels tend to have similar swelling percentage to Semi-IPN. Morphology and visual analysis results showed that non-modified hydrogels were physically the most fragile, followed by a crosslinked-starch, semi-IPN-starch, and full-IPN-starch hydrogel. Therefore, full-IPN-starch hydrogel had the highest elasticity. From IR spectrum result, it can be seen that a wavenumbers shift was observed for the modified starch compared with the IR spectrum of pure starch powder. TGA and DSC characterizations showed the degradation temperature for non-modified hydrogel was at 250°C. The degradation temperature for both crosslinked and semi-IPN starch were at 275°C. For full-IPN, however, the degradation temperature was at 225°C. On the other hand, the degradation level could be observed from DSC and TGA results as well. Full-IPN appeared to be the slowest, while non-modified hydrogel seem to be the fastest to degrade. CaCO₃ was used as the pore forming agent (PFA) in this research for buoyancy characterization. Buoyancy test showed that the full-IPN had the fastest floating lag and longest floating time followed by semi-IPN-starch, crosslinked-starch, and non-modified starch. From all characterizations done in this research, it can be suggested that the full-IPN provided the most suitable characteristics as an encapsulation material candidate in a floating drug delivery system.

This paper introduces a parametric study of nanofiber fabrication. Poly-Caprolactone(PCL) and Chloroform are basic material for nanofiber fabrication with electrospinning method. The device for electrospinning was composed of a syringe pump, syringe, high voltage generator and 32gauge plastic nozzle. PCL concentration, applied voltage, solution flow rate and the tip to collector distance (TCD) were parameters in electrospinning method. As a result of electrospinning experiment, it was found that as TCD and applied voltage increased, the diameter of fibres was decreased. In feed rate experiment, the size of fibres decreased when feed rate decreased. The optimized PCL concentration was found at 6w/v% for the minimum of fibres.

In the present study chicken feathers were hydrolyzed in alkaline environment. The pH value of feather hydrolyzed solution was adjusted according to the principle of isoelectric precipitation. Three kinds of precipitates of keratin polypeptide were collected at pH of 3.5, 5.5 and 7.5 respectively. The keratin solution were freeze dried and denoted as FKP1, FKP2, FKP3 respectively. All keratin particles possessed smooth, uniform and round surface by scanning electron microscope (SEM). FKP1, FKP2 and FKP3 had higher glass transition temperature examined by thermogravimetry (TG). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the extracted keratin retained the most of protein backbone, with the breakage of disulfide cross-links and hydrogen bonds.

Magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) attracted the attention of many researchers due to their unique properties. In this research, nanoscale magnetite particles have been successfully synthesized through an environmentally friendly method using aqueous extract of Graptophyllum pictum leaf (GPLE). In MNPs formation, GPLE acted as a base source and capping agent. Alkaloids in GPLE were hydrolyzed in water and hydroxilated Fe²⁺ to form Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles powder through calcination. After the addition of leaf extract, MNPs formation was observed by color change from pale yellow to dark brown. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results confirmed that MNPs formation indicated the surface plasmon resonance at a maximum wavelength, λ_max 291 nm. The average crystallite size is 23.17 nm. The formed MNPs through green synthesis method promise in various medical applications such as drug carrier and targeted therapy.

Dispersion of few-layer graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in liquid media is a crucial step for various applications. Here, we highlight a simple, nondestructive method for preparing stable aqueous colloidal solutions with GNP powder quickly dispersed in 5 wt.% sodium–hypochlorite- (NaClO) and sodium-bromide- (NaBr) salted solvent by bath sonication. This method makes it possible to easily prepare a highly concentrated colloidal solution (1 mg·ml⁻¹) of GNPs that can easily be re-dispersed in water (treated GNPs). The aqueous suspension we prepared remained stable for longer than a few weeks. We made similar tests with various solvents and dispersibility appeared to decrease with decreasing polarity. High-concentration suspensions using our facile dispersion method could be of particular interest to the large community using graphene for a diversity of applications.

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) on the near field intensity of a two-dimensional (2-D) periodic arrays of bowtie-shape metal nanoparticle (MNP) pairs using the 3-D finite element method (FEM) for biosensor applications are investigated. The peak resonance wavelength can be shifted to red as the filling core media in bowtie-shape MNP pairs have been changed. The tunable and highly sensitive SPR modes are observed due to the hybridization SPR effects. Simulation results show that the peak resonance wavelength (λ_res) can be spread in the full wavelength range of 300-1600 nm when the tip edges and different filling media in structure are taken into account. The highly sensitive optical performances give us a qualitative idea of the geometrical and material properties of the periodic array of bowtie-shape MNP pairs on SPRs that can be as a promising candidate for plasmonic biosensor applications.

This paper presents an arc broadband piezoelectric composite vibrator and its transducer array. The arc broadband piezoelectric composite vibrator was fabricated by 1-3 piezoelectric composite with matching layer and was prepared by the curved forming process. The vibration characteristics of a new vibrator were simulated via finite element analysis (FEA) and investigated by experiment. First, the acoustic impedance and thickness of the optimized matching layer were determined by theoretical analysis. Second, the arc piezoelectric vibrator was modeled and simulated in air conditions by the FEA method, and the variation law of resonant frequency was analyzed. Finally, the fabrication process of the arc broadband piezoelectric composite vibrator and its transducer array was studied, and the experimental sample was fabricated and measured. The bandwidth of the arc broadband transducer array was found to be up to 56.5 kHz. Results show that the experimental results were in accordance with the simulation results and have good directivity to realize the purpose of bandwidth and beam expansion.

Li_0.4-0.5xZn_0.2Ni_xFe_2.4-0.5xO₄ ferrites where 0.02 ≤ x ≤ 0.1 in steps of 0.02 have been synthesized by citrate precursor method. The samples were given final sintering at 1040°C after a pre-firing at a temperature of 650°C. Various characterizations using T_C set up, BH loop tracer were carried out on the sintered samples. The X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the formation of spinel phase. Magnetic properties such as Curie temperature using T_C set up, BH loop parameter and complex permeability using BH loop tracer were studied. Experimental results show that the Curie temperature, saturation magnetization and initial permeability decreases with the increase in the Ni²⁺ concentration. The complex permeability measured as a function of frequency in the range of 20Hz-2MHz show dispersion. Possible mechanism contributing to the above process is being discussed.

We investigate the phonon density of states in nonstoichiometric palladium hydrides PdH_x, in order to clarify the contribution of lattice vibrations to superconductivity. We employ the Burger-MacLachlan model, which considers a one-dimensional triply-connected diatomic chains with randomly distributed vacancies, focusing on the <111> direction in the rock-salt lattice of PdH_x. The phonon density of states is calculated by the Forced Oscillator Method suitable for random systems. We find that phonon modes at high frequencies change from localized to collective modes with increasing x and the crossover stoichiometry is consistent with that of the appearance of superconductivity. These results support the optical phonon mechanism for superconductivity in PdH_x.

This paper presented a symmetric prismatic daylight collector to collect daylight for the natural light illumination system. We analyzed the characteristics of the emerging light when the parallel light beam illuminate on the horizontally placed symmetric prismatic daylight collector. The ratio of the relative intensities of collected daylight that emerging from each surface of the daylight collector shown that the ratio is varied with the incident angle during a day. The simulation of the emerging light of the daylight collector shown that the ratio of emerging light is varied with the tilted angle when sunshine illuminated on a symmetric prismatic daylight collector which was not placed horizontally. The integration of normalized intensity is also varied with the tilted angle. The symmetric prismatic daylight collector with the benefits of reducing glare and dividing intensity of incident daylight, it is applicable to using in the natural light illumination system and hybrid system for improving the efficiency of utilizing of solar energy.

The optimum condition for clean steel production in the tundish of a continuous casting process reactor can be obtained using numerical modelling. Five different arrangements of flow modifier in the form of impact pad systems deployed in an eight ton, delta shaped, and two strand bloom caster tundish are analysed and optimum design of the impact pad to improve the inclusion removal efficiency is evolved. Reynolds Averaged Navier-Strokes (RANS) equations with standard k-ε model of turbulence and energy equation are used to study fluid flow and inclusion flotation in the tundish. The inclusion separation efficiency is evaluated by solving the inclusion transport equation. Height variations along with additional notch amongst different impact pads yield best micro inclusion separation efficiency.

Slurry erosion is an implicit problem in many engineering industrial components such as ore carrying pipelines, slurry pumps and extruders. Even the water turbine blades are subjected to erosive wear when the water contains considerable amount of silt. In the present study, Al₂O₃-40%TiO₂ powder particles of average particle size of 50 micrometer were deposited on EN56B martenistic stainless steel by atmospheric plasma spray technique. Ni/Cr was pre coated to work as bond coat for good adhesion between coating and the substrate material. A coating thickness of 200 micrometer was achieved. Coated and un-coated substrates were subjected to slurry erosion test as per ASTM G-119 standard. Slurry erosion test rig was used to evaluate the erosion properties at room temperature condition by varying the spindle speed. Scanning electron microphotographs were taken before and after the slurry erosion test. Microstructures reveal uniform distribution of coating materials. Eroded surface shows lip, groove, and crater formation and dense coating resulting in less porosity. Micro hardness test was evaluated and reported. EDX analysis confirms the presence of Al, Ti and O₂ particles. It was observed that, Al₂O₃-40%TiO₂ coated substrates exhibit superior erosion resistance as compared to un-coated substrates due to higher hardness and less coating porosity.

Taking the MJ3210A motion band saw as the research object, the AE value of the band saw blade vibration was obtained by analyzing the VIBSYS vibration signal acquisition and analysis software system in Beijing, and the change of the AE value of the band saw and the crack was found out. The experimental results show that in the MJ3210A sports car sawing machine, the band saw blade with width of 130 mm is used, and the AE value of the cracked band saw blade is well in the high band saw blade AE value. Under the best working condition of the band saw, the band saw blade AE If the value exceeds 104.7 dB (A) above, it means that the band saw blade has at least one crack length greater than 1.38 mm for the crack defect and the need to replace the band saw blade in time. Different species with saw blade of the AE value is different, white pine wood minimum, the largest oak wood; according to a variety of wood processing AE instrument value to determine the band saw blade crack to the situation; so as to fully rational use of band saw blade, The failure and the degree of development to find a new method.

In this paper, MJ3310A band saw machine as the research object, through the Beijing VIBSYS vibration signal acquisition and analysis software illumination value analysis, analysis of different circumstances to find good and crack band saw blade illumination value of the law. The results show that the illuminance of the cracked band saw blade is significantly higher than that of the complete band saw blade illumination value. Under the optimum working conditions, if the band saw blade illumination value exceeds 286 Lux, it can be determined that the band saw blade has at least one crack length greater than 1.68 mm Of the defects, the need for timely replacement band saw blade. So as to rational use of band saw blade, band saw blade on-line fault diagnosis provides a technical basis.

Many materials such as alloys, composites find their applications on the basis of machinability, cost and availability. In the present work, graphite (Grp) reinforced Aluminium 8011 is synthesized by convention stir casting process and Surface finish & machinability of prepared composite is examined by using lathe tool dynamometer attached with BANKA Lathe by varying the machining parameters like spindle speed, Depth of cut and Feed rate in 3 levels. Also, Roughness Average (Ra) of machined surfaces is measured by using Surface Roughness Tester (Mitutoyo SJ201). From the studies it is cleared that mechanical properties of a composites increases with addition of Grp and The cutting force were decreased with the reinforcement percentage and thus increases the machinability of composites and also results in increased surface finish.

Cutting fluids are used in machining industries for improving tool life, reducing work piece and thermal deformation, improving surface finish and flushing away chips from the cutting zone. Although the application of cutting fluids increases the tool life and Machining efficiency, but it has many major problems related to environmental impacts and health hazards along with recycling & disposal. These problems gave provision for the introduction of mineral, vegetable and animal oils. These oils play an important role in improving various machining properties, including corrosion protection, lubricity, antibacterial protection, even emulsibility and chemical stability. Compared to mineral oils, vegetable oils in general possess high viscosity index, high flash point, high lubricity and low evaporative losses. Vegetable oils can be edible or non-edible oils and Various researchers have proved that edible vegetable oils viz., palm oil, coconut oil, canola oil, soya bean oil can be effectively used as eco-friendly cutting fluid in machining operations. But in present situations harnessing edible oils for lubricants formation restricts the use due to increased demands of growing population worldwide and availability. In the present work, Non-edible vegetable oil like Neem and Honge are been used as cutting fluid for drilling of Mild steel and its effect on cutting temperature, hardness and surface roughness are been investigated. Results obtained are compared with SAE 20W40 (petroleum based cutting fluid)and dry cutting condition.

Aerosol jet is an additive manufacturing technique that writes electronic inks directly onto the surface. The process has great potential for printed electronics as it is non-contact method that works well with variety of materials- metals, insulators, semiconductors, epoxy and encapsulation materials for conformal writing. This paper explores the effect of some parameters like ultrasonic power and atomizer flow on overall print quality, thus establishing a process window.

Some literatures have been reported that the using bio coolant show better lubricating and cooling performances and reduce the occupational health risks associated with petroleum-oil-based coolant since they have lower toxicity. This paper investigates the effect the cutting conditions on the surface roughness through turning of mild carbon steel using dry, coolant and bio coolant. Measurement of surface roughness was conducted and then compared with the change of the cutting conditions. The relationship between surface roughness and cutting conditions was created in a curve for different of the cutting speed and coolant. The results indicate that the surface roughness was reduced when the speed of cutting is set to the highest level for all of coolant conditions (dry, coolant, and bio coolant) and constant of DOC and feed. The surface roughness had better performance using bio coolant than coolant conventional (mineral fluid).

In pass design of three-roll rolling process, accurate numerical model in deformation region is very important. Thus, the numerical model of round rod in flat triangle pass in three-roll tandem rolling process was proposed by mathematics analytic method in this paper. The parameters of numerical model, including arc length of the contact field, width of the contact field, rolling reduction(maximum, point) and rolling piece dimension at the exit, were established based on mathematical analysis.

In order to ensure unbroken production in cup-shaped part deep drawing process with diverse mould assemblage, a prediction model of limiting sheet diameter based on response surface method (RSM) was presented. The simulated samples were used to fit the sheet diameter RSM prediction model, and the multiple determination coefficient of RSM was reached to 0.9. Setting the minimum sheet thickness to the critical value, the RSM will become a limiting sheet diameter prediction model. It shows a close agreement with FE simulated results through the test of examples. It can be concluded that presented RSM not only has higher efficiency, but also has higher accuracy. It will provide an early quality forecasting before actual deep drawing production.

An adaptive laser head was designed for microscale patterning and welding applications. An optical design for laser head was performed by using ray tracing technique with commercial software. Setting the focal length of the lens at 100mm the calculated focus beam diameter was offset to be 10 μm for the CFRP welding applications. To perform an auto-focusing calibration an LRF(Laser Range Finder) distance sensor was used to measure the distance to the target surface. Using a DC Motor with PID control loop, the distance was kept at constant between the laser head and the target material. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for auto-focusing calibration function and detail schematics of laser head design..

In this study, brake pad components in powder form such as miscanthus, cashew, alumina, phenolic resin and calcite, were used to manufacture ecological brake pads. In the brake pad applications trial and error method is often used to find the optimum proportion providing the best characteristics of the component in composite. The evaluation process became complicated and time consuming due to the number of components used for the manufacture of brake pad, randomly selected mixing ratios, many samples produced with trial and error method and a vast variety of results obtained from the measurements. Taguchi method was utilized in order to determine how the compositions of the brake pad components in the range of 5-20 wt. % had an effect on the properties of the brake pads. As a result of the experiments such as density, hardness, porosity and wear rate, the characteristics of the brake pad samples were more affected by the proportions of Miscanthus and phenolic resin in the mixture.

The scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) and the precise integration algorithm (PIA) are utilized to analyze the extended displacement field in clamped or simple-supported magneto-electro-elastic plates produced by external transverse loadings. There are no limitation on boundary conditions and types of external forces. Only the in-plane dimensions are divided into 2D elements. By introducing a set of scaled boundary local coordinates, 3D governing partial differential equations are converted into the second order ordinary differential matrix equation. By means of the internal nodal force, a first order ordinary differential equation is obtained and its general solution is a matrix exponential. The PIA is introduced to calculate the matrix exponential and any desired accuracy can be obtained. Finally, several numerical examples are provided to validate the versatility of the proposed technique.

In manufacturing parts by molding method, temperature uniformity of the mold holds a very crucial aspect for the quality of the parts. Studies have been carried out in searching for effective method in controlling the mold temperature. Using of heat pipe is one of the many effective ways to control the temperature of the molding area to the right uniform level. Recently, there has been the development of oscillating heat pipe and its application is very promising. The semi-empirical correlation for closed-loop oscillating heat pipe (CLOHP) with the STD of ±30% was used in design of CLOHP in this study. By placing CLOHP in the copper plate at some distance from the plate surface and allow CLOHP to heat the plate up to the set surface temperature, the temperature of the plate was recorded. It is found that CLOHP can be effectively used as a heat source to transfer heat to copper plate with excellent temperature distribution. The STDs of heat rate of all experiments are well in the range of ±30% of the correlation used.

For problems of environment protection and cost in uranium recycle, the process flows of ion exchange and Eluex, which recovered uranium from low concentration leach liquor of acid in-situ leaching, were studied. Although the flow sheet of ion exchange process was simple, the Eluex process had an advantage over it due to large quantity of effluent and high processing cost in ion exchange process by comparative studies.

Copper solvent extraction entrained and dissoluted organics (SX organics) in the raffinate during SX operation can contaminated chalcopyrite ores and influence bioleaching efficiency by raffinate recycling. The adsorption and bioleaching of A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum with contaminated ores were investigated. The results showed that, A. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum cells could adsorb quickly on minerals, the adsorption rate on contaminated ores were 83% and 60%, respectively, larger than on uncontaminated ores. However, in the bioleaching by the two kinds of acid bacterias, contaminated ores presented a lower bioleaching efficiency.

The phase transformation of the polymetallic sulfide ore is quite complicated, especially the variety and diversity of the roasted intermediate. The mineralogy properties of the ore particles were characterized by XRF, ICP and SEM-EDS. The thermal stability of the complex ore was investigated using TG-DSC under different atmosphere (pure N₂ and 1% O₂–N₂). The phase changes and intermediates were revealed by the in-situ XRD in pure N₂ and 1% O₂-N₂ atmospheres with the temperature range from 25 to 800°C. These results indicated that the crystal transformation of the pyrrhotite from monoclinic to hexagonal at 320°C, and the pentlandite and chalcopyrite were decomposed into monosulfide solid solution in pure N₂. While the pentlandite and chalcopyrite were completely oxidized into M*_xFe₃-_xO₄ (M*=Fe, Ni, Cu) and Fe₂O₃, which is also the final product of the ore sample oxidized under 1% O₂–N₂ atmosphere.

Bending superelastic NiTi archwire is indicated in some stages of orthodontic treatment. The difference in bending techniques may affect corrosion resistance and nickel release. The purpose of this study was to investigate the corrosion resistance and nickel release after different bending techniques of NiTi archwires. Preform-curved NiTi archwires were used as a template for bending and used as a control group. 0.016×0.022 inches superelastic NiTi archwires were bent to curve-shape by cold bending, DERHT bending and cold bending then DERHT technique. Potentiodynamic polarization technique was used to measure corrosion behavior of the wires. Corrosion potential (E_CORR), corrosion density (I_CORR), and breakdown potential of each wire were determined. In addition, the amount of nickel release in the solution after the test was inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Although, the results showed that E_CORR and I_CORR were not statistically significantly different among all groups, the difference in breakdown potential and nickel release were observed. Similar corrosion resistance and nickel release were presented in the preform-curved NiTi archwires, cold bending, and cold bending then DERHT group. The DERHT bending group showed the lowest breakdown potential and highest nickel release.

This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the high temperature oxidation behavior of Inconel 750 alloy, which has excellent high temperature corrosion resistance among Ni-based super alloys. In the study, the temperature was set at 700°C, 900°C and 1100°C in the atmospheric environment; the heat treatment holding time was increased to 1 hour, 6 hours and 12 hours at each temperature to investigate the weigh increase behavior at each condition; and the shape of the oxide layer formed on the surface and the distribution of the elements were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).

In this study, sputter-deposited Cr₃Si film was prepared by double cathode glow discharge (DCGD) technique onto 304 stainless steel. The phase constituents, surface microstructure and chemical compositions of the film were examined by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After the DCGD process, the hardness of Cr₃Si film was 26 GPa, about 10 times of the stainless steel, 2.5 GPa. The cavitation erosion resistance of Cr₃Si film and stainless steel were investigated by using an ultrasonic vibration cavitation erosion system. After 30 hours of cavitation tests, the cumulative mass loss of Cr₃Si film was only 60% of the stainless steel. Compared with the untreated stainless steel, the cavitation erosion resistance of Cr₃Si film was improved. The cavitation mechanism of Cr₃Si film is due to the delamination and spalling of local surface layer derived from its inherent brittleness.

The mechanical properties and wear behavior of aluminum matrix reinforced with steel machining chips was investigated. Pure aluminum was reinforced with 5, 7.5, and 10 wt% steel chips with an average size of 100 μm using powder metallurgy technique. Aluminum reinforced with 5 and 10 Wt.% SiC particles were manufactured for comparison. The investigation showed clear evidence that the addition of steel machining chips resulted in significantly low porosity levels in the aluminum matrix composites compared with the use of SiC as reinforcement. The mechanical properties (tensile and hardness) as well as the wear resistance were also observed to improve with the use of the steel machining chips as reinforcement. The results demonstrate the capability of steel machining chips to act as efficient reinforcing material and a reliable cost effective candidate in the development of aluminum matrix composites.

The recent increased importance of natural asphalt as an alternative binder for sustainable road pavement has dictated that more knowledge should be acquired about its structure and properties. Earlier, Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy has been applied to very few natural bituminous materials. In this work, two types of raw binders namely Gilsonite and Trinidad Lake asphalt (TLA) have been subjected to an extensive investigation by using ¹³C-NMR technique. Results have shown that valuable chemical data can be readily withdrawn on aromatic ring structures and ring substituents in natural asphalts derived from different sources. The chemical significance of these findings will be discussed.

Wooden structure houses deteriorate over time due to environmental aging, fatigue, and other reasons. In order to solve this problem, composite timber beams strengthened by extra steel bars (rebar) and carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) are studied experimentally in this paper. Specimens with various strenghting, ie., rebars only, CFRP only, and a combination of the two, were considered under four-point flexural tests. Failure, displacement and strain response and ductility capacity were evaluated for the present tested models. Dramatic enhancement of the capacity in addition to improved deflection and ductility were gained for the strengthened beams relative to the plain specimens, indicating the effectiveness of the reinforcement on the flexural strength of such composite beams.

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets is used to strengthen RC members widely. However, in the actual projects, premature separation of the CFRP sheet from the concrete surface is observed frequently, key issue in CFRP application is the performance of the connection between the CFRP sheet and the peripheral RC members. This paper presented the results of an experimental study to investigate mechanical properties of carbon fiber (CF) anchor dowels, a new CFRP anchoring method, and based on the experimental results, obtained the bearing capacity calculation formula of concrete beam strengthened with CFRP anchoring by carbon fiber anchor dowels .

The article shows the problem of high volumes of energy use in Kazakhstan and introduction of energy-efficient technologies, production and causes of the problem. To improve the thermal comfort, needed primarily to improve the thermal insulation properties of materials. This article examines the characteristics of thermal insulation materials and their application in the construction process in Kazakhstan. The material properties are calculated and shown as formulas, which can use in the future in the design of residential buildings. The construction studied of passive technology in the residential area. By the design process and the combination of design variables selected option.

This paper analyzes the defects and the causes of contemporary design solutions with an example of overhead facade systems with ventilated air gaps and light steel thin-walled structures on the basis of field experiments. The analysis is performed at all stages of work: design, manufacture, including quality, construction, and operation. Practical examples are given. The main causes of accidents and the accident rate prediction are looked upon and discussed.

A new approach to improve hole extraction anode interfacial layer by introducing polyelectrolytes in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The polyelectrolytes interfacial layer is prepared simply spin-coating on the ITO substrate. Remarkable improvement in the open-circuit voltage(Voc) and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of the PSCs could be achieved upon the introduction of polyelectrolytes anode interfacial layer. To study the effect of polyelectrolytes anode interfacial layer on the device efficiency. The polyelectrolytes are analyzed, exhibited good thermal stability and high transmittance over 85% in visible light region. According to our experiments and measurements, insertion of polyelectrolytes anode interfacial layer can decrease spatial barriers at the active layer/ITO interfaces, planarize the ITO substrate and modify surface of ITO.The PSCs under the optimized structure of ITO/SA8/P3HT:PCBM/LiF/Al exhibited open-circuit voltage of 0.62 V, short-circuit current density of 7.15 mA/cm², fill factor of 54.84%, and power conversion efficiency of 2.43% at AM 1.5G of 100 mW/cm²

This paper presents and compares two alternatives of cokes in power generation which are the metallurgical coke with coke oven gas and the coke from lignite under the consideration of the energy and the environment. These alternatives not only consume less fuel due to their higher heat content than conventional coal but also has less SO₂ emission. The metallurgical coke and its by-product which is coke oven gas can be obtained from the carbonization process of coking coal. According to high grade coking coal, the result in the energy attitude is not profitable but its sulfur content that directly affects the emission of SO₂ is considered to be very low. On the other hand, the coke produced from lignite is known as it is the lowest grade from coal and it causes the high pollution. Regarding to energy profitability, the lignite coke is considered to be much more beneficial than the metallurgical coke in contrast to the environmental concerns. However, the metallurgical coke has the highest heating value. Therefore, a decision making between those choices must be referred to the surrounding circumstances based on energy and environment as well as economic consideration in the further research.

Silicon has attracted increasing attention as an anode material in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to its high theoretical capacity. However, electrochemical properties of Si-based anodes are hindered by the electrode swelling during the charge/discharge process. In this paper, we developed a novel polymer binder with high electronic conductivity and self-healing function leading to stable cycling. These properties are attributed to the polymer structure which could provide more free Li+ leading to higher conductivity and capacity retention of the anodes. It is believed that this novel conductive binder could be a promising candidate for commercial application for the Si/graphite composite anodes in Li-ion batteries.

To clarify the differentiated effect of temperature and stress on coal matrix pores, the coals from No. 8 coal bed in Taoyuan coal mine of Huaibei Coalfield, Anhui Province, were chosen as experimental samples. Cryogenic nitrogen adsorption methods were used in laboratories to test the matrix pore parameters of the dried coal samples treated under the temperature of 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C and 100°C. Also efforts were made to test the parameters of matrix pore structure of dried coals after being treated under the stress of 10 MPa, 15 MPa, 20 MPa and 25 MPa respectively. The results show that: the specific surface area of coal matrix pore decreases, the average pore diameter and median pore diameter increases with the increase of temperature. As the stress goes up, the coal matrix pore first experiences increase in specific surface area, average pore diameter and median pore diameter, followed by a slight decrease after rising to a certain point. Therefore, the change in specific surface area of coal from the same coal bed can, to some extent, reflect the variation in temperature and ground stress.

This paper introduces the composition, working principle and characteristics of the new gas monitoring system, which are used to monitor the gas in the gob area and working face of the mine in real time. According to the oxygen concentration, the spontaneous combustion of gob area "three zones" was determined and divided. In order to carry out disaster early warning, the methane and carbon monoxide super gas concentration changes were studied and analyzed. And the variation law of gas concentration in gob area and coal face in coal mining was obtained. This study provides reference for the follow-up fire prevention and production.