Table of contents

The 4th International Conference on Science and Sustainable Development (ICSSD2020) was held between 3rd and 5th August, 2020 with the theme "Advances in Science and Technology for Sustainable Development". The meeting was changed to virtual format because of the Covid-19 pandemic and related issues like ban on large gathering and travel restrictions. The meeting was initially postponed but had to hold virtually because it is an annual conference and with the view of sustaining the purpose of the conference which is to run in line with the SDG goals started in 2017. The Conference was organized by the Department of Physics in conjunction with the Department of Estate Management. The venue for the Conference was Covenant University Centre for Research Innovation and Discovery, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria

Professor Alison Bruce, Deputy Head, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, University of Brighton, United Kingdom was the Keynote Speaker while Professor Lazarus Ojigi, Director, Mission Planning, Information Technology and Data Management, National Space Research and Development Agency (NASRDA) delivered the Lead Speech. The Plenary Speakers were Professor Ayodele Abiodun and Professor Olayinka Ohunakin. The Vice-Chancellor, Covenant University, Prof. AAA Atayero, delivered an insightful lecture on the impact of Science and Technology during the opening ceremony. There were plenary sessions on day 2 and day 3, followed by discussion and interactions by speakers and attendees. We had four parallel sessions on day 1 and four parallel sessions morning and afternoon on day 2. There was closing ceremony on Day 3 and last set of technical sessions. Authors/presenters were given 10 minutes for presentation each after which questions raised by other participants were answered by the presenters and others also made comments on the presentation. The modality was similar to the physical meeting. Organizers were available on ground, while participants hooked up online from their respective institutions and countries. 55 organizers were on ground, 10 speakers and 152 attendees participated online. The meeting was held on Whova Conference App with Zoom links integrated into it which provided a very robust platform for interaction and feedback from the participants. The technical quality and success of delivery was quite high because Whova Events App was used.

The conference consisted of 5 tracks divided into 13 sessions which tackled essential topics on Science, Engineering, Energy, Data, Environment, and allied fields. This conference brought together leaders from industry and academia to exchange and share their experiences, present research results, explore collaborations and to spark new ideas with the aim of developing new projects and exploiting new technology. All the papers presented at ICSSD2020 were re-grouped into 5-topic headings in this volume which are captured under Applied Sciences, Computational Science, Electronics and devices, Energy and Solid State Physics, and Environmental and Earth Sciences.

The committee of ICSSD2020 expresses its sincere thanks to all authors for their high-quality research papers and careful presentations. All reviewers are also thanked for their careful comments and advice. Finally, we thank IOP Publication for producing this volume.

Mojisola R.Usikalu, Ph.D

Chair, ICSSD2020 Organizing Committee

Ahzegbobor P. Aizebeokhai, Ph.D

Editor-in-Chief, ICSSD2020

Moses E. Emetere, Ph.D

Associate Editor I, ICSSD2020

Theophilus A. Adagunodo, Ph.D

Associate Editor II, ICSSD2020

List of ICSSD 2020 Committees, Organizing Committees, Editorial, Logistics, Exhibition/Support, Registration, Welfare and this titles are available in this pdf.

List of Conference photos are avalible in the pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

● Type of peer review: Double-blind review process

● Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions?

Acceptance/rejection's recommendations by the reviewers were based on the mode of presentation and scientific/technical approach used in each paper. It was also based on the ability of the author(s) to revise their submitted papers based on the reviewer's comments or by providing reasonable rebuttals to the comments raised by the reviewers.

● Conference submission management system: All papers were submitted via our email channel (icssd2020@covenantuniversity.edu.ng)

● Number of submissions received: 177

● Number of submissions sent for review: 177

● Number of submissions accepted: 109

● Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 61.6%

● Average number of reviews per paper: 2

● Total number of reviewers involved: 67

● Any additional info on review process (ie plagiarism check system): The plagiarism of each paper was checked by Turnitin

● Contact person for queries: Dr. Theophilus A. Adagunodo, Department of Physics, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria, theophilus.adagunodo@covenantuniversity.edu.ng

Understanding the dynamics of rainfall is important for maximizing the agricultural potential, environmental planning, as well as policy development. In this study, a two-state second-order Markov chain model was developed for the annual and daily occurrence of different rainfall sequences in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The annual variation was adapted to a sine series model. The model was able to account for more than 30% of the observed variation. Markov chain approach to modelling rainfall in tropical region is unique because it considers the "memory" – previous rainfall events, which is lacking in other methods. The daily occurrences showed patterns consistent with tropical regions. Results from this study is significant for economic, health and environmental planning in the location.

This paper examined factors affecting efficient maintenance of postgraduate hostels in highly ranked Nigerian Universities. The study population consists of selected top-ranked universities in south-western Nigeria according to times higher education ranking year 2020 namely: Covenant University, University of Ibadan and University of Lagos. The sample size was made up of 120 students, 40 selected from each institution based on convenient sampling techniques. A well self-structured questionnaire was administered as an instrument to collect relevant data appropriate for the survey. Out of the 120 questionnaires distributed, the entire 120 were retrieved. The aim of this paper is to determine the major factors that affect efficient maintenance in Postgraduate hostels. The study which is a survey collated data that were analyzed using descriptive statistics on an excel spreadsheet with the aid of the SPSS software. The findings showed that response time is a major factor that affects efficient maintenance in the hostels which could affect students comfort. The study recommends that the universities should create a special facility management office in each of the postgraduate halls of resident's order than the existing facility management team and employ facility management professionals. That way, students will conveniently have easy access to the team so as to lay their complaints. The university management should also create an electronic customer service platform for laying down complaints and collecting feedback for progress of work done, while evaluation of Student's occupancy should be a routine exercise.

There is the need to understand the trend and impact of extreme temperature on coastal cities because they are generally susceptible to extreme precipitation events. This study explores the trend in extreme temperature for Lagos State, Nigeria. The indices for daily minimum and maximum temperature data was calculated for the period 1991–2015 using the RClimDex software. The result showed that both minimum value of daily minimum temperature (TNn) and cool days (TX10p) showed negative trends among the indices considered. Significant trends were observed in warm nights (TN90p), warm days (TX90p) and mean of maximum temperature (Tmax-mean). Warm nights were found to be increasing while cold nights are either unchanged or decreasing. This study reveals that there are evidences of increase in warming of Lagos State.

The high-calorie ingredients used in the production of cakes has made older age group to desist from eating cakes because of the detrimental effects in the human body. A substitution approach using moringa leaf powder in peanut cake to address this effect was utilized. The moringa leaf powder was added in succession of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 w/w% to fortify peanut cakes. Standard methods were used to assess the proximate analysis and sensory evaluation of the blends. The proximate analysis showed an increased protein (13.83 -16.68%), fat (0.86 – 4.55%) and crude fibre (1.24 – 2.23%) contents with increased addition of moringa leaf powder; while there was an observed decrease in the carbohydrate content. Among the fortified samples, the cake blend with 2% moringa leaf powder addition was the most preferred in its quality index of taste, touch, mouthfeel, look and colour. In conclusion, based on the analyzed nutritional indices, fortification of cakes with moringa leaf powder will enhance protein and crude fibre contents as it brings down the carbohydrate content in cakes.

Pathloss prediction is important for planning terrestrial radio communication at microwave frequencies. This necessitates the continuous evaluation of signal field strength dependence on path and channelcharacteristics. In this study, drive test analysis of received signal strength (RSS) from selected frequency modulated (FM) radio signals across different routes withinOndo State, Nigeria, was carried out. Signal strength distribution and coverage area statistics were evaluated for each channel on each route. The signals were measured from both high and low power transmitters using DBC BC 1173 digital signal level meter. Also, terrain elevations and location coordinates were measured using Garmin GPS 72 Personal Navigator. Location-specific pathloss model was developed for each transmitting station and their performance was evaluated against existing models. Dependence of signal strength on distance from the transmitter and path elevation was established following a least R² value of 0.67 being returned from the comparative analysis between developed and existing models. This also indicates thatthe developed model is suitable for pathloss prediction within the location.

The Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and GNU Radio framework have a wide range of applications and are actively in use for teaching, research and for practical deployment of various trending wireless technologies. In this work, we explore the relationships between the power outputs of a USRP B200 device and its operating frequencies and USRP Hardware Driver (UHD) gains. These relationships are not precisely specified on the device datasheet, thereby hindering prompt design and experimentation decisions among Software Defined and Cognitive Radio (SDCR) researchers. A general purpose handheld spectrum analyser was engaged for recording the power outputs from the USRP B200 device within an experimental testbed that was setup for this study. The B200 device was driven by a GNU radio flowgraph designed for both wired and wireless modes and running on a general purpose host computer in the testbed. The results indicate that the output power decreases while the centre frequency increases, whereas the output power increases as the UHD gain increases from 65 dB until the device reaches the saturation point at 89.9 dB. These results provide a handy toolkit for SDCR researchers and practitioners.

The use of Moringa oleifera seed in water purification has reduced the use of chemical-based coagulants which is detrimental to both human and livestock. This project aimed at testing the microbial properties of M. oleifera seed oil extract on some selected pathogens (Bacterial and fungi). The oil was extracted using Soxhlet apparatus with ethanol as solvents. Gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) analyses were carried out for the identification of active components in the oil extract. The zone of inhibition test carried out showed that this particular plant seed oil extract has antifungal property with Candida albicans and Rizopus stolonifera with highest zone of inhibition. The raffinate was used for water purification and the oil for the production of an antifungal soap.

Feed plays an important role in the development and sustainability of the aquaculture industry. Feedstuffs are either of plant or animal origins. Some plants despite their potentials are underutilized in fish feed industry. The cost effectiveness, availability and sustainability potentials of these plants coupled with their nutritional composition make them fit to compete favourably well with the commonly utilized plants. Leaves and seeds of plants such as Moringaoleifera, Gliricidiasepium, Leucaenaleucocephala, alfalfa, sweet potato, velvet bean, cucumber, squash, broad bean, papaya, azolla, water hyacinth, duckweeds, etc. have been discovered to possess the requirements needed for use as a feedstuff in the fish feed industry. This paper therefore reviewed extensively; the potential use of various plant products as ingredients in fish feed industry.

Trametes species are mushroom fungi with several biotechnological applications. This includes decolourisation of wastewater from olive mill and elimination of endocrine-disrupting hormones. This study reports the presence of two Trametesspecies, namely Trametespolyzona and Trametesvillosa from the phylumBasidiomycota in sorghum and milletvended inSouthwest Nigeria. These fungal isolates were identified culturally and further identified through phylogenetic characterisation. Trametessp occurred in 10% of sorghum samples and 20% of millet samples. The two species were morphologically similar but distantly related phylogenetically. Most fungal species present in cereal crops belong to the division Ascomycota. However, two Trametesspecies belonging to division Basidiomycota are being reported for the first time in cereal crops. Trametessp can be harnessed for their health benefits such as the treatment of cancer and the reduction of viral activity in humans.

Knowledge is an essential resource to academic institutions, but its management especially in the developing countries has always been very difficult. A KM model is developed in this study to manageinstitutional resources and makesame available at the right time towards enhancing academic performance. Quantitative research approach was adopted over content analysis to evaluate data obtained through the review of the past related works on KM models. The study framework is based on some established models and is integrated into the university process activities. It links institutional knowledge to capabilities and KM system to ensure best practices and promote academic performance.

Many authors have worked on the impacts of KM in business sector but very few on its influence on academic performance (AP). The studies on KM concept and its applications suggested that both process capability and strategy capability could drive innovation and improve institutional performance. However, these studies were not empirically validated thereby subjecting their findings to dispute. Grouping KM Capabilities into three, and adopting Survey method where questionnaires were administered to extract data from 10 Nigerian universities, this study empirically examines the relationship amongst the KM capabilities components and their influence on AP. SPSS was used to the data. Frequency and percentage count were used to analyse the demographic data while factor analysis, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression were used for the hypotheses. The results showed that there is a significant relationship amongst the KM capabilities components and that a positive linear relationship exists between the KM capabilities and the key AP indicators thereby suggesting that KM capabilities has a positive influence on AP. Nigerian institutions are to be giving more attention to Enabler Capabilities which proved to be the most influencing factor amongst the indicators.

Fermented African locust bean seeds can be used as substitute to chemically based food spices. It improves sensory properties of foods which includes the organoleptic characteristics. P. biglobosa (African locust bean) seeds were processed and fermented to a vegetable protein based African condiment known as 'Iru'. Fermentation process was carried out at four different temperatures which are 40, 50, 60 and 70°C. The monitoring of the fermentation rate was based on three parameters namely: Carbon dioxide production, pH and reduction in substrate weight. Substrates were inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as starter culture while fermentation process took place for the duration of five days under anaerobic condition. The result obtained from the pH of fermented seeds confirmed the fermentation process to be alkaline in nature.

The surface refractivity(SF) is essential in estimating the performance of terrestrial radio links. In the troposphere, there are lots of meteorological updraft and downdraft that influence the refractive index. In this study, we examine the seasonal variation of an emerging community in Lagos to design a reliable and efficient radio communication system based on the meteorological parameters.Thirty-nine years dataset between 1980-2018 was used to examine both the surface refractivity and the meteorological drivers that determine the SF patterns. It was observed that early wet season and late dry season were seen to have higher SF values, i.e., 262.03 N-unit and 262.07 N-unit respectively, while early dry and late wet had lower SF, i.e., 261.71 and 261.76 respectively. It is now possible to use the weather forecast to predict the likely SF pattern over the tropics.

Pectinases, like other industrial enzymes are usually expensive. The use of pineapple peel pectin as substrate is triggered by the large tones of pineapple waste generated in Nigeria. Oil extraction by mechanical/chemical means have associated disadvantages. This research aimed at employing locally produced pectinase for coconut-oil extraction and to compare the yield with commercial pectinase. Fifty grammes of dried pineapple peel powder were employed for pectin production. Aspergillus niger isolated from cassava meal was employed to produce pectinase using submerged fermentation for seven days. The activity of pectinase was determined at 24 h interval. The pectinase was partially purified using 3% activated carbon, characterized and employed to extract oil from coconut. The yield of pectin from the pineapple peels was 24.8% after 1 h of extraction time. Highest pectinase activity was observed on day five. Optimum conditions were 40°C, 5.0 and 1% respectively for temperature, pH and substrate concentration. The enzyme was completely inactive after 5 min of heating at 90°C and metal ion (Mg²⁺⁾ stimulated its activity. The mean oil yield from the locally produced pectinase was greater than the commercial pectinase. The pectinase produced from this study enhanced coconut-oil extraction when compared with the mechanical method.

The leaf, stem and root decoctions of Petiveria alliacea (referred to as Anamu or Apacin (Guatemala), Guinea–Hen weed (English), Awogba or Ojusaju (Yoruba), kanunfari (Hausa) and Akwa-ose (Igbo) have been used as a diuretic, antispasmodic, sedative, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents in traditional medicine. Cold maceration and Soxhlet extraction techniques were used to obtain oils from the leaf, stem and root of P. alliacea. The oils were analysed for their antimicrobial properties using brothmicrodilution technique while their antioxidant properties were determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) tests. The antimicrobial tests on the following micro-organisms Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli,as well as the anti-fungi test on Rhizopus sp., and Aspergillus niger, showed that the hexane and ethanol cold leaf extracts were most effective in limiting the growth of Salmonella typhi with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)value of 3.125 µg/mL and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)value of 6.25 µg/mL. The ethanol leaf extracts using Soxhlet extraction technique were most effective at MIC value of 3.125 µg/mL on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli. Likewise, the hexane and ethanolcold leaf extracts were most effective in limiting the growth of Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus niger with MIC value of 3.125 µg/mL and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) value of 6.25 µg/mL.

High cost of feeds is a major problem to fish farming in Nigeria. In this study, the growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed graded levels of plantain peels (PPM) as a replacement for maize was investigated. Five diets were formulated and maize meal replaced at 0 %, 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % in PPMD1, PPMD2, PPMD3, PPMD4 and PPMD5 respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 56 days. Data collected were subjected to one-way ANOVA test. Results showed that fish on control diet (PPMD1) were significantly (p > 0.05) highest in weight gain(7.34 ± 0.09g)while the least weight gain was recorded among PPMD5 fish. Similar trend was observed in specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin (HB), Red blood cell (RBC), Mean corpuscular haemoglobin cell (MCHC), and Lymphocytes (20.67 ± 0.33, 7.77 ± 0.03, 1.80 ± 0.06, 35.57 ± 0.47, and 84.00 ± 0.58 respectively) were significantly highest (p<0.05) in PPMD4. MCV was highest in PPMD1 and lowest in PPMD4. MCH was significantly higher (p<0.05) in PPMD1 and lowest in PPMD3. White blood cells (WBC) was significantly highest (p<0.05) in PPMD3 and Neutrophils was significantly highest (p<0.05) in PPMD5. It was concluded that PPM compares favorably with maize and an optimum inclusion level 25% (PPMD2).

Colour perception is essential in the appreciation of the physical world. The inclusion of colour in the consideration of sustainable development of buildings is an important environmental and social factor which calls for distinguishing different colours for diverse building typology. This paper was aimed at identifying public colour preference for senate building facade in selected universities in southwest Nigeria, with a view to establish distinct colour scheme for office buildings. A survey research design was adopted with the stratified random sampling technique used in selecting respondents. Primary data were obtained through the administration of questionnaire to 577 users from ten selected universities. Photographs of 10 selected university senate building façade were attached to the questionnaire to serve as bases for assessing the buildings. Data was analysed using frequencies, percentages and mean ranking. The study revealed that façade colour is an important architectural element for visual sustainability and lighter shades of different colours were observed to be most preferred by the respondents in the study area. The study recommended the need for equipping the design professionals on the fundamentals of colour choices as an architectural design element for building façade attractiveness.

The world is witnessing sustained effects of information technologies across all works of life. Though some of these influences are markedly negative and detrimental to the socio-economic prospects and progress of the society, the positive effects are often impressive especially where they are integrated for the betterment and greater good of the larger society. One of the fastest growing technologies is nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has numerous prospects and applicability across various sectors ranging from electronics, telecommunications, agriculture and food production, biotechnology and genetics, oil prospecting and production, remote sensing, drug production, to name a few. This novel technology readily finds usefulness and several researches are ongoing, geared at developing new tools and techniques that would improve its acceptance across the concerned domains. It is this quest that has culminated into the ongoing effort in nanoinformatics, an interdisciplinary study and a subdomain of informatics simply regarded as the conscientious application of informatics tools and technologies to the analysis, design and development of systems on the broad spectrum of nanomaterials including their physicochemical and environmental characteristics as well as their interactions, interrelationships, and applications within a given domain. This paper presents a review of some opportunities for individuals, experts, and the society especially in the production of cost-effective nanotechnology-based healthcare products. Notwithstanding the aforesaid opportunities which could be harnessed and sustained in any developing country like Nigeria, this paper identifies and buttresses core challenges that could confront the adoption of good nanoinformatics methodologies. This paper concludes that a developing country (Nigeria in perspective) could benefit from nanoinformatics if there are stronger ties among the key stakeholders involved in healthcare products delivery in the society.

Essential genes are subset of genes required by an organism for growth and sustenance of life and as well responsible for phenotypic changes when their activities are altered. They have been utilized as drug targets, disease control agent, etc. Essential genes have been widely identified especially in microorganisms, due to the extensive experimental studies on some of them such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Experimental approach has been a reliable method to identify essential genes. However, it is complex, costly, labour and time intensive. Therefore, computational approach has been developed to complement the experimental approach in order to minimize resources required for essentiality identification experiments. Machine learning approaches have been widely used to predict essential genes in model organisms using different categories of features with varying degrees of accuracy and performance. However, previous studies have not established the most important categories of features that provide the distinguishing power in machine learning essentiality predictions. Therefore, this study evaluates the discriminating strength of major categories of features used in essential gene prediction task as well as the factors responsible for effective computational prediction. Four categories of features were considered and k- fold cross-validation machine learning technique was used to build the classification model. Our results show that ontology features with an AUROC score of 0.936 has the most discriminating power to classify essential and non-essential genes. This studyconcludes that more ontology related features will further improve the performance of machine learning approach and also sensitivity, precision and AUPRC are realistic measures of performance in essentiality prediction.

Vigna subterranea L. Verdcis an annual seed crop widely favoured by resource-limited rural farmersin sub-Saharan Africa. The fresh seeds can be consumed raw or cooked or utilized to make different delicacies. The study evaluatedthenutritional and anti-nutritional content of seeds of sixdifferent accessions of V. subterraneato obtain information on their potential suitability as an alternative source of protein for humans and livestock. Seeds of each accession were ground to fine powder, sieved and labelled separately. Three replicates of each were then analysed for both proximate and anti-nutritional factors using standard methods. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The result showed that the sixaccessions are rich in protein (19.43±0.07%), crude fibre(4.38±0.23 %) and carbohydrate (55.59±2.52%) but also contained asubstantial amount of anti-nutritional factors such as oxalate (4.63±0.14 mg/g) and phytic acid (4.51±0.03 mg/g). TVSu 352, an accession originating from theUSA, had the highest protein (20.11%), high nitrogen-free extract (53.24%) and lowest fat (4.60%) content making it the most nutritious among the accessions studied, though it also contained the highest tannin (4.60 mg/g) level. TVSu 277 exhibited thelowest crude protein (18.91 %), lowest crude fibre (3.28 %), highest carbohydrate (57.43 %) and highest nitrogen-free extract (54.15 %). These showed that the accessions are quite rich, and exhibited diversity, in both proximate and anti-nutritional characteristics. It can be concluded that TVSu 352 is the most-nutritious among the accessions studied and can, therefore, be recommended for consumption or industrial utilization and widespread cultivation but further study is required to unravel its yield stability and resistance status. It can also be inferred that with adequate processing, the seeds of V. subterranea will be a good substitute for cowpea as an alternative source of protein in both humans and livestock because they are very rich in nutritional compounds.

Biosorption remains one of the most productive and safe technologies that could be received particularly with green algae as biosorbent in the ejection of heavy metals from the effluent. Bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized from Eichorniacrassipies utilizing the mix of both gold chloride and silver nitrate (3:1). Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used in the evaluation of the Nanoparticles. The bimetallic nanoparticles wereutilized as a biosorbent for particular heavy metals (lead, zinc, copper and manganese) present in a pharmaceutical effluent. The nanoparticles were brought into the effluent at various concentrations (1mg, 5mg and 10mg) and time intervals of 24h, 48h and 72h. The decrease in concentration of each metal was determined utilizing Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The synthesis of NPs was affirmed by colour change in the blend from light green to lilac after 5min of incubation. The UV-visible spectroscopy adsorption spectrum for bimetallic nanoparticles of E.crassipes (EC-AuAgNPs) was at 398nm while SEM micrograph shown spherical and cube shaped particles with size ranging from 0.31nm- 1.077nm. The FTIR absorbance peaks were available at 3263.93 (O-H), 2107.11 (-C≡C-), 1631.16 (C═C), 1338 (C-N), and 1034.96 cm⁻¹ (C-O). The most extreme rate decrease acquired for each metal was; Copper (67.25%, 10 mg at 72 h); Zinc (61.13%, 1mg at 72 h); Lead (93.37%, 1 mg at 72 h) and Manganese (69.26, 10 mg at 72 h).The biosorption of heavy metals by EC-AuAgNPs was contact time dependent for all the metals and biosorbent concentration dependent for only copper and manganese.

Adolescents are young people aged between 10 and 19. Their growth and development is a crucial element as they transition to adulthood. Benchmarking on the structure of education in Nigeria, most adolescents fall within the secondary education cadre where they are exposed to learn and acquire affective, behavioural and cognitive skills, commonly referred to as the ABC of learning. However, the extent of what adolescents learn and how they learn has become undefined in a way that can influence practice and teaching. This study presents the results of research done to investigate the new trends and expectations in adolescent development in learning and secondary education. Data were collected from late adolescents across the study area in Lagos State who, were enrolled in approved senior secondary schools within the study area. The multi-stage sampling technique was adopted using a hybrid of three techniques: purposive sampling, quota, and random sampling to select the final sampled schools. A total of 674 copies of the questionnaire were administered by hand during the first term of the 2018/2019 academic session. A total of 488 were analysed using descriptive statistics. The result showed that adolescents in the study area were predominantly auditory learners; they learn through lesson discussion and prefer to listen in class. This study has reiterated that adolescents love learning and are not lay back. They can be well cultured and groomed when learning is best suited and presented to align with their learning styles as against a one-fit-all approach to teaching instruction in the classroom.

This study assessed transportation logistics for prospective consumers and marketers of white shrimp (Nematopalaemon hastatus) within a 500 km buffer to processing and marketing areas in Ondo State, Nigeria using ArcGIS network analyst tool. The result indicated that shorter routes between the towns and major shrimp market at Igbokoda provided buyers with a lower budget for logistics and product cost compared with higher budget computed for longer routes between the towns and Ugbonla waterside, Nigeria. However, due to lower price of smoked shrimp at processing areas, shrimp product would get to the towns/cities within the buffer per kilogramme at a lower cost compared to products directly sourced from marketing areas (Igbokoda). Thus a typical consumer/marketer within the buffer was expected to budget an average of $42-$110 (12,810-35,500) and $59-$123 (17,995-37,515) for 10.42kg of smoked shrimp from processing areas in a typical peak and off-peak month respectively. In the alternative, they are expected to budget an average of $50-$110 (15,250-33,550) and $60-$125 (18,300-38,125) to source same quantity of the species from Igbokoda in a typical peak and off-peak month respectively. Developing a shrimp market at Ugbonla waterside, Nigeria would open the community for more economic development and attraction due to easy accessibility to shrimping and processing areas. Therefore, prospective shrimp marketers and consumers within the 500km buffer who are interested in accessing this highly nutritional species and other aquatic products from the processing and marketing areascould be guided by this information for effective trade and marketing.

Gamma ray transmission method for void faction measurement studies is in rare use in Nigeria, especially in industries and research. The study used this method to determine the cross-sectional void fraction of two-phase water flow through a Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipechannel. The gamma-ray counts transmitted through the water pipe were recorded and used to calculate the void fraction using a semi-empirical approach. Void ratio values varying from 0.171 – 0.036 were obtained for water flow rates ranging between 0.5gal/min - 4.0gal/min at estimated constant air flow rate. Conclusively, the experimental results compared well with Chisholm theoretical model predictions of void ratio applicable to horizontal flow. The use of two or more theoretical model predictions is recommended for further comparative study with experimental process. Also, more use of gamma ray transmission method should be encouraged.

Network traffic classification is the operation of giving appropriate identification to the every traffic flowing through a network. Several methods have been applied in the past to achieve network traffic classification including port-based, payload-based, behavior based and so on. These methods have been found to one limitation or the other. Nowadays, attention is now on Machine Learning(ML) methods that rely on the statistical properties of the traffic flows generated. However, ML methods do not perform well when confronted with large-scale traffic data having large number of features and instances. Feature selection is employed to remove non-relevant and redundant features before passing the data to ML classifiers. In this study, network traffic classification using ML methods is demonstrated from two perspectives: one that involves feature selection and one that does not. A number of performance metrics are considered including runtime, accuracy, recall, precision and F- score. The experimental results indicate that the classification without features has an average accuracy and runtime of 94.14% and 0.52 seconds respectively. On the other hand, the method with feature selection has accuracy of 95.61% and average of 0.25 seconds for the runtime. The improvement obtained reflects the importance of applying only relevant and non-redundant features to the ML methods. Thus it recommended that feature selection be included in the network classification process to guarantee an optimal accuracy result.

The study examines a comprehensive organisational diagnostic model, which can be used to diagnose for the root cause of failure within the processes, also to check for the state of health of an organisation. The Weisbord six-box organisational diagnostic model is consist of; purpose, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, attitude toward change. The model is applied by checking these key areas of operating within the organisation for problem-solving, towards a sustainable organisational performance. This paper provides a framework that managers can incorporate when performing a routine check, also a comprehensive model that can integrated for a sustainable performance.

The monitoring of electric submersible pumps (ESPs) is essential for optimal petroleum artificial lifting operations. Most ESP research are aimed at operation improvement and optimization of the centrifuge multi-stage pump motor and the load that the pump has to discharge which is a function of the pumps mechanical properties and characteristics, liquid compositions, pressure and temperature. ESPs failure often lead to oil production losses or "oil deferment" which affects revenue for all the parties involved. Also, pulling the ESP out of the wellbore of interest, requires mobilization of a rig because it is installed several hundred meters down the wellbore. To prevent these loses, a predictive approach is needed to avert these scenarios. In the current decade, machine learning algorithms studies have spurred real- time technologies research interest due to their abilities to predict future outcomes using already existing data sets. This study presents a predictive approach for Electric Submersible Pump failure during artificial lift operations. The study creates an "algorithm" that helps to predict via Machine learning, the failure of an ESP with the assumption that failure is usually caused by pressure build-ups. A deep learning model for predicting ESP failure was proposed and artificial neural network was used in developing the suggested model. Based on the outcomes of this study, it can be concluded that the selected AI algorithm and its characteristics, are suitable for applications in detecting ESP failure before it happens using upstream-data.

The aspiration for high performance industrial applications increases owing to advance in the field of power electronics. This contributed to swift developments in digital motor control technology. High energy consumption and poor efficiency are major challenges of motor driven appliances. These appliances need cost-effective solutions controlled drive that improves process precision, cuts operating costs and facilitates less energy. The goal of this research is to develop feasible motor control air conditioning system. The developed system describes the optimization and designing of a microcontroller controlled drive with speed sensing. It is PIC18F4431 based microcontroller primarily for motor control applications. This study focuses on speed control of induction motor using PIC microcontroller through PWM technique. The result of the research indicates that at the 5% air flow rate, the air conditioner without the drive consumed about 87% energy whereas the microcontroller based drive only consumed 20% energy at the same flow rate. This indicated the energy saving of about 67% by the air conditioner with the adoption of PIC18F4431 microcontroller controlled drive.

This study aims to apply a two-stage solvent extraction and adsorption principles for base oil recovery from used lubricating oils (UBO). Methyl-ethyl ketone was utilized as the solvent for extraction and activated carbon (AC) from unripe plantain peels as the adsorbent. The activities of the solvent to oil proportions from 1:1 to 5:1 on lube oil recovery were analyzed in terms viscosity of the oil, total base number (TBN) of lubricating oil, and percent weight of metallic contents removal from used oil. The results confirm that solvent to oil ratio of 3:1 gave excellent efficiencies relating the UBO to a treated base oil (TBO) with the highest removal of contaminants, increased viscosity, high TBN after the two-stage treatments. The results after solvent extraction at varying temperatures of 30, 45, 60 °C showed the TBN increased to 32% (10.21 mgKOH/g from an initial UBO value of 6.90 mgKOH/g) at 60 °C extraction temperature. After the adsorption stage, the removal of metallic contaminants at the 60 °C extractive temperature and AC 15 wt% loading was 91% for calcium and over 91% for zinc. The optimum solvent to oil ratio of 3:1 at 60 °C yielded a base oil with a kinematic viscosity of 90.23 centiStokes, a flashpoint of 203 °C, the density of 0.909 g/ml and sulphur content of 0.64 wt%. This refined base oil obtained had close similarities with fresh Ram SN500 base oil.

Vegetables constitute a major food source with huge nutritional values as well as major source of income. The cultivation of vegetables is dictated by climate and seasonal changes across Nigeria. Edo State lies within the South of Nigeria and enjoys the two popular seasons (rainy and dry) like many other parts of the country. However, the variability in soil distribution and weather conditions across different locations is a determining factor as to the category of not just vegetables to grow but other crops. In this paper, Edo state is used as a flagship project for its diverse potentials and uniqueness in respect of known variability in soil and weather conditions. The State is divided into three geo-referenced agricultural districts. A prototype system is proposed to provide vegetable farmers with real-time information on vegetablefarming requirements. The proposed system is an Internet of things (IoT)-enabled climate variability system with interfaces to popular mobile networks, existing Geographical Information System (GIS) in the State, and remote sensing stations respectively. Each geo-referenced point is a nexus to areas with similar weather variability and soil distribution. Historical data is collected from the existing GIS and a provision is made to constantly enrich the historical data with new information from the geo-referenced points including crops grown, trends in cultivation, queries from farmers, etc. The information generated from the geo-referenced locations are routed via GPS to the central analytics server in the cloud and appropriate algorithms are used to carry out data analysis for real-time prediction and messages to farmers through the Internet and Short Message Services (SMS). With this system, it is submitted that subsistent and mechanized farmers would benefit through the guidance of an analytics system thereby boosting vegetablefarming regardless of the season of the year.

In this paper, an air battery is studied, discussed, implemented and deployed; the potential applications of air batteries in general are also discussed in detail. An electrochemical battery runs out when all the chemicals inside have finished the current-releasing chemical reactions. In this work, an air battery system is designed and studied using Sodium Chloride (NaCl) and Caustic Potash (KOH) electrolytic solution. The battery life of the designed air battery system is studied in terms of voltage capacity for a period of 4 weeks and 4 days (750 hours) for two air batteries connected in series. As the electrolytic chemicals are being used up when the battery is in operation, it was observed that voltage rating degraded over time even when the battery system is not connected to a load. From the results, an air battery with KOHelectrolytic solution produced a higher voltage compared with NaCl electrolytic solution

- The ubiquitous nature and the proliferation of mobile devices has made wireless power transfer (WPT) a very important area of research. The flexibility and cost effectiveness of charging these enormous devices in our world without having to connect physically to any electrical port especially when the user is indisposed to do so is a very attractive characteristic of WPT. Conventional means of charging the batteries of these mobile devices are wired which invariably meansthey requirephysical connection to power sources through electrical cables. Electric power istransmitted wirelessly when a magnetic field produced by the inductive coupling of coils or electrical field produced by the capacitive coupling between electrodes is transferred over a short distance through the air interface and later received by an antenna for utilisation. This article gives a detailed review of the existing wireless power transfer technologies, principles of operation, applications and the opportunities for future research in this area of emerging technology. However, WPT has some drawbacks but it is a disruptive technology with the ability to revolutionise the dynamics of mobile wireless systems, internet of things and otherallied future technologies.

Distribution network is the closest to the consumer of electricity in the whole of the electric power system (EPS) network. It is as important as other parts of the entire system. Lack of sufficient power to meet the required load demand has aided the popularity of distributed generators within the distribution network in order to argument the available power. However, the point of installation of a distributed generator (DG) is essential, considering the entire EPS security. In this work, inherent power system network (IPSN) is proposed to determine the best position for distributed generator within distribution networks, which results in a minimal loss. Matlab R2018a is deployed as a simulation tool. Six bus IEEE network and radial 12-bus network are used to ascertain the feasibility of the proposed method. Results obtained for both test network are validated through the results from the forward-backward sweep method for distribution load flow study.

A Frequency Modulation (FM) transmitter is an electronic device that produces radio waves with the aid of an antenna. The transmitter generates radio frequency alternating current, that is applied to the antenna. When the antenna is excited by the alternating current, the antenna begins to radiate radio waves by varying the frequency of the radio signal. The transmitter is a Very High Frequency (VHF) Colpitts oscillator capable of transmitting sound to standard FM receiver fitted with a capacitor microphone which picks weak sound signals. This design was achieved using: transistors, resistors, inductors and capacitors. A transmission frequency of ± 5% 100 MHz was used and transmitted up to a distance of 5 metres. The testing of the transmitter was carried out by powering it using a 9 V DC battery and tuning a suitable FM receiver to the transmission frequency of the constructed transmitter. A transmission distance of 5 metres was achieved therefore making it possible to use the transmitter as a portable cordless microphone used for public address (P.A.) systems. The achieved fixed frequency of transmission 56.4 MHz, away from all other radio stations transmission frequencies. This gives the best range and with the least of interferences. With increased power, the range can easily be extended.

The diverse challenges been encountered by GSM subscribers within some locations at the University of Ibadan through their usual transits within and outside of buildings, before been able to receive uninterrupted flow of GSM communication due to signal fade and call drop, motivated the need to attempt to characterize signal strength penetration in buildings. This characterization would assist in determining the link budget required for a better Quality of Service (QoS) in this community. However, signal strength path measurement from GSM transmitter (i.e. base station) to the receiver is amongst the parameters required in estimating signal attenuation. Thus, in order to be able to estimate the magnitude of signal penetrations into buildings at the University of Ibadan, the factory fitted signal strength software installed on an android phone was utilized in obtaining the signal strengths of the four major GSM service providers (940MHz, 950MHz, 955MHz and 960MHz) operating in this vicinity. These measurements were taken for three weeks during the daily peak hours of communication (09Hr, 12Hr, 15Hr, and 18Hr) within every three minutes interval, at eight selected buildings (isolated and non-isolated) due to their closeness to GSM base stations. Analysis of data showed that the signal strengths at corridors of both isolated and non-isolated buildings are stronger than those indoors. Moreover, the signal attenuation used in depicting signal fade further showed that the attenuation increased at indoors more than corridors. This increment in indoor attenuations could be due to resistance against signals by the materials utilized in the construction of these buildings. In essence, the base station's transmission power for this community should be increased by the various GSM network service providers in order to overcome attenuation problem. Likewise, the determined penetration attenuation allowance value of 15dB could be utilized in designing their link budget for a better QoS.

The recent urbanisation in the developing nations of the world, rise in population, increase in human activities. Pattern of production and consumption has resulted to generation of huge amount of waste that must be properly disposed, treated and managed to ensure sustainable environment and a decent living for the increased population. The current waste management practices are not effective and efficient enough to handle the rise in waste level. The traditional approachhas led to this challenge. This paper deals with a systematic review of existing literatures, identifying and characterizing active research activities on smart waste bin that will allow effective waste management. There is a great need for deployment of this Smart technology on a large scale in the developing nations of the world for a sustainable healthy and clean environment. However, the cost of applying such solutions is still relatively high.

Liquid holdup is one of the most significant parameters in multiphase flow. Accurate measurement of liquid holdup is required to calculate pressure drops in oil and gas wells which is essential in analyzing the well production, performance, well designing and optimization. This study reviewed different methods used in measuring liquid holdup and highlighted the most effective methods currently used in multiphase combinations. More importantly, liquid holdup measurements using capacitance sensors in slug flow, bubble flow, churn flow, annular flow and coaxial flow are discussed. The features considered during the review include, electrode material, angle of rotation, curvature and guard electrodes. The operational issues observed when using capacitance based sensors were highlighted. In single capacitance sensors like the helical arrangement which has high sensitivity, error in symmetry and inability to measure fluids with lower dielectric constants were however observed. Concave sensors are more accurate for phase shift detection but lower sensitivity compared to the helical type. From the knowledge and technical gaps identified from literature, this study proposed Electrical Capacitance Tomography tool with dual capacitance sensor for effective liquid holdup measurement in oil and gas transportation pipelines because of its ability to determine the dielectric permittivity distribution inside the pipeline from external capacitance measurements with real-time imaging of the multiphase flow.

In this present era, the rising demandfor seamless wide band internetwork services such as 5G network requires the propagation of radio waves at high frequency. Rain-induced attenuation poses a lot of dangers on Earth-Space satellite links operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. Although the magnitude of overall attenuation on any radio link is determined by various natural phenomena such as atmospheric gases, fog, mist, aerosol, ice, contribution by rain remains the most significant. This paper provides extensive study on the rain heights variability in Nigeria using data obtained from the Global Precipitation Mission (GPM). The result depicts an increasing trend of rain height from 4.92 km in the southern part of the country to about 5.23 km in the north. The results show that ITU-R recommended value underestimate rain height. The results also show seasonal dependence of rain height throughout the years of study. Analysis of the GPM data shows thatfreezing heightsacross all stations were underestimated byabout 9 % when compared with previous TRMM-based research. The present study has revealed the preference of GPM data over TRMM data for the estimation of rain height and rain-induced attenuation.

Technological advancements are so fast as of now to make individuals need consistently to be inventive and trigger to make something new which can be applied and can utilize rapidly and for all purposes and control from close range and distance. There has been drastic increase in theft and burglary, robbing of houses, stores, shops and banks etc. This has also increased the number of violence and crime related activities which occur on a daily basis, in which lots of lives and monetary loses have been recorded. This research focuses on how to configure a simple home security framework using a PIR sensor(Passive Infra-Red) in light of a microcontroller. This safety will work if the PIR (Passive Infra-Red) sensor recognizes any individual that would not like to go into the house, and afterward themicro-controller process and instructs a mobile phone to send an alarm signal in theform of Short Message Service (SMS). After the program was successfully uploaded to the circuit, a test was carried out to determine if the PIR worked perfectly and it came out with positive results as it detected motion. As a motion was detected, the sensor became active, therefore gave a signal to the Arduino which gave an output signal to the led and thereby making the buzzer to sound an alarming noise.

Waste in different forms such as solid waste, gaseous waste and liquid waste increases due to population increase, urbanization, and industrialization and affect the globe. Waste management involves activities such as reuse, recycling and reduces waste generation and other strategies to combat the effect of waste generation due to increasing population and industrialization. Monitoring is one of the key functions of waste management, as it is needed to address the issues faced by waste management, which includes waste generation, waste collection, transportation of waste, waste treatment and waste disposal processes. This paper reviewed the technology involved in achieving a smart management and suggests the use of artificial intelligence (AI) to solve waste management such as convolutional neural network for efficient classification and waste identification and other AI technology.

Composite materials have been used to coat products and substrates in different industries like Aerospace industry, Automobile industry;welding industry etc. The aim of this review is to describe the impacts and the effects of composite materials on coating applications in different industries. The first application mentioned was in the Aeronautic Industry, where powder (a composite material) is used to coat substrates. It has been studied and widely accepted as one of the most environmental friendly, economically beneficial and functional coating material. New types of powder coating are being developed to improve the aesthetic designs of Aeronautic and Automotive industries products. The second application was in the welding industry and its impacts on the electrode tool life was studied. The tool life is improved by 71% when TiC composite is used to coat the electrode.

Literature search has revealed that most post-combustion CO₂ capture processes available to power plants are hinged on sorption technologies (chemical absorption and desorption) which are cost and energy-intensive. The colossal cost of solvents used for the absorption of CO₂, the high energy requirements for the absorption & solvent recovery processes, plant design & control related complications, and environmental concerns about the solvents are some of the challenges associated with this option of post-combustion CO₂ capture approach which is widely being adopted to mitigate CO₂ emissions from power plants. In this study, the capture of CO₂ from flue gas by exploring the concept of change of state of matter, which is essentially a physical approach to CO₂capture, is presented as an alternative to the typical methods in the industry.

Green composites have gotten a lot of awareness in the composite industry lately because the whole world is driving toward sustainability whereas conventional composites are usually prepared from petroleum products which are usually non-degradable and result in environmental pollution. This paper presents a succinct review of the composite materials produced from green composites with a potential of being applicable in automotive body parts, aircraft body parts, medicine, construction etc. The review classifies the different research works done into six groups, then identifies gaps in research with the aim of charting a course for future researchers. Also, the review is very essential to manufacturers as they can be kept abreast with the latest developments in green composites which could replace some of the conventional composites used in the manufacturing industry.

This study appraises anticipated vicissitudes to surface wind characteristics from 1980-2018 in Ikogosi South-Western Nigeria. Changes in wind speeds at regional and global levels are signals of global warming. A concern about climate change has been a major driving force for the speedy expansion experienced in wind energy projects. Yearly investigation of wind speed disguises seasonal variation in predictive planning. At times, these changes fluctuate across seasons in some zones. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) gave a proponent for long-term changes in the large-scale atmospheric circulation. In effect, observed changes such as poleward shifts and reinforcement of westerly winds will likely be promoted. Projected changes to annual wind speed display altitudinal variability compared to seasonal and annual mean wind speed. An evaluation of wind changes at specific locations is therefore necessary for site-specific application. This paper presents experience at Ikogosi warm spring site with varying return periods, analysedfor identificationof the behaviour of its wind using several statisticsprobability distribution. Average wind speed of 2.2 m/s in Ikogosi certainly portends a future for hydro-electricity alternative in Nigeria.

Properties of materials are best analyzed when lattice parameters of such compounds of materials are predicted accurately. In density functional theory prediction of lattice parameters, density functionals play important role in obtaining accurate values. In this study, density functional theory was used to investigate accurate prediction of lattice parameters of some transition metal nitrides. Local Density Approximation (LDA) and Generalized Gradient Approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof revised for solids (GGA-PBEsol) functionals combined with ultrasoft and projector augmented wave (PAW) pseudo-potentials were used for the investigation. The results indicated that GGA-PBEsol functional with PAW pseudo-potential performed better in predicting lattice parameters of these compounds. ForFeN compound, the calculated lattice parameter with GGA-PBEsol functional and PAW pseudo-potential was 4.232 Å compared with the experimental values of 4.307 Å and 4.296 Å corresponding to a little underestimation of about 1.74% and 1.49% respectively. Ultrasoft pseudo-potential of GGA-PBEsol functional and LDA functional with the two pseudo-potentials overestimated the lattice parameters for over 5%. It was concluded that, for the functionals and pseudo-potentials considered, GGA-PBEsol with PAW pseudo-potential may be a very good choice for prediction of lattice parameters of binary compounds with transition metals.

Recently, direct bandgap double perovskites are becoming more popular among researchers in the photovoltaic community owing to their potential to address issues of lead (Pb) toxicity and structural instability inherent in lead halide (simple) perovskites. In this study, In-Ag based direct bandgap double perovskite, Cs₂AgInCl₆ (CAIC), is treated with transition metal doping to improve its material properties. Investigations of structural and electronic properties of Cu-doped CAIC, Cs₂Ag_1−xCu_xInCl₆, are done using ab-initio calculations with density functional theory (DFT) and virtual crystal approximation (VCA). With the introduction of Cu-dopant, obtained results show improvement in the structural and electronic behaviour of CAIC. Based on obtained results, transition metal (Cu) doping is a viable means of treating double perovskites - by tuning their material properties suitable for an extensive range of photovoltaics, solar cells and optoelectronics.

An anharmonic oscillator with a perturbed quadratic potential which is coupled with an exponential term is being investigated in this paper by isolating an anharmonic oscillator interaction potential from the actual interaction experienced by the quantum system studied, and using standard perturbative techniques. The anharmonic potential considered is of interest because of its usefulness in the study of non-centrosymmetric materials which have applications in piezoelectricity. The ground state energy eigenvalue and its associated eigenstates were calculated for the quantum system using an analytical approach. Results obtained are compared to those of quantised harmonic oscillator to show the effect of the perturbation.

Telecoms cell sites, powered by petrol and diesel generators, have high carbon footprints and contribute increasingly to global warming, and thereby climate change. Utilizing primary data from telecom cell sites of a major operator in Nigeria, this study empirically determines the firm's CO₂ emissions and considers how hybrid energy technology (HET) could be adopted to reduce the industry's carbon footprint. Data of fuel utilization in power generation are applied to compute CO₂ emissions. Towards reducing the firm's and industry'semissions, hybrid energy technology options for incorporating solarin the energy mix are considered. Hybrid energy technologies optimize existing hydrocarbon generating plants with photovoltaic panels and storage batteries to provide minimum capacities for powering the electronic devises. Results show that HET opportunities exist for most telecom firms' cell sites given Nigeria's geographical advantage to access sunlight. In addition, through the adoption of hybrid energy, average daily fuel usage is reduced by 50% (apart from periods of peak demand and weather disruptions). If adopted by the major telecoms operators, as recommended, greenhouse gas emissions level in the industry will reduce significantly.A few notable challenges are highlighted in the paper. However, job creation in the renewable energy industry is a notable advantage of transforming power generation in the telecommunications industry.

Humidity is the concentration of water vapor in air and moisture is the relatively small amount of water in a material. The two both have positive and negative influences on the development of perovskite solar cells. It is becoming increasingly clear that the effects of humidity will be a key factor to drive the commercialization of this promising new solar cell technology. The interface amid MAPbI₃ and water vapor has been explored and studied by different researchers through optical absorption spectrometry, morphological and crystallographic studies. These studies have helped to demystify the complex interactions going on in the system. A particular study reported the possibility of a perovskite molecule forming a hydrate compound when exposed to H₂O vapor in the dark coupled with its dissolution of MAPbI₃. Some researchers have said that to improve the stability of this device in moisture. The device must be studied as a whole system rather than studying just the individual components. This review paper explores the works done on perovskite stability highlighting how humidity and moisture affect both the preparation and performance of perovskite material and perovskite solar cell.

Emissions fromused lubricant could have adverse effect on man and its environment due to the presence of degraded additives and contaminants. Different treatment methodshas been developed with few check on its pollution aspect. This study investigated the emissions of two major criteria pollutants - carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO₂) from the solvent extraction treatment of used lubricant. CO was found to be the highest emitting pollutant with mean emission concentration of 85.85 mg/m³ which has exceeded the set NAQS standard while SO₂ falls within the standard limit. Therefore, there is a great need to give attention to the control of CO emissions around the treatment plant. However, CO emission can be controlled by employing a CO converter to convert the poisonous gas to a less poisonous gas or substituting the existing process in solvent extraction with a more environmentally friendly one.

In this study, waste duck eggshells were processed into high grade CaOheterogenous catalyst for the esterification-transesterification of palm kernel oil (PKO) to obtain biodiesel. The production processes involved are calcination of duck eggshells into CaO, XRD and XRF analysis of CaO produced, PKO fatty acid components determination, transesterification of the esterified PKO and the formulation of a suitable model. High biodiesel yield of 84% was obtained at catalyst concentration of 9 wt./wt. %, reaction time of 2 hours and methanol/oil mole ratio of 13, using CaO catalyst (derived from duck eggshell). The good quality of biodiesel produced was ascertained by its properties that fall within ASTM specifications (kinematic viscosity of 4.1 mm²/s, flash point of 195°C, density of 869kg/m³, water content of 0.045 v/v %).

As part of the efforts in attaining the commercialisation of biodiesel production in Nigeria, this research work considers a pilot plant design for the production of 1kg biodiesel, using waste soybean oil (WSO). CHEMCAD 7.1.2 software was utilised for the plant design and the process flow diagram revealed that four (4) pumps, four (4) heaters, two (2) separators, one (1) drying equipment and two (2) reactors were involved. Also, the simplified and simulated 1kg biodiesel production design plant showed that 0.0513kg/hr of methanol and 0.1800kg/hr of 0.1M H₂SO₄ would be required during the esterification process. And 0.6921kg/hr of methanol, 0.9870kg/hr of WSO as well as 0.1880kg/hr of KOH catalyst would be required for the transesterification process. That is the results obtained serve as template for the simulation of process design plants of varied production capacities. This is a good attempt in the ease of attainment of the commercialisation of biodiesel production in Nigeria.

Power System reliability assessment is one of the most crucial mensurations to evaluate power provider services and continuous availability. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) are an effective means to provide off-grid electrification to the rural areas that predominantly do not have access to electricity. This paper presents the reliability performance of a typical remote Obayantor community hybrid micro-grid in Edo state, Southern Nigeria. The hybrid energy system provides power for 90 households via a combination of 300W Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Modules, 1200Ah back-up battery system, and a 65kW diesel generator. The PV modules generate power throughout the day; the back-up provides energy source in the night while the diesel generator is sparingly used only in the event of faults, maintenance, or repairs. The reliability indices calculated were Mean Time to Repair (MTTR), Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF), and Availability using the outage data obtained from the microgrid between 2015 and 2019. The results recorded showed that the micro - grid was always available due to low downtime and low frequency of outages over the five years studied. Except in 2018, when the result recorded had the highest rate of power of interruption, which gave rise to the smallest value of availability and MTBF obtained in the same year. 2015 and 2019 had the highest availability value of 99.8%, and this value showed a similar trend to MTBF with the highest value in 2015 and the minimum value in 2018.

Nigeria is rich in renewable energy resources, including diverse biomasses. However, this enormous endowment in renewable energy resources has not played any significant role in the country's energy mix. Nigeria is majorly reliant on its non-renewable sources to meet its energy needs. In pursuit of its commitment to transit to alternative clean energy, Nigeria developed the biofuels policy document in 2007. The major aspiration of the policy is to harness the country's biomass potentials and deploy same to meeting Nigeria's energy needs. This paper assesses the state of the biofuels sector vis-à-vis the stated aspirations of the Nigerian state as captured in the biofuels policy document. In doing so, this paper uses primary data generated from key informant interviews and augmented with secondary data. It finds a disconnect between the aspirations of the biofuels policy document and the actual state of the biofuels sector. In other words, the biofuels sector has no discernible contribution to Nigeria's energy mix. The recommendation of this paper is in the realm of rejigging the biofuels policy in order to extract greater government commitment in evolving national capacity for biofuels development.

Nitrides of transition metals such as iron and nickel are known to possess excellent properties relevant for technological applications. Among these, FeNhas been synthesized in zinc blende face centered cubic (F4$\overline{3}$M) crystal structure while NiN has not been synthesized yet. Literature search revealed that hexagonal close packed and primitive tetragonal structures of these compounds have not been investigated to ascertain their preference.Therefore, the structural stability of Zinc blende face centered cubic, hexagonal closed packed and primitive tetragonal crystal structures of the compounds were investigated in this study. Generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof revised for solids (GGA-PBEsol) as implemented in Quantum espresso package was used based on density functional theory for the computation. The results revealed that FeN and NiNcompounds prefer Zinc blende face centered cubic crystal structure as their equilibrium lattice parameters occurred at the least equilibrium minimum energies in this structure. The lattice parameters of FeN and NiN compounds in thezinc blende FCC crystal structure were computed to be 4.232 Å and 4.324 Å respectively in agreement with experiment and previous computations. The preference of zinc blende FCC crystal structure by these compounds imply they may possess highly directional covalent bonds that prefer a tetrahedral arrangement of atoms, thus forming good binary semiconductor compounds. Therefore, these compounds have high possibility of been synthesized in zinc blende FCC crystal structure.

We investigate the influences of photoanode on light scattering and absorption in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). N719 dye on a monolayer anode of TiO2 film and ZnO film, are compared in terms of their photovoltaic conversion efficiency. Doctor blade application and high temperature sintering of photoanode assemblage on indium doped tin oxide glass was adopted for preparation of the two photoanodes. The optical density of the interfacial layer relative to the photogenerated carriers is determined by absorption of ionic electrolytes. The outcome obtained with different photosensitizing effect of organic T.danielliimolecules on DSSCs showed a wide disparity, the highest V_oc was recorded with Br⁻ with 500 mV and 79 mV respectively for TiO₂ and ZnO photoanode respectively. Three important morphological characterization techniques were used, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectrum (EDS), Electron shell occupancy and Entropy were discussed in detail with respect to their photoelectric performance, the best I_scwas 0.035 mA with Br⁻ on TiO₂ attributable to a large optical density, achieved from ratio of area of molecular coverage of nanoparticle film. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed a structure consisting of direct and ordered paths for photogenerated carriers to the collecting electrodes, the P_maxresult reported was 36.54 mW with Br⁻ from TiO₂.

This paper presents 6 years one-minute wind speed data obtained from Covenant University, Ota during the period 2012 to 2017. High rainfall accumulation and rain rate are the features experienced in the tropics. This eventually leads to high attenuation of microwave signals propagated at frequency above10 GHz. One factors amongst others that affect the accuracy of the measurement of rainfall is wind speed. Wind speed being one of the key parameters during rainfall, has significant effect on the accuracy of rainfall rate and the propagation of communication signals. For efficient and reliable access communication link there is need for adequate study to mitigate its effect on attenuation in any location of interest. As the wind speed increases during rainfallit induces error in the measurement of rain rate. Hence for adequate and reliable prediction of attenuation, the evaluation of the distribution of wind speed during rainfall is essentialin any locality. The results obtained showed that the average wind speed observed from 2012 to 2017 were 2.8 m/s, 2.7 m/s, 2.3 m/s, 1.4 m/s, 1.5 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively. From the result obtained, the average wind speed is low.hence, no significant error in the measurement of rainfall accumulation and rain rate in the location of study.

An Ion Beam Sputtering Monte Carlo Model (IBSM) was modified to study the effect of different surface diffusion mechanics on the surface height and surface roughness of materials when bombarded with energetic ions. The extension was done by incorporating Seahet al.'s semi-empirical ion sputtering equations into the sputter erosion algorithm of the MC model and by enforcing curvature dependence of sputter yield. Also, TRansport of Ions in Matter (TRIM) software, was used to calculate the sputter yield and the values obtained were compared with those obtained from Seahet al.'s semi-empirical model and the sputter yield obtained from sputtering experiments. Our studies show that the surface diffusion mechanics that occurs during a sputtering process controls the substrate surface height and its roughness while curvature dependence of sputter yield has little or no contribution to the target surface height and its roughness. Our comparison of the calculated sputter yield values of TRIM and Seahet al.'s model with experimental sputter yield values show that Seahet al.'s model gives sputter yield values closer to experimental values than TRIM at a normal angle of incidence while TRIM gives sputter yield values closer to experimental values at 60°angle of incidence.

Electric power is the bedrock of sustainable development in modern society. The demand for its adequate and reliable supply at a very competitive price is continuously increasing with population increase and the industrial revolution. A significant limitation to meeting this demand, is the inefficient operation of several of the existing power plants, resulting in their inability to generate electricity equivalent to their installed capacity. In this study, the exergy based performance evaluation of a major power plant in Nigeria was conducted to identify opportunities for thermodynamic improvement. Historical data of the plant was fed into HYSYS 8.8 to simulate its operations and obtain necessary thermodynamic data for assessing its performance. With the aid of codes embedded in HYSYS and the use of Ms Excel, the synthesized plant's thermodynamics data was used for its performance evaluation. Components-wise evaluation revealed that apart from the turbines, exergy efficiencies were lower than energy efficiencies. The overall energy efficiency of the plant was found to be 33.19% while the corresponding exergy efficiency was 31.94%. The boiler was identified as the unit with the highest irreversibility and most significant contributor to overall plant's inefficiency. It is posited that adequate knowledge of the effect of changes in operating parameters and load variation on performances will be handy in addressing inefficiencies in the boiler and other components of the plant.

Perovskites have shown to be an excellent material for photovoltaics applications, due to its opto-electronic properties and low cost of fabrication. This paper is focused on assessing the performance of different pseudopotentialsinpredicting some opto-electronic properties of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI₃) cubic phase perovskite in comparison with experimental results using ab initio density functional theory (DFT) as implemented in Quantum-espresso software. The pseudopotentials used were; Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) and Ultra-soft (US). From the study, it was observed that Perdew Burke Enzerhof (PBE) functional with Ultra-softpseudo potential gave a lattice constant of 6.20 A⁰ while the mixed pseudopotentials gave a band gap value of 1.64 eV, which were in closer agreement with experimental results of 6.27 A⁰ and 1.60 eV respectively. These simulated results suggested that PBE-US pseudopotentials give a better lattice constant estimate, while the mixed pseudopotentials give a better estimate of the band gap of cubic phase MAPbI₃ perovskite.

Attributable to efficiencies as high as 25.2%, organic inorganic hybrid perovskite has become the quickest developing solartechnology, rivalling the conventional photovoltaic technology. Although, they are unique and remarkable, stability concern and toxic behaviour of perovskites impedemass production. With this impetusofrealizing a non-toxic perovskite, a new approach was proposed by performing Monte Carlo simulations. In this paper, this approach was further studied with an First principlesinvestigations using the plane-wave pseudopotential method within the density functional theory (DFT) as employed in Quantum ESPRESSO (QE) software package. Mechanical and electronic properties of CH₃NH₃PbBr₃, CH₃NH₃SnBr₃, CH₃NH₃SnI₃, and CH₃NH₃PbI₃, perovskites were investigated. Lattice constants were calculated to understand the mechanical properties, while band gaps were calculated to shed more light on their electronic properties. Our resultswere compared with the experimental and theoretical values and found a good agreement between them. These indicated that the two materials were remarkably similar and that Sn was a good substitute for Pb in solar cell perovskite materials.

The unprecedented fast increase in power conversion efficiency seen in photovoltaic devices based onhybrid halide perovskites have drawn significant research interests. Recent researches in this area have focused on finding different perovskites with better properties, especially stability. Atomistic simulations based on density functional theory were performed in order to investigate the electronic properties of MAPbIPm-3m using Projected Augmented Wave (PAW) pseudopotential withmodified Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) for solidsfunctional withingeneralized gradient approximation (GGA) as implemented in QUANTUM ESPRESSO simulation software. The results obtained gave 6.1248Åas the lattice parameter and 1.1019eVas the bandgapinMAPbIpm-3m perovskite, which shows the perovskite has a direct bandgap.

In the era of sophistication in conducting professional assignments, there have been no study geared towards assessing the utilization of valuation software in property valuation. This study therefore investigated the application of property valuation software among Estate Surveyors and Valuers (ESVs) in Lagos Metropolis. 151 Estate Surveying and Valuation (ESV) firms represented the sample size. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and frequency count with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). It was revealed that almost 70% of ESV firms do not readily use property valuation software, even the ones known to them. The study therefore encourages ESVs to utilize such software so as to ease their mode of operations.

To address the limitation of CTDIvol, the American Association of Physicists in Medicine recently published a report on SSDE in body CT, where a patient's size is used to compute an estimate of patient dose from CTDIvol. This study estimates patients' radiation dose in abdominal computed tomography examination by considering patient size and established a facility diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) based on CTDI, DLP and SSDE for the purpose of dose optimization. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano-Northwestern Nigeria from April 2019 to September 2019. The study reviewed Fifty-five patients for abdominal Computed Tomography based on the recommendation of ICRP for DRLs. The study considered CTDIvol, DLP and SSDE. The SSDE is based on the anterior-posterior and lateral diameters of the patients; and a conversion factor (f). Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23.0 was used to analysed the mean, median, standard deviation and interquartile range of the radiation dose received. Independent Student t-test was used to determine the relationship between CTDIvol, DLP and SSDE by taking SSDE as an independent variable. The mean and standard deviation values of the estimated SSDE for 18-27, 28-37, 38-47, 48-57, 58-67 and 68-77 patients' age groups are 12.9, 13.74, 13.22, 13.49, 10.44 and 12.43mGy and 4.15, 5.71, 5.21, 4.05, 3.14 and 5.24 respectively. The established DRL values for CTDI, DLP and SSDE are 11.50, 620.30 and 16.85 respectively. There was no statistical significance difference (P<0.05) between reported CTDI and DLP and the estimated SSDE. There is good optimization of radiation dose in Aminu Kano teaching hospital, with regard to CT abdomen but still patients' size needs to be considered.

In the course of chemical flooding of crude oil reservoirs with surfactants, retention of surfactant particles in the pores of the reservoir rock can cause a major reduction of the reservoir permeability. This can cause serious problems thus unfavourably influencing the economics of oil recovery. An appropriate assessment of the reduction in permeability is essential for the recovery of hydrocarbons. During tertiary recovery of crude oil, a critical evaluation of formation damage is necessary to evade operating costs, as the reservoir rock is extremely sensitive to chemicals injected. The extent to which permeability is reduced cannot be comprehensive for core field scales; it is consequently paramount to study the reduction in the permeability of a core at laboratory scale before field scale estimation. In this paper, an experimental investigation on the reduction in permeability after surfactant injection cores is presented. Surfactants were used to flood the core samples. The permeability of the cores was calculated at the beginning and end of every flood by measuring the differential pressure during surfactant flooding of the cores. From the results, it is evident that there is a strong influence of surfactants on the process of adsorption on reservoir rocks and consequently leading to reduction in permeability.

This paper assessed the environmental impact of a telecommunication base transceiver stations (BTS) located at Cardoso Close, Apapa, Lagos State, Nigeria with the coordinates 6°4392'N, 3°3126'E. The ambient air quality parameters: SO₂, NO, CO, CH₄ and total suspended particulates (TSP) were measured using the ITX Emission Analyzer at four sampling points within the base station. The concentrations of SO₂, NO, CO and TSP atthe base station ranged between 0.3-0.5 ppm, 1.9-2.2 ppm, 5.5-7.5 ppm, 101-110 µg/m³ respectively for 24-hour averaging period. CH₄ was not detected at any of the sampling points. A digital Realistic Sound Level Meter was used in measuring the noise level. The measured average noise levels in all the four sampling points at the BTS studied ranged between 83.1-88.7 dB (A). Samples of water were collected from boreholes around the base station and were subjected tophysico-chemical examinations using the 'standard methods for water and waste water' 14th edition prepared by American Public Health Association (APHA). The analyses of the water samples showed that all the parameters are within limits. To measure the electromagnetic radiation emitted from the station during the field study, the SPECTRAN HF-4049 RF, an in-situ dosimeter for radio frequency measurement was used. The results obtained showed that, the measured averageradiation levels in all the four sampling points within the BTS studied ranged between 0.051-0.054 µW/m². All the measured parameters are within safety margins apart from SO₂ and NO. SO₂ was not traceable to the BTS while NO was only partly connected with the fossil-fuelled electricity generating sets. The parameters of the physico-chemical analysis of the borehole water were significantly below limits.

The literature from development economics asserted that two major spillover effects of the prevalence of capital flight and low rate of investment in developing economies are the persistent increase in unemployment and absolute poverty. Since an increase in the poverty rate can be viewed in terms of forgone private and public investment in some poverty reducing programmes like education, health intervention and job creation. Thus, this study investigates the interplay between capital flight and poverty reduction in Nigeria using secondary data covering the period between 1981 and 2017. This study employs the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test; Philip Perron (PP) test; Kwiatkowski, Phillips, Schmidt and Shin's (KPSS) all forms of unit root tests; Johansen test for co-integration and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) for long run estimates. The study found that an increase in poverty level in the country would be preceded by raising capital flight coupled with increasing dependence ratio and decline in economic growth rate. In this scenario, the effect of a single digit economic growth is dissipated once the circle continues unabated. Consequently, this study recommends that the Federal Government of Nigeria through the relevant financial authorities should enforce regulation against illicit flow of capital and prosecute offenders. The Federal Government must be seen to support the agency efforts against illicit flow in the country.

Carbon emissions (C0₂) from manufacturing companies contribute significantly to the volume of atmospheric Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) that trigger climate change. Mitigating climate change has become necessary because of the effects it has on social, economic and environmental outcomes. The minutest action taken against climate change can reduce its devastating impacts. Hence, this study assesses the strategies used by manufacturing companies in mitigating climate change. The study location is Ota, Nigeria. In this paper, a quantitative research approach was adopted with questionnaires distributed to participants at a climate change workshop, which is analysed using statistical techniques. The results show, among others, that all the respondents are aware of climate change and the most common source of climate change knowledge is the mass media. Moreover, most of the respondents describe climate change as a rise in global temperatures. Waste reduction, waste recycling, and waste reuse are the most common climate change mitigation strategies adopted by the manufacturing companies. Other mitigation strategies include: use of energy-saving bulbs in offices and factories and switching off electrical appliances when not in use. Although the findings indicate that the manufacturing companies are taking some steps to mitigate climate change, a lot still has to be done in reducing carbon emission levels, particularly during the manufacturing process. It is also essential that manufacturers use renewable energy sources as alternative power instead of diesel generators so that the volume of atmospheric carbon in the region can be reduced considerably. The role of government in driving emission reduction is also emphasised. The study provides baseline data that can be used in the development and implementation of policies on regional climate change mitigation strategies.

A microstudy of soil physical properties in combination with geoelectric delineation were adopted for the evaluation of groundwater contamination prospect from leachate migration at Bowen University dumpsite location. Samples of soil were collected from five different locations, with five locations within the dumpsite and one control sample which is 200 m far away from the dumpsite locations. A core sampler which is attached to the soil auger is used to obtain each sample within 60 cm depth. Each sample is collected into a sample bag and properly labeled for laboratory analysis. Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed for the survey spread to delineate total of four (4) Vertical electrical sounding (VES) points with electrode spacing varying 60 to 100 m. This was done to obtain resistivity, thickness and depth within the dumpsite location. The results of the average value of the soil properties between the control and the dumpsite are compared such that the soil properties for control site reveal a bulk density (BD) of 1.45 g/cm³, particle density (PD) of 2.63 g/cm³ and porosity (PO) of 44.90%, respectively. Whereas, the mean soil properties of the dumpsite show that BD is 1.35 g/cm³, PD is 2.93 g/cm³, and PO is 54.07%, respectively. This signifies that the control location has high BD, low PD and low PO, while the dumpsite reveals an inverse of the control results. Also, the results from the interpreted VES data reveal the prospect of migration of contaminants from the topsoil to the alluvium, which could further percolate to the aquifer with time. It could be concluded that groundwater contamination is feasible within the study area, since an alluvium and porous soils could permit leachate migration to the aquifer.

The indiscriminate release of untreated or poorly treated effluent from industries into the environment is one of major challenge of industrialization. Heavy metals remain of the components of these effluent that has a deleterious effect on both aquatic lives and man who directly or indirectly depends on the aquatic system for survival. The persistent and non-biodegradable nature of heavy metals has required extended attention to materials that have the ability to remove the non-biodegradable metals by adsorption. The potential of Eichorniacrassipes as an adsorbent in removing heavy metals present in pharmaceutical effluent was investigated. The adsorbentwas introduced to the effluent under different concentrations (1, 5 and 10 mg) and contact time (24, 48 and 72 h). The concentration of Manganese, Copper, Lead and Zinc before and after the experiment was measured using Induced Coupled Plasma –Mass Spectrophotometer. The percentage reduction in concentration of each metal was calculated, for manganese, the highest percentage reduction of 61.86 % (1 mg at 24 h), 63.09 % (1 mg at 24 h), 38.99 % (1 mg, 72 h) and 93.37% (10 mg, 48 h) was reported for Manganese, Zinc, Copper and Lead respectively. This work has presented Eichornia crassipiesas a potential adsorbent with high heavy metal removal efficiency.

Mineral exploitation enhances the nation's economic growth and development but poses serious threats to the environment thereby leading to ecological imbalances and public health risks. This study evaluates heavy metal pollution in an abandoned gold mining site of Iperindo, Southwest Nigeria and associated environmental and health risks were investigated. Soil samples collected at the site were subjected to a total digestion technique and analyzed for metals (As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, and Fe) using AAS. Only SS15 had a baseline pollution level while all other sampling points had significant heavy metal pollution. Generally, the analysis showed that 33.3% and 66.7% of the sites are included in the unpolluted and moderately polluted classes respectively for As, Cr, Cu, Co, and Ni. For Cd and Zn, 13.3% of the sites were in unpolluted class while it was 40.0% and 66.7% for Pb and Fe respectively. By implication, the highest ecological risk was at SS3 while metal that posed the highest ecological risk was Cd. HQ estimated for all metals via ingestion and dermal pathways for both adults and children were > 1 but < 1 via inhalation pathways in both age groups. However, the values were greater in children than adults. This suggested that oral and dermal exposures to As, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, Zn, Co, Ni and Fe in the soil of the study area would elicit non-carcinogenic adverse health hazard. This result shows the critical need to carry out remediation of the study site despite the abandonment of mining operations to protect possible health hazards, particularly to children.

In northern Nigeria, drought and desertification have grossly affected water available and land carrying capacity for both pastureland and farmlands. Hence, the northerners, particularly, the youthinevitably migrate to the south for greener pasture for themselves and the animals. Most of these youths are uneducated and not skilled to secure employment, they, therefore, become an instrument in the hands of religious bigotry. This climatic change can also result in a rise in sea level, thereby increasing the flood events especially, in Nigeria's lowlands. These changes have not only caused fierce conflicts buthave additionally brought about the death of thousands and rendered many homeless. The Nigeria Middle Belt has been the region most impacted by violent death resulting from land resource scarcity. The conflict has ensued between contrasting groups when essential resources become scarcely limited. Northern Nigeria accounts for 68% of every fiercedeath due to the issues of land between farmers and pastoralists in 2006 and 2014, a figure not half the reported cases in 2018 alone. The inadequacies in the Nigerian adaptation efforts to its dwindling climate could be attributed to corruption, institutional shortcomings and political will predisposes the country to more dangers of environmental change impacts. Therefore, climate change mitigating and adaptation measures, unbiased and efficient conflict management strategies, as well as the improved condition of living must be ensured by the government stakeholders to safecurrent and future generations of the country from havocs due to climate impacts.

There is possibility for sustainable healthcare delivery through the implementation of periodic x-ray imaging techniques appraisal. The aim of this study is to evaluate the x-ray imaging techniques in the study area in order to promote sustainable health status of the populace. Data for this study was collected from 12 major healthcare institutions located in Southwest Nigeria using self-structured form. The study centres were designated using S1 to S12. The x-ray imaging techniques in the study area were radiography, computed tomography (CT), mammography and fluoroscopy. Radiography machine was available in all the study centres while 75 % of the centres had CT scanners, 50 % had mammography machines and 25 % had fluoroscopy machines. The x-ray imaging centre with the highest number of equipment is Centre S2 while Centre S6 has the least equipment. The outcome of this study implied that x-ray imaging techniques appraisal would boost procurement of more and newer equipment, enhance improved quality and efficiency of the x-ray equipment. Thereby, accord patients accessibility to all the benefits of the modalities x-ray imaging can provide; and consequently promoting patients health status. Hence, this study recommended the implementation of periodic x-ray imaging techniques appraisal.

Magnetic data of part of Osun State and its Environs, Southwestern Nigeria has been studied with the aim of identifying structures concealing mineral deposits through some enhancement techniques. These techniques are Analytic signal, Euler deconvolution, Center for exploration targeting and porphyry analysis. In this work we were have applied Analytic signal to identify edges and distribution of magnetic sources that are equivalent to concealed mineral deposits, Euler deconvolution was used to identify and estimate depth to various magnetic source geometries using prescribed structural indices of 0.0, 1.0 and 2.0 respectively and lastly, the center for exploration targeting and porphyry analysis was used to obtain magnetic lineaments and porphrytic intrusives that may serve as structures concealing mineral deposits. From this study, we were able to identify several volcanic intrusions which appeared beyond surface exposure and at the same time of Cenozoic era. These intrusions resulted from the high magnetic content which serves as a contributing factor for the presence of positive magnetic anomalies in the area. In conclusion, we have been able use magnetic data of Osun State and its environs to delineate structures concealing mineral deposits.

The contents of the Lanthanides, which are Rare Earth Elements (REE), that show consistent patterns under changing geochemical conditions in uranium ore have been studied. The objective is to determine the nuclear forensic parameters inherent to the various uranium ore samples collected from parts of northern Nigeria using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical technique for the purpose of baseline data generation and nuclear forensic application. The REE fingerprint obtained in this study suggests that the uranium is of uraninite/pitchblende granitic (vein-type) origin. The REE concentrations varied from 0.011 ± 0.000 ppm to 2.337 ± 0.082 ppm for Riruwai, 0.001 ± 0.000 ppm to 0.035 ± 0.002 ppm for Mika-I, 0.002 ± 0.000 ppm to 0.357 ± 0.007 ppm for Mika-II and 0.001 ± 0.001 ppm to 0.159 ± 0.005 ppm for Michika. A positive correlation between the REEs showed symmetrical chemical properties as well as their overall presence in the samples. The normalised REE/Cl-Chondrites pattern show Light Rare Earth Elements(LREE) enrichment, Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE) fractionation with a negative Europium (Eu) anomaly. The ΣLREE/ΣHREE ratio presented varied values for the samples while a negative value of ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratio (0.512638) in the Chondritic Uniform Reservoir (CHUR) ε_Nd(-0.64285) suggested LREE uniformity and radiogenic origin.

Trace elements occur in tiny quantities but detectatble, in minerals and rocks. They are always less than 1% of the all the minerals. When trace elements' concentration is low, they become beneficial and aids growth an metabolism but when present at high concentrations begin to pose health risks. This paper aimed at investigating and analyzing the pH, electrical conductivity, and trace element concentrations in the rocks samples collected from twenty local government headquarters of Ogun state, using a pH meter, an atomic absorption spectrometer and an electrical conductivity meter, respectively. The measured pH ranged between 6.63 to7.34, which suggests that the rocks in these areas are neutral. The electrical conductivity estimated varied between 46.3 and 598µScm⁻¹, with Ewekoro having the highest conductivity, which may be due to the accumulation of limestone in this area. It was noticed that all the elements were present in minute quantities except iron (Fe), which was present in high concentration that exceeded the recommended value. It was thenconcluded that the rocks in the study area are neutral and contain a high concentration of iron.

Soil salinity impedes agricultural production, threatens global food security and agricultural profits. Soil salinity is a global issue and the accurate assessment of salt affected areas can assist in combating global climate change, effectively manage and utilize limited land and water resources. Landsat series of the multispectral remote sensing provides the potential for frequent surveys for soil salinization at various scales and resolutions. For this research, twenty tiles of Landsat 8 imagery between 2018 and 2019 were used to generate the soil salinity index map for the study area. The result revealed the salinity index status for all the areas investigated. Reclamation of salt affected land and management practices to curb soil salinity is highly recommended.

Buildings are essential structures that provide mankind with accommodation in the form of offices, factories, residences, etc. Building Infrastructure aid to increase the Gross domestic product of nations by meeting the present needs as well as helping in the reduction of future deficiencies. Unfortunately, in developing countries like Nigeria, regular occurrence of collapse of buildings in concrete materials have dealt a terrible blow to the nation, leading to losses in the form of death and damage to properties. This study aims to show the trend within the period of 2013 to 2019. This study used statistical methods to assess the fatality rate, types of buildings affected, frequency of occurrences and the causative factors. The result indicates that the year2017 witnessed 14 collapse incidences making it the highest within the study period in Lagos state. Furthermore, 204 persons lost their lives in 2014, making it the highest within the period. The results obtained showed that the risk of collapse and fatality rises as the building height goes up and when unauthorized floors are added to an existing building.

This study assessed the exposure of urban neighbourhoods to environmental hazards generally and fire risk in particular in Ibadan. Lagelu, a rapidly urbanizing local government area was selected for the study with emphasis on Lagelu West Local Development Council. Relevant literatures were review in this regards while structured questionnaires were administered on adult residents of 320 households in the selected peri-urban communities. Respondents opinion were obtained as regards the susceptibility of their communities to different environmental hazards. Data was also obtained from the respondents on the causes/sources of fire risk in their respective neighbourhoods as well as adequacy of fire safety apparatus in the communities. Data were measured on 5-Point likert scale of strongly agreed (5) to strongly disagree (1). Response were analysed with basic tools of mean score, relative importance and interpreted based on cut-off point (as devised in Morenikeji, 2006). The causes of fire and adequacy of community fire safety apparatus were analysed in percentages and presented in tables and bar charts. The study showed that there is a general consensus that the communities are highly vulnerable to the environmental risks identified in the study. It was also revealed that fire outbreak is principally caused by human activities, negligence as well as faulty electrical equipment and power surge. Respondents generally are of the opinion that fire safety apparatus available in the communities are grossly inadequate thereby compounding the vulnerability predicament of these communities. The study therefore recommends amongst others, upgrade of the community road network, provision of firefighting system within the neigbhourhood and enlightenment of residents on fire safety precautions.

Radiometric assessment of natural radioactivity concentration around Ijako dumpsite was done using hand held gamma spectrometer. A total of 10 in situ measurements were taken at the site. The U-238, Th-232, and K-40 radioactivity concentration obtained were used to assess the radiological hazard level in the area. Comparing the mean results of radiological parameter obtained with world average; Radium equivalent was far less than 370Bqkg-1, External hazard was less than 1, Annual effective dose equivalent was less than 0.08mSvy-1, Gamma index was less than 1, and Excess life cancer risk was less than 0.29 × 10-3. This implies that Ijako dumpsite poses no radiological hazard to the general public.

The concentration of arsenic in agricultural soils has become a global challenge. Arsenic sources in soils can be both anthropogenic and natural. Certain fertilizers can introduce arsenic into the agricultural soil. For this study, soil samples from a commercial farm in southwest Nigeria were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS). This study indicates that arsenic concentration in the farm land is fairly normal, with some portion of the farm having higher concentration than the WHO recommended standard limits in agricultural soils. Thus, there is need for immediate intervention to reduce the arsenic concentration in the farm site as arsenic is toxic to both human and crops alike. Measures to reduce arsenic in agricultural soils have been highlighted.

This study examines how large-scale agricultural investments (LSAIs) affect employment outcomes of female households in Nigeria. It focuses on wage income and labour allocations to agricultural activities for households in communities with LSAIs compared with households in communities without LSAIs. It engages Wave 4 (2018/2019) of the Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) dataset using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. The results show a positive relationship with the household income living in communities with LSAIs, but a negative relationship with the labour allocation to agricultural activities. Furthermore, the findings indicate that households in communities with LSAIs received higher wages and spend fewer hours in agricultural activities. Also, though female-head households spend more hours on agricultural activities than male-headed households, they earn less. Therefore, the study submits with some recommendations on reducing the possible adverse effects of LSAIs and optimising its positive impact, especially for females in rural communities where most of such investments occur.

The construction industry plays a noteworthy part in contribution to the gross domestic product of developing countries. Nigeria being a developing country, the construction industry is highly labour intensive labour intensive. For the purpose of this study, the data collection instrument used was structured questionnaire making use of the 5-point Likert scale. Sample size of 52 was chosen from population frame of 60 construction firms was adopted for the study. The study found out among other things that there should be periodic increase in wages of artisans and craftsmen, schedule should be mad flexible, provision of incentives and motivation, strategies such as periodic assessment of artisans skill should be implemented, stakeholders to have a say in artisan training and organizing training programs by construction firms. To this end the need for highly performing craftsmen construction industry is not debatable, Craftsmen are the major employee of the construction industry, since most of the work in the construction industry has to be done manually by hand, therefore they deserve to be well equipped and given the best of the training on account of their contributions.

Land is essential for man's existence, and its use involves the management and modification of the natural environment into built environments such as recreational, transportation, agricultural, residential, and commercial. The global population increase is exerting more pressure and demand on this limited natural resource. Accompanying man's need is the grievous depletion of the natural environment and the extent of this depletion and conversion has yet to be fully determined by the application of traditional approaches. Therefore, the focus of this study is on how to apply remote sensing principles to land use and its management in Nigeria. Secondary data, the literature on land use, and remote sensing were adopted in the study. The study revealed that in the South West land use for settlements increased from 107.3ha in 1986 to 210.96 in 2003, while other land uses reduced in sizes – cropland (6021ha to 5,351.10ha). In Abuja, urban/built-up land increased from 36.8km² (1987) to 385.4km² (2017). The study further revealed that land management, using remote sensing, fosters inventory and management, periodic monitoring, and effective allocation and coordination of land resources. It provides automated techniques for integrating both quantitative and qualitative data in land information management that helps better decision-making processes, efficient policy formulation, and monitoring in land-related problems across local and global scales. The study therefore recommends the integration of remote sensing into land management and policy decision in Nigeria.

This research is addressesmillennial outlook on poverty in contemporary Nigeria and its impact on human security. The objectives of this study were to examine the causes of poverty, effect of poverty on human security and how poverty can be curbed in Nigeriafrom year 2000 - 2018. The data required for this study were acquired using secondary data sources. Two propositions were drawn from this study and content analysis was used to prove them. The result showedpoverty had an effect on human security in Nigeria as well as being the root of many human security problems. Nigerian state must therefore deal with the issue of poverty in its soil concomitantly bettering human security.

The development of wastewater reuse schemes has been greatly slowed down by the lack of adequate wastewater generation data. Most data sources on wastewater generation provided by international organizations are mere estimates ofa nation'swastewater generation pattern and can only go a long way in explaining the wastewater situation of that nation. Intensive wastewater reuse schemes for futuristic purposes would require collection and storage of wastewater data for effective planning. This study identifies and closes that gap in a University campus where there is a high demand of water for daily use. Flowrates of wastewater being discharged into the environment was determined over a period of time using a standard weir and a level measuring tool. From this, the volume of wastewater generated was calculated. The results show that about 1,529,288 liters of wastewater was generated daily in the University campus. From this value, the water consumption rate of the university community was estimated to be 1,911,610 liters of water daily. From these findings, the wastewater generated within the Covenant University campus could be sufficient for agricultural, urban and other municipal reuse schemes. The environmental, economic and public health benefits from wastewater recycling are enormous and thus more attention must be given to its generation, treatment, disposal and reuse.

Viability appraisal as a veritable tool to guide investors of proposed projects could either be carried out through any of deterministic or probabilistic approach. Both approaches with varied types of techniques have been criticized but still have their relevance in determining the viability of any given project based on required objectives. A review of earlier works on viability appraisal was carried out including that of the Nigerian experience. Observation and required measurements in the property market of the study area, Atan-Ota at Sokoto Road to be precise that lies and situates between latitude 60 40'29.5716" and longitude 30 11'52.9908". Amongst all viability techniques, the break-even viability appraisal technique was adopted for this study based on cost maximization so as to enable investors take decision on the barest minimum production level. The break-even point technique though modified using the Net Present Value (NPV) was utilized in the study area on three residential property types readily purchased. They are the 2 bedroom flat, 3 bedroom flat and 4 bedroom bungalow. It was revealed that the 3 bedroom flat is most viable as it will require the sales of 13.03 units to break-even while 2 bedroom flats will require the sale of 14.69 units to break even. The 4 bedroom bungalow will however require the sales of 17.17 units to break-even. The study thereby recommends that investors focus more on the 3 bedroom housing units in the study area for easiest attainment of the break-even point.

The concept of resilience is increasingly being used in discourses on cities. However, there is paucity of` studies on the evaluation of public housing for resilience to urban population growth, especially in a developing country like Nigeria. This paper explored the concept of resilience on housing, and proposed a conceptual framework for the evaluation of public housing towards achieving resilience to the impacts of rapid population growth in cities. The methodology adopted includemapping the multidisciplinary data sources; reviewing the literature and categorizing the selected data; identifying and naming the concepts; deconstructing and categorizing the concepts and systematicintegration of the concepts to form the framework. The basic concepts identified in the literature for studying housing for city resilience in the face of rapid population growth were the vulnerability, adaptability and systems thinking theories. Based on these construct of theories, the study developed the conceptual framework around four key components. These components were (i) the impacts of rapid population growth on the social, economic and environmental fabrics of the city, (ii) the strategies or interventions that the actors can adoptthrough design and development characteristics, and building adaptive capacities towards the impacts, (iii)the effect of this strategies and interventions on the design and development of public housing and (iv) the systemic approach towards optimising the capacity of public housing schemes to absorb the adverse impacts of rapid population growth. This study contends that theoretical approach is important in understanding the development of housing that would promote city resilience in the face of growing negative impacts of rapid urbanisation in developing countries. It suggests the adoption of the proposed conceptual framework as guidelines to architects and other housing development professionals, as an evaluation parameter for resilience research and solving housing delivery problems in cities of developing countries.

The determination of the thermodynamic properties of the Earth's core requires the computation of acoustic Grüneisen parameter of solids at the prevailing pressure and temperature of the Earth's core. The acoustic Grüneisen parameter, γ_a, of the Earth's core were determined seismically from the velocity and density profiles. In this paper, the seismic data from the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) were used in computing the acoustic Grüneisen parameter γ_a at each depth of the Earth's core. The thermal derivatives $\frac{d(In\,{V}_{S})}{d(In\,{V}_{\rho })}$ and $\frac{d(In\,{V}_{P})}{d(In\,{V}_{\rho })}$ which defines the modes from the velocity and density profiles were used to determine the values of the acoustic Grüneisen parameter. The result for the outer core showed that the average γ_a is 1.53 which is found to be consistent with result obtained from previous studies

Natural radionuclides content of ²³⁸U,²³²Th and ⁴⁰Kfor water and sediment samples collected from Asa-dam Ilonn. Nigeria weremeasured using Nal(TI) detector. The mean activity concentration in the water samples were 6.05, 3.23 and 9.65 Bql⁻¹for ²³⁸U,²³²Th and ⁴⁰Krespectively. The mean activity concentration of ²³⁸U,²³²Th and ⁴⁰Kmeasured in the sediment samples were 7.57, 8.19 and 73.48 Bql⁻¹respectively. Theactivity concentration of ⁴⁰Kwas higher than that of ²³⁸U and ²³²Thfor the water and sediment samples. All measured activity concentration and estimated radiological parameters were below world permissible limit values. Therefore, there may be no serious immediate radiological health burden on the environment and the people using the dam.

Urbanization and industrialization have significantly caused deterioration of surface waters. Since there is close association between river quality and its associated floodplain, the later could therefore provide a quality index of the former. This study examines heavy metal concentrations in floodplain sediment of urban catchment of Asa River and assessed associated risks. Samples were collected at 10 points but at interval of 5cm in vertical profile to a depth of 15cm. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) analyses were done for Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Cu and Al. The following computational models were employed for risk analysis; Depth Ratio (DR), Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cdeg), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI) and Cancer Risk Index (CRI). Considerable degree of metal contamination was observed with various pollution levels from non-pollution with Ni, through moderate pollution with Pb, to a moderately strong pollution with Zn, Fe, Cu and Al. PLI revealed a baseline pollution level (PL ≈ 1) but contamination factor for each of Zn, Fe and Cu was considerable and may pose ecological threats and by extension, human health. Metal association reveals a positive correlation among all the metals evaluated (p < 0.05) which is suggestive of similar source. HQ via ingestion and dermal routes calculated were > 1 for both children and adult but< 1via inhalation. CRI for lead shows that children arepredisposed to cancer risks than adults. Hence, industrial activities in the urban catchment of Asa River must be monitored for environmental compliance.

The environmental monitoring of radon contents in some bottled and sachet water were carried out, with the aid of an active radon device (RAD7) made by Durridge, USA. This study is aimed to determine the level of radon in selected bottled and sachets water in major market in Ile-Ife, with a view to establishing the health risks that could arise in consumption of the water. The results obtained in this study show that all the water samples were safe for consumption without any health implication from radiological point of view.

Pollution emanating from the disposal of the auto-mechanic's workshop is of significant challenge globally. This study presents an evaluation of physicochemical parameters on Biodegradation of spent engine oil using selected Oleophitic bacteria. The effect of nitrogen sources (Casein, Urea, Ammonium Sulphate and Potassium Nitrate), pH (4-10) and temperature (25°C to 45°C) were varying on the Biodegradation of spent engine oil using isolated hydrocarbon degraders;Klebsiella sp., Acinetobacter sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Bacillus sp obtained from auto-mechanic's workshops. The assessment of the growth of these hydrocarbon degraders was assessed in Minimal Salt medium (MSM) supplemented with 1% Spent engine oil for seven days. The turbidity of the inoculated MSM was assayed using U.V. Spectrophotometer. The study revealed that the most preferred Nitrogen sources that supported the optimum growth of these hydrocarbon degraders were Casein, while the best pH was 8 and 9. The temperature that supported the optimal growth of the isolates varied with each strain which ranges between 35°C and 40°C. The growth of these bacterial isolates revealed that Biodegradation of the used engine oil is proceeding.

Collapsing of building incidents have been reported all over the world and seems to be commonespecially in sedimentary terrain of the coastal plain sand of Ado-Odo Ota which has the same subsurface features as the Lagos that experience regular building collapse. This building collapse is attributed to several causes. The reasons that have been identified, have added little or no impact on reducing this environmental disaster. This study presents the strength of emerging and existing geophysical tools for near-surface structural studies. The aim is to reveal the recent technical development on improving field surveys to minimize building collapse. Data acquisition using electromagnetic (EM) methods which are known for fast mapping of near-surface spatial variation as well as obtaining the subsurface vertical variation in electrical conductivity was adopted. The acquired spatial and attribute data was introduced in a GIS environment with different thematic vectors/layers created by digitizing the satellite image of the study area. The GIS digitizing was to geographically trace the acquired data with accurate coordinates from the obtained EM field data with the thematic layer representing the features such as weak zone and competence zones that can hold buildings. A transverse was taken in a strategic positions considering the regional features with 10 m spacing to cover the marked stations. It revealed the layer depths range from 0.37 to 1.64 m with the much competence layer found to be about 1.64 mbeyond which may be the thick clay Ilaro formation that underlies the recent formation. The weathered shear zone at the depth of 0.37 m may be the recent lithoral deposits which is geotechnically and geologicallyunstable and proximity to active faults of ruptured geomorphology of the building zonation.

This review article briefly explores the significance of electromagnetic method among other methods used in groundwater investigation. Groundwater investigation can be carried out using various methods such as seismic, magnetic, electromagnetic (EM), electrical resistivity, gravity, remote sensing. Each with its peculiar implication. This paper discusses the effectiveness of EM in detail subsurface investigation for groundwater exploration through an extensive review of the literature. Relevant literatures within the last three years were considered to understand the groundwater features using the EM method over other techniques. Studies using other methods were also examined to compare their reliability in groundwater studies to EM method. This study discovered that the EM method is cheaper, faster and of higher precision in identifying groundwater bearing formation and possible structural control of which the rest technique do not posess such attribute. On this note, there should be a growing interest in the use of EM techniques for groundwater mapping, which gives credible and classification of structural features of both basement and sedimentary terrain groundwater characteristics.

This paper aims to articulate the user-centred variables in academic work environment with holistically sustainable Academic Workspace Evaluation (AWE) framework for universities. The paper considers emergent thought on academic workspace with respect to the requirement of users. Based on this point, a broad-review of literature around the variables underpinning academic workspace disposition to users' conduct is carried out. The study identifies 109 user-centred cognate variables as prerequisite of AWE. These variables fall into three basic units for ease of analysis: the organisation culture, the employees' work environment, and the academic workspace condition. Each of the three identified units must contribute respectively to meeting the desired condition of workspace in its holistic form. In other words, the success in each unit affects the success of the other two units. Furthermore, the quality of the workspace depends entirely on the corporate interaction and interrelationship of the three units. However, differences in culture, system, process, modes of work operations, purpose and objectives between universities presents difficulties to generating a holistic universal user-centred AWE framework. It is therefore inappropriate to strictly and absolutely adopt a universal framework for academic workspace without the inclusion of local contents for individual university flexibility. The framework is context-based designed to accommodate these local contents within the conventional structure arrangement of respective universities. The proposed AWE framework is capable to generate Universal Minimum Academic Workspace Benchmark Standard (UMAWBS) for use in universities globally.

Human-wildlife conflict remains a major challenge in wildlife conservation. This study explored the occurrence of human-wildlife conflict and its impact on the subsistence of rural communities' adjoining Okomu National Park (ONP), Edo State, Nigeria. A semi-structured questionnaire (for villagers and law enforcement staff of Okomu National Park) and focus group discussion were employed to establish the occurrence and impact of human-wildlife conflict in ONP from January to April 2019. A total of 5 villages were purposively sampled of which 160 villagers, 70 rangers and 3 focused groups (comprising 7 individuals per group) were surveyed. The results revealed that Monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogaster), Buffalo (Syneruscafer), Elephant (Loxodontacylotis), Duikers (Philatombamaxwelli), and Porcupine (Histrixcristata)causes significant problem (χ2 =102.28, P= 0.000; χ2=10.592, P=0.000; χ2=15.454, P= 0.001; χ2= 10.213, P= 0.001; χ2=27.815, P= 0.007 respectively). Also, the occurrence of human-wildlife conflict was higher in villages within 2km radius to park boundary. The livelihood of villagers was negatively affected as they lose their crops to wild animals with no intervention from the park authorities. Management of conservation areas should ensure clear boundary demarcation to reduce the rate of encroachment into the park. Besides, management strategies that aid in the preservation of ecological integrity of the site and human well-being should be taken into account. Improved conservation education and compensation for the loss incurred to crop-raiding should be designed and implemented.

In this study, surface seismic refraction method together with cone penetration test were used to provide 2-dimensional (2D) information of the subsurface geological features. This approach simplified the characterization of the subsurface condition of a relatively large area of land especially when it is required for engineering construction purposes. The results of the seismic refraction method disclosed two geologic layers with seismic velocity ranging between 258 and 3544 m/s. Similarly, the cone penetration test revealed the topsoil to a depth of 6 m as soft and highly compressible formation, which is suspected to be Alluvium. Moreover, at depth between 7 and 10 m into the subsurface, a geomaterial with good geotechnical formation and low compressibility potential was encountered. This geologic formation is suspected to be sandy clay. The results of the two methods were correlated, it was revealed that the depth to the most competent layer in the study area is between 7 and 10 m depth.