Table of contents

SIDI International Conference 2019 (SIDI IC 2019) is organized by the Consortium of Sustainable Island Development Initiatives (SIDI) of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), held at the Research Center Building, ITS Campus – Surabaya on 2nd – 3rd September, 2019. This is to provide a forum for exchanging views, ideas, perspectives, research results, academic and business experiences from the stakeholders who have certain concerns to the community and environment of small islands from around the world. Overall this forum is expected to offer a good opportunity to build relationships and also provide dynamic foundations in the effort of developing small islands in sustainable manners.

The current conference is organized in collaboration with a number of national partners, namely the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Tourism, Ministry of Village, Development of Disadvantaged Regions and Transmigration, University of Pattimura, University of Airlangga, and Maritime Polytechnics Surabaya. Further, the collaboration is also established with the international partners, namely Wismar University of Applied Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin and Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst of Germany.

List of Organizers and Hosters and logos are availble in this pdf.

List of Chairman, Scientific Committee and Organizing Committees are availble in this pdf.

List of images are available in this pdf.

List of Photograph available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review:

For validating scientific and technical research of paper submitted to IOP, we already did single-blind review, that is reviewers know the identity of authors, but authors do not know the identity of reviewers. By keeping reviewers anonymous allows us to critique work without being influenced by authors. Authors cannot contact the reviewer since they do not know who they are.

The review process carried out on the papers submitted to the Sustainable Island Development Initiatives - International Conference 2019 (SIDI-IC 2019) has been organized in a common manner as conducted by most conference organizers, as follows:

1. Each paper has been peer reviewed by two reviewers.

2. A paper is accepted for publication if the two corresponding reviewers give the confirmation of the acceptance.

3. For the case where one reviewer gives the confirmation of accepted the paper, but the other reviewer does not give the confirmation of accepted the paper, then a third reviewer is assigned to review. The final decision is in accordance with the confirmation of the third reviewer whether the paper was accepted or rejected.

4. The committee of the SIDI-IC 2019 has then documented the papers which were accepted and rejected for publications at IOP EES.

5. The papers accepted for publication were then sent back to the corresponding authors for revisions in accordance with the comments and requirements of the corresponding peer reviewers.

6. The papers that have been revised by the authors were then sent back to the committee to be processed for final editing by the assigned SIDI-IC 2019 paper editors.

7. Finally, all the papers that have been completely checked and edited were compiled and submitted to IOP EES.

• Conference submission management system:

1^st SIDI International Conference 2019 used Microsoft Conference Management Toolkit (https://cmt3.research.microsoft.com/) as conference submission management system

• Number of submissions received:

93.

• Number of submissions sent for review:

93.

• Number of submissions accepted:

71.

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100):

Acceptance rate = 71/93 x 100% = 76.3%

• Average number of reviews per paper:

Average number of reviews per paper are 2.

• Total number of reviewers involved:

Total number of reviewers involved are 24.

• Any additional info on review process:

-

• Contact person for queries:

Prof. Eko B Djatmiko – Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Many islands in Indonesia are formed due to the lifting of the seafloor which forms limestone lithology and forms karst morphology. The karst region has a large freshwater potential that accumulates in the underground river system. The existence of an underground river system as a water reservoir is very important in fulfilling the needs of the community, especially in island countries such as Indonesia that have many karst regions. Research to map the position and distribution of underground rivers is carried out by applying geophysical methods. One of the geophysical methods applied is the microtremor method. The working principle of this method is the identification of underground rivers based on Particle Motion method and Time Frequency Analysis (TFA). That analysis resulted in the particles movement direction that perpendicular to the vibration source which is identified as the underground river. The existence of the underground river is then validated based on the TFA parameters of the underground river karst region. The results of the Particle Motion analysis at the research location show the character of the river flow pattern that has a Northeast-Southwestern orientation, and based on TFA there is amplitude continuity in the river flowed area with a frequency range of 4 - 5 Hz and an amplitude of 2,000 dB – 20,000 dB on component Z (vertical).

Moringa industry in Sumenep Regency experienced growth in recent years along with the increase in export demand. Moringa seed waste, which is the coproduct of oil extraction contains a massive amount of lipid and biomass. As much as 30% of lipid residue from Moringa oleifera seeds waste are potentially usable as a substrate for lipase production. However, the phenolic compounds contained in the waste are difficult to degrade and have antimicrobial property which is needed to be removed. This study aims to determine the best pretreatment method in removing phenolic content in Moringa seed waste. The proposed pretreatment methods in this study including enzymatic pretreatment, Laccase Mediator System pretreatment, basic chemical pretreatment, acidic chemical pretreatment, and peroxide pretreatment. Lipase production carried out using Bacillus sp. SK II-5 isolates. Total protein content of lipases produced from various pretreatment then measured using the Bradford method. Lipase enzymatic activity determined qualitatively using the Quantofix formaldehyde test. Characterization of lipase based on isoelectric point. The result of this study is that laccase pretreatment is the best pretreatment method which capable of reducing total phenol concentration in Moringa seed waste by 70% to 3.87 mgGAE/g. The results were followed by a high total protein concentration of 0.43 mg/ml and lipase activity in the range of 100-200 ppm formaldehyde

One of the factors influencing the growth of Nannochloropsis sp. is the composition of culture media. The addition of growth regulators in the form of auxins and cytokines in culture media can increase the growth of microalgae. This study aims to examine the effect of IAA (auxin) and BAP (cytokinin) with various concentrations on biomass, chlorophyll content and carbohydrate content of Nannochloropsis sp. culture. Nannochloropsis sp. culture was treated with IAA and BAP in concentration variations each consisting of 0, 0.1, 1, 10 ppm with 3 replications. Data were analyzed with two way ANOVA at 95% confidence level and Tukey follow-up test. The results showed that the combination treatment of IAA and BAP did not affect the chlorophyll-a content of Nannochloropsis sp. culture, but it affected the biomass with the highest P16 (I10B10) of 3.65 g/L and carbohydrate content with the highest content in P4 (I10B0) of 0.30 mg/L. The highest chlorophyll-a content was found in P15(I1B10) of 5.574 mg/L, increased by 6 % compared to controls. Whereas the lowest chlorophyll-a content was found in P12(I10B1) of 1.563 mg/L, decreased by 70 % compared to the control.

Recycling organic of house waste remains fairly limited especially in urban area with low-and middle-income. A novel approach is developing method to manage the organic waste conversion using larvae Black Soldier Fly (BSF). The advantage of this approach links to the green technology waste management which is no pollutant effect to the environment as well as increase the added value economically. The research project successfully presented organic house waste conversion into high protein of animal feeding source. From the 5 dol of larva BSF's (approximately 17 gr), it was reduced organic waste ± 0.7 kg/day. Within 10 days, the larva BSFs of 17 dol was consumed organic waste ± 10 kg, with increase their weight to become approximately 10 kg. The larva BSF of 17 dol is potential as animal feeding source that contain a high of protein. Furthermore, the waste from BSF's cycle life is potentially to convert into chitosan, due to contain of chitin. Chitosan was produced from the waste of larvae skin, pupa skin and insect imago death. In general, this organic waste management is offering to green organic waste management in the future.

Global Sulphur Cap 2020 (GSC 2020) is a policy that regulates the limitation of sulphur content in ship fuel to meet the global standard of 0.5% starting on January 1^st, 2020. This new regulation creates new challenges faced by shipping companies, in particular those which operate ageing ships or operating ships in the so-called Environmental Control Areas (ECA). Five technological options to encompass the GSC 2020 issues are deploying one of three scrubber systems, or switching to environmentally friendlier fuels, i.e. MGO or LNG. The paper outlines a case study of an Indonesian shipping company operating eleven ships, nine tankers and two container ships, with an age between two and 29 years of age. The Multi-Attribute Utility Theory is deployed to provide a recommendation on the best option.

The archipelago regions are spread out in some parts of Indonesia. These regions are related to maritime issues such as transportation, resources, infrastructures, and others. There are problems faced by local fishermen such as unavailable preservation facilities, sparse fish collectors and low income. A continuous study has been executing by the authors to define a proper fishing boat. A prototype of mobile fish platform was defined in the study to be operated in Moluccas waters. The fish platform was mobile catamaran type and provided with multi-fishing gears. The results of design and layout are presented in this paper. The study has been executed up to the platform construction phase and will complete in the future. In future scenario, the captured fishes will be transferred from the mobile fish platform to the existing fish cages to keep them alive. The whole scenario of future fishing operations with the mobile fish platform are also presented in this paper. The output of study is defined as prototype and will be tested at sea for technical and economic aspects before applying to users. The whole aim of future study is expected to increase fishermen catching products, to keep the fish alive for buyers and to increase economic aspects for the local fishermen.

World consumption of eel nowadays still depend on mostly (80%) from Aquaculture industry. However, the eel seed of glass eel, elver either bigger sizes of eel juvenile, still also depend on the wild caught. The study aims to test the survival rate of unfed eel from different sources of seed and sizes. The eel collected from five riverine of catch area i.e. Dlangu of Purworejo (CA I), Larangan of Nusawungu (CA II), Ciberem of Kaliwungu (CA III), Patimuan creek (CA IV), and Ciwulan riverine of Tasikmalaya (CA V) which were caught in August 2018. The other eels were caught in July 2019 collected from Segoro Anakan (CA VI), Buton Cilacap of Indian Ocean Coast Line (CAVII), Gatel riverine of Nusawungu (CA VIII) and Pasir creek of Sidobunder Puring, Kebumen (CA IX). The eel sizes were grouped into four class of sizes i.e. glass eel (GE), small pencil ('sp'), big pencil ('bp') and consumption size (Co) as a comparator. For the shipment trials, eel were transported from those caught area to Semarang (ranging between 180 to 240 km distances) by normal seeds package with oxygenated plastic bag. Unfed trials, the eel were kept in a limited water volume without aeration and the water replaced every day. Experiment was conducted during 30 days without feeding. The result shows that the sizes of eel i.e. GE, SP, BP, and Con can survive during shipment with 23 and 27 h duration time. Unfed treatment, the best survival rate found in 'Co' (52 %) followed by 'bp' (34 %), 'sp' (33 %) during 30 days without food and aeration. However, the GE found 100 % death during 18 days in unfed conditions. Eel seed sources comparison shows significantly different (α < 0.05) among caught area locations. These can be conclude that eel seeds of GE size can be keep during delivery transportation (shipment) without food given for 23 h, and can be kept prior to other purposes for approx. fortnight while 'sp' and 'bp' sizes for mostly one month.

The significant increase of Teak wood price causes the high price of fishing vessels made from intact Teak wood so that it is necessary to replace the Teak wood as the main material in fishing vessels. The traditional construction of fishing vessels has negative impact such as decreasing quality of the material due to heat treatment of wood, so that laminated wood technology with cold treatment is one solution to maintain and strengthen wood material. Mahogany wood is one of the woods that can be used as an alternative material for fishing vessels according to the Indonesian Classification Bureau, but some people assume that Mahogany is not suitable as an alternative for Teak wood due to differences in the durability of wood in seawater, so the research will be conducted on lamination of Mahogany and Teak as a material to build fishing vessel. This study carried out tensile and bending tests in accordance with ASTM standards for laminated material. Based on the results of test, the laminated material of Mahogany and Teak has an average tensile strength of 96.56 MPa, bending strength of 72.38 MPa and specific gravity of 0.82 gr/cm². According to the regulations of the Indonesian Classification Bureau the laminate material of Mahogany and Teak meets minimum tensile strength and bending strength, equivalent with Strength Group II-III and can be used for the entire construction section of the fishing vessel. From the economic aspect it is estimated that the cost to build a 3 GT fishing vessel around IDR 44,927,656 (USD 3,160).

The shipping of the fishing boat is expensive and time-consuming, due to the long distance between the shipyard and the fishermen locations. The main objective of this study was conducted to analyze the technical and economic aspects of the traditional fishing vessel building using the modular system construction on laminated Mahogany and Teak woods. Mahogany has the potential as an alternative raw material for wooden fishing boat because it is a fast-growth plant with the harvesting period of 15 to 20 years. The technical analysis was performed by building a prototype with a modular system construction of fishing boat with laminated wood materials. Firstly, survey was conducted to get the main dimension and design the lines plan of the existing boat. The structure of modules is made using the cold press planking method. Economic analysis is done by determining the building cost of fishing vessels with laminated wood construction using a modular system and calculating the investment of a 3 GT boat with laminated wood construction. Based on the prototype of the fishing vessel that has been built, it can be concluded that the price of a Mahogany and Teak laminate ship with a modular system is IDR 44.927.656 (USD 3,160) in comparison to the general price of IDR 30,000,000 (USD 2,110). Note the less, it can be concluded that the investment in fishing shipyard for laminated wood construction using a modular system is feasible both from technical and economic aspects.

Kepulauan Seribu is an area off the north coast of Jakarta consisting a relatively large number of small islands. Development of the electricity system here is planned to interconnect among islands. These developments tend to consider more on the supply and not much on the demand of each household. The difference in functions of each island is expected that in the future, planning to increase electricity transmission can be more focused on the pattern of needs as reflected in the consumption patterns and household characteristics. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the pattern of household electricity consumption based on differences in the island function, and to find out the relationship between household characteristics and that patterns. The characteristics include household income, house building area, number of household members, and building functions. The variables in this study were analyzed using the descriptive spatial analysis and chi-square test. The results of the study showed that the electricity consumption pattern on the island which function in the tourism category was higher than the one in the non-tourism category. The results of statistical tests showed that both of an island tourism categories and non-tourism category the function of the household building has a relationship with electricity consumption.

Electricity consumption depends on the amount of electrical equipment owned, the size of the place of residence besides the increase in electricity consumption for the household sector due to the increase in population and per capita income. The concept of the household electricity lifestyle associated with social aspects and energy consumption behavior. The purpose of this study is to determine the differences in electricity consumption based on the electricity user in Pramuka Island, Panggang Island and Tidung Island and explain how the relationship of income, building area and the use of electronic equipment to electricity consumption. The questionnaire is used to obtain data on building area, income and use of electronic equipment. Spatial analysis is used to see differences in spatial electricity consumption, statistical analysis is used to see the relationship between building area, income and use of electronic equipment to electricity consumption. The result is the commercial sector is located along the coastline, the household sector spreads in the center, while the mixed sector is in the middle of the household sector. There is a relationship between income and use of electronic equipment to electricity consumption, while building area has no relationship to electricity consumption. But this variable does not apply to the commercial sector, because it has a different electricity usage behavior than the other sectors.

Kepulauan Seribu is a group of islands in the Java Sea where electricity source uses submarine cables that that can be damaged of damage the marine ecosystem. Whereas the government decides the Kepulauan Seribu region to be a Special Economic Zone that requires a strong electricity condition and sufficient electricity supply. Households as economic drivers have very high electricity consumption compared to other sectors in Kepulauan Seribu. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential areas for developing renewable energy systems that are appropriate for regions with high levels of electricity consumption. The method used in this study is Multi-Criteria Decission Making (MCDM) with an Analytical Hierarchy Procesess (AHP) weighting technique. The result shows that renewable energy that potentially developed in Kepulauan Seribu is Solar Energy whereas wind energy offshore has a low potential. The findings show that solar energy has high potential to be developed in the Kepulauan Seribu region. Meanwhile offshore wind energy has low potential to be developed in Kepulauan Seribu. The energy that can be generated by the PV system on Tidung Island is 108,505 kWh/m²/day, Par i Island is 66,976 kWh/m²/day, and Pramuka Island is 18,845 kWh/m²/day/day.

In the context of regional and local development, energy plays a very important role in all economic activities, so as in the small islands. The Kepulauan Seribu Regency already has an existing power system, but it needs to be improved. One of the available alternatives is by using solar power which is a type of renewable energy. Before the implementation of renewable energy, people participation in the use of such energy needs to be reviewed to obtain information about the conditions, needs, and attitudes of the local people. This research is a qualitative study using a human geography approach as its foundation. People's participation in this research is represented by the willingness to pay at the household scale on the islands with different functions in its connection with people's knowledge of renewable energy and the level of electricity consumption. The research results show that willingness to pay for types of households with businesses both in tourism and governmental islands are not influenced by knowledge of renewable energy, but rather by the amount of electricity consumption. On the other side, the knowledge affects the willingness to pay for the ordinary households on all islands. The deeper or more complete the knowledge, the more willing to pay.

Kepulauan Seribu Regency is one of the priorities of tourism development areas in Indonesia which triggers an increase in electricity demand as one of the primary needs of tourism activities. The existing condition of energy fulfillment for resort islands is diesel power plants (standalone). Meanwhile, renewable energy sources can be used as energy source in Kepulauan Seribu Regency. The purpose of this study is to find out the potential of energy that can be produced by renewable energy system based on the area suitability of communal photovoltaic and offshore wind turbine using Spatial Multi Criteria Analysis method. The results indicate–that based on the mapping of the suitability area, the renewable energy system that has the potential to be developed on Putri Island and Ayer Island is a communal photovoltaic system, while the wind turbine system is not suitable for both islands. The study concluded that the potential energy that can be generated by Photovoltaic system is found greater in Putri Island which is located in the North Kepulauan Seribu if it is compared to Ayer Island which is located in the South Kepulauan Seribu.

Electricity demand is increasing every year along with economic growth and population in Indonesia. Meanwhile, non-renewable fossil fuels are still the main source of electricity generation in Indonesia. Therefore, the development of an affordable and environ-mentally friendly renewable energy-based power plant is very necessary. Ocean thermal energy sources available in abundance and has great potential in meeting national energy needs. In this study, a design concept of the 50 MW Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) facility was developed for Banten Province. Capital costs and expenditures for OTEC facilities were identified based on location requirements. The cost analysis is then combined with the OTEC facility investment scheme to obtain the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE).

The corrosive geothermal fluids combined with high temperature and high-pressure work systems cause intensive corrosion. Corrosion that exceeds the safe limits can cause gas leaks which are hazardous to the environment and personnel. It is important to inspect the location of corrosion in the equipment. The existing methodology for inspection is carried out regardless of the risk level of the equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the appropriate method to conduct inspections based on risk level. This research proposed a Risk-Based Inspection method to determine the scheduling and methods for inspecting scrubber vessel in the gas removal system of the geothermal power plant. Based on the analysis, it is recommended to carry out direct inspection for the shell part of the steam scrubber (VS-81-009) using radiography or ultrasonic scanning.

The coastal water of Pangkajene Kepulauan, or Pangkep, in South Sulawesi has been influenced by high anthropogenic activities, where the inflow of nutrient from the land has caused several cases of harmful algal blooms and mass fish mortality. Thus, it was important to understand the community structure and distribution of phytoplankton, with particular interest on the bloom-forming and harmful genus, to better mitigate the effects of harmful algal blooms in the future. Sample collection for this study was conducted on May 2017 at 22 stations from three zones, the northern, middle, and southern coastal area of Pangkep. From this study, the phytoplankton density in Pangkep was found varied between 2.179 × 10⁶ cells/m³ to 2.192 × 10⁸ cells/m³, with the highest density of phytoplankton was observed in the northern and southern area of Pangkep. On the other hand, the middle area has lower phytoplankton density but has the highest diversity and evenness. Two stations, station 15 and 21, have a distinct phytoplankton community structure which might have caused by a combined effect of temperature and nutrient input from the land. Twenty-nine genera of phytoplankton were observed, with the diatoms Skeletonema as the most dominant genus which contributes to over 95% of total phytoplankton density. The occurrence of Ceratium, which once was found as a dominant genus in Pangkep coastal and estuaries, has caused a concern whether it might blooms and replacing the dominance of diatoms in these areas.

This research aims to identify, measure and analyse the operational risk in supply chain of milkfish at Semarang. The supply chain activities emphasize on cooperation between parties to reduce risks in all stage of supply chain. Risk event occur are the return of fish to suppliers due to the poor quality, damaged product during the production process, and customer complaints due to improper order services. These problems result on out of stock of fresh fish, low customer satisfaction, and financial loss for the fish processing industries and distributors. Therefore, it is important to identify, measure and analyse the risks that probably occur in the supply chain from harvest area to end customer. The house of risk method used to analyse the supply chain risk and Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR) approach used to divided the business process into 5 main processes i.e., plan, source, make, deliver and return. The data collection was done by deep interview and spread questionnaires to industries manager and staff. The risk identification result shows that 7 risk events occur in the production process and 8 risk events in delivery process. These two processes have highest risk event number. The highest risk severity is found on Chlorine contaminated products. Based on severity value, some recommendation was formulated to reduce the impact of occurred risks to increase the supply chain resilience.

Lower Back Pain (LBP) is common healthproblemin societywithprevalence80-85%. One of the causes of LBP is Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP). This disease occurs in intervertebral discs (IVD), supporting the spine, found a gel fluid called Nucleus pulposus (NP) at the center surrounded by 15-20 concentric thin layers of the Annulus fibrosus (AF). This gel that will come out through AF and nerve pinched behind which makes sufferer feel pain and numb. Handling HNP with physical therapy only reduce the pain and not totally cured. While the surgery use discectomy method by eliminating the protruding parts NP or in whole, but has some drawbacks, such as: high cost, wide surgical incisions, probably occurrence of bleeding or other neurological disorders. Solving problem with find new methods that are faster, easier, and more affordable, we analyze using of alginate/PVA composite with chitosan suspense as a reinforcement as hydrogel injectable material to replace NP. Independent variable is chitosan percentage each sample, as much 5; 10; 15%. This study as a purpose to know mechanical properties, biocompatible, injectable performance, viscosity of alginate/PVA/chitosan, SEM-EDX test and FTIR test. The best result got is addition chitosan 15% appropriate as NP replacement.

Beef cattle are relevant to farm products for the livelihood of most small-scale farmers in Buru Island in Maluku Province. Other than being a significant source of income for farm households, the presence of cattle farming on that island is also strategic for the Indonesia livestock sector as Buru is one of the areas in the eastern part of Indonesia in which has the most significant population of local cattle. Nevertheless, in recent years, its population has been observed to be stagnant even tends to decline; hence many issues of its sustainability arise. The national government and stakeholders of livestock development positively should respond to this phenomenon. As a contribution to solving these issues, this article reports our preliminary study, which generally aims to propose feasible strategies for sustaining the presence of cattle farming and its population, especially in the context of islands region economic development. Our results show that current cattle farming on the island is in the state of survival; thus the strategy for the development must focus on moving to the better state through ensuring farmers' access to available natural resources and on improving public infrastructures, distributions, and logistics of the farm products. Recommendations for designing such strategies and policies are discussed briefly.

In March 2019 there was a phenomenon in the waters around the Suramadu Bridge in the Madura Strait, where surface water appeared in a different color layer. Madura Strait has a surface current with a range of 0.013 - 0.77 m/sec. In the west season to transition I (December- May) surface flows move from West to East and vice versa in the east season to Transition II (June-November) surface currents tend to move from East to West. Madura Strait is a river estuary in the city of Surabaya which tends to have poor / moderate polluted water quality due to the large amount of organic material input into the waters. Both of those causes the Madura Strait tends to have a high concentration of organic matter and primary productivity. Research aims on temporal dynamics in the structure of the plankton community in Madura Straits after blooming algae to analyze the abundance, distribution, diversity, and dominance index with temporal water quality indicators. Water samples were collected using Kitahara net for phytoplankton by filtering from bottom to surface. The density of plankton for each station was measured base on their biovolume bases. Genus of phytoplankton was identified for each station. Phytoplankton community consists of 15-21 species with Chaetoceros sp. as a dominant species. At least five species of Chaetoceros were identified when sea water had a color stratification and declined in subsequent observations. Chaetoceros sp.2 is the dominant species with abundance range 12,018 ind/L - 47,580 ind/L. The diversity index (Shannon Wiener index) shows the waters in poor condition with phytoplankton H'value range 0.2511 - 0.9543, and zooplankton H' value range 1.2566 - 2.0201. The dominance index (D) of phytoplankton 0.5282 - 0.9263 and zooplankton 0.1639 - 0.3882.

Biogas is an alternative energy source that can replace fossil fuels. The residue of agricultural products in the form of water hyacinth, fruit, and vegetable waste is a source of an organic material having large cellulose, lignocellulose, and lignin content so that it has the potential as a raw material for biogas production. This study proposed to evaluate the influence of the composition of the mixture of water hyacinth (WH), banana peel (BP) and water spinach (WS) wastes to biogas production using a horizontal anaerobic digester. At the initial experiment, the amount of cow dung mixed with water at a mass ratio of 1:1 was introduced to the horizontal anaerobic digester as a starter and was incubated for 5 days. Furthermore, the raw material of WH, BP, and WS wastes was crushed/ground at a size of 1 cm. Two kg of mixed water hyacinth, banana peel, and water spinach with a mass ratio of 100 : 0 : 0 (WH), 0 : 50 : 50 (BP-WS) and 50 : 25 : 25 (WH-BP-WS) was mixed with water to a volume of 8 L and was fed per day into the horizontal anaerobic digester. The biogas output from the anaerobic digester was collected in tubular plastic, and the volume of biogas was measured using the displacement of water. The results showed the highest average yield of biogas production was 0.3145 ± 0.1 l/gVS.day with cumulative biogas of 620.368 l, and the lowest one obtained by WH-BP-WS (0.2463 ± 0.1 l/gVS.day) with cumulative biogas of 402.012 l. While for mono digestion of WH, biogas yield was 0.260 ± 0.1 l/gVS.day with cumulative biogas of 518.768 l. The composition of biogas showed the use of BP-WS produced CH₄ (71.23%), CO₂ (25.79%), H₂S (1.71%) and NH₃ (0.39%); WH-BP-WS was CH₄(71.97%), CO₂ (25.91%), H₂S (1.68%), NH₃(0.38%); while for WH was CH₄ (70.97%); CO₂(26.77%), H₂S (1.37%), NH₃(0.61%), respectively.

Keputih Timur, Sukolilo District, East Surabaya have ponds with the total area of 1,278 ha make Keputih Timur as one of the conservation areas. Keputih Timur was located in the city of Surabaya with a location adjacent to the Madura Strait. There are many ponds in this area that have a great opportunity to be developed into an organic milkfish producer area. The products of these ponds were very beneficial for the surrounding community as income land and great source of nutrition. This research-based community service activity have increased the community income through diversification of pond processed products. The processing technology was frozen processed products with raw materials of milkfish and seaweed to improve nutrition content in milkfish.

The effort to change Dolly and Jarak's image as an ex prostitution area that was once famous and largest in Southeast Asia in the villages of Putat Jaya, Sawahan District, Surabaya City, has never been done. Making the Dolly and Jarak areas as a tourist village that is capable of supporting and sustaining the economy, is the dream of all citizens and the Surabaya City Government. However, the effort must be thoroughly pursued and patented so that it can be realized and fulfilled. At the Research-based Community Service this time, the service strives to diversify practical, healthy and hygienic seaweed products. There is information on nutrient levels and the great benefits of consuming various processed seaweed.

In Kepulauan Tanimbar District of Maluku Province, various local food is being replaced by rice which impact on change in food consumption pattern from local food to rice. A study in Latdalam Village, Kandar Village, and Saumlaki City have been carried out to assess whether rice-biased policy has an impact on the Kepulauan Tanimbar community, specifically explored on the effect to local food system. The method of the study was qualitative within case study design supported by primary and secondary data. This study found that the policy not only affect change in food consumption pattern but also threaten the existence of a local food system in Kepulauan Tanimbar community. They no longer depend on their local food system and fulfill food supply from other regions instead.

Research on alley cropping was conducted as it contributes to soil and water conservation, in addition to improves landscapes aesthetics. This cropping system was introduced to farmers in the small island of Poteran, Sumenep Regency. Farmers on this island generally have narrow land and limited capital, hence intensification of farming with small capital but maximum production and income is needed. In an effort to obtain a high income, it is necessary to find the optimal spatial arrangement between hedgerowspace and alley crops space. The spatial planning model reserached included three scenarios, i.e. two row, three row and four row moringa hedge crop by combining corn, peanut, and cassava as alley crops.To obtain optimal scenario, this research used alley cropping data from previous research conducted in Talango Village, Poteran Island, on an area of 0.16 ha. Subsequently, a linear program supported by a solver application in Microsoft Excel was used to determine the optimum spatial arrangement scenario. The results showed a two-row moringa scenario with cassava as alley crop produced the highest income with the lowest cost.

The potential of seaweed in Sumenep is quite vast; however, it is not followed by efforts to develop nursery support units. Even though the supply of edible seeds with "affordable" selling prices is crucial to the success of seaweed farming. To produce quality seaweed seeds technology input is needed, which affects the price of seedlings. The purpose of this study is to analyze the methods of determining the cost of seaweed nursery production and formulate alternative selling price policies that are appropriate for a seaweed nursery business. Data collection methods used were direct interviews, filling out questionnaires and observations within three months. Data analysis uses the costing method (HPP) by determining the full cost (full costing) and variable costs (variable costing). Use these two methods to compare the cost of production, which gives the lowest unit price. To determine the sales pricing policy that is suitable for seaweed nursery business, we use the cost-plus pricing method approach and the break-even analysis method. The results showed that the determination of the HPP of seaweed seeds using the Full Costing method and the Variable Costing method differed per kg, where the lowest HPP value was obtained from the Variable Costing method. The selling price policy for seaweed seeds produced is lower than the price of seaweed seedlings produced by farmers (market price).

Levulinic acid (LA) has been identified as a promising green, biomass-derived platform chemical. A non-catalytic method to produce LA from the flesh fruits of trembesi (Samanea saman) using subcritical water has been performed. Effect of reaction time and operating pressure under CO₂ atmosphere on the conversion of glucose and yield of LA has been investigated. The conversion of glucose was found to be affected by the reaction time rather than operating pressure. The longer reaction time from 30 to 480 min. increased the conversion of glucose from 87.72% ± 1.57% to 98.74 ± 1.76% or increased by 12.56% at 200 °C, 4 MPa and ratio of flesh fruit and water of 1/8 (g/ml). Increasing the operating pressure from 4 MPa to 8 MPa, only increased the conversion of glucose by 4.67%. The yield of LA was found to be affected by the reaction time and operating pressure. The yield of LA was increased by 61.88 % by increasing reaction time from 30 to 240 min, while extended further reaction time to 480 min. the reduced yield of LA by 24.05 %. The highest yield of LA (22.28 ± 0.04 %) can be achieved in 240 min at 200 °C and 8 MPa. The result showed that LA could be obtained by a green method.

The liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) will be applied in this study using a deep eutectic solvent (DES) of choline chloride and ethylene glycol with a 1:2 molar ratio. The LLE process will compare the results of removing free fatty acids (FFAs) between single and multiple extractions. Rice bran oil (RBO) with various initial FFAs contents (5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 60%, w/w) and γ -oryzanol (2%, w/w) are used in this study. Deacidification is carried out by mixing RBO with a certain level of FFAs and γ -oryzanol, a volume ratio of RBO: solvent (DES) = 1:2, and total extraction time in multiple LLE was 1200 min. (240 min./stage x 5 stage). It was obtained that the removal of FFAs in the single LLE are 10.04%, 23.28%, 13.43%, 17.55%, and 17.49%, respectively, while in the multiple LLE are 48.64%, 60.37%, 63.13%, 63.15%, and 41.79%, respectively, for RBO with an initial FFAs content of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 60%, respectively. The losses of γ-oryzanol in the single LLE are 48.32%, 61.26%, 73.32%, 74.22%, and 89.59%, respectively, while in the multiple LLE are 87.16%, 95.58%, 99.14%, 99.77%, and 99.77%, respectively, for RBO with an initial FFAs content of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 60%, respectively. Deacidification of RBO using DES in the multiple LLE removed FFAs 3.63 times higher than that in the single LLE. However, the losses of γ-oryzanol increased in the multiple LLE which is 1.43 times higher than that in the single LLE.

Agricultural waste contain nutritive minerals including nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium which help plants grow faster and increase yields, but when released into the open environment can leads the aquatic environment to eutrophication. Agricultural waste, which is mostly contain urea, can be utilized for the growth media of microorganisms to produce urease. Urease is an enzyme that functions to hydrolyze urea to ammonia and carbonate. Naturally, some organisms can produce urease, one of which is the thermophilic bacteria of the genus Bacillus. The purpose of this research is determine the results of the viability test of thermophilic bacteria Bacillus sp. SK II-5 using small island agricultural waste as media. The viability test of Bacillussp. SK II-5 is carried out using the streak plate and turbidimetry methods. The results of this research were thermophilic bacteria Bacillus sp. SK II-5 can grow at 50°C and 60°C which have been tested for cell viability in agricultural waste extract agar media at 37°C.

Kappaphycus alvarezii is the main commodity of the cultivation in Madura-East Java. The preparation of qualified seeds of seaweed is one of the efforts in increasing its production. Conventional method of water nursery that has been carried out has several weaknesses, which are susceptible to pest and fluctuationg climate. The application of aquaculture method is one of the main ways to improve the quality and quantity of seaweed seeds through nutrient enrichment and the optimization of environmental factors measured in seawater as media. Therefore, in this research, the media optimization of K. alvarezii seaweed seeding was carried out by aquaculture. The condition in optimizing seaweed seeding was determined by setting the culture condition according to the environmental parameters where seaweed was taken. The method used in this study was TMAMQ test to measure the antioxidant capacity, the total of phenol, biomass and TPC test. This result of this research was obtained through morphological observation of seaweed growth with the provision of a recirculation system, 0.05M urea and UV-filter showed the most excellent performance observed from the number of talus growth, in addition, UV-filter could help it inhibit the growth of microbes that were proven through total colony test in the medium of seawater after entering UV, it did not show microbial growth.

Indonesia has experienced numerous disasters for the past five years. Disasters not only happen in the urban area and rural area but also in the coastal area. Coastal communities are prone to a natural disaster such as tsunami. The tsunami not only causing infrastructure damage but also physical and psychological damage to the victims. Psychological preparedness could help to reduce the risk of the devastating impact of a disaster. However, there is not much research that investigates the topic. Aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of articles that discuss about psychological preparedness for disaster of coastal communities. The research was done using meta-analysis method to assess studies that discuss about psychological preparedness for disaster of coastal communities. It is tried to identify the psychological preparedness for disaster of coastal community construct that existed and the measurement tools that were used. It is found that psychological preparedness for disaster of coastal communities was a construct that were not clearly defined. However, several researchers had tried to develop a tool to measure psychological preparedness for disaster in general. However, there are no study that is contextually bound to coastal communities.

Happiness is the term that are linked with psychological wellbeing that were also associated with quality of life. The united nation includes wellbeing as one of the goals that are stated in its sustainable development goals (SDG). The SDGs were goals that are provided by the UN as a shared blue print for the country members to attain the goals in order to generate peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and in the future. There is a need to set a strategy to attain the SDGs which one of it is to improve a person wellbeing. Therefore, aim of this study is to identify psychological wellbeing of the coastal communities in Surabaya that will become the basis of strategies to improve a person psychological wellbeing especially in the context of coastal communities.

Plabuhan village, Jombang regency, East Java Province has a big potential in Moringa. Moringa is a plant that we encounter often around us that contains high nutrition. It is widely used especially for health. Potential that can be developed from Moringa's leaf by S community is tea. As a product of the Plabuan village, the tea standards produced must be in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) and the eligibility according to the Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BPOM). To maximize this potential, assistance is needed to the Plabuan village community to process the Moringa's leaf into high quality tea product. Through this assistance, it is expected that independent and sustainable Moringa oleifera villages will be realized. The results of the study showed that the community in Plabuan village was very active to contribute to utilisation and production of Moringa oleifera based products.

Lombok Island is a new magnet of touristic destination, where the number of travelers grow by 13% for domestic and 15% annually for international travelers in the last ten years. In spite of this impressive growth in the tourism sector, the public transportation and availability of touristic information remain lacking. The study aims to contribute to address the above challenges, in order to support the marine tourism in Lombok. Following the Intelligent Transportation Systems Architecture, the followings are undertaken, namely identification of users' need, design of functional and communication architecture, and the design of an application mockup. The analysis shows that the deployment of a mobile application would save considerable time and money for both travelers and transport operators. The introduction of a mobile app would be justified, as its investment is economically feasible, and its benefit cost ratio of 1.8.

Bawean is a small island located around 80 miles north of Gresik, East Java Province, Indonesia. In the recent years, the island is renowned as a new destination for marine and coastal eco-tourism. Sustainable eco-tourism management in a small island is a very important concept not only for increasing income of local people but also in protecting the island itself from environmental degradation due to natural and anthropogenic factors. This paper discusses the methodology of mapping the hydro-oceanographic condition of Bawean Island. In this respect a methodology to analyze the suitability of the island and formulate strategies towards sustainable management of Bawean Island as a coastal eco-tourism destination will also be discussed.

In the 11^th century, precisely in the kingdom of Kahuripan under the reign of King Airlangga (1019-1041), Tuban in East Java – Indonesia had a port called Kambang Putih. This port played an ancient international trading port that has the role to connect the western and eastern parts of the world. The greatness of the port gradually faded away, and its location has now turned into a recreational area known as Pantai Boom. For the people of Tuban, the great history of Kambang Putih port still leaves a pride that is manifested in the form of Ganggengbatik motif, especially inspired by seaweed plants. This motif is one of the classic motifs which until now still continues to be used by batik artisans. Furthermore, in order to keep up with the times, this batik motif has also started to be created by utilizing the role of technology in the form of design software. Through a review of various data sources including scientific literature, interviews with experts, and communication with traditional batik artisans, it was expected to be able to reopen the knowledge of the history of the greatness of the Indonesian sea, especially in Tuban so as to encourage various efforts to preserve and maintain the tradition. In addition, the study came down to mention the efforts to preserve the tradition of batik belonged to the community of Tuban by encouraging initiatives in creating motifs with inspiration from their maritime potential.

The process of additive manufacturing, particularly in 3D printing, is very closely related to CAD (Computer-Aided Design) files, 3D printers, and materials for creating object layers. Of course in the printing process, there are some limitations on the design and rules that must be considered. For example, material, design and printer settings to obtain maximum results. In this project an angle comparison analysis is performed on the Kawung module design to find out the most efficient and effective conditions in the printing process. From the strength test, the T3 Kawung module is found to be the most powerful with polypropylene material (recycled PP from Robries) with a yield strength of 20 MPa, a breakpoint of 13 N and maximum stress of 21.17 MPa.

A large amount of plastic waste in Indonesia has not been properly managed. From this phenomenon a solution is needed, namely creating a product made from plastic waste to reduce the massive amount of available plastic waste. The product that is potentially high to be developed and can make use of large amounts of plastic waste is public furniture. Considering the use of public furniture will be managed by the local government, the condition of the waste recycled products will be easier to preserve. To develop the plastic waste-based public furniture, a few procedures were carried out, such as observations to city parks, conducting interviews with the local government and with a plastic recycling company, studying the plastic physical properties, conducting experiments on the plastic waste treatment, benchmarking furniture that utilizes plastic waste, and analyzing park visitor activity. From the obtained data, an analysis of material selection was carried out based on the fulcrum strength and resistance to crack and weather. After that, the exploration of forms was carried out with the criteria of modular, sturdy, multi-configuration, and unity. The result of this study is the design of 2 in 1 public furniture (park bench and planter) which consists of 3 modules that can be arranged according to needs. One set of modules weighs 17 kgs.

Indonesia is a primary world cinnamon exporter, half of the world's consumption is supplied by Indonesia. From every retail transaction, some 25% goes to the farmers. Farmers do not have so much benefit from the increasing export price. The rise of e-commerce seems to be a promising instrument. This e-commerce grows rapidly particularly in Indonesia. The improving internet connection speed and bandwidth results in a growth of internet users. The aim of the study is to investigate the viability of improving logistic system by using e-commerce for export. The case study is the cinnamon export from Padang to Baltimore, with annual demand of 21 ton. At present, the delivery of cinnamon from the farmer to end user takes in average 59 days with a shipment cost of IDR 113,000/kg (USD 7.94/kg). By using e-commerce, a small size delivery could be shorter, namely only nine days, with a shipment cost of IDR 299,300/kg (USD 21.04/kg). Considering the frequency of shipments, cash flow, and deteriorating quality and price for a long shipment, it is found out that e-commerce is very promising alternative for cinnamon export, where the total point-to-point shipment would cut by half. For large shipments by exporters, a substantial benefit is obtained from a shorter delivery time of 29 days, with the same unit shipment cost. It is obtained that marketplace scenario is the most optimum with total logistics cost and time for about IDR 113,000/kg (USD 7.94/kg) and 9 days respectively.

The demand for mobility has evolved with increasing globalization. Multimodal passenger transport has grown steeply. The ease of obtaining information on the schedule, making a ticket reservation, and making a payment is obvious. This method of e-ticketing is also more cost-efficient, simple and practical, compared to conventional ticketing system with a hardcopy ticket. Nearly all transport providers have been providing an e-ticketing service, both independently and integrated in a multimodal e-ticketing platform. This paper outlines a study on the integration of e-ticketing system of a ferry operator, and an effort to integrate it into a common e-ticketing platform. The finding shows that the biggest challenge of entering into an e-ticketing system and integrating it into an e-commerce, i.e. common e-ticketing platform lies in the core of ship operations, namely the necessity to have an access on a real-time and reliable ship scheduling.

Wooden boats operating throughout an archipelagic country play an important role in connecting in particular remote areas and small islands. Those boats are deployed by traditional merchant shipping, also known as Pelra, abbreviated from Pelayaran Rakyat meaning Pelople's Shipping. They carry nearly all types of cargoes, and usually a family business. Efforts to alleviate its role are necessary, from various aspects. The duration of shipments of cargo by using Pelra ships is long, the impacts on the cashflow of many parties are immediately afected. The growth of internet usage open a window of opportunity to improve this situation, by introducing e-Payment system. This paper outlines this effort by applying the Intelligent Transpotation System (ITS) architecture. A Pelra route Surabaya-Bima serves a case study to investigate the viability of the e-payment. The study concludes that introduction of an e-payment system is promising.

Red onion is a horticultural product produced in several regions of Java Island. This commodity only grows in certain seasons where the production time of one region to other regions is different. The lack of logistics design makes traders from producing regions unable to deliver it to demanded areas due to inappropriate selection of transportation combination and its schedule. This increases its distribution cost in Sulawesi Island and Maluku regions. This research aims to plan a red onion logistics system distribution for West Sulawesi, Southeast Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo, North Sulawesi, Maluku and North Maluku, by taking into account the production location based on the onion harvest time, combination of shipping method, ship type, scheduling and quality so it will arrive on time with maintained quality. The logistic system is designed by using an optimization method to obtain optimal transportation modes and minimum unit costs. The optimization results show that the most suitable shipment is to use container ship owned by private shipping company, either in full container load (FCL) or in less container load (LCL). The average logistics costs to Sulawesi Island and Maluku Region are IDR 3,037/kg (USD 0.21/kg) and IDR 2,296/kg (USD 0.16/kg), respectively. These are 31% and 27% lower than the previous values, while the average damage rates are 4% and 5%, 6% and 5% lower than before.

Reliable multimodal transportation system is absolutely necessary to maintain connectivity in a large archipelagic country such as Indonesia. A good multimodal transportation system is needed to distribute basic needs from Java Island especially to other regions in the country. With the government program "Sea Toll", 20-ft containers are widely used to deliver basic needs. However, due to the limitations of existing infrastructure, container distribution cannot always reach the final destination (door to door service). Therefore, it is important to analyze the possibility of packaging development for multimodal transportation to enhance the efficiency of operational and cost aspects. In this respect a research has been conducted by considering the H-1 and T-5 route of Sea Toll program 2019, as well as the Pioneering ship R-33 route 2019 with the destination of Essang Port for study case. This research was conducted using a comparative method of operational and financial performance from 10 scenarios. These 10 scenarios are applied to the same route with different packaging alternatives. Where 1 packaging type is the existing packaging, 6 packaging types are from the previous research, and 3 packaging types are the new design. Results of this research suggest the combination of 20-ft container with packaging Design-1 is the best scenario. Compared to the 20-ft container only, combination of 20-ft container with packaging Design-1 can save 37.58% of logistics costs, 49.24% of repositioning costs and 19.35% of shipping time. However, for the opportunity cost, combination of 20-ft container with packaging Design-1 requires IDR 350,000 (USD 24.6) higher than the 20-ft container only.

This study is designed to evaluate the two years of operation of the Probolinggo New Terminal Port. Meanwhile, the objective is to acknowledge the characteristics, performance, accessibility, and prediction of its loading and unloading of goods. In order to achieve it, it needs to acknowledge the characteristics of the port, prediction or projection of the ships traffic volume, and goods by using linear regression analysis and qualitative descriptive statistics. The findings show that the characteristics of the port have not yet become a pilotage compulsory port. The port infrastructures are already adequate. The capacity of the Probolinggo New Terminal Port is still categorized as small. The types of boat that load and unload the goods comprise of barges, motorized sailing vessels, motorized sailing boats, and ships. The volume of ship calls and volume of goods loading and unloading at the Probolinggo New Terminal Port are very fluctuating and unstable. The internal accessibility from and to the Probolinggo New Terminal Port is very good and easy, however, for external, there is an obstacle in the area of Klakah. The prediction or projection of ship calls and goods loading and unloading are increased. To the Probolinggo New Terminal Port, it is recommended to improve the port infrastructure and to immediately maximize the role of port information so that the users can be informed about the port's profile and all facilities of goods loading and unloading.

Cost is one of the important components that may not be separated in loading and unloading operations, as tariff setting of terminal operation depends on the level of cycle costs implemented. During the life cycle, from the planning to operational stages, every stage is closely related to the cost component. If it is not well managed, it may consequently generate higher costs in the loading and unloading operation. The equipment focused of this research is Mobile Harbor Cranes (MHC) which are being operated in Berlian Terminal, Tanjung Perak port, Surabaya. The main problem as a main concern of this research is how to correlate the allocation of cargo handling equipment with the cost planning during the lifetime of the equipment. Particularly to clearly define the level of costs expended in accordance with the time and workload of the equipment. The research aims of this research, therefore, is to evaluate and optimize the cost cycle value of MHC based on its energy usage applying linear programming. As the result, the research finds that MHC maintenance cost were higher than operational cost. To achieve more efficient maintenance and operational costs, 11 scenarios of energy usage were applied to have a balance life cycle cost arrangement

Air transportation plays important role in connectivity among islands and remote area in Indonesia. The presidential decree regulates the distance between airport and other airports. This decree statements drive the government to follow. The problem raise when the approval of the selection of airport location leads to unattractive business either for airlines or passengers. This paper aims to review the decree through comprehensive literature review. The competition between airports is discussed through rigorous insight into the current day complexities, synergies, and potential conflicts present within the relationship between the airport location and its user. This issue is then brought to bigger perspective in discussing potential development through the availability of airport facilities in remote area. The reviews provide the variables considered in building the regional connectivity.

Marine transportation plays a vital role in the development of Kepulauan Riau as an archipelagic province. The GRDP 2017 of Kepulauan Riau shows that Batam city contributed the most to the figures, which amounted to 64%, followed by other cities outside Batam at 8.54%, and other districts are only under 10%. This condition might be caused by the lack of connectivity and network accessibility between those areas. The growth of passengers and general cargo in Kepulauan Riau was predicted to increase in the next few years, so there must be an improvement in marine services. This study aims to determine the conditions of connectivity for marine transportation in Kepulauan Riau using a degree connectivity matrix and a model for calculating the unit costs. The region with the highest passenger connectivity value is Tanjungpinang (0.83), while general cargo is Tanjungpinang and Batam (0.83). The effect of increasing connectivity to existing conditions and the results of an analysis of services between regions that have the smallest unit cost difference is Karimun-Bintan (IDR 6,881/ton or USD 0.48/ton), and the most significant difference is Natuna-Lingga (IDR 1,568,442/ton or USD 110.26). In terms of time, the slightest difference is Batam-Natuna (3 hours), and the most significant difference is Bintan-Lingga (1,001 hours).

A ship is an important means of transportation for archipelagic countries such as in Indonesia. The development of ship technology in the world has shown a rapid progress, where various innovations have been made in the effort to ease and accelerate the sea transportation system. These are ranging from the design of ships, cargo and logistics handling systems, and enhancement of regulations related to ship safety. Lighter Aboard Ship (LASH) is an innovation of ship type that has the concept as a ship loading lighter barges. This ship is designed to reduce waiting times at the port and reduce the use of port docks, so that it is highly suitable to serve the small islands where adequate port facilities are typically not available. The aim of the study is to design a LASH that will be used as a means of transportation of goods in the Kangean Archipelago. This is a group of small islands located in the easternmost of Sumenep District with a total population of 192,807 people forecasted by 2019. The LASH vessel size is determined by using the optimization with linear programing. The initial stages are the definition of owner requirements, which include primarily the cargo load capacity and ship speed. The design in turn provides the main dimensions of the LASH, namely the Length Over All (LOA) of 48.71 m, breadth moulded (Bmld) 10.43 m, and deck height moulded (Hmld) 4.09 m.

Maluku waters have limited seas, which are still categorized as calm seas because the wave height is about 1.0 meter. The existence of feeder ships for transportation services from and to areas that are still considered remote, outermost and border will behave more smoothly in operation. The selection of three-body vessel (Trimaran) has the advantage of having a large deck area so that it can function as a feeder between small islands effectively and efficiently. This paper focuses on analysing resistance and seakeeping of Trimaran vessel for limited seas using CFD techniques with variations in transverse distance S/L = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and at a speed designated by the Froude number Fr = 0.21. The results of numerical analysis show that at S/L = 0.4 the vessel has very good characteristics in resistance and seakeeping. Therefore, results of the calculation can be adopted as preliminary data for the preliminary design.

The development of technology in the ship industry is remarkable with many new innovations in the effort to improve ship performances. Ship resistance is one of the aspects that is very important to be comprehended the ship's characteristics. One of the innovations to reduce ship resistance is by adding hull vane to the ship hull. Hull vane is a fixed foil placed under the water line at the stern of the ship. This study is aimed to determine the effect of ship resistance after the addition of the hull vane and the location of the hull vane on the ship hull. This study utilizes a computer application program Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). The foil used is NACA 2415 type with s parameters angle of attack 5°, span foil 9.76 m, and chord hull vane length 1.15 m.. Investigations are further carried out on the variation of the vane hull at 2 different positions and implementation of single foil and double foil configurations. The results of this study indicate that the installation of a single foil hull vane on a ship can reduce vessel resistance and in contrast for the installation of double foil. In the case of single foil and its position at 50% of T = 2.9 m the resistance is found to be most optimally reduced when the vessel is operated at Froude number Fr = 0.342. The reduction in the total vessel resistance is 20.135% in comparison to the ship without a hull vane.

Recent years have shown the increasing number of SPAR offshore floating platforms built and delivered worldwide. This eventually is strongly related to the generic potential of such platforms, in term of economy and performance aspects, especially for the operation in deep water. For operation in harsh sea environment previous SPAR investigations suggested the addition of heave plate on its keel to enhance the heave motion quality. This paper reports an experimental study conducted on SPAR model, scaled 1: 125 from the full size, installed with a heave plate sized 1.3 of hull diameter. Results of the study demonstrate the additional of heave plate may reduce the heave reaction force due to wave excitation approximately 35% in comparison with that without heave plate. This in turn leads to the decreasing of heave response by as much as 54%. Evaluations suggest the reductions in heave reaction force and response are induced by the escalation of heave damping in the order of 49% generated by the heave plate. The experimental results are well verified by the outcomes of computations based on analytical method and strip theory.

The need for hi speed vessel in Indonesia is increasing by rapid economic growth in the region. In one hand this indicates high demand of passenger accommodation for public transport and services. On the other hand, facilities and transportation services are not optimal yet, especially for inter-island hi speed vessel that require relatively long travel times, better, safer and more comfortable for passenger facilities and services. The aims of the current study are the design, engineering, and prototyping sleeper seats for modern inter-island hi speed vessel, equipped with digital information systems and passenger entertainment, to replace cubical room system (cabin accommodation). The research method is the application of Integrated Digital Design (CAD-CAM-CAE) as design as built, covering study of geometry, ergonomics, human factors engineering, construction, materials, and integrated engineering analysis. The later includes finite element analysis through digital prototypes. For the next step involves manufacturing, prototyping, testing, and certification. The results are engineering design, prototype of inter-island Hi Speed Vessel's Sleeper Seat and state of the art technology in Integrated Digital Design, digital prototyping, certification (SNI), and Intellectual Property Rights (patent, industrial design right, and branding).

Mooring rope of fishing boat made of synthetic fibre materials such as polypropylene or nylon can bring detrimental impacts to the environment as it is arduous to degrade. Natural fibre rope can potentially substitute the commonly-used undegradable mooring line to prevent further chain impacts. This paper aims to technically and economically analyse the tensile strength of mooring ropes made of two natural fibres, Hybiscus Tiliaceus (Waru) and Boehmeria Nivea (Rami), and to compare them with the former - conventional material manufactured rope. Tensile test, according to ASTM D3822, is performed to measure the tensile strength of the natural fibre ropes twisted into three different diameters (12 mm, 16 mm, 20 mm). Specimens are immersed in seawater for several weeks before testing. As a benchmark, this research examines unimmersed ones. The result shows that immersed Waru fibre ropes with three different diameters are 32.15 MPa, 27.10 MPa, 23.94 MPa, respectively; while for Rami fibre ropes are 37.58 MPa, 29.56 MPa, 24.31 MPa. Waru fibre rope is the most economical one if compared to Rami and synthetic fibre ropes. The manufacturing of mooring rope made of Waru fibres can save 19.4%, 11.5%, and 29.7% for each diameter variation, respectively.

The control technology grows rapidly at present, especially in the field of autonomous vehicles. This research presents the application of an L1 adaptive controller to an autopilot system and guidance design for an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). The purpose of the L1 adaptive controller deals with how the adaptive control technology solve the problems related to the performance, robustness, and the time adaptability in the issues of uncertainty conditions. The dynamic behaviors of the USV are modeled with 3 degrees of freedom movement in the planar field, where disturbances are applied onto the system. The parameter values of the vessel will be inserted into the state space dynamic equation. The transient response behavior of the system will be analyzed to show the vessel's movement through the desired waypoints. The L1 adaptive controller method has a fast adaptation rate without losing robustness, which provides better stability using Lyapunov analysis and abilities to dampening the high-frequency as the disturbance by adding Low Pass Filter (LPF) on the control law architecture. Besides this, the L1 adaptive control is relatively simple and easy for industrial implementation. The results show the effectiveness of the L1 adaptive controller when applied to the USV guidance system.

Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) is vessel that can move without human to control. USV is capable of moving using the thrust force and can maneuver using the deflection angle of rudder. USV has a 6-degree of freedom which are non-linear system that can be approached with the 3-degrees of freedom. The purpose of dynamic modeling of USV is to achieve the models and parameters of real USV. Non-linear least square Levenberg-Marquardt method can be applied to estimate USV model as a non-linear system. The purpose of controlling USV is to set the surge velocity and the yaw-rate so that the USV movement can be controlled. Proportional integral controller can be used to manipulate the velocity and to accelerate the response speed of the USV's velocity. Parameters validation results show that the dynamic modeling methods could generate the parameters nearly equal to the true parameters. This is evidenced by the relatively small RMSE value in x-axis acceleration, y-axis acceleration, and yaw-axis acceleration. The result of controller testing illustrate that the designed controller can adjust the surge velocity and yaw-rate and fit the time constant controller design specification. Further, the testing show that the responses have zero steady state errors.

For unmanned surface vehicle to run automatically, algorithms of the autopilot system and waypoint navigation are needed. The autopilot system is an unmanned surface vehicle control towards the waypoint. One example of a navigation algorithm is the desired waypoint, it requires control of the ship's steering angle, namely thrust and turning angle. Unmanned surface vehicle can encounter external interference while advancing, such as waves, wind, and ocean currents. It is desirable, therefore, to unmanned surface vehicle to be able of adapting these conditions. One way to overcome this interference is to design adaptive controllers such as the Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) - state feedback to regulate the behavior of unmanned surface vehicle plants. In this respect a reference to the desired model is required for the MRAC-state feedback controller. Using this method, it is expected that unmanned surface vehicle can move accurately from the expected waypoint. The MRAC-state feedback controller can produce an angle response of unmanned surface vehicle and speed on the surge axis according to the desired design criteria. From the simulation carried out the adaptive gain that is suitable for LSS01 unmanned surface vehicle is 0.0001. The results of simulation on the ship headed waypoint cross-track show RMS error when uninterrupted is 0.0846 and when given a disturbance is 0.2969.

The Autopilot system for Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) can be applied by Sliding Mode Control which is a high frequency switching based control method and has discontinuous control action causing chattering on the system. Therefore, the Sliding Mode Control with natural control signal using a PID controller structure is applied to the USV. By using Sliding Mode Control, USV is expected to move accurately from the expected waypoint without any chattering on the system. The stability of the whole loop of system regulation is ensured using the Lyapunov stability function. The simulation results for autopilot system validate that the control parameters fit the time constant controller design specification and have zero steady-state errors. Further, autopilot system with waypoint navigation relatively generates small Mean Square Error (MSE) of waypoint.

Dynamic Positioning (DP) operation on offshore auxiliary vessels emerges as a challenge in need of ensured high-powered bow thruster stability. DP operation is widely adopted under an open electrical system (open bus). Open bus-configured DP usually has low electricity disturbance. However, open bus-configured DP is always attributed to its low efficiency. Our study revealed that DP ships using closed bus configuration are prone to the unbalance three-phase electric load problem. Unbalanced load, which always results in the unbalance three-phase voltage problem, can affect the performance of the motor or another electrical component. Our simulation successfully showed the effect of unbalance load on the ship's electric stability. By using commonly electric ship configuration as simulation testing, the ship grid configuration with the power supply of two generator thruster and one diesel generator with the 2-bow thruster and a static load can indicate unbalanced load on AHTS vessels with variations up to 75%. By minimizing the variation of percentages of the bow thruster operating point and other loads, minimum allowable three-phase deviation of the unbalance, which indicated by the three-phase voltage operating point could be met. The simulation study was done using MATLAB as a tool.

The concept of energy utilization is by utilizing the phenomenon of vortex vibration that occurs in a cylinder due to the flow of sea water currents. Although this phenomenon can lead to damage to the structure of the building and always avoided even attempted to be muffled as small as possible, but this vortex energy can be utilized to produce electrical energy that is environmentally friendly. This paper contains about the development of virtual prototype of linear generator on marine power plan with pneumatic implementation for prime mover. The development of virtual prototype of linear generator is done by using solid work. Then, control system of linear generator movement is based on pneumatic system. The virtual model simulate it in studio automation software then the result of the simulation is created graph of frequency so that can be analysed the pressure required to drive the actuator so that the linear generator produces 50 Hz frequency.

Dynamic positioning system is a system that maintains floating offshore structures and ships their position on a certain coordinate that the have been prearranged. The dynamic positioning system uses thrusters, which require additional power. As a consequence the fuel consumption is increasing. In the installation of a dynamic positioning system, the configuration of a split bus is usually applied. As of lately, there are a lot of concern in changing to a closed bus configuration because theoretically the system will have high efficiency and low emission. An analysis is performed to observe the condition of unbalance voltage of dynamic positioning system of a ship by modelling in a laboratory scale system. Several scenarios and variations are used to see the condition of the unbalance. The system modelling results in 220V∠0°, 218V∠-113.7°, 218V∠123.18° for scenario 1 variation 1, 220V∠0°, 220V∠-120°, 218∠120° for scenario 2 variation 1, and lastly 219∠0°, 220∠-120°, 220∠120° for scenario 3 variation 1. The highest unbalance condition happens on scenario 1 variation 3 with a PVUR of 0.78%.

One of the factors hampering aid to ship accidents is the assistance that comes does not match the type of accident on the ship. No navigation device that is able to identify the type and position of the accident is the cause of inappropriateness in providing emergency assistance. The purpose of this study is to develop a device that could provide information on the type of emergency and the latitude and longitude positions during an emergency. This emergency information system uses GPS devices Neo 6MV2 to determine the coordinates of the accident and SIM900A. To send the type of emergency identified through four (4) push buttons. Red push button for fire, yellow for collision, green for leakage and flooding, and blue for ship grounding. The device is equipped with LED indicator according to the color push button to indicate the type of emergency on the ship. The results of reading the push button will be processed using the Arduino Mega. Latitude and longitude coordinates are displayed on the LCD. As an indicator of sending the ship's emergency information message, the buzzer is used and the information delivery time is 5:32 seconds on average.

New alternative fuels are needed to reduce the fossil fuels. Biodiesel from palm oil is one alternative fuel to replace fossil fuel. This is because Indonesia is the largest producer of palm oil in the world. There are several analyzes that the use of palm oil causes a significant decrease in the viscosity of lubricating oil. A research is carried out to evaluate the effect of B30 biodiesel from palm oil on the degradation of diesel engine lubricating oil. The method used is experiment with testing diesel engines endurance referring to the standards of the Engine Manufacture Association (EMA) to determine differences in lubrication degradation. As a result, B30 biodiesel from palm oil causes greater degradation in lubricating oil than using Dexlite diesel fuel. Biodiesel B30 causes lubricating oil to decrease its viscosity by 46.98%, increase the viscosity index by 7.84%, increase in the flash point, increase in the pour point some 3°C and decrease in the base number by 4.62% and 3.6026% less water content.

Recently, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the second generation intact stability criteria for all possible capsizing scenario in seaways with performance based approach. This paper presents application of the criteria to investgate operational limitation of an Indonesian traditional woooden boat for dead ship condition. The hydrodynamic characteristics of the ship are determined by model experiment except the effective wave slope coefficient is calculated using the simplified Froude-Krylov assumption of roll exciting moment and the formula of weather criterion. The wave characteristics are described by JONSWAP spectrum based on the wave statistic of Flores sea and the gusty wind is calculated by Davenport spectrum. The results show that the Indonesian traditional wooden boat comply with the criteria when the downflooding angle is larger than 25.0 degrees. The vulnerability criteria level 1 and the vulnerability criteria level 2 of the criteria are not consistent when the effective wave slope coefficient is calculated using the formula of weather criterion but it is consistent when the simplified Froude-Krylov assumption is used. The inconsistency could appear due to the geometry characteristics of Indonesian traditional wooden boats which are different from the geometry characteristics of ships used to develop the weather criterion as the level 1 of vulnerability criteria.

Enhancing transportation safety is an important step that should be taken. In this study, traffic analysis was carried out in the Singapore Strait. The location has a density of traffic in the world as well as the potential for ship accidents. In addition, the Singapore Strait is the world's main route connecting to several countries. The purpose of the study was to analyze the traffic conditions in the Malacca Strait by using AIS data. The method was using MySQL to analyse AIS which was converted with GIS. AIS provides information in real time. IMO has recommended the use of AIS on ships to improve safety. The results of this analysis are very useful for improving ship safety in the Singapore Strait.

Safety is a major issue in sea transportation. Improving safety is an important thing that should be conducted. It is to support the achievement of objectives in the fields of transportation, industry, business and so on. In this paper, the research area is Maratua Island. This island is one of the tourist islands in Indonesia. Safety of marine traffic should be developed in this island. It will support the development of the island as an area of marine tourism. The safety of sea transportation also very important to support the development of marine tourism on this island. This paper has established the FMEA methodology for getting RPN number on risk evaluation. Hazard identification is carried out in this study as a first step to determine the level of safety. Furthermore, risk analysis is carried out to determine the level of risk and useful for making decisions for improving safety.

Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU) is a variety of facilities that support Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) supply chain activity. There are several potential fire hazards which could be harming human and cause death by the FSRU. This paper will discuss a fire risk assessment on the FSRU loading arms and gas export metering system. To begin, fire risk assessment is carrying out in several stages. The first step is to identify hazards using Hazard and Operability. Then, frequency analysis out of hazards events are complying by the Fault Tree Analysis and the Event Tree Analysis, these methods are to determine the type of potential hazards and to estimate frequencies of events. Henceforth, consequences analysis will be performing by fire modeling software. Finally, the result of the fire risk assessment can be carried out using risk mapping using standard f-N curve UK Offshore, if the risk mapping illustrates unacceptable condition, it is necessary to carry out a mitigation action using the Layers of Protection Analysis. Fire risk assessment indicates that the potential fire hazards which occur are jet fire, flash fire, and gas dispersion. Each hazard has leakage scenarios which are, small-bore (10-50 mm), medium bore (50-150 mm), and full bore (>150 mm). Thereupon, the result of consequence analysis indicates a various form of fire and expose areas which have an impact on marine crews. Based on the risk mapping, the results show that the fire risk assessment which has been carried out is in acceptable conditions and as low as reasonably practicable.

Offshore jacket platforms are designed to fulfil their intended purpose in oil and gas exploitation at designated service life periods. During the operational development, a number of field operators extend their platform service life if the reserves are still available. This technical paper proposes the method to assess the structural integrity of several aging platforms in a field with a simplified approach. Taking the case of "B" Field platforms installed in the mid-1990s, the detailed procedure and example are discussed thoroughly. Five indicators furnished with quantification procedures are also presented to propose the ranking methodology. This paper also proposes the method of jacket platforms grouping based on several similarity criteria. The results of this approach can be used as a baseline for more detailed structural integrity assessment for each group representation.

The existence of marine Search and Rescue Units (SRU) to support the search and rescue operations currently are not supported by sufficient infrastructures and facilities. The infrastructures and facilities operated by the National Search and Rescue Agency (NSARA) have not been able to cover all working areas. One example is the location of NSARA dock facilities which is in remote area and has a narrow access channel causes duration to get to the area of accident is quite long. In that condition, the coordination among the SAR vessels and crew cannot perform efficiently and effectively. On the other hand, the National SAR Agency regulation No. 14, the year 2015, describes the necessary infrastructures and facilities that must be provided to support the implementation of marine SAR operations. This paper uses Western Region of Indonesia as a case study aiming to determine the optimum location and conceptual design of SAR station. Set Covering Problem method used to determine SAR station location and SAR vessels required, whereas conceptual design of the infrastructures is established based on data of routes and location selected. From the set covering model, we found 10 locations of SAR station, namely Aceh, South Kalimantan, Bengkulu, South Sumatra Bangka Belitung, Riau, West Kalimantan, Central Java, Riau Islands, and Yogyakarta. There is a total of 20 units of ships deploy with the total operation cost of IDR 263 billion/year (USD 18.5 million/year). The minimum dimensions of the berth have a length of 15 m and a width 5 m, while the gangway has a length of 163 m and a width of 5 m. The total cost of SAR station is IDR 8 billion/year (USD 562,390/year).