Table of contents

2021 2nd International Conference on Geology, Resources Exploration and Development (ICGRED 2021) was planned to be held on January 15-17, 2021 in Zhuhai, China. Due to the impact of COVID-19, many communities from all over the world were under strict health measures and strict travel restrictions, and participants of 2021 2nd International Conference on Geology, Resources Exploration and Development (ICGRED 2021) also meet with the difficulty of travel restrictions. For communities, if our conference was not held in a virtual form, it would add huge work on traffic system, Exit-Entry system, medical system, etc., which is quite a serious issue, to actively respond to the call of the government, to strengthen the protection work, to effectively reduce people gathering and prevent COVID-19, considering the situation that most of the authors would like to publish their articles and make academic communications as scheduled, ICGRED 2021 was held on-line instead of postponing the conference. It was a challenge, not only to the organizers, but also to the participants who were delivering their speeches using videoconference tools, under different time zones.

ICGRED 2021 is to bring together innovative academics and industrial experts in the field of geology, resources exploration and development to a common conference. The primary goal is to promote research and developmental activities in geology, resources exploration and development, and another goal is to promote scientific information interchange between researchers, developers, engineers, students, and practitioners working all around the world. An ideal platform for seeking global partners had been established. We sincerely invited you to attend the conference to share views and experiences ingeology, resources exploration and development and related areas.

The conference brings together about 60 leading researchers, engineers and scientists in the domain of interest from different countries. The conference model was divided into two parts, including keynote presentations and online discussion. In the first part, each keynote speakers were allocated 30 minutes to present their talks via Zoom. After the keynote talks, all participants joined in a WeChat communication group to discuss more about the talks and presentations.

We were greatly honor to have invited four distinguished experts as our keynote speakers. Prof. Hongfu Zhou, from Shandong University of Science and Technology, China, was the first one to perform a thought-provoking speech. His research interests include Engineering Geology and Geological Hazards. Prof. Dongfang Yang, from Guizhou Minzu University, China as our second keynote speakers. His research interests are Biogeochemistry, Environmental science, Ecology. Prof. Xiuxin Wang, from Southeast University, China. His research interests include Structural Disaster Design, Structure Inspection, Bridge Design, Seismic Isolation, Sustainable Building Development. The finale keynote speakers, A. Prof. Yang Wu, from Guangzhou University, China. His research interests include Marine Geotechnical Engineering, Constitutive Model of Geotechnical Materials, Multi-field Coupling Simulation, Pile Foundation Engineering. Their insightful speeches had triggered heated discussion in the second session of the conference. The WeChat discussion lasted for about 30 minutes. Every participant praised this conference for disseminating useful and insightful knowledge.

The proceedings of ICGRED 2021 span over 2 topical tracks, that include: Geology, Resources and Energy and other related fields. All the papers have been through rigorous review and process to meet the requirements of International publication standard.

We would like to express our gratitude to everyone involved. Without this dedicated cooperation, it would be impossible to hold the conference at such a high level and prepare the ICGRED 2021 proceedings.

Committee of ICGRED 2021

List of Committee members are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: AI Scholar System

• Number of submissions received: 83

• Number of submissions sent for review: 78

• Number of submissions accepted: 42

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 50.6%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 2

• Total number of reviewers involved: 40

• Any additional info on review process:

• Step 1. Each of selected paper will be reviewed by two/three professional experts in the related subject area.

• Step 2. Review Reports received from the experts will be judged by one of the editors either Review Reports are logical or not?

• Step 3. If not logical, then editor can assign new reviewer or can also judge at his/her own.

• Step 4. If logical, then Review Reports will be sent to authors to modify the manuscript accordingly.

• Step 5. Authors will be required to revise their papers according to the points raised.

• Step 6. Revised version will then be evaluated by the editor for the incorporation of the points raised by the reviewers.

• Step 7. Then the editor will send the revised manuscript to the reviewers again for re-evaluation.

• Step 8. If the reviewers approve the revise version of the manuscript, then will be accepted for publication.

• Contact person for queries:

Xuexia Ye

publication@keoaeic.org

AEIC Academic Exchange Information Centre

Ocean mesoscale vortices play a very important role in global energy and material transport, and to a large extent affect the distribution of nutrients and phytoplankton. Traditional mesoscale vortex extraction methods have the problems of dependence on threshold and sensitivity to noise. In recent years, the machine learning methods that have emerged in recent years have also made the generalization ability of the model poor due to the limited coverage of the training data set, resulting in most methods only suitable for extraction in specific sea areas. This paper uses daily global sea level data from 2008 to 2017, combined with the py-eddy algorithm, to complete the construction of a label data set covering the entire sea. At the same time, based on the DeeplabV3plus model, by adjusting the loss function, a recognition model conforming to the mesoscale vortex characteristics is realized. Experimental results show that the verification accuracy rate of the model reaches 80.5%, and the Kappa coefficient is 0.758. Compared with the previous extraction method, the accuracy of this model is increased by 13.8%, and the Kappa coefficient is increased by 0.255. Experiments show that the mesoscale vortex recognition method proposed in this paper has good recognition accuracy for different sea areas and different scale vortices.

The crude oil in the eastern part of the southern gentle slope of Dongying Sag has complex physical properties, and various crude oils with different properties such as heavy oil, high sulfur oil, and high wax oil have developed. The complexity of the physical properties reflects the influence of the source rock properties, crude oil migration process, and secondary alteration after accumulation on crude oil characteristics. Through systematic analysis of geochemical data, the formation mechanism of crude oil with these special physical properties has been clarified. The result of hydrocarbon generation at an early stage from source rocks rich in high-sulfur kerogen deposited in a euxinic waterbody is the cause of high-sulfur crude oil with low maturity in Wangjiagang oil field. While the shallow reservoir burial depth and the resulting biodegradation is the mechanism of the formation of high-sulfur crude oil in Le'an oil field with higher maturity. Biodegradation is the main mechanism of the formation of heavy oil, and the recharge of hydrocarbons into the degraded crude oil reservoirs leads to the complication of crude oil density. Both the hydrocarbon generation of organic matter rich in terrestrial higher plants and phase-controlled fractionation during hydrocarbon migration lead to the generation of high wax crude oil.

The topographic effect has long been recognized as one of problems for quantitative remote sensing. The paper compares the correction results of OLI data based on C model, Cosine model, SCS model, Minnaert model and pixel-based Minnaert Correction Method. The visual inspection, statistical analysis and regression analysis of images were used to analyze the results before and after correction of image. The results show that the C model has a better correction effect. The Cosine model and SCS model were significantly overcorrected. However, C model, Minnaert model and slope-based Minnaert model weakened the influence of terrain. By comparative analysis, the C correction method was optimal model for OLI image.

In order to improve the recovery of gas slug compound flooding in low permeability and ultra-low permeability reservoirs, two methods of the carbon dioxide-nitrogen and the rich gas-nitrogen compound flooding are studied. The results show that in low permeability and ultra-low permeability reservoirs, the use of a single injection of a reasonable pre-slug(carbon dioxide or rich gas) + subsequent nitrogen slug compound flooding can reduce the size of the pre-slug, give full play to the advantages of both the pre-slug and nitrogen, and obtain a better flooding efficiency. Under the same conditions, the recovery of the ultra-low permeability cores used in this experiment is 7.6% higher than the recovery of the low permeability cores on average. However, since the reasonable size of the rich gas pre-slug is 0.6 PV, twice as much as the reasonable size of the carbon dioxide pre-slug, and the price of unit volume of the rich gas slug is 1.82 times as much as the price of the carbon dioxide slug under the condition of injection, the final input-output ratio of the carbon dioxide-nitrogen compound flooding is 2.0∼2.69 times as much as that of the rich gas-nitrogen compound flooding.

In the mountainous area of southwest China, the horizontal layered steep slopes with weak intercalations are widely distributed. The stability of these slopes is often controlled by the weak intercalations and the dominant joint sets. Based on the strength reduction method, a representative numerical simulation model is established in this study, and the ubiquitous-joint model is adopted in which the properties of rock blocks and joints can both be considered, in order to analyze the influence of joint angle on slope stability and potential sliding surface of such slopes. The research results indicate that the joint inclination angle is closely related to both the safety coefficient and the potential sliding range of the slope. With the increase of joint inclination angle, the safety coefficient of the slope decreases, but the downward trend gradually becomes slower. The joint inclination angle also has an obvious influence on the sliding surface range of the horizontal layer slope with weak interlayer. The research results have certain guiding significance in the analysis of failure mechanism, hazard assessment and engineering prevention of this kind of slope.

Seismic exploration will be affected in many ways, leading to the phenomenon of missing seismic data. Conventional imaging cannot accurately reflect the structure of underground media. This paper is based on the data to data migration which purpose of this method is used to compensate for the missing seismic data. The illumination of the underground media is reduced by rarefying the shot gathers. The seismic data containing primaries and free-surface related multiples are employed in upward and downward extrapolation simultaneously. And the field data has been transformed into frequency domain. Finally, using cross-correlation imaging conditions, the shallow imaging effect obtained is consistent with conventional imaging, and the deep imaging can provide more abundant imaging information. This method has a high imaging accuracy and does not require multiples prediction processing, which greatly reduces the operation process and avoids the possible errors of multiples prediction. Meanwhile, it uses multiples imaging to enhance the processing capacity of underground structures and obtain more structural information. In the case of missing seismic data, the numerical simulation test shows that the data to data migration imaging method can play a key role in the imaging results.

Anomalous geological events often occur during the formation and evolution of mineral deposits. The use of remote sensing technology to extract anomalies is one of the important contents of remote sensing prospecting. The principle is to use different minerals to show differences in the responses of different bands of remote sensing images. Landsat satellite has accumulated massive amounts of remote sensing image data since its launch, providing a research foundation for geological remote sensing. This paper takes the eastern part of Tuoli County, Tacheng District, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region as the research area, and selects ENVI software for remote sensing image preprocessing and remote sensing anomaly extraction. Four bands including TM1, TM4, TM5, and TM7 of Landsat5 TM image are used as the basic bands for extracting hydroxyl remote sensing anomaly information. After preprocessing, the influence of vegetation and water bodies on remote sensing prospecting is suppressed by masking method, and then the Corsta method is used to delimit the threshold value to judge the degree of alteration. The PCA method is generally used to extract the remote sensing anomalies of hydroxyl alteration in the study area, and finally the thematic map visually displays the results of the remote sensing anomaly extraction, which proves that the PCA method based on Landsat5 TM images can provide a certain reference for geological work such as prospecting.

As the most important raw material for the iron and steel industry, demand for iron ore is rapidly recovering with the steady recovery of domestic machinery, manufacturing and other iron and steel-related industries. Recently, the number of ore ships waiting to berth has increased significantly at the major iron ore unloading ports along the coast of China. Factors, such as weather influences and concentrated arrivals, make the problem of port ore ships under pressure reappear. This article describes the overall situation of China's iron and steel market and coastal iron ore transportation and analyzes the characteristics of iron ore import transportation in various regions. The construction layout, stockpiling situation conditions and the capacity adaptability of China's iron ore terminals are systematically studied. And it proposes that the specialized ore unloading terminals generally need to meet the demand of foreign trade imports. However, the capacity of the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta and the regions are-as along the coast is still tight, and the local port pressure is still prominent. In the future, further research and the optimization of China's iron ore unloading terminal system should be done. Through AIS dynamic data monitoring, port and shipping big data mining and analysis, and the other new technical means, the adaptability of iron ore unloading capacity at terminal is refined research, the peak arrival of ships and other situations are properly handled, and China's iron ore foreign trade Import transportation is protected stablly and safely.

The bridge reinforcement methods, each method has its advantages and disadvantages. The load-bearing capacity of bridge members is controlled by the ultimate strain of concrete in the compression zone or the ultimate strain of reinforcement in the tension zone, so the selection of the bridge reinforcement method is affected by the section reinforcement ratio. When the reinforcement ratio of the section is between the minimum reinforcement ratio and the critical reinforcement ratio, we should choose the beam bottom reinforcement plan; when the section reinforcement ratio is between the critical reinforcement ratio and the maximum reinforcement ratio, it should be adopted Reinforcement method of bridge deck reinforcement layer.

The Alqal Copper-lead-zinc deposit isl ocated in the Tarim plate of the Xinjiang. It has undergone multiple stages of tectonic mineralization and is an important deposit in the Kuslafu metallogenic belt of the West Kunlun area. Based on the analysis of the metallogenic geological conditions of the deposit, The composition of fluid inclusions in mining area was studied, The characteristics of metallogenic fluid are discussed. The results show that the uniform temperature of gas-liquid two-phase fluid inclusions in the Alqal deposit is between 145°C and 267°C, the average uniform temperature is 191°C; the salinity is 0.71% to 14.87%, and the average salinity is 6.33%. The estimated metallogenic pressure is about 135MPa, and the capture temperature is concentrated around 320°C. The ore-forming fluid has undergone multi-stage superimposed transformation, which is inconsistent with the characteristics of the typical MVT deposit, and it is a sedimentary transformation type deposit.

True triaxial hydraulic fracturing experiments were carried out on artificial analogue rock samples (AARS) of tight sandstone to analyze initiation characteristics under different fracturing fluid (FF) infiltrations. Moreover, the initiation was monitored by acoustic emission (AE) system. The results show that: FF fracturing has the lowest initiation pressure (37.7MPa) and average pressurization rate (0.2MPa/s), and takes the longest time for initiation (209s). Besides, AE signal is scattered and no extension appears after initiation. FF + temporary plugging agent (TP) fracturing has the highest initiation pressure (43.5MPa) which is lower than extension pressure, and it also has higher pressurization rate and amplitude peak as well as shorter time for initiation compared with FF fracturing. As for FF + sleeve fracturing and FF + nano-organo boron crosslinking agent (NBC) fracturing, they have much shorter time for initiation as well as higher evidently average pressurization rate and amplitude peak. Extension pressure is lower than initiation and almost all AE signal is concentrated at initiation moment.

Polymer flooding is an important technology for enhancing the recovery of underground crude oil, and it is currently the most widely used technology for enhancing recovery in China. The main principle of polymer flooding is to increase the viscosity of injected water through a water-soluble polymer, thereby improving the mobility ratio, expanding the swept volume, and increasing the oil recovery rate and crude oil recovery factor. The viscosity-increasing performance of the polymer solution is the most important parameter of its oil displacement characteristics. The main factors that affect the viscosity of the polymer are the molecular structure, molecular weight, concentration, the salinity of formation water or injected water, temperature, and formation shear. Therefore, the viscosity-increasing performance, salt resistance, and shear resistance of the polymer are evaluated. Through indoor experiments under target reservoir conditions, the viscosity-concentration curves of four polymers A, B, C, and D are measured, and the viscosity data before and after shearing of the polymer as well as the viscosity of the polymer at different salinities are obtained. The results show that, considering the viscosity-increasing performance, shear resistance, salt resistance and quality control of the polymer, under the experimental conditions, the recommended sequence of the 4 polymers is: A, C, D, and B.

China is the main production and consumption country of dimension stone in the world, the development of dimension stone industry is of great significance. According to the concept, types and characteristics of dimension stone, this paper analyzes the factors affecting dimension stone mining, introduces the general technological process of dimension stone mining. On the basis of analysis, comparison and comprehensive research, combined with literature and practical experience of dimension stone exploitation, the paper puts forward more advanced, efficient and safer soft dimension stone sawing technology and various concrete schemes of soft dimension stone mining, and also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sawing methods and the future development trends of sawing technology.

Under the marine environment, most of the underground projects will be eroded by the corrosive materials in varying degrees, which will lead to the deterioration of engineering materials, The reduction of structural strength, and affect the normal use and service life of the project; the rich sea water in the marine environment is often the premise of the smooth implementation of the underground projects, And the chaotic scouring of the intertidal sea water will affect the underground structure It has great influence on the strength of concrete. Generally, the measures taken for underground structure concrete include: improving concrete grade according to environmental category, adding admixtures, reducing water cement ratio, increasing compactness, etc. to improve concrete performance, anti-seepage, anti freezing, anti carbonization, anti-corrosion performance, increasing concrete protective layer thickness, brushing anti-corrosion materials, etc. to extend concrete durability; the measures taken for reinforcement include: coating epoxy resin, mixing anti rust agent, etc They can protect the concrete of underground structure to a certain extent, and the relevant specifications have corresponding provisions on it, but only qualitative provisions, the real effectiveness and validity period are unknown, the durability of the structure leaves long-term hidden danger, and also leads to the increase of construction cost. In marine environment, the foundation treatment under complex geological conditions can provide reliable working face for the construction of underground structure, eliminate the adverse impact of marine environment on the concrete of underground structure, and provide guarantee for improving the durability of concrete.

Reconstruction of palaeoglacier is important for understanding the mechanism of palaeo-climatic change and predicting water resource in Tibet. The climate and water resource are sensitive to global change in western Nyainqêntanglha Range. However, the data of how glacier changed in its area and equilibrium line, particularly its volume are still in paucity. In this study, we generated the palaeoglacier landform map by field investigation and 3S (RS, GPS and GIS) technology, reconstructed the palaeoglaciers surface by glacial landforms and glacier model, accordingly estimated the ice volume and equilibrium line altitude (ELA), and then discussed the palaeo-climate during the last glacial maximum (LGM) in the Qugaqie valley. During the LGM, the Qugaqie glacier was about 18.5 km long and 102.1 m thick in average. It covered an area of 59.1 km² and had a volume of 6.05 km³, which were 8.34 times of the area and 18.33 times of the ice volume of the modern glacier. The 75.3% of Qugaqie valley was covered by glacier. The palaeo-ELA was 5405∼5496 m with a depression of 400 to 300 m, which confirms Shi Yafeng's point that an even global ELA lowering value of about 1000 m didn't virtually exist.

In recent years, shale oil has gradually become the focus of oil exploration. The source rocks of Lucaogou Formation in the east of Jimusaer Sag of the Junggar basin have great shale oil potential. However, there is still much controversy regarding the sedimentary environment of the source rocks which restrict shale oil exploration. In order to address this problem, 45 mudstone samples of Jx-1 well are selected for testing and analysis. The results show that the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusaer Sag is developed with high quality source rocks, and the organic matter type is mainly type II, and the source rocks are in mature stage. Both higher terrestrial plants and aquatic algae are important sources of organic matter in source rocks, but the source of organic matter is still dominated by lower aquatic organisms. The source rocks of Lucaogou Formation are mainly deposited in reducing environment, and the water salinity is high, which is conducive to the preservation of organic matter.

High-resolution remote sensing images can finely express rich surface information. Using the macroscopic and spatial-temporal full coverage advantages of high-resolution remote sensing images for urban building objectification recognition is a current research hot spot in the field of remote sensing image analysis and application. However, the current research still lacks effective technical means to convert surface elements quickly and accurately from remote sensing image space to geographic information space. In this paper, the complementary advantages between image processing and deep learning are combined to research target-level extraction of high-resolution remote sensing urban buildings based on the building element information data. The experimental results achieved the precision of 0.9481 and the recall of 0.9733, indicating that the method proposed in this paper can be applied to the effective extraction of urban-level buildings, which expands the theoretical basis of the object recognition method of remote sensing thematic features based on the idea of object image analysis.

After a long term of water flooding, the near well area of Weixing oilfield was blocked by a large amount of colloids, asphaltenes and waxes, resulting in a decline in oil well production. It is urgent to explore new technologies to slow the decline of production and increase the production per well. The results of microbial reservoir adaptability evaluation show that the microbial huff and puff test is suitable for Weixing oilfield. 5 pilot test Wells were selected under the well selection principle, and the compatibility of bacillus subtilis SL-2 with native reservoir bacteria and the emulsifying effect on crude oil were evaluated. The corresponding huff and puff scheme is designed according to the production status, pay-zone thickness, treatment radius and porosity. After microbial huff and puff, the daily liquid production increased from 28.2 t/d to 63.4 t/d, the oil production increased from 9.7 t/d to 25.0 t/d. Throughput is valid for 240 days, the cumulative oil production of five wells was2048 t, and the economic benefit was good. After resuming production, the bacterial concentration of the produced liquid rose significantly to more than 10⁷ cfu/mL, indicating that the injected microbial strain grew well in the target reservoir and had good oil-increasing potential.

Global shale oil and gas resources are very rich, are becoming an important supplement to conventional oil and gas. However, due to strong plasticity, strong reservoir stress sensitivity and poor stability, easy burst collapse, rupture, card Drilling or well leakage and other phenomena, restricting the development of shale oil and gas resources. In order to improve the safety and efficiency of the shale formation drilling project, This paper uses the rock physics, logging, geology and other disciplines as the theoretical guidance, using the dynamic model to build the method, and the No. 202 well logging data and related research results as an example, the prediction, verification and evaluation of rock mechanics parameters, in-situ stress, wellbore stability and compressibility of the shale formation were carried out respectively. The results show that the rock mechanics model provides the key information for the construction of hydraulic fracturing engineering. There are significant wall collapse phenomena in the well sections of the Well No. 202, and there are significant differences in the maximum and minimum horizontal principal stresses at specific parts. The results of this study are of great significance to the follow-up of shale reservoirs and the design of late fracturing.

The complexity of seismic exploration targets makes the exploration process more difficult and requires higher resolution of seismic data. Singular Methodology (inverse Q filtering, spectrum shaping, etc.) is limited in improving the resolution of seismic data and cannot meet the requirements of data interpretation. In this regard, combining time-varying frequency division deconvolution and matching pursuit (MP) methods, first perform time varying frequency division deconvolution processing on the original signal, and then use matching pursuit to remove the strong reflection seismic event and reconstruct the signal. Which can reflect the characteristics of reservoirs. By testing analog signals, deconvolution and matching pursuit methods improve the signal resolution. In the actual seismic data analysis, the comprehensive use of several methods can better identify the distribution characteristics of the effective tight carbonate reservoirs, and correspond well with the actual geological structure and drilling data. Which also provides a reference basis for further capacity analysis.

Xingmeng orogenic belt is located in the eastern part of East Asian orogenic belt, which is a typical area of superimposition and reconstruction of multiple tectonic systems. Spinel peridotite captives have been found in Nuo Min and Kolo areas in the north of Xingmeng orogenic belt. The olivine Mg^# of lherzolite is 0.895 ∼ 0.911, which is slightly smaller than that of lherzolite (0.912 ∼ 0.928), and the high Mg^# of lherzolite also indicates that the upper mantle in the study area is refractory. The lherzolite and lherzolite in the study area show high fO₂ values, FMQ+1.947 ∼ 3.145, which is in sharp contrast with the relatively reduced ancient lithospheric mantle facies in general. The fundamental reason may be that the Paleozoic ancient Asian Ocean and the Mesozoic ancient Pacific Ocean successively subducted under the Xingmeng orogenic belt, resulting in the sharp rise of fO₂ in the lithospheric mantle at that time.

Reservoir wettability is an important indicator in the study of multiphase fluids in oil reservoirs. It involves the migration of crude oil from source rocks to reservoirs, accumulation in the reservoirs, and the entire process of crude oil development. The distribution characteristics of the wettability of sandstone reservoirs can provide a certain reference for the analysis of tight sandstone oil migration and accumulation mechanisms, and the exploration and development of tight sandstone reservoirs. This paper measures the contact angle between oil and tight sandstone by using the hanging drop method. Using the KRUSS DSA100S video optical contact angle measuring instrument, 25 unwashed oil tight cores and 62 washed oil tight cores are tested, respectively. Experimental analysis shows that the contact angle of the tight sandstones of the Taiyuan Formation in the Shenfu block of the Ordos Basin ranges from 50° to 150°, and the sample contact angles are concentrated between 70° to 110°. The wettability of the reservoir is mainly of the intermediate wet type, followed by the water wet type and the oil wet type.

The microscopic pore structure of the sandstone rock layer determines the water richness and permeability of the rock layer. Mastering the relationship between the resistivity of the sandstone rock layer and the microscopic pore structure is an important way to evaluate the water richness of the water-bearing rock layer from qualitative analysis to quantitative calculation. Using the finite element method to study the basic single and double modal structures in the sandstone layer of constant current field, the matrix resistivity, pore throat water resistivity, pore shape and difference in single sand model, pore throat model and capillary model are studied. The relationship between the direction of the current and the resistivity of the rock layer. The results show that the resistivity of the sandstone rock layer changes with the change of the matrix resistivity and has a linear relationship. When the contrast ratio between the sand and the matrix resistivity is between 10⁻¹ and 10, the resistivity of the rock layer changes linearly with the resistivity of the sand; when the contrast ratio is greater than 10, the influence of the resistivity of the matrix is smaller. And when the contrast is greater than 10³, the resistivity of the rock layer tends to be constant; when the contrast is less than 10⁻², the smaller the resistivity of the sand grains, the smaller the effect on the resistivity of the rock layer, and when the contrast is less than 10⁻³, the resistivity of the rock layer tends to constant. Since the water in the sandstone rock layer is the main conductive medium, when the water resistivity is fixed, the smaller the water saturation or the smaller the porosity, the smaller the pores through which water can flow and the greater the resistivity of the sandstone formation. When the microstructures of the horizontal and vertical rock layers are different, different transmitting and receiving electrode layouts have a greater impact on the resistivity of the rock layer, and the different microstructures lead to electrical anisotropy of the rock layer. The research results of this paper lay the foundation for the analysis of the relationship between the more complex sandstone rock model resistivity and micro-pore structure, and the quantitative calculation of the water richness of the sandstone rock layer.

When working in the areas with strong interference and limited sites, such as cities, dams, and mountainous areas, using the conventional transient electromagnetic (TEM) devices is difficult to lay out large transmitter loops for conventional surveys. The small-loop transient electromagnetic method, which has the advantages of lightweight and high efficiency, is a new technology of current researches. First of all, A one-dimensional (1-D) layered model and a three-dimensional (3-D) homogeneous half-space model were established by using numerical simulation method. The research results show that the small-loop TEM devices can not only accurately reflect the anomaly information of deep targets, but also be more sensitive to the detection of shallow targets. By using high-current technology, the signal intensity and detection depth of multi-turn small-loop TEM devices and that of large loop device are the same. Finally, the accuracy and effectiveness of small-loop devices were verified through analysing the results of dam karst investigation. The research work provides a reference for the qualitative analysis of response characteristics and data interpretation of small-loop TEM.

Remote sensing image information extraction is very important for mine surface monitoring. And Image segmentation is the key technology for remote sensing image information extraction. In this paper, taking the GF-1 image data of a rare earth mine in southern Jiangxi as an example, using the scale comparison method combined with ESP tools to determine the optimal segmentation scale of the target feature quickly, and evaluate the classification results of mine images. The results show that the accuracy can be improved when compared with the traditional single-scale segmentation, and it can provide a new solution for the extraction of remote sensing image information from the mine surface.

The seismic interpretation and analysis of a single attribute has multiple solutions and limitations, so the article proposes the technical research on the feature identification of fault structure based on the attribute fusion of principal component analysis (PCA). The results indicate that, compared with a single attribute, the integrated seismic attributes obtained by the fusion of the principal component analysis (PCA) method can more clearly reflect the development direction and boundary range of the fault, and the small fractures distributed around it can also be more obvious. The characterization proves that this technology has great application potential in fracture identification.

Based on the GPS data from 2001 to 2011 in Shaanxi Province, a three-dimensional geometric model of faults in Weihe Basin is constructed. Based on the deep fault dislocation model, the present slip rate of main faults in Weihe basin is studied. The results show that: (1) The place with large GPS fitting residual is located at the junction of two faults. (2) The slip rate inversion of most faults is consistent with the geological results, but the slip rate of some faults is quite different from the geological results, and even the movement mode changes. (3) In general, the activity of faults in Weihe Basin is relatively weak. Relatively speaking, the current tensile slip rates of Weihe fault, Chang'an-Lintong fault and eastern segment of northern Qinling fault are relatively high, which are (1.20 ± 0.87∼1.69 ± 1.24) mm/a, 2.54 ± 0.94 mm/a, 0.63 ± 1.00 mm/a, respectively.

This paper mainly simulates and analyzes the working conditions of the in-situ detection system for the magnetic properties of seabed sediments in the marine environment. Firstly, the causes and influencing factors of eddy current loss in seawater are analyzed. Secondly, the influence of seawater eddy current loss is equivalent to seawater impedance circuit, and the influence on coil resistance, inductance and magnetic field generated by the coil is qualitatively analyzed. Finally, a COMSOL simulation model is built to verify the mentioned-above theoretical analysis. The simulation results show that compared with those in the air environment, the equivalent resistance of the coil increases, the equivalent inductance decreases and the magnetic field generated by the coil decreases in the marine environment.

The mining, under the condition of the shallow coal seam, the thick loose beds and the thin base rock in Shendong mining area in Shaanxi province of China, makes the surface subsidence take on the situation of the discontinuous falling crack failure. A great deal of analysis and research indicates that the crack damage is controlled by the key strata in the overburden strata. Therefore, the key for solving the control of mining damage under this condition is to research the rules of the key stratum failure in the shallow seam. Taking 1203 longwall face in Daliuta mine of Shendong mining area as the example, the paper studies the relationship between the stability condition of the key stratum structure and the mining damage, supplying the theoretic evidence for the environmental protection and the confirmation of the reasonable and economical controlled mining methods in Shendong mining area.

Grouting is one of the most effective methods to control underground space engineering disasters. It can effectively achieve a series of governance goals such as reinforcement of broken ground, reduction of settlement, and prevention and control of water and mud inrush. The form of the grouting process, the diversity of the grout, and the complexity of the stratum being injected are the key issues that restrict the development of grouting monitoring. Traditional grouting monitoring is mainly to control the grouting flow and pressure to achieve the grouting process and the state of grout diffusion. Routine testing The method can only perform spot inspection on the space or judge the overall space density, and it is difficult to monitor the spread of the slurry during the grouting process and the effective detection of the effect after the grouting. Based on the characteristics of transient electromagnetic sensitivity to low-resistance bodies, simple construction methods, and large detection depth, this paper uses theoretical analysis and numerical simulation as the main research methods to carry out forward simulation research on the diffusion process of grout in the formation. Through the establishment of numerical models for the different content of slurry in the middle layer of the same thickness layered formation, the possibility of using the electromagnetic field to explain the slurry diffusion in the grouting process is explored. Under ideal conditions, the transient electromagnetic response characteristics of the middle layer with different slurry conditions are analyzed. It is proved that the change of the field value of the transient electromagnetic secondary field before and after grouting can effectively judge the intrusion effect of the grout during the grouting process.

Geng Qingguo summarized the drought-earthquake relationship data from 1956 to 1972 to derive a theoretical formula for drought-earthquake. In this paper, the area of the drought area and the duration of drought before the ½ magnitude earthquake in Tancheng in 1668 were substituted into this formula to invert the future earthquake magnitude. At the same time, the magnitude 7 earthquakes that occurred since 1972 that were related to drought were also inverted for future magnitudes. The analysis suggests that there may be a relationship between drought and earthquakes, and that the drought-earthquake relationship can also be used as one of the medium-term forecasting methods for large earthquakes when earthquake forecasting has not yet been overcome, and the possible future earthquake magnitudes in drought areas are calculated by Geng Qingguo's empirical formula for drought-earthquakes.

Based on the three-dimensional seismic dataset, we consider a key area in Beibuwan Basin, South China Sea, combined with quantitative analysis method, in order to define the features of transfer zone, and its temporal spatial development mechanism is revealed. The two boundary faults in the study area constitute an S-type fault system which does not connect. During the Paleogene rifting, the fault systems and Structuralstratigraphic characteristics between Eocene and Oligocene rifting sequences are different, the ways and quantities of transfer displacement are also distinctly different: (1) The two-phase of Eocene and Oligocene generally developed transfer zones, which were controlled by the structure background and boundary conditions, the formation mechanism of the transfer zone was different in time and space, the distribution of the transfer zone was distinctly different; (2) The Ailaoshan-Honghe strike slip fault, the extension derived from the expansion of the South China Sea have a significant impact on the transfer zone formation and characteristics. The segmented growth of the fault has a direct impact on the formation of the transfer zone. This study reveals the formation mechanism of the transfer zone of superimposed basins in China offshore, which is beneficial to hydrocarbon accumulation in Eocene and Oligocene sequences.

Using Landsat-8 OLI remote sensing data and Sentinel-2 MSI remote sensing data as data sources, selecting the coastal waters of Hong Kong as the study area, using semi-analytical model as the method, selecting the same time as the measured chlorophyll-a concentration at the monitoring point and the cloud coverage rate of remote sensing images two types of remote sensing images with clear images less than 10%. For the two types of remote sensing images, two thirds of the remote sensing image data are selected after preprocessing, and the remote sensing reflectance of the monitoring point location corresponding to the actual date is extracted for correlation analysis, and the most relevant inversion factor is obtained for modeling. Meanwhile the remaining 1/3 of the data is used to test the accuracy of its inversional regression model. The best inversional regression model based on Landsat-8 remote sensing data is Y=6.8x2-20.77x+17.02, R²=0.906 which is slightly higher than the best inversional regression model based on Sentinel-2 remote sensing data Y=-3.345e +05x2+3826x-3.44, R²=0.801, which proves the feasibility of inverting the two types of remote sensing data for the chlorophyll-a concentration in the Hong Kong offshore waters, and the inversional results of the two types of data show that the chlorophyll-a concentration in the internal waters of the Hong Kong offshore waters is higher than the phenomenon of external chlorophyll-a concentration.

It has become a hot research direction under the background of artificial intelligence to effectively organize geological big data and to mine corresponding potential value. The knowledge graph, as a new form of knowledge representation, can effectively organize and represent data. This paper presents the deposit model ontology according to the triune framework of " ore-forming geological body, ore-forming structure and structural plane, and mineralization mark" by centering on the deposit model, sets up the knowledge graph with the "branch intersection, top-down action and step-by-step layering" method, expresses and mines big data for geological text in the form of knowledge graph, and establishes a special knowledge graph for deposit model with semantic processing capacity and open interconnection capacity, providing a routine to match geological data from new perspective and showing the integrity and relevance of genesis features of deposits on deeper level. The results show this method can effectively realize semantic correlation and constraints between deposit model ontology, as well as retrieval and reasoning of correlation objects, and prove the usefulness of the research workflow in this paper.

Accurate seismic velocity can determine the depth, dip angle and location of the stratum, and study the properties of rocks and pore fluid, such as rock density, reservoir location, gas hydrate anomaly and deep tectonic characteristics. The South China Sea (SCS) has special tectonic location and complex evolution history, which has always been the focus of geologists and geophysicists. At the same time, the SCS is rich in oil/gas resources, and is one of the four major marine oil-gas accumulation zones in the world. In this paper, three-dimensional velocity modeling was carried out in northwest Pearl River Mouth Basin of the SCS based on the three-dimensional geological framework model. Minimum Curvature Interpolation was used in the three-dimensional velocity modeling. Results showed that the three-dimensional velocity model can visually display sedimentary boundary and basin basement. The geological framework model makes the lateral velocity change of strata more in line with the actual geological structure. Considering the key role of the underground layer velocity in the exploration of oil, gas, hydrate and lower-crustal structure, it will be of great scientific and resources significance to carry out the three-dimensional velocity modeling research in the SCS.

Seismic data usually contains a lot of noise. In order to effectively remove noise and improve the signal-to-noise ratio of seismic signals, this paper proposes a method of combining complete empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) with improved wavelet threshold denoising.method. CEEMD has good adaptability to signal decomposition; the new wavelet threshold function can effectively overcome the discontinuity of hard threshold function and the deviation of wavelet coefficients in soft threshold function. The combination of the two methods can obtain better denoising effect. After processing the simulated signal with the method proposed in this paper, the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly better than the traditional single denoising method.

Fan delta sedimentary reservoirs developed in the Lower Wuerhe Formation of the Manan Slope in the Mahu Sag of the Jungger Basin have good prospects for oil and gas exploration and development. In order to clarify the high-quality reservoir system and the distribution range of the reservoir plane, a seismic stratigraphic interpretation of the Lower Wuerhe Formation is carried out in combination with geology, logging and 3D seismic data. The Lower Wuerhe Formation is divided into three stratigraphic series, a total of 8 four-level sequences, and 8 water body lifting cycles. Through seismic wave group and sedimentary evolution analysis, combined with pseudo-acoustic impedance amplitude and production test analysis, the high-quality oil-bearing reservoirs of the Lower Wuerhe Formation are mainly the third member of the Lower Wuerhe Formation. Oil-bearing reservoirs are mainly controlled by sedimentary facies belts caused by the ups and downs of water bodies. The well-developed oil-bearing reservoirs are developed in the fan delta plain-fan delta front-shore shallow lake sedimentary system.

The singular spectrum analysis (SSA) method has the characteristics that it is not affected by the noise spectrum distribution, and is superior to the traditional denoising method. Moreover, it has been commonly used in signal analysis in the fields of oceanography, machinery, and electronic technology. This paper systematically introduces the basic principle and implementation process of singular spectrum analysis method. Then the singular spectrum analysis method is applied to the interference identification and removal of seismic precursor observation data. Taking deformation data and geoelectric field observation data as an example, the results show that the singular spectrum analysis method can effectively separate the rainfall interference in deformation observation data, and has important guiding significance for the subsequent removal of rainfall interference. In addition, the singular spectrum analysis method can be used to extract and remove the interference of HVDC and subway from the geoelectric field observation data, and the effect is obvious, which can effectively improve the data quality and better serve the earthquake analysis and prediction.

Big data greatly impact current social science research paradigms and traditional safety management. Moreover, widespread big data application in coal mine safety technology has also highlighted the lack of basic coal mine safety management review against the background of big data. Based on the above analysis, the three main article goals are (1) to study the fundamental safety management research changes within the big data context; (2) to analyze big data application in coal mine safety management; and (3) to discuss big data relevance in coal mine safety management development trends and challenges. In summary, integrating big data into coal mine safety management has become a research trend, and the current coal mine safety management theory in the field of big data requires more in-depth research.

In order to realize the gravity-flowed convey of high concentration backfill slurry of aeolian sand at 15 times line, the industrial test on convey by high concentration slurry backfill pipeline is carried out based on the calculation and analysis of backfill pipeline with respect to the design of the backfill pipeline and the critical velocity of slurry in Yuyang Coal Mine. The calculation and test results show that the high concentration aeolian sand backfill slurry has good fluidity, which drops markedly when the slurry concentration exceeds 72%. In order to achieve gravity-flowed convey of backfill slurry, it must be subject to an upper limit of concentration of 75%; The critical velocity of backfill slurry convey in Yuyang Coal Mine is 1.19m/s, with an operating velocity of 4.19m/s, which is 3.5 times of the critical velocity. With a maximum conveying capacity of backfill pipeline of 396m3/h, and high reliability in the pipeline convey of slurry, the great times line gravity-flowed convey of high concentration backfill slurry with aeolian sand as aggregate is achieved.

Change of land-use pattern causes the change of underlying surface environment in the basin, thus influencing the source and sink of hydrological cycle in the study area and to greatly affect the groundwater level. In order to study the relationship between underlying surface change and groundwater level, this paper quantitatively analyzed the remote sensing images of the Hailiutu River basin acquired in different periods and collected long-series groundwater monitoring data, and this paper drew a groundwater level change map by calculating the transfer matrix of different land-use types. On this basis, this paper analyzed the groundwater level and influential factors for the transfer amount of different land-use types. Results showed that the change in groundwater level was mainly influenced by the underlying surface change. The land-use types exhibited strong tempo-spatial transformation. Where there was a drastic change of land-use type, there was a sharp change in groundwater level, indicating that the change of land-use type greatly influenced the underlying surface and was positively correlated with the spatial distribution of groundwater level.

The quality of seismic data has always been an important factor restricting the results of data processing and interpretation. With the development of new technologies, the amount of collected data is also increasing, and the existence of noise is inevitable. Therefore, denoising has become a major problem. Therefore, the compressed sensing theory is used in the article, and the K-SVD learning dictionary is used as a sparse base to perform denoising tests on the model data of different layers, and then the actual seismic profile of a certain work area is processed. The results show that the K-SVD learning dictionary can better denoise the signal and reconstruct the original signal, which lays a good foundation for the subsequent interpretation work.