Table of contents

Dear participants,

It is my great pleasure to welcome you in the ICCEE 2019 at The Patra Hotel, Kuta, Bali, Indonesia. I would like to express my appreciation to Director General of Construction Services Development, Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia as partner. Also to all co-organizers, Kyushu University (Japan), Monash University (Malaysia), Seoul National University (Korea), Universitas Bosowa, Universitas Udayana, Universitas Kristen Indonesia Paulus Makassar, and Universitas Haluoleo. Also to the all the third parties, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), Center of Technology (CoT)

Faculty of Engineering Universitas Hasanuddin, PT. Pelindo IV Makassar, PT. MRT Jakarta, PT. Nindya Karya, PT. Bumi Karsa, PT. Wika Beton, PTV Group, and PT. Karya Rezeki Panca Mulia, and PT. Amalia Jaya Pratama, who provide financial support for us, to Construction Services Development Board of South Sulawesi (LPJK SulSel), Inter-University Transportation Studies Forum (FSTPT), Indonesia Transportation Society (MTI), The Institution of Engineers Indonesia, Indonesian Society of Civil and Structural Engineers, HPJI, IAPI, as supporting institutions, and to all the reviewers who have worked on their best helping us to sort hundreds of papers from around the world.

The aim of the conference is to promote scientific advancement, technological progress, information exchange, and cooperation among engineers and researchers in civil and environmental studies. The conference was first held in Makassar, Indonesia in 2010 by the name of Makassar International Conference in Civil Engineering (MICCE 2010) followed by the second conference in 2015 (MICCE 2015). To reflect a broader scope, the conference was renamed to International Conference on Civil and Environmental Engineering (ICCEE)

ICCEE 2019 is held by the Department of Civil Engineering and Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia. We received 185 technical papers from various country and will be published in IOP Publishing which is indexed by Scopus. We really hope the 3^rd ICCEE 2019 under the theme "Toward Sustainable Green Infrastructure Development in Industrial Revolution 4.0 Era" will provide us a valuable opportunity to share knowledge and experiences. Thank you.

Dr. Eng. Bambang Bakri, M.Eng. Chair

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Indonesia is located in a high seismic region and is in one of the most vulnerable countries likely to experience earthquakes. The impact of earthquakes on port structures can have an enormous impact on the economy if the earthquake hazard is not acknowledged, essential elements of the transportation system not identified, and damage prevention procedures not applied. In this project, the seismic performance of critical infrastructures, such as post structures as designed and constructed, are assessed. Outcomes of the assessment enable vulnerable elements to be identified leading to design recommendations. The project is conducted based on data collection, field survey, site investigations, experiments, and computer modelling and simulations.

The objective of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of sediment flushing system of under sluice channel at a floodway. An empirical model of under sluice flushing were built to determine its effectiveness. The object model of this study was the Sedayulawas floodway, located in Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia. This study used Hydraulic Physical Model Test. The model conducted in the Laboratory of Surakarta River Center. The variables of this study were sediment weight of flush sediment, upstream water level, sediment mass density, sediment diameter, current velocity, and water discharge. The result of this research discovers that the upstream water level, sediment mass density, sediment diameter, current velocity, and the water discharge, directly proportional towards the weight of the flush sediment.

Wave in deck (WID) phenomenon of a wave hitting on the topside for fixed jacket platforms at shallow water condition has been reported as a notable risk to the workability and reliability of these structures. When hydrocarbon from the seabed is extracted for an extended period of time, there might be a reduction in pressure, which allows subsidence to happen. A platform experiencing subsidence promotes the decrease in air gaps, which eventually allows the waves to attack the bottom decks. The impact of the WID generates additional loads to the structure and therefore increases the values of the moment arms. Higher moment arms trigger instability in terms of overturning, which eventually decreases the reserve strength ratio (RSR) values of the structure. The mechanics of WIDs, however, are still not well understood and have not been fully incorporated into the design codes and standards. Therefore, there is a need to revisit the current design codes and standards for platform design optimization. This paper aims at evaluating the effect of RSR values due to WID on four-legged jacket platforms in Malaysia. Base shear values with regards to calibration and modifications of wave characteristics are obtained by numerical simulations. Correspondingly, pushover analysis was conducted to retrieve the RSR. The effects of the contributing factors, namely wave height, wave period, and water depth with regards to the RSR and base shear values, are expected to be analyzed and thoroughly discussed. The work illustrated in this paper is important in optimizing the design life of the existing and aging offshore structures. Outcomes of this research are expected to provide an additional evaluation of the WID mechanics and in return, contribute to the current mitigation strategies in managing the issue.

This study examines the nature of the day-to-day variability of individual activity space in Seri Iskandar Malaysia using simple regression analysis. The results show that individuals' time allocation to undertake in-home and out-of-home mandatory activities, household income, access to motorised mode, commute distance and perceived accessibility from home to some basic amenities significantly associate with the spread of individuals' out-of-home activity locations. However, time spent for performing in-home and out-of-home activities, number of trips, and commute distance associate with how far individuals' out-of-home activity locations from their home is. Longer time-use to undertake in-home and out-of-home activities negatively correlate with the spread of out-of-home activity locations, whereas commitments to undertake out-of-home discretionary activities will be conducted near a home base location. When someone is from richer household, he/she will visit out-of-home activity locations farther from his/her home and more spread out. When someone resides within an area farther from government office areas, he/she will have more spread out activity locations.

The rapid development of housing requires the support of building materials technology innovation. The problem is that the cost of building materials produced not affordable by people in rural areas or for the lower-middle-class people. The buildings in the city are magnificent, but in contrary, in the village many houses still consist of bamboo-wall and leaf-roof. Some tried to build their houses using bricks, but they could not finish the building construction due to limited budget for purchasing material. It encourages for development of an environmentally friendly, safe and cheap building material: lock-brick. Villagers could make this material by themself since the raw materials are soils plus a little cement with a ratio between 1:8-10. First, this technology was piloted for simple house building, then for dormitories building and household-scale rainwater management, consisting of rainwater reservoir and runoff catchment ditches. Then, this system implemented for retaining-walls construction and currently also being tested for campus parking area. The trials results are good, and the construction costs are also much cheaper. It could reduce by 50%. Once again, the construction is very environmentally friendly, so can be said that this lock-brick system is an ecological building material innovation.

IPCC had reported in the 5th assessment report (AR5) that global warming has been occurring from the past to the end of this century. This fact shows us that the temperature gradually increases in the average temperature of the atmosphere and oceans. Investigations of this issue have been conducted by experts to assess the effect of global warming on human life. In the coastal area, especially in the regions of freshwater influence (ROFIs), the effect can be seen in the river discharge trend, which increases due to the upward trend of precipitation. Delft3D model was used as the numerical model to conduct the three-dimensional hydrodynamic numerical simulation in the Ariake Sea's region of freshwater influence (ROFIs), Japan. A numerical experiment was performed with the observation data of river discharge and river water temperature to investigate the baroclinic flow in the Ariake Sea's ROFIs, due to both of stratification (salinity and thermal) in several cases occur at different water temperatures (ΔT) between seawater temperature and riverine freshwater temperature from -0.29°C to 9.27°C. Results from this research assessed the effects of the water temperature difference in the Ariake Sea ROFIs on the baroclinic flow.

The development of the clean water sector in rural areas is intended to help rural communities who do not have access to safe and decent clean water, especially the poor. Clean water facilities that have been built, then managed by the community with the establishment of a village institution called LPPAM (Drinking Water User Management Agency). Service reliability is indicated by the quality and continuity of water received by the water customer community. To test these allegations, research has been conducted using field observation techniques, interviews, and filling out questionnaires. The results showed that rural clean water management in Tonggo Village, for the majority of service aspects, was still in the category of less satisfied, and the quantity aspect was still insufficient. For water, quality is tasteless, colorless, and odorless. As for the continuity aspect, it still cannot flow 24 hours for some parts of the region in Tonggo Village. It is hoped that with this research, LPPAM - Tonggo will learn more or take courses and training to get community-based management so that they can work and serve the community better.

This study aims to evaluate working road pavement conditions, the road pavement conditions value based on the International Roughness Index (IRI) method which is used as a basis for knowing the type of road maintenance handling type. For taking IRI, a vehicle that has good performance is used, while IRI value recording uses Roadroid software that has been installed on an Android-based mobile. The data results from this study indicate that the Perintis Kemerdekaan Road produces IRI values of 2.607 and 2.408 for each direction. From this value, it is converted in road stability level which shows that the road is in a steady category so that in general this segment for handling requires regular maintenance periodically to achieve maintaining the service level.

Start Street is an important means of transportation in a residential neighbourhood. Housing built on aquatic environment generally uses of transportation in the form of a wooden bridge that serves as a street by the local community called Titian/Tete. Titian in kampung Karabba and Marbor Tallo district has a poor condition as street access. From its size, material and social role, the existing titian is less able to accommodate its role as a means of transportation. The objective of the study is to explore the local street facilities in various aspects, namely the role of the titian in the social life of the community and humanistic aspect. This research method uses a qualitative exploratory research method field (A Qualitative Exploratory Research) based on field data exploration (field observation). The result is that from the aspect of the size dimension of the titian does not qualify as a path, from the very material range to the climate and unsafe, from the socialistic aspects of the cattle, can play a role as the control of village security as well as the increasing social interaction of the community.

Earthquakes are unpredictable natural disasters that need to be taken into serious consideration in the design criteria of offshore platforms, particularly in regions of high seismicity. The Indonesia Archipelago is characterized by extensive zones of seismic activity where large earthquakes can be extremely dangerous to the safety and reliable performance of offshore platforms. Tsunamis generated by the larger earthquakes in the region present an additional extreme danger to offshore oil production and need to be assessed and considered in the design criteria of offshore platforms.

Increasing competition in construction requires improvement in human resources. An integrated project team that combines all project participants to work collaboratively requires a high level of coordination in working together and sharing knowledge to achieve goals. "Knowledge, it self-power," means that in the economic era of the twenty-first century, we have moved into a world where knowledge sharing is power. Therefore, the competitiveness of the company is derived from knowledge sharing to increase team efficiency and effectiveness in achieving goals. In the other hand, soft skill refers to various necessary skills, knowledge, and values of life, conceptual thinking, communicating well, working well, influencing others, and getting along with others. A further innovation is influenced by factors that come from individuals, such as locus of control, tolerance, values, education, experience. Knowledge sharing, in addition to changing innovation, also influence performance. This paper aims to build a framework of the project team performance and knowledge sharing on design and build project, through literature study. A review of some literature has been carried out, and the conceptual framework of knowledge sharing and project team performance relation is developed through soft skill and innovation.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of quicklime on soil strength performance of lateritic Halmahera soil (LHS) on a particular mixture composition. The Lateritic soil consists of three types based on its iron content from three different location in Eastern Halmahera Island. Soil sample labeled according to iron contents, that is LHS-1 for low iron content, LHS-2 for medium iron content, and LHS-3 for high iron content. Soil physical properties were obtained from laboratory test according to ASTM testing standard. The soil sample was mixed with 3, 5, 7, and 10% quicklime addition on maximum dry density (MDD) condition from Proctor standard laboratory test results. The sample were cured for 3, 7, 14, and 28 days before being tested for unconfined compression strength (UCT) test. The results was found that the significant effect of iron content to increase strength. The higher of iron content, then strength increases, it is the novelty of this research and differentiate laterite Halmahera soil with other laterite soil in Indonesia. Therefore, the lateritic Halmahera soil potential to be used as road and construction materials.

Construction craftwork is a physically strenuous and demanding occupation. Physically demanding work leads to physical fatigue which is associated with decreased productivity. This paper investigates the feasibility of measuring in situ physical demands based on a labor perspective. In that case, physiological measures of energy expenditure data were collected from 110 construction workers performing typical construction work, in this case, is an ironworker. The measurement of energy expenditure during physical work activities is considered a measure of the physiological workload experienced by construction workers. The measured data were evaluated against published guidelines for acceptable levels of physical performance. The result shows that the working load of ironworkers in Jakarta is very heavy on 3.0925 Kcal/minute energy expenditure by labor perspective. This paper developed for further applied research regarding the physical demands of construction work.

This work presents an easy method for barchan dunes automatic extraction from multispectral satellite data. The proposed method based on unsupervised classifications of commonly used bands for sand dunes mapping in literature. First, the collected data were atmospherically and spatially enhanced. Moreover, each selected band (band ratio or redness index or crust index) were filtered using low-pass (3x3) filter and transformed with original image (non-filtered) by using principal component analysis (PCA). Additionally, the classifications were achieved for each selected band by using three different algorithms (K-means, Expectation Maximization (EM), and IsoData) after data transformation. Eventually, the obtained maps were segmented and compared with natural colour image. The results indicate that unsupervised classification of crust index selected band, which achieved by IsoData algorithm, presents high performance for barchan dunes detection.

In general, roads are built as infrastructure to facilitate mobility and accessibility of socio-economic activities in society. The existence of the highway is very necessary to support the growth rate of the economy, agriculture and other sectors. Considering the benefits that are so important, therefore, matters related to the development and maintenance of roads are a priority to be researched and developed in planning, implementing and maintaining them. One of the research targets is the one km Kalumata highway in the city of South Ternate which suffered significant damage, both minor damage, moderate damage and severe damage to some of these roads. The purpose of this study was to determine the type and extent of damage to the road surface, and provide measures to repair road damage based on the level and type of damage that occurred. The application of the PCI is carried out by visual survey stages at the research location, determining the type and level of damage and measuring the damage dimensions which include length, width and depth, calculating the area of damage, analyzing the damage condition. Based on the results of the analysis, the surface of the Kalumata-road in Ternate is classified as a severity level with a PCI value of 0.00. an alternative improvement that is appropriate is routine.

The development of Maros tends to influence the development of the surrounding areas. The presidential Regulation no. 55 in 2011 the establishment of Mamminasata metropolitan areas (Makassar - Maros - Sungguminasa - Takalar) became one of the National Strategic Areas (KSN) in Indonesia, where Maros' one of the main functions in agriculture. The purpose is to study the dynamism of urban development based on the demographic, economic and physical aspects of the developed areas as well as seeing the relevance of urban development towards the agricultural lands supporting the capacity in Maros Regency, and to become the considerable basis for spatial planning in Maros Regency. The approach uses the analysis of the dynamism of urban area development, and the analysis is done by looking at the demographic aspects, such as population, economy, and the physical built area especially in the built area itself. Analyzing the carrying capacity of agricultural lands, this analysis is intended to see the availability of existing agricultural lands based on land use, and the relevance of urban development towards the carrying capacity of agricultural lands in Maros Regency.

The tropical coastal and ocean region is a very productive area because this region is generally a place of concentration of economic activity. The main activities in Bulu Cindea Village consist of capture fisheries, pond aquaculture, agriculture, salt, and industry. The purpose of this study is to identify the economic activities of the community in Bulu Cindea Village. The analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative descriptive analysis technique to compare the existing and ideal conditions as well as the analysis of production projections to see the needs for the next five years. The results show that in the implementation of economic activities in Bulu Cindea Village there is still some that are not in accordance with the standard criteria (ideal conditions) which resulted in economic activities being less than optimal, fish auction places (TPI), and in some ponds are transferred as agricultural land which is adjusted to the slope.

This paper presents flood vulnerability and risk assessment index models, with the aim to establish a spatial risk index at sub-district scales for urban flood scenarios in the Makassar region. Firstly, the overall vulnerability assessment to floods based on the local framework analysis of the BNPB (The Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management) has been developed using Geographical Information System (GIS) analysis. These indicators were composed of various social, physical, economic, and environmental factors. Second, GIS analysis conducts grid index modeling of flood hazard model by incorporating the measurement of floods in 2013 as a flood hazard scenario. Finally, by combining the spatial factors of flood hazard and flood vulnerabilities, a flood risk assessment model has been simulated at sub-district scales to evaluate the potential impacts on social, physical, economic, and environmental aspects.

Sixteen water samples were collected from the river, spring, and hot spring at the West Tompaso in Minahasa Region, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The water types were identified as Ca-HCO₃, Ca-SO₄, Na-HCO₃, Na-SO₄, and H-SO₄. The samples water of TS-1, TS-02, TS-03, TS-04, WT-11, and T-12 are Ca-HCO₃ type. The origin of this water type is shallow groundwater. Another water samples of TS-05, TS-06, TS-07, GS-13, GS-14, and GS-15 are Ca-SO₄ type. These water types were identified as hot springs. Two samples of water of WT-10 and WT-16 are Na-HCO₃ type. These waters come from the confined aquifer. The sample water of BK-08 is Na-SO₄ type. This water is saline affected water and comes from the hot spring. BK-9 is H-SO₄ type. This water type is steam-heated water and rich acidic water. All samples of water origin are shallow groundwater and surface water. Shallow groundwater model at the West Tompaso was developed.

Unexpected torrential rains have occurred recently due to global warming. There is "limits of public help" in such a disaster. Therefore, "self-help" and "mutual help" become more important to protect lives. Improving these helps enhances disaster resilience. The purpose of this research is to propose initiatives utilizing geospatial information in recovery and rehabilitation phases and to indicate the effects of using geospatial information in the initiatives. The initiatives have conducted for rehabilitation in Toho village, which was damaged by the Northern Kyushu Heavy Rainfall Disaster in July 2017. One initiative is formulating a rehabilitation plan. Meetings are held to reflect residents' opinions to the plan; using the map is useful to collect and share the opinions. Residents could discuss concrete future visions by using a map, and the rehabilitation plan reflected the opinions of residents could be published. The other initiative is Risk Communication. Many kinds of geospatial information are collected in it, and the Risk Map is published. The map shows the dangerous places and evacuation sites, and residents could understand their location, then the map enhanced disaster resilience.

The automated classification of ambient air pollutants is an important task in air pollution hazards assessment and life quality research. Faced with various classification algorithms, environmental scientists should select the most appropriate method according to their requirements and data availability. This study describes several types of Decision Tree algorithms for finding the inter-correlation between dominant air pollution index (API) for PM10 percentile values and four other air pollutants such as Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂), Ozone (O₃), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) and Carbon monoxide (CO), in addition to two other meteorological parameters: ambient temperature and humidity, using 22 months records of active air monitoring station in Penang island (northern Malaysia). Classification analysis for the PM10 API was then performed using non-linear Decision Trees within the R programming environment including: Boosted C5.0, Random Forest, PART, and Naive Bayes tree (NBtree). This is in addition to rpart and tree algorithms, which were used to plot the classification trees. The classification performance of the methods is presented and the best classifier in terms of accuracy and processing time was recommended. In R statistical environment, the process of classification by decision tree methods and the classification rules were easy to obtain, while geographic information systems (GIS) software' was used for mapping the study area. Furthermore, the results are clear and easy to understand for environmental and geospatial scientists and relevant agencies, which will facilitate the mitigation of air pollution related disasters in the affected communities.

Small islands with an area of 2000 km² or less are vulnerable to sea level rising and accessibility. The availability of infrastructure plays essential roles in socio-economic activities and regional development. However, not all small islands can have the infrastructure needed, except those that have been selected and included in the regional/local government program on the priority of infrastructure provision. The small island of Ndao that locates in the Eastern Region of Indonesia has been developing after being formed into a sub-district in 2011. This paper discusses the possibility of Ndao Island for further development based on the criteria of environmental carrying capacity and vulnerability. The primary data obtained in 2017 and analysed with the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) method, indicates that Ndao Island is recognised of having low carrying capacity and a deficit of clean water. Ndao has potential natural resources. Therefore, the Local Government has to include this island in the program of priority development by prioritizing the provision of clean water as its supply is limited and low quality due to seawater intrusion. Expectantly these findings become input in determining the priority development and estimating the future population following the carrying capacity of the environment.

The urban growth of MBR has rapidly occurred. The emergence of MBR's urban settlements has started in Bandung city as the main urban center and it has spread out adjacent through some administrative region. These center urban growth has stimulated the development of urban housing in peri-urban areas forming a large-scale urban settlement and eventually bring the emergence of housing problems. This research specifically aims to explore the housing matters in the context of residential elements. The study was conducted using a quantitative method and a descriptive approach to show the trend of urban growth and the increasing problems of housing and basic infrastructure. The discussion of housing matters addressed to the physical condition of housing and the availability of basic infrastructure. The results show that the main problem of MBR housing is generally in the issue of increased density and the provision of basic infrastructure. Another problem that characterizes as the urban housing problem is the issue of the space adequacy of building, while the main issue in the regencies housing is the un-durable physical condition of the building.

The paper presents analysis results of structural behaviour with and without soil-structure interaction on a five-story reinforced concrete building with basements due to seismic loads. Two numbers of basements were considered namely the building with one basement floor (M1 model) and two basement floors (M2 model). Each of the M1 and M2 model has three variations with and without the soil structure interaction namely the model with the fixed supports (MJ1 and MJ2 models), the model with solid element of the soil (MSo1 and MSo2 models), and the model with lateral soil support of spring elements (MSp1 and MSp2 models). The Soil parameters of modulus elasticity, poisons ratio, reaction modulus and spring stiffness for the MSo and MSp models were obtained from soil investigation. All six models having loads combination of gravity and earthquake loads were analysed using a finite element software package program. All loadings and design codes follow Indonesian codes. Earthquake loads were evaluated using two methods namely equivalent static loads and spectrum response analysis. The results show that the roof-floor displacements of the soil-structure interaction model (MSo and MSp) are greater 2% to 3% than to that of the non-soil-structure interaction models (MJ). The roof drift and natural fundamental period of the MSo and MSp models is greater 1% to 2% than that of the MJ model. The axial force of the columns in the MSo and MSp models is less 1% to 3% than the MJ model. The addition of basement floors to the building and modelling with soil structure interactions can minimize the roof floor displacement, the natural fundamental period of the structure, and axial force of the column by 1% to 2%.

This study discusses the use of rice straw ash, fly ash and alkali activators (NaOH) to bind laterite soils, where the hardening process is carried out at room temperature to form geopolymers. Comparison of the binder composition used consisted of straw ash: fly ash: laterite soil that is 0.417: 0.167: 0.417 based on weight ratio, using a base activator (NaOH). Flow testing on new geopolymers shows that all materials are well bound and there is no segregation. The specimens are curing until 3, 7 and 28 days old. There are two curing methods used, which are keep in the room temperature and immersed in fresh water, to observe the resistance of the specimens to environmental. Experimental results show that laterite soil with straw ash-fly ash based geopolymer can provide sufficient compressive strength.

This study discusses the effect of heating duration and curing age on compressive strength geopolymer paste made with medium calcium fly ash and potassium hydroxide solution (KOH). The hardening process was performed in an oven at a temperature of 100 ± 5°C in a variety of heating duration for 2, 4, and 6 hours to form a geopolymer paste with a potassium hydroxide concentration of 6 M. Flow testing on fresh paste indicatesd that all materials was bond properly without segregation. After the heating process in the oven, the spesimens were cured at room temperature until the age of 3, 7, and 28 days. The results of the compressive tests indicated that the heating duration and curing age were the key factors. Where there is no visible negative effect of the medium level CaO content in fly ash against compressive strength development of the hardened geopolymer paste.

This study aims to compare the performance of Cold Mix Asphalt with Buton's Granular Asphalt taking into account gradation of BGA and gradation of BGA Mineral in a combined gradation under wet condition. The specimens were made with optimum bitumen content of 8%, water content of 5%, and Buton's Granular Asphalt content of 6-13.5%. Marshall Stability testing refers to National Standard of Indonesia number 06-2489-1991. The maximal Marshall Stability of CEAM under wet condition which takes into account gradation of BGA in combined gradation is obtained at BGA content of 11.75%. The maximal Marshall Stability of CEAM under wet condition which takes into account gradation of BGAM in combined gradation is obtained at BGA content of 11%. The Marshall stability of CEAM taking into account BGA gradation in combined gradation were higher of 3-14% than which takes into account the gradation of BGA Mineral. Therefore, design gradation of Cold Mix Asphalt using Buton's Granular Asphalt which be recommended in The Construction and Building Guideline, Public Work Department of Republic of Indonesia of 2006, should be revised to take into account gradation of BGA in combined gradation.

This research aims to examine feasibility of local material of limestone as asphalt pavement aggregate and also Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) was used for petroleum bitumen partial replacement in the Asphalt Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture. The research method used is a laboratory experimental. Density of asphalt mix determined by void in mix (VIM) referred to Bina Marga specification, i.e. minimum 2,5%. The results showed that all of the mixtures meet the standard density which compacted by 2 × 75 blows. The secondary density was evaluated by using the specimen compacted with 2 × 200 blows. The secondary density AC-WC mix used limestone and petroleum bitumen pen. 60/70 binder did not meet the Bina Marga requirements, while AC-WC mix used limestone, petroleum bitumen pen. 60/70 and 10,5% BGA satisfied the stipulade of Bina Marga requirements.

Many efforts have been made to decrease ordinary Portland cement (OPC) consumption in the construction world. One of which is developing research on geopolymer material. A type of base material to produce geopolymers is fly ash that rich silica and alumina. This paper aims to the study possibility of using hydrated lime in producing high calcium fly ash based geopolymer mortar. The test material is then given curing treatment for 3 and 7 days before being tested for compressive strength. The test results of material characteristics indicate that the compressive strength at 7 days can be used as a concrete brick for class IV wall pairs for the level of quality of hollow concrete brick of 20 kg / cm² based on SNI 03-0349-1989.

In this paper, In this paper, effects of vibration time (0, 10 and 20 seconds) on compressive strength and corrosion resistance of steel bar in concrete are experimentally investigated. Compressive strength of concrete was performed on cylindrical specimens of Ø100x200 mm with water cement ratio (w/c) 0.52 after 28 days curing in tap water. Cylindrical specimens of Ø100x200 mm having 16 mm diameter of steel bar are considered for corrosion study. The specimens were subjected to cyclic wetting and drying regime up to 15 cycles. In wet cycle the specimens are immersed in sea water for 3 days, while in dry cycle the specimens were placed in open air for 4 days. The corrosion activity is monitored by measuring the copper/copper sulphate (CSE) half-cell potential according to ASTM C-876. The chloride penetration depths of concretes are also measured after 28 days immersed in 10% NaCl solution. Results show that compressive strength, chloride penetration depths and corrosion of steel bars is significantly affected by vibration time.

Non-biodegradable waste plastic made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based drinking bottles waste was used as additive in asphalt concrete mixture production. This paper used modified Buton asphalt (MBA) as base binder. The asphalt concrrete mixtures containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5% of waste PET were prepared with one source of aggregates, filler and stone dust. The effect of waste PET and MBA to asphalt concrete mixture on volumetric properties namely specific gravity, void in mix (VIM), void mineral aggregate (VMA) and void filled bitumen (VFB) is studied. The results of volumetric evaluation indicated that waste PET and MBA could be incorporated in asphalt concrete mixture. After calculating specific gravity, VIM, VMA and VFB, a table was designed as a preliminary study based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM) that can be used as a basis of modelling for continuous improvement of asphalt concrete prepared with waste PET and MBA.

The purpose of this study is to determine the initial characteristics of foam concrete mixtures. This performance, using Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Portland Composite Cement (PPC) were examined for its density and compressive strength on day 1, 3 and 7. In addition, the production process was initiated by formulating a mix of foam solvent, simultaneously creating the mortar, with the use of OPC or PPC, followed by the individual integration of a foaming solvent. Furthermore, after density evaluation, a specimen is produced with the cylinder cast, in a diameter of about 150 mm, and length of 300 mm, containing individual water and atmosphere curing. The density obtained was higher than the outcome of air curing tests, which decreased continuously with the concrete age. Furthermore, the compressive strength measured was relatively lower in water curing testing, using PCC, and on day 7it w was up to 3.46 MPa, or 73.5%, which seems to be lower than the record obtained with the use of OPC, which was about 3.94 MPa. At similar age, the value obtained for air curing with PCC reached 4.52 MPa or 96.0%, exhibiting a lesser value than OPC (4.71 MPa).

Shell structure has been popular for various application in building, aerospace, oil and gas, ship and automobile industry. This type of element is light weight and can be provide great stiffness for large structure. Furthermore, it is very useful for building architecture and appearance. However, currently, construction is not only concerning structural strength but also focusing on building cost and its impact to environment. Finding the balance between structural strength, cost and aesthetic appearance is essentials this nowadays. Hence, construction framework to find the leeway between those parameters is greatly important. This paper will discuss the framework for shape optimization of shell element by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) method. The shape of structure will be developed from Non-Uniform Rationale Bi-Spline (NURBS). Finite element analysis based on Reissner-Mindlin plate theory is utilized to find the element stress within the structure. Genetic algorithm method will evaluate and perform search operation inside the result domain with constraints of structural weight and element stress. The framework then was implemented in numerical example to find its effectiveness on obtaining the most optimum shape of shell structure. Based on the numerical result, it is clear that the proposed frame work is able to reach the convergence to the optimum structure without violating the given constraints.

Durability is the ability of asphalt concrete to accept repetition of traffic loads, friction, and weather and climate wear, while permeability is the ability of pavement surfaces to hold water seepage into pavement. Besides, the pore volume in the mixture is one of the most important AC-WC characteristics which are related to the level of water impermeability in the pavement layers. The purposes of this study is to investigates the effect of adding coconut fibers by 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% on durability and permeability the surface layer of Laston BC. The results obtained are the stability of the asphalt mixture in accepting the load without changing the plastic shape and following the trend of the 2nd order polynomial line. VIM values tend to rise then decrease until 48 hours immersion. It is found that the use of coconut fibers improved the impermeability properties of the surface layer of Laston BC. The value of mixed flow is influenced by the addition of coconut fibers, where if the fibers increase to 1%, then the flow will decrease. The durability value due to the addition of 1% and 1.5% coconut fibers can only be tolerated at the submergence limit of Laston BC for 30 hours while the addition of coconut fibers from 0% to 2% Laston BC can only submerged for 12 hours. The permeability values of the mixture decreases by 0.51 cm/sec for each addition of 0.5% coconut fibers.

One of the environmental issues in most regions of Indonesia is the large number of bottles made from poly-ethylene terephthalate (PET) deposited in domestic wastes and landfills. Due to the high volume of these bottles, more than 1 million m³ landfill spaces are needed for disposal every year. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the possibility of using PET waste in asphalt concrete mixes as fine aggregate replacement to reduce the environmental effects of PET disposal. Based on the test results, in term of horizontal stress and indirect tensile stiffness modulus (ITSM) the use of waste PET waste increased the performance of the asphalt mixture prepared by the MBA.

This paper explored the suitability of rice straw ash, cement and water to produce mortar. The purpose of this experimental study was to investigate the possibility of using rice straw ash in mortar mixes as cement replacement to reduce the environmental effects of cement manufacture. For this purpose the mechanical properties of mortar mixes were compared with control samples. This study focused on the parameters of compressive strength. The rice straw ash used in this study was in the form of granules of about finer than 0.075 mm diameter which would replace (by weight of cement) a portion of the binder of an equal size (0.075 mm). In this investigation, four different percentages of cement replacement were used and air curing has been applied. Based on the result, air curing condition showed that the hardener mortar can be produced and exhibited the decreasing of compressive strength of mortar from 100% cement to 70% cement.

Concrete is a construction material that has been used widely in various constructions. For constructions located in seismic areas, require a material that behaves ductile during an earthquake. To obtain ductile concrete behavior, it can be substituted materials such as steel fiber and waste rubber tires. This study aims to determine the flexural toughness of concrete with steel fiber and waste rubber tires substitution. Specimens with dimensions of 100 x 100 x 400 mm with the substitution of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% of Dramix Steel Fiber; 10%, 20%, and 30% of crumb rubber and tire chips. The greater amount of steel fibers in the concrete, the greater value of flexural toughness. The substitution of 7.5% steel fiber, increasing the value of flexural toughness three times than the control specimens. While the number of crumb rubber and tire chips are variations, giving a value of varying flexural toughness. Flexural toughness achieved optimum value for substitution of 10% crumb rubber, where the energy absorption is 6386.225 Nmm.

Develop a new laboratory LWD and this study aims to analyse the laboratory version of the LWD with the field version of the LWD currently developed by Bina Marga, Indonesia. Basically, the working principle of the developed laboratory LWD is same as the LWD equipment in the field, which is an instrument that can measure deflection value and modulus of elasticity through load impulses arising from a load with a specific weight dropped at a certain height on a plate surface with a particular area on a pavement surface that is will cause deflection that is measured using a displacement sensor. A series of studies were conducted to compiled an equation that provides a correlation between the laboratory LWD and the LWD used in the field.

High-performance concrete (HPC) encompasses cement, copper slag, sand, coarse aggregate, superplasticizer, and water. The strength of HPC is determined by the specific surface area of supplementary cementitious materials. Hence it is interesting to investigate the effect of copper slag as a cement replacement on the strength of HPC. In this study, three-level of water-to-cement ratios (0.3, 0,4, and 0,5) were chosen. The various concrete mixtures are produced with increasing copper slag contents from 0 to 40 wt.% in steps of 10 wt.% as cement replacement. To obtain two levels of fineness, the copper slag was milled using a ball mill. The result shows that the strength of concrete containing copper slag for all water-to-cement ratio was lower than the control mixture at an early age (7 days). For the longer curing periods (28 days), the compressive strength of concrete was similar or slightly higher compared to the reference mixture at the replacement level up to 20% for two-level of fineness. A new model, according to Abrams Law, which is Abram-RET, is being proposed by the author to predict the compressive strength of high-performance concrete at 28 days, which gives a strong correlation with the experimental results.

The soil reinforcement method using columns has been widely used in some places. Stones or sand and stones are commonly used as fillers for those columns. The availability of natural stones constitutes a major constraint in some areas where there are no coarse aggregates (gravel). This research aims to analyze the use of artificial granular columns using geogrids on soft soil reinforcement. As column fillers, geogrid wrapped synthetic gravel was used. Variations in the shape of the synthetic gravel included a triangular prism, cube, and hexagonal prism. The test tub used was 800 mm in diameter, with a height of 1,400 mm. Column loading was undertaken for each variation in the size of synthetic gravel, plus a combination of the three sizes. The amount of column loading for each variation was 30 kN. Based on results of the loading test, the largest carrying capacity was generated by columns with fillers of synthetic gravel with a hexagonal prism shape and a combination of the three variations.

Granular Asbuton is a natural material that occurred millions of years ago. Asbuton is a huge natural asphalt reserve. The bitumen content of Asbuton is located in an inter-mineral cavity that is difficult to remove. If the layer is dug and then obtained Asbuton chunks, the Asbuton remains a unit between the bitumen and the mineral granules, even if it is crushed to a small size, the bitumen and minerals remain united. The proportion of bitumen and minerals in granular Asbuton has basic properties, such as grain size distribution, ability to drain water, compression properties when compressed, shear strength, carrying capacity, and innovation in reducing soil deformation and decline. This study aims to examine the characteristics of physical and mechanical properties, determine the amount of bearing capacity and, evaluate the deformation pattern of asphalt granular column foundation systems. Testing uses SNI and ASTM standards. Based on the results of testing the characteristics of Granular Asbuton obtained the value of qu max = 0.131 kg / cm3, in the conditions of the optimum water content of Proctor. The value of California Bearing Ratio (CBR-Unsoaked) was 1.79%. So from the results obtained, that the use of Granular Asbuton greatly affects the stability of the soil that will be used as the construction material because of this material functions as a binding material from other materials and can be given other activating materials that can increase the bearing capacity.

Over Boulder Asbuton is a natural asphalt from Buton Island which is a layer of topsoil with a large deposit that can be used as a road material because besides containing bitumen, the mineral also has lime (CaCO3) which is quite high up to 80% with its mineralogy content containing Calcium amounting to 79.64% and silica element at 9.63% so that the mineral composition contains positive ions and can be said to be pozzolanic material, which can function as a stabilizing material on soft soil. Therefore, in this study utilizing these minerals as an alternative to soil stabilization ingredients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the Asbuton Over Boulder characteristics as a stabilization material through laboratory tests so that the proportion and variation of Asbuton Over Boulder minerals were obtained to increase the bearing capacity on expansive soils. Over Boulder Asbuton was taken at the location of the Kabungka, Lawale, and Sampolawa blocks, then the preparation of the material was carried out in the laboratory, namely by drying in the open air until it reached air dry. The specimens used were cylindrical in H = 2D size, from the Asbuton Over Boulder mineral test results, the qu max value was obtained at 21 days curing time = 0.624kg / cm3, in the Proctor optimum moisture content. The value of California Bearing Ratio (CBR-Unsoaked) was 12.06% and the value of California Bearing Ratio (CBR-Soaked) obtained was 8.04%. So from the results obtained, that the utilization of Asbuton Over Boulder greatly affects the stability of the soil that will be used as a construction material.

Concrete is one of the most durable construction material and cement is one of the most energy intensive structural materials in concrete. This research is conducted to research of the suitability of tap water, river sand and laterite stone which is available abundantly surround the Berau district of Indonesia with Portland composite cement (PCC) and crushed laterite stone to produce concrete. Test result exhibited that fresh concrete had proper workability and all hardened specimens appeared a good compaction result. This paper purposed to utilized tap water, river sand, laterite stone and Portland composite cement to produce the high performance concrete to eliminate the main problems of stone shortage and fine aggregate in the low land areas and the Berau district of Indonesia. Infrastructure development can be sustained through the effective use of available local materials surround the Berau district of Indonesia. The evaluation result on the workability of fresh concrete and strength development of hardened concrete were discussed.

One of the causes of limited sampling on concrete structures is that there is reinforcement in the concrete structure so that when using a large diameter drill core, can damage the concrete structure. Therefore, a study of small diameter concrete was conducted to predict the compressive strength of cylindrical concrete. Test specimens in the form of concrete cylinders with dimensions 10 cm x 20 cm, two concrete plates with dimension 45cm x 45cm x 13cm, and four concrete beams with dimensions 70 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm by taking concrete using a drill core diameter of 2'' and 1''. Two concrete slabs and two concrete beams with concrete strength (f'c) 20 MPa (MSA 20mm and 10mm) while two concrete slabs and two concrete beams with concrete strength (f'c) 30 MPA (MSA 20mm and 10mm). Types of tests carried out include testing the compressive strength of concrete, core concrete normality test, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of the core concrete. From test results, can be concluded that the compressive strength of core concrete with sample in the direction of casting for a diameter of 2 inches and concrete strength of 20 MPa (MSA 20 mm and 10 mm) meets the requirements and can be recommended with number samples of 25, whereas for diameter 1'' the number of samples must be added.

Indonesia is considering to construct its first experimental power reactor. Similar to other conventional nuclear power plants, this type of reactor is designed and built to withstand external hazards such as an earthquake. The seismic resistance design standard for building (SNI 03-1726-2012) as basic guidance should be implemented and used for earthquake-resistant building design. In this paper, a reactor building is considered for earthquake lateral force analysis to determine the design base shear force. In general, this analysis performed statically and dynamically. For static analysis, the equivalent lateral force method were used, while for dynamic analysis, the response spectrum method is used. The results of this study have shown that the value of displacement by using static analysis is more significant than the value of displacement by using dynamic analysis. It can be concluded that although the dynamic analysis is more accurate, the static analysis would lead to a more conservative result.

This study aims to analyze the behaviour of hollow core placing in the tension zone of reinforced concrete beams. The hollow was filled with plastic bottle waste. The partial replacement of concrete below the neutral axis by using a different layer of plastic bottles was discussed. The cross-section is filled with plastic bottles, in order to get a lighter structure, reduce the volume of concrete/cement and the reduction of environmental pollution. This study used RC beams with concrete strength of 25 MPa and dimensions of 150 x 350 mm, with 3D16 mm longitudinal reinforcement with the yielding strength of 475 MPa. Four type specimens are tested, consisting of control beam and hollow beams type with the height variation of 600 mm (BR1C), and 1800 mm (BR3C). The length of the hollow for each type was 1760 mm (8 bottles) The results indicated that the flexural capacity of the reinforced concrete beam with hollow-core using plastic bottles was almost same with the normal beam. Moreover, the effect of the height of the hollow core was also insignificant on the flexural capacity, where the beam with higher hollow-core showed similar flexural capacity with the beam having a lower hollow. However, the stiffness of reinforced concrete beam was affected by the height of the hollow core, inherent the higher the hollow core, the smaller the stiffness of the beams.

The research is laboratory experimental purposing to analyze effects of Portland Composite Cement (PCC) and Buton Granular Asphalt (BGA) on Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) of Emulsified Asphalt Cold Mix (EACM) using limestone aggregate. The EACM is designed as Asphalt Concrete-Wearing Course (AC-WC). The material of EACM contains emulsified asphalt CSS-1h, BGA 50/30, PCC, and Limestone Aggregate. The specimen consisted of Bitumen 8% of total weight, BGA 8% of total weight, and PCC 0%, 1.5%, and 2% of total weight. The specimen is classified into 5 groups, namely P0B0, P0B8, P1.5B8, P2B0, and P2B8. PCC is used as partial substitutions of limestones filler. BGA is used as partial substitutions of bitumen emulsion and partially substitutions of filler or and fine aggregate. The specimens of EACM having 101 mm in diameter and 63.5 mm in height ware tested by UTM apparatus with Horizontal Linear Variable Displacement Transducer (LVDT) 10 mm and vertical LVDT 25 mm according to ASTM D 6931 – 12. The result of this study concludes that the use of PCC and BGA increased ITS of EACM. Both P1.5B8 and P2B8 Specimens met maximal performance, where Indirect Tensile Strength of them 2.8 times ITS of P0B0.

Poor workmanship and improper construction methods often lead to the reduction of the concrete strength. This paper aims to investigate the effect of working methods on the strength reduction of concrete. Nine beams with the dimension of 150 mm wide, 200 mm depth and 3300 mm length were tested with the variation of compaction method and curing method. The variation of compaction methods was by using vibrator (V), tamping rod in the first layer only (1L), and tamping rod in all layers (3L). Meanwhile, the variation of curing methods was by using water (W), wet burlap (K), and room temperature (RT). The results indicated that the beam that was compacted using vibrator and cured in water (V-W) showed the highest flexural capacity. On the other hand, the beam that was compacted with the tamping rod in one layer and curing at the open space (1L-RT) showed the lowest flexural capacity. The experimental results were compared with analytical calculation to obtain strength reduction factor. According to Indonesian Code SNI 2847:2013, the strength reduction factor for the reinforced concrete beams is maximum 0.8. The V-W beam showed the smallest strength reduction factor of 0.93, while 1L-RT beam showed the highest strength reduction factor of 0.75. Therefore, the results indicated that working methods of using one layer tamping road was exceeded the maximum the strength reduction factor specified by Indonesia Code.

Massive exploration of the natural materials for producing concretes affect to the environment condition and global warming that may cause natural disasters. Therefore the using of the concrete materials should be as efficient as possible. According to its natural behavior of the concrete material, it is strong in compression and weak in tension. Therefore the contribution of the tensile stresses of the concrete to the flexural capacity of the beams is neglected. However, removing concrete on the tension zone affects to the decreasing of flexural capacity. Based on the previous studies, beam without concrete at the tension zone using truss-system reinforcement causes the tension crack near the supports. This crack might because decreasing the flexural capacity of the beam. One of the solutions to solve this problem is by strengthening the beams using steel reinforcements. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of steel reinforcement near the supports on the behavior of beam without concrete at the tension zone using truss-system reinforcement. The parameter of this study was the length of the additional reinforcement near the support. It was varied into 40D, 60D and 80D, where D is the diameter of longitudinal reinforcement. The results indicated that the tensile cracks near the support could be avoided by adding the longitudinal reinforcement. Finally, the flexural capacity of RC beams without concrete at the tension zone can be increased.

Airport network and Commercial Flight Service network need to be planned and assesses periodically. The planning must be developed based on the Air Passenger Demand prediction. Direct Trip Distribution Model seems the most appropriate for this prediction. Direct Gravity Trip Distribution model was tried to be developed, calculated by using the iterative method. The research gives an indication that the Direct Gravity Trip Distribution can be developed and used. The general formula has been developed. The appropriate formula variables, incorporating the attraction coefficient, the attraction mass, the impedance and its powering value still need to investigate. The calculation method has been developed but needs to be refined, including the optimum and the accuracy indicator. The Direct Gravity Trip Distribution Model can be used either for Air Transport and Sea Transport.

In recent decades blended cement consists of waste such as fly ash that has been developed by several national cement factories. One of the blended cement is Portland composite cement (PCC). Nowadays, in Indonesia most of the construction works use PCC. Among the construction works is a spillway of a dam which is categorized as a mass concrete construction. One of the important factors is the early-age temperature variation of mass concrete after pouring. This paper presents the investigation work on the early-age temperature variation of mass concrete made with PCC.

Cracks usually precede beams failures. Cracks occurred due to the applied load exceeds the capacity of the cross-section in carrying the load. The use of a diagonal reinforcement or truss system can increase the flexural capacity of the beams. The previous research of using truss system reinforcement in the beam without concrete in the tension zone causes a decrease in flexural capacity due to the cracks in the area near the support. Therefore, it is necessary to add tensile reinforcement in the zone. This study uses a truss reinforced concrete beam specimen with dimensions of 15 cm x 20 m x 330 cm. There are four variations of the specimens, namely Normal Beams (BN) as control beam, BTRP 40D, BTRP 60D, and BTRP 80D. The flexural test is carried out by monotonic static loading. The results showed that the flexural capacity of BTRP 40D, BTRP 60D, and BTRP 80D increased due to the addition of tensile reinforcement in the support zone. Moreover, the failure mode of BTRP 60D and BTRP 80D are under reinforced and cracking does not occur in the support zone. Meanwhile, the BTRP 40D beam shows wide cracks in the support zone.

Production of tires in Indonesia increase steadily, however, utilization of waste tires is very limited. Thus, it is necessary to look for an alternative using waste tires for concrete construction. The objectives focus on using crumb rubber as a waste tire with variations in substitution of crumb rubber to fine aggregate in the concrete of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. In addition, to improve crumb rubber bonding to the concrete mixture, 10% NaOH solution was used. This research is true experimental by making a concrete mixture with a target strength of 20 MPa. The compressive strength testing was conducted at 3, 14, and 28 days, while for splitting test and modulus of elasticity at 28 days. The result showed that each addition 10% of crumb rubber, the weight of concrete volume decreased by 3 %. Compressive strength and splitting strength also decreased with increasing crumb rubber volume. Every 20% addition of crumb rubber, the compressive strength decreased of 26%, while the splitting strength decreased by 10%. The substitution of crumb rubber more than 20% of the volume of fine aggregate is not recommended.

In order to eliminate the main problems of clean water shortage and fine aggregate in the low land areas and the distant islands, it is purpose to utilize the sea water, marine sand, Portland composite cement and steel fiber to produce the high performance Self Compacting Concrete (SCC). The evaluation result on the mix design and flowability (slump flow, segregation) were discussed. The test results show that SCC made from sea water, marine sand and steel fibers was non-segregating concrete with a highly flowable type of concrete that spreads into the form without the need for mechanical vibration.

This study discusses the mechanical properties of concrete using annealed wire fiber which includes compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. The composition of the fiber used is 0.75% of the volume of concrete with a diameter of 0.8 mm fiber and the length of the fiber varied 36 mm, 48 mm and 60 mm or aspect ratio L/d of 45, 60 and 75. Test specimens used in this study are cylinders measuring 100 mm x 200 mm as many as 24 pieces and beam measuring 100 mm x 100 mm x 400 mm as many as 12 pieces. The test was performed after 28 days of concrete with the UTM tool using ASTM C-39, C-496 and C-78 standard for compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength test and flexural strength test. The result of this research shows that there is an increase of mechanical properties of concrete for compressive strength of 3.75% to 33.56%, a tensile strength of 3.35% to 32.62% and flexural strength of 9.94% to 42.14%. For maximum compressive strength for 48 mm fiber length while tensile strength and maximum flexural strength for 60 mm fiber length.

The confined wall structure (CWS) of medium-rise buildings are generally built with walls of the same thickness. It causes stress at the bottom wall-story to become the highest. Numerical analysis was conducted to evaluate the behavior of CWS with wall density index variations. Three 4-story CWS buildings with different wall thicknesses were modeled in finite element software. Model 1 (M1) considered the same wall thickness for the whole building; M2 and M3 varied the thickness where the top floor wall was the thinnest. The calculation of wall density index (WDI) was performed on all three models. The results showed that the value of WDI calculated using the transformation method is the closest because it takes into account the differences in material quality and its value meets the standard requirements. Analysis results showed that the drift ratio for all three models were less than 0.2%, which also fulfilled the requirement. However, M3 showed the highest displacement. Compressive stress, tensile stress, and shear stress for M1 and M3 models satisfied the allowable stresses, but maximum compressive stress on the top-level wall of M2 exceeded the permitted stress.

Ageing of asphalt mixture occurs during the production and construction, and it will continue until the end of the pavement lifetime. Modified Butonic bitumen consists of petroleum bitumen and extracted bitumen from natural asphalt was used as a binding material to produce asphalt concrete binder course (AC-BC). This study purposed to predict the effect of long-term ageing on volumetric parameters of asphalt concrete binder course mixture using an artificial laboratory test. Three different treatments were conducted, the first treatment without the ageing process as the control specimen, the second and third treatments used oven heating as the artificial ageing process for 2 and 4 days 85°C. After ageing process completion, the volumetric parameters were determined by the value of the void in the mixture (VIM), void of mineral aggregates (VMA) and the void filled with asphalt binder (VFB).

The performance of RBS (Reduced Beam Section) on the exterior connection structure of castellated beam-column with cyclic loading method was tested on three specimens, which were the steel castellated beam without RBS (WRBSC), castellated steel beam with the RBS-1 (RBSC-1), and castellated steel beams with the RBS-2 model (RBSC-2). The three specimens were designed in an assumption of the strong column-weak beam and other assumptions based on seismic regulations as a condition for earthquake resistant building planning. This study presents the results of each specimen when given a certain structural response. The results also provide a detailed description of the test results starting from lateral axial loads. The lateral force was assumed to be the most dominant force acting in this experimental test, while the gravitational force was considered insignificant. Thus, this test only obtained structural performance when alternating lateral forces (cyclic test) was applied to the column frame structure and castellated steel beams. The values of life safety (LS) for the three specimens were 2.1 while the CP (Collapse Prevention) values of WRBSC, RBSC-1, RBSC-2 reached 4.3, 4.1, and 3.6, respectively.

This research study discusses the reinforcement of concrete mix design using abaca fiber. The process of mixing the abaca fibrous concrete used in this mixing is the dry mixing method. The addition of abaca fiber to concrete mixture was done with abaca fiber composition with fiber variation: 0%; 0.15%; 0.20%; 0,25% and variation of fiber length: 25 mm; 37.5 mm; 50 mm. The specimens of cylindrical material (100mmx200mm) and beam (100mmx100mmx400mm), are tested after the test object reaches the age of 28 days in the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and are evaluated through the ASTM standard in compressive strength test, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength. The addition of fibers significantly affects the physical properties of the concrete, when the fiber increases the slump value will be smaller so the mixture becomes more difficult to mix. The results obtained by the abaca fiber concrete mixture for the composition (0.15%) and the ideal fiber length (50 mm) by providing an optimum value increase in the compression test of 12.61%, 72.64% tensile test, 98.98% flexural test of the normal concrete mixture.

Increasing the amount of plastic waste from year to year is inevitable due to the increased use of plastics by people in the World. This study aims to evaluate the mechanical behavior, in this case, the tensile strength of a hybrid composite between kenaf natural fibers, PET plastic waste and glass fibers for wallboard. This research takes the form of experimental tests in the laboratory. The composite material to be made is a mixture of plastic, kenaf fiber with glass fiber with polyester reinforcement. Both kenaf and glass fiber is made in sheet form. The hypothesis developed in this laboratory study from previous research found that kenaf and glass fiber hybrid material can be used for partition material. Results showed that hybridization with glass fiber enhanced performance properties. A value of 48,5 MPa for tensile strength is achieved from waste PET glass kenaf hybrid composite without immersion.

Most of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures in the marine environment attacked with corrosion of steel reinforcements that required costly repairs or replacements. The utilization of FRP bars as a non-corrosion material is one of the solutions to increase the durability of RC structures in the marine environment. The innovation of using FRP bars should be developed to improve the quality and reduce the construction cost such as by removing the concrete cover and shear rebar. By removing the concrete cover, the depth of the beam can be minimized without reducing the effective depth of the beam. To substitute the conventional shear rebar, the GFRP sheet strip will be attached to the shear span after concrete hardened. However, the problem is that the bonding area between FRP bars and concrete reduced due to the removal of concrete cover. Therefore, before applying this innovation to the beams' structure, the pull-out test should be conducted in order to clarify this behavior. The influence of the location of FRP bars and the effect of the U-Wrap GFRP sheet on the bond-slip curves will be analyzed. It is expected from this study that the bonding strength between FRP bars and concrete does not reduce significantly and hence, the innovation for constructing RC beams without a concrete cover on the tensile zone can be applied.

To obtain a good quality concrete asphalt, in the process of planning a mixture must consider the characteristics of a concrete asphalt mixture including durability which is the resistance of the asphalt mixture to the effects of weather, water, temperature changes, as well as wear due to vehicle wheel friction. Sugar palm fibres are many and easy to obtain because they come from agriculture. Sugar palm fibres have durable nature and are not easy to rot either in an open state (resistant to weather) or embedded in the soil. In this study, we will examine the effect of adding sugar palm fibres to the durability of the Laston AC-WC mixture, and sugar palm fibres as an addition to the binding of asphalt to the aggregate. The method used in this study is the Marshall method. The results showed that the durability of the mixture with 2% fibres added ingredients was still stronger than those using 1.5% so that the use of sugar palm fibres added in the Laston AC-WC mixture would help the durability of the mixture because the cavities in the mixture were getting smaller, so it was more waterproof, also the bond between aggregates which is the stability of the mixture can be maintained while maintaining the flexibility of the mixture. While the Marshall Immersion test results obtained strong mixture durability if the use of sugar palm fibres as added 2% in the mixture.

This study analyzed the effect of blood clamshell substitution (Anadara granosa) on the mechanical properties of concrete, namely compressive strength and flexural strength, using clamshell material originating from the Bungkutoko island region, Abeli District and Toronipa coastal area Soropia District, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province. In this study, the concrete was made using blood clamshell (Anadara granosa) waste as a substitute for coarse aggregates. As a control, normal concrete was made using natural materials, namely the Moramo split and Pohara sand. The results show that partial substitution of coarse aggregates using blood clamshell concentrations of 15%, 25%, and 50% reduced the compressive strength of concrete by 11.00%, 16.20%, and 30.62% when compared to the control, respectively. Meanwhile, the respective concrete bending strength also decreased by 7.33%, 13.83%, and 32.53%. The compressive strength testing of 28 days-concrete with the shellfish compositions of 15% and 25% showed the values of 25.35 MPa and 23.87 MPa, respectively, which can be categorized as a medium-quality concrete (structural concrete). Meanwhile, the 50% shell composition had a compressive strength of 19.895 MPa, which can be categorized as a low-quality concrete (non-structural concrete).

The plastic moment capacity of castellated steel beams should be reduced to lower the Mpl beam. Higher Mpl beam will require bigger column section to avoid failure/yielding in the column section. The research aims to analyse the behaviour of beams ductility of castellated steel beams using "dogbones." The research used four types of test beam to check the influence of "dogbones" that are made of steel beams IWF 150 x 100 x 5 x 7. They are normal castellated steel beam, variation in the length of dogbones, and variation in the deep of dogbones. The results show that the plastic moment capacity of castellated beams is higher than normal beam. It is, therefore, necessary to reduce the plastic moment capacity of castellated steel beam by using "dogbones." It will maintain ductile behaviour of the steel structure. Concrete was discussed.

This research uses admixture, namely HDPE plastic waste and aims to determine the effect of these admixture materials with different shape and size pieces on compressive strength and collapse as well as crack patterns on each concrete design, then to find the difference in the results of the compressive strength of each concrete made from material admixture as well as the shape and size of the pieces of plastic that are appropriately used as the material concrete admixture. This research used an experimental method, which compares the results of the compressive strength of normal concrete and concrete with the addition of plastic pieces of HDPE material, which are distinguished by shape and size. HDPE materials are cut into cubes with 1x1cm, rectangles measuring 0,5x2cm, and long sticks measuring 0.25 x 4 cm. The compassion of the percentage of material is added to the weight of cement which are equal to 5%. The results of compressive strength obtained respectively are, 136.915 kg/cm2 or 13.691 MPa for cube-shaped plastic pieces, 138.347 kg/cm2 or 13.835 MPa for concrete with rectangular plastic pieces which are the right shape and size to be used in concrete mix design, then 138,025 kg/cm2 or 13,803 MPa for concrete with long sticks pieces of plastic shaped, and the results of the concrete strength with admixture material are higher than the planned compressive strength and standard concrete. After that, the results of crack patterns for normal concrete were obtained, concrete with cube-shaped plastic pieces, concrete with rectangular plastic pieces, and long sticks plastic pieces of concrete, namely shear crack, crack voids and honeycomb, crack honeycomb, and crack concrete crazing and honeycomb. Whereas the collapse occurs between the coral joints with cement paste, and the plastic pieces are not damaged or broken. Therefore, the results of the study are found that differences in the shape and size of plastic pieces affect the value of slump, compressive strength, and collapse.

The development of concrete technology toward environmentally friendly concrete has become increasingly interest area. The production of Portland cement has a significant impact on greenhouse emissions. The fact triggers the research and the development of eco-friendly concrete, one of which is geopolymer concrete. The implementation of concrete casting sometimes faces the construction that requires the casting process without vibration. It is then when the self-compacting concrete technology was developed. Concerning the two main issues of eco-friendly self-compacting concrete mention above, fly ash based-self compacting Geopolymer concrete has become a research study and develops in the last decades. This paper identifies the process, properties, an optimum mix of fly ash-based self-compacting geopolymer concrete. The properties in this research are the workability of fresh concrete and compressive strength at 7 days. Compressive strength is reported with several NaOH molarities, Alkaline to fly ash ratio, curing time, Curing temperature, Superplasticizer, and Extra Water. Examination of the workability is done with a slump flow test, V-Funnel test, and L-Shape box test. The result shows the optimum mix of fly ash based self-compacting geopolymer concrete.

Tire chips are produced from the material shred or small pieces of truck tires into a size 0.5 - 3 in. Waste tires increase and are not easily biodegradable in environmental pollution, therefore it is necessary to pay special attention to the environment by using waste tires as an aggregate substitute in concrete. The objectives of this research are to determine the mechanical properties (compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) of concrete by use tire chips of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% as a substitute of coarse aggregate. Cylinder specimens with a diameter of 100 mm and a height of 200 mm. Compressive strength testing was conducted at 3, 14 and 28 days. While the modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile strength was conducted at only 28 days. The results show that the weight of concrete volume decreases 3% on each additional 10% of tire chips. Compressive strength and splitting tensile strength also decreased with increasing content of tire chips. A decrease in the average compressive strength of 18% in addition to 10% of tire chips, while the splitting tensile strength decreased by 26%. Modulus of elasticity follows the trend of concrete compressive strength and its value is almost equal between experimental and theoretical. The substitutions of tire chips more than 10% of the volume of coarse aggregate is not recommended.

The mechanical characteristics of a laminated plate can be tailored by adjusting the fiber orientation angle of each orthotropic lamina. To find the fiber orientation angle of each lamina that maximizes the fundamental frequency, previous works analyses using various optimization algorithms have been performed so far. However, the solution space becomes significantly larger as the number of combinations in orientation angles increases. Thus the optimization process takes much more time. This paper sets up the orientation angles to discrete design variables, such as 15°, 30°, etc. Genetic algorithm is employed to find the optimal solutions. The CFRP rectangular composite plates with 8, 12 and 16 layers are considered as an example using the Ritz method for finding the eigenvalues. Two sets of classical boundary conditions are used as edge conditions. It was revealed that the fundamental frequency makes about 5% difference from the optimal value if it is in 30° steps and about 24% in 90° steps.

Light brick and brick building waste is often found in the demolition of building construction in the form of building wreckage. This chunk can be considered as a substitute for materials in asphalt concrete mixture. The research objectives of light brick and brick building waste can meet specifications to be used as filler material in AC-WC Laston mixes as to which composition, filler levels, and what is the laston mixture of AC-WC which uses a building block filler. This research was conducted based on experiments with a combination of two fillers, namely building waste filler and cement filler, where the variation is. 100% cement filler, 0% building waste cement, 75% cement : 25% building waste, 50% cement : 50% building waste, 25% : 75% building waste, 100% building waste. This research was conducted based on an experiment with a combination of two fillers, namely building waste filler where the variation is.100% research cement filler, 0% building waste, 75% cement: 25% building waste, 50% cement : 50%. Building waste, 25% cement: 75% building waste, 100% building waste the results of testing the marshall characteristics can be concluded that the mixture of AC-WC laston using a variety of filler cement with the waste of light brick building and brick can be used.

The response treatment of structural systems subject to stochastic loading requires the mathematical modeling of the input load, propagation such as input through the systems, and the treatment of uncertainty inherent in the output using probabilistic methods. For jack-up structures, the input load from the wave is modeled using the significant wave height and wave period which are statistical averages obtained from long term studies. The variability in the determination of these wave parameters leads to further uncertainty in the response output. This study, therefore, investigated the sensitivity of these wave parameters to the time-dependent reliability of jack-up. The wave was modeled using Karhunen-Loeve representation, and the propagation of uncertainty was performed on a simplified jack-up model using Duhamel convolution integral. The response analysis was performed using VanMarckes time-dependent solution method. The results of jack-up survival probability obtained for different failure criteria in deck displacement show that the probability is more sensitive to the wave period than the wave significant height.

In an effort to develop the use of modified Buton asphalt (MBA), this study designed a concrete asphalt mixture using the MBA as the main binding material and modified it with limestone powder fillers to produce concrete asphalt that has good resistance to aging. Short-term aging test was simulated in the laboratory on a loose mixture. The volumetric void in mixture (VIM), void in mineral aggregate (VMA) and void filled asphalt (VFB) values were evaluated on compacted specimens and had experienced STOA. Based on VIM, VMA and VFB values, it can be noted that mixture that only used MBA or mixture that combined MBA and limestone powder can provide resistance to bleeding or cracking, sufficient durability and stable interface adhesion between asphalt films and aggregate surfaces.

The natural rock asphalt which available in abundance in the southeast of Buton Island, Indonesia was attempted to use in the production of cold mix asphalt. The purpose of this study is to replace petroleum bitumen with local materials such as natural rock asphalt. Small granular size of natural rock asphalt that referred to Buton granular asphalt (BGA) was blended with petroleum bitumen as droplet phase in the asphalt emulsion mixture. Mixture with 8.8% of asphalt emulsion mixture made with the cationic slow setting (CSS) that corresponded to the residue asphalt emulsion content was used as a mixture control. At residue asphalt emulsion content, bitumen of BGA was used for petroleum bitumen partial replacement in the asphalt emulsion mixture production. Test result revealed that utilizing BGA in asphalt emulsion mixture has proved for improving stability where the stability of all mixture with BGA super passed the stability of mixture without BGA.

This study is a part of an on going research program to optimize the utilization of the huge deposit of natural asphalt in several areas in Buton Island, Indonesia. In asphalt production processes it is important to think about energy savings and environmental benefits. Production of AC-WC mixture using Asbuton semi extracted bitumen is one of the efforts to reduce energy consumption. Asbuton modification is a semi extracted bitumen produced from Buton natural rock asphalt, it can be used as a binder material in asphalt mixture. This paper presents Marshall test that was performed on AC-WC mixture using Asbuton semi extracted as binder. The result of Marshall test shows the sufficient stability and resistance to deformation can be established by aggregate interlocking and cohesion which developed due to the Bitumen in Asbuton semi extracted.

Virgin Polypropylene (PP) has been widely used as polymer additive to modify asphalt concrete mixtures. An attempt to reduce plastic waste including waste PP is to use it to modify concrete asphalt mixtures. In an effort to develop the use of PP waste, this study designed a concrete asphalt mixture using petroleum bitumen as the main binding material and modified it with PP waste to produce concrete asphalt that has good resistance to environmental weather impact. Indirect Tensile Stiffness Modulus (ITSM) value is one of the main characteristics of the asphalt mixture design which represents the characteristics of the stiffness of the asphalt concrete mixture in elastic conditions when it receives a load that produces tensile stress on the asphalt concrete layer. The relationship between temperature and ITSM value of concrete asphalt used to determine the effect of environmental weather on the stiffness properties of the asphalt concrete mixture made with petroleum bitumen and waste PP. ITSM values obtained from the test results show that modification by using waste PP in concrete asphalt mixes using petroleum bitumen as the main binder produced a slightly stiffer mixture without negative effect on mixture.

Baringin Bridge is a steel bridge that connects between Baringin Village and Koto Lalang Village in Padang City, Indonesia. Baringin Bridge was made of steel frame construction using the Box Caisson type foundation, with 7.6 meters width and 60 meters length. This bridge was built with a semi cantilever method with temporary support using coconut tree trunks. The construction of Baringin Bridge was terminated due to flood in Baringin River on November 2, 2018, which causes the collapse of the temporary scaffolding. The flood made the bridge move away about 300 meters from its foundation. This study aims to find out the cause of the steel bridge collapse. The assessment was carried out to analyze the existing bridge construction, the cause of flooding, and flood discharging that occurred on November 2, 2018. The calculation of forces acting on the scaffold when the bridge collapsed was also conducted. The results of the study show that Baringin River discharge on November 2, 2018, was 407.17 m³/s with a river flow velocity of 1.45 m/s. The calculation results of the scaffold show that the bridge should be able to withstand forces arising from the weight of the steel frame and the flow of the river. However, the collision of the wood logs that hit the scaffold's feet causes the collapse of the steel bridge.

This laboratory experiment intended to develop lightweight embankment material by using fly ash as a stabilizer agent on soft soil and the substitution of soil with expanded polystyrenes (EPS). The palm oil-tea fly ash (POTFA) derived from combustion of palm shells and tea in manufacture process. In order to analyse the performance of this geocomposite material, compressive strength test were applied to several composition and treatment on each sample. The samples were prepared with composition of binding agent for 5%,10%,15% and 20% based on dry weight of the soil, meanwhile the EPS composition are 10% and 20% based on sample's volume. The results showed that the substitution of EPS will reduce the unit weight of geocomposite material until 30% compared to untreated soil. The compressive strength will decrease slightly with the augmentation of bonding agent content on the samples as well as the addition of EPS, however that results are still higher than normal soil.

Concern for the global environmental impact of industrial waste disposal and the strict legal rules on the environment has led to various studies of recycled materials. One of the most widely used and recycled materials is Expanded Polystyrene. Expanded Polystyrene has a low mass compared to its volume. This has made many breakthroughs in EPS waste recycling as a substitute material, one of which is in the manufacture of lightweight materials used in the field of civil engineering. Therefore, this study focused on the development of soil composites made by mixing recycled EPS with quicklime stabilization clay activated by gum rosin and iron oxide (hereinafter referred to as alkaline) based on the weight ratio with variations of 0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% using the slurry method. The parameters to be analyzed are the Unconfined Compressive Strength values of each mixture variation in a certain curing period. So that the optimum composition between clay, activator, and EPS will be obtained. The test results show that the addition of activator and EPS can significantly reduce the weight of the specimen. So it can be concluded that the addition of EPS and activator can reduce weight with an optimum composition of 0.9% EPS in 28 days of curing where the compressive strength of the specimen is higher than the value of the compressive strength of the clay.

This paper presents a developed geotechnical profiles which can be utlized to map expansive soil hazard for road infrastructure. The geotechnical profiles are a fundamental part of newly framework of establishing expansive soil hazard mapping which comprise of digital elevation model of area along road corridor, geological maps and geotechnical database consisting of measured in-situ and laboratory tests data, and predicted active zone by using rainfall and potential evapotranspiration data. The geotechnical profiles in the study area suggested that clay layer dominates soil formation in the area which is found to be very expansive. The thickenss of the clay layer varies due to geological structure where it is shallow in the anticline structure and deep in the sycline structure. Active zone is difficult to predict since the measurement of groundwater table is not time lapse measurement. Therefore, future study would investigate the use of SMOS and SMAP satellite platforms, and differential SAR inferometry would enhance prediction of spatial distribution of active zone of expansive soil.

Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) along road corridors is a fundamental tool for road planners and transportation decision-makers in determining the severity of slope failure areas, and in planning effective landslide prevention strategies. The accuracy of LSM relies on sufficient spatial database from the data of relevant landslide contributing factors. However, for roads located in remote areas in the Eastern Part of Indonesia, the database remains poor, leading to difficulty in mapping landslide prone areas. This study presents a framework of LSM along road corridors in the area with a limited database. The framework comprises identification and classification of several landslide contributing factors including slope angle, the distance of slope to the road, the distance of drainage to the road, the distance of faults to the road, lithology where road located, and precipitation on the area. These factors are weighted based on causative relation to landslide occurrence by using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), then converted into the grid in a raster map by using Arc-GIS. The maps are then overlaid to generate landslide susceptibility ratings over the area. The LSM framework is tested in a landslide-prone area along road corridors of Polewali – Malabo, West Sulawesi Indonesia. The accuracy of the obtained LSM is evaluated with R-index, which is the index of how closed predicted slide area in the LSM and real slide area in the field obtained from landslide inventory undertaken during the field survey. It is found that R-index of the LSM is 91.3%, indicating a better prediction of landslide hazard with the LSM framework. The framework of LSM for road corridors would be useful for landslide hazard mitigation in the road infrastructure of developing countries.

Experimental Power Reactor Design in Serpong has been completed consisting of 4 (four) buildings, namely reactor buildings, supporting reactors buildings, switchgear buildings, and turbine buildings which are the main building of RDE power plants. Soil testing series has been carried out and delivered a number of data on sediment deposit formation which in its surface area is a sandy gravel soil layer and has the potential for liquefaction. Several analyses were carried out to test the liquefaction potential including surface sediment vulnerability analysis, grain size distribution analysis, liquefaction safety factor analysis, and liquefaction index analysis. The results show the level of vulnerability of the Serpong formation liquefaction in the medium category and there is a zone that has a high potential for liquefaction at DH-16 and DH-17.

In this study, waste tire is used as foundation material. Load deformation behavior was examined with varied aggregate filler gradation. The types of gradation used are: (a) 1"<(15%)<1,5",¾"<(25%)<1",¾<(60%)<no.4;(b)¾"<(50%)<1", no.4<(50%)<3/4"; (c) ¾"<(100%)<1", and (d) natural gravel 1"<(34,66%)<1,5", ¾"<(65,34%)<1", gradation as found in BiliBili river. Tires waste used in this study was R.16 which had been modified. Before conducting field tests, abrasion and specific gravity values of each aggregate were obtained. With applying load of20 kN, the vertical center deformationof gradation(a) was 6 mm, gradation(b) was 6mm, gradation(c) was 9 mm, and gradation (d) was 3 mm. While horizontal side deformationgradation(a) was 19,3 mm, gradation(b) was 48 mm, gradation(c) was18,8 mm, and gradation (d) was 19,2 mm.

The needs of settlements land are higher due to the increasing population, but the lands-availability in urban areas is getting narrower. Land use continues to grow as the initial process for the expansion of the city, its movement will out from the city centre to the periphery. Therefore, it is necessary to study the suitability land and develop the principles of the location planning of housing development. The research method using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to calculate the weights, Geographical Information System (GIS) was used to create land suitability map, and overlay analysis result used to describe the principle of settlement location based on land suitability. The results show that 1) most suitable land for housing development is 637,75 hectare, low suitable land is 952,75 hectares and unsuitable areas of 781.5 hectares 2)The principles of settlement location based on land suitability are a)Clean water, available piped water network with adequate water quality terms smells, taste and colour, b)Flood prone, integrated drainage system development, optimization of reservoir performance and lake as water absorption, c)Accessibility, have road infrastructure and easy access to public transportation, d) Availability of land, not located in protected areas or technical irrigation, e) Availability of basic public service.

Research aims to analyze the index properties and minerals content of subgrade materials, as well as to analyze how much degradation of bearing capacity of subgrade by providing immersion cycles. Research to be performed in the laboratory sequentially starting from material index properties tests to ensure the soil sample meets the requirements as a subgrade. The test was continued by unconfined compression (UCS) and CBR test against each test specimen after being subjected to immersion cycles in 4 days, 8 days, 12 days and 16 days. The last step is to compare the degradation of subgrade bearing capacity before and after immersion cycles. Test results of index properties are in conformity with x-ray diffraction test results, based on index properties results of activity degree (A) is 0.52 including kaolinite minerals and x-ray diffraction test results of this subgrade material is largely dominated by Kaolinite clay minerals. Test results by immersion cycles shown significant decrease in the value of CBR and UCS, especially in the initial immersion for 4 days, CBR and UCS values drastically decreased by 90% and 97%, subsequent to 8 days, 12 days and 16 days CBR and UCT values, not significant decrease compared to age 4 days.

Compost is organic materials that have decomposed and is used as a plant fertilizer and soil conditioner. The principle technique of composting is to convert organic materials considered as waste to process such a way so that compatible to be used as media which functioning to loose soil and fertilizer plants. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale, composting the market's garbage in Makassar city using cow manure as the additional material and the addition of an effective microorganism (EM4) as an activator by using Takakura composter. This study seeks the effect of certain variables in strictly controlled conditions. The results show that the addition of effective EM4 affects the quality of the final compost which is relatively better than natural composting. Additional material variation is very influential to the quality of finished compost. The best quality compost contained in variation P2 containing vegetable waste and cow manure with C-organic of 20.39 %, N-total of 1.2 %, C/N ratio of 17:05, P-total of 1.98 % and K-total of 1:09 %. This composting method provides an opportunity to develop as a business, economic value generator and help the government in reducing waste generation.

The study evaluates the infiltration capacity of the three eco-concrete paving block types, they are the three-diamond, the S, and the straight pavers. The objective of the study is to evaluate the infiltration capacity of those paving block types in different scenarios of slopes in high rainfall intensity. This research is carried out in the laboratory with some boundaries, namely: paving blocks used are 80 mm thick, gaps between pavers is 5 mm wide, the bedding layer thickness is 100 mm, the slopes of the test field are 0%, 2%, and 4%, rainfall intensities is 275 mm/hour. A box model for the infiltration capacity test was developed with a size of 1m², which is equipped with a modified rainfall simulator. The main conclusions of this study are: (a) Each paving shapes shows different infiltration capacity characteristics; (b) The infiltration rate of pavement is strongly influenced by paving shapes; (c) The slope gradient increases, the volume of infiltrated water decrease; (d) The trihex type gives a better infiltration characteristic than that of the uni page and the rectangular types.

Travel is the movement of a person from one place to another. The journey was formed because of the activities carried out not in their residence. Travel characteristics of the population depend on the purpose of the trip. The purpose of this research is to identify the variables that affect travel time and model the use of modes of travel time for workers who live in UNHAS Lecturer housing. In this research, the data analysis used inferential analysis, namely multiple regression analysis with the help of the SPSS computer program. The results showed variables that affect the travel time in the UNHAS Lecturer housing are the distance traveled and the time of departure to work. Regression modeling that corresponds to the travel time in this case study is Y = 3.433 + 0.259 X4 – 0.010 X5.

In this study, to analyze the value of the correlation between Urban Heat Island and land-use variables. Y variable used is temperature and some variables X in the form of land use variants, namely road network area (km²), population density / ha, building area (km²), and image index data from sentinel2 and Landsat 8 time-series images in the form of satellite image index namely the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Moisture Indices (MI) in Makassar City. The method used in this study is the Pearson correlation coefficient to determine the variables that influence the increase in Urban Heat Island in Makassar City. Based on the results of the correlation analysis obtained, variables that influence Urban Heat Islan are Moisture Indices (MI), which have a significant correlation in increasing Urban Heat Island, where the correlation value between temperature and Moisture Indices (MI) is R = - 0.766. Another variable is the road area, where the correlation value R is - 0.655.

All Lataston or HRS structure consists of a mixture of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, filler and binding material in the form of hot asphalt mixture. The relatively high asphalt content of the mixture aims to increase flexibility, durability and resistance to melt and not easily cracked. The mechanical properties of rattan are related to the ability to withstand external forces, including: compressive strength, fracture, stiffness, tenacity, tensile strength, shear, splitting and durability. This study aims to examine the characteristics of Marshall with the addition of rattan fiber as a mixture of gap graded Hot Rolled Sheet Base. Tests carried out on the characteristics of Marshall. The test results show the addition of rattan fiber with levels of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% and asphalt content of 6.35% obtained VIM values with an increase of an average of 0.08%, Stability increases rattan fiber and will decrease if more rattan fiber is used, Flow will decrease along with the addition of rattan fiber and increase the value of flexibility if more rattan fiber is used, VMA increases with increasing rattan fiber used 0.07%, so that each additional rattan fiber will increasing VMA, VFB decreases with increasing rattan fiber used, durability testing results indicate the addition of rattan fiber will increase resistance to the load.

Previous studies found that delay at signalized intersection accounted for more than one-third of total travel time. Different level of services tends to have different delay probability. An early assumption was made that multimodality occurs because of two traffic states experienced by the traveler; delay and non-delay at the signalized intersection. This study proposed a method to quantify delay distribution at a signalized intersection by analyzing the patterns in the speed time and speed distance profiles when passing two consecutive intersections and redrawing vehicle trajectory generated by 'second by second' GPS data. The searching algorithm was developed to search for the times when the vehicle enters and leaves the delay section by checking the 'second by second' speed data. To differentiate between the queue, move up and stop and go traffic, the algorithm searches for the idle time (i.e. when the speed less than 3.5 km/h). Along with Sydney Coordinates, Adaptive Traffic Systems (SCATS) degree of saturation and signal settings (green and red time) generating from SCATS systems at upstream loop detectors, a realistic delay probability model also was developed. This model used the General Additive Model for Location, Shape, and Scale (GAMLSS) which allows location, scale and shape parameter of selected distribution as a function of the explanatory variable. Signal settings and SCATS degrees of saturation were used as an explanatory variable. This model enables us to estimate delay experiencing by traveler depending on traffic parameters including traffic flow, signal settings and degree of saturation that are readily available on the site.

Flooding in the riverfront area is a danger for pedestrians without appropriate information and facility during the event. This research aims to analyze the principle design of the evacuation route for the pedestrian in Borgo Village. This village is located in Minahasa regency, North Sulawesi Indonesia. Many experiences of flooding followed by a landslide, Borgo Village has faced many destruction and victims during such an event. Therefore, creating a principle design can help improve access for evacuation for the pedestrian. The method of this research is field study with record area using photos and videos. Interview with the community in the area is conducted to support field data. Potential identification data is used to establish an area of evacuation and safety temporary location during evacuation. The result shows that several factors need to be implemented in the region. Such the factors are access from the river to the temporary evacuation building or area. The other one is the symbol and sign of evacuation that needs to be installed to the location, and the facility for the pedestrian pathway need to be constructed based on the standard design. Lastly, regulation for building setback in the riverfront area need to be applied to improve the city for water flow during flooding and flash flooding. There should be more attention to activity in the area as well as understanding land use for the riverfront and other waterfront areas for future research.

All Airport network and Commercial Flight Service networks need to be planned and assesse periodcally. The planning must be developed based on the Air Passenger Demand prediction. Direct Trip Distribution Model seems the most appropriate for this prediction. Direct Gravity Trip Distribution model was tried to be developed, calculated by using the iterative method. The research gives an indication that the Direct Gravity Trip Distribution can be developed and used. The general formula has been developed. The appropriate formula variables, incorporating the attraction coefficient, the attraction mass, the impedance and its powering value still need to investigate. The calculation method has been developed but needs to be refined, including the optimum and the accuracy indicator. The Direct Gravity Trip Distribution Model can be used either for Air Transport and Sea Transport.

This paper attempts to investigate the efficiency of typical curb inlet design used in Malaysia. Curb inlet is a common type of stormwater inlet of the urban drainage systems which functions to intercept excess stormwater on the street and convey them to another drainage system. The design (shape and type) of stormwater inlets used in a developing country like Malaysia, however might be considered as 'too simple' as compared to other developed countries. The choice of design might be heavily subjected to the aspect of easiness during construction. For a tropical country that receives a lot of rain throughout the year, this conventional design may eventually lead to street ponding. Thus, the effectiveness of these structures is then considered very crucial. Field investigation has been carried to study the actual performance of the curb inlet and its efficiency is reported. Results showed that the existing curb design would be efficient to intercept lower discharges because at higher discharges, the flow would be flowing downstream as bypass flows. Simple modification was proposed to the existing curb inlet by placing a 45° defelctor near the curb, which was found to be able to intercept 10% more flows to the inlets.

The home-school journey is a part of less privileged children's daily routine in Makassar. Children's repetitive engagement with elements of the street environment contributes to their growth and development. This study determines the actual friendliness of route for less privileged children along their homeschool journey that lead them to perceive the street as their play space. Participatory observation and behavior mapping were conducted to 10 less privileged children, aged 9 to 11. Their movement, social play, place of visit and preferred route were elicited during their journey from home to school and back. The site was a neighborhood in the old city zone of Makassar. The data was analysis using GIS heat-map. It is found that less privileged children perceive the home-school journey as a route to reach their school as well as a place space especially coming back from school to home. Utilized and shaped affordances of school to home journey were more than those gained from home to school. Boys practiced a longer journey than girls on their way back from school to home. It means that the geography of less privileged children at urban street generates spatial skill through social play.

We investigate ground deformation that occurred on national road infrastructure in North Buton Regency, South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. This research conducted to obtain spatial information about ground deformation occurred. Road infrastructure plays an important role in economic and transportation particularly in North Buton. Road damage will cause losses both economically and security. The method of the research was Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR). InSAR uses two SAR Images from two different acquisitions to generate interferogram and then ground deformation parameter. We used Sentinel-1 images acquisition years of 2015 and 2017. We found that the ground deformation occurred between -118 to +20 millimeters during the year of 2015 and 2017 acquisition or about -59 to +10 millimeters per year and its direction from north to south of the road body. The movement of ground deformation is dominated downward movement which it is estimated strength affected by the presence of faults near the location.

Children pedestrian use pathways for access on their journey. As part of the infrastructure, the pedestrian pathway for elementary students, require adequate access to and from school. Among studies on pedestrian, research on child pedestrian walking speed is limited. Child pedestrian speed is influenced by walking time and distance. This research aim is to analyze children's pedestrian walking speed and its influence on children's pedestrian pathways. The method of research is a field survey with recorded elementary student's pedestrian area of walking and their behavior. Data is collected from the video and photo recorded of 14 elementary schools in the urban area and 9 elementary schools in the rural area in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study involves elementary students age from 6 to 12 years old from grades 6 to 12. The analysis is a comparison of student pedestrian speed in the urban and rural areas and with previous research. Due to most pedestrian children behavior is to run to and from school, the children's pedestrian speed is higher than previous research. Considering the area along their walking time, facilities provided should be friendly and safe for children. Therefore, children, pedestrian pathway needs specific regulation considering the urban and rural area.

The Port of Jayapura is located in Papua Province, including the Second Class Port within the Working Area of Indonesian Port IV, located between 02º 32º 30º LS and 140º 42º 30ºBT. The position of Port of Jayapura is strategic and part of the sea toll road in Indonesia, as it faces the Pacific Ocean in the north. Areas have potential as hinterland harbour Jayapura. Almost all of the district needs logistics in the central mountains of Papua, which are served by the Port of Jayapura. Distribution patterns are long enough to cause the cost component on behalf of transportation components can reach Rp 1.1 million per sack of cement or the price can rise to 1200%. The means have a significant effect on the port's performance of 35.8%, meaning that every 100% increase in facilities will increase port performance by 35.8%. Infrastructure significantly affects the port's performance of 42.6%, meaning that every 100% increase in infrastructure will increase the port's performance by 42.6%. The Ulayat right has significant effect on the material of 38.9% with the negative direction that the increasing customary rights of the indigenous people will decrease the port performance. The increase of Ulayat rights by 100% will decrease the port's performance by 38.9%.

Logistics Transportation in supporting Logistics movement in urban areas has very limited space for certain road segments, especially for large trucks and container vehicles. The limited space of movement will determine the effectiveness and efficiency of Logistics transportation itself. Logistics travel from to and from trading locations, finally reaching consumers is not a simple matter, but is influenced by the various chain of movements that affect costs, time, security and safety. The factors that influence the pattern of distribution of freight transport in Kendari City, Types of modes of commercial goods transportation, Road networks and supporting infrastructure, Land use Patterns.

Road infrastructure plays an essential role in supporting the economy of a region. The importance of road performance has implications for the government in arranging good road infrastructure. One aspect of the government's efforts to realize good road infrastructure is through the provision process implementation. Recently, the provision or procurement of maintenance projects uses conventional methods. Although the supply of road infrastructure projects is based on contractors who work effectively, procurement alternatives are using integrated ways that can support an efficient and efficient procurement process. This study aims to compare the procurement process between conventional and mixed methods and identify the factors that drive the success of the procurement of effective and efficient road projects. The Delphi questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain data on factors that support an effective and efficient procurement process. Data analysis shows that the constraints in implementing integrated methods, which are practical and useful methods, are regulation, the competence of stakeholders, and adaptation to new approaches. These obstacles can then be overcome by establishing clear rules, training to improve human resources, and socialization from the government.

Nowadays, road pavement in Indonesia is still dominated by flexible pavement with petroleum bitumen mostly used as a binder. There is a huge deposit of hydrocarbon sedimentary rocks in several areas in Buton Island, Indonesia. One product of Buton natural rock asphalt is refined Asbuton modification which consists of approximately 70% bitumen and 30% minerals. An investigation of the effects of Asbuton modification on the performance of porous asphalt mixture was made using six mixtures based Asbuton modificated were 4.5%, 5.0%, 5.5%, 6.0%, 6.5%, and 7.0%. This paper presents a comparative parallel about resistance to disintegration or cohesion loss from the results of the Cantabro test for raveling resistance. The application of Retona Blend as a binder in the porous asphalt mixture improved the raveling resistance in relationship Asbuton modification content with cantabro loss value.

Filler has an important role in the HRS-WC mixture besides aggregates and asphalt due to its functions to fill the void in the asphalt mixture so that it could produce more friction resistance and high interlocking aggregate. The use of filler in the mixture is limited in number because too much filler will lead to the stiffer and easily cracked mixture. On the contrary, the lower values could lead to the easily deformed and too flexible mixture. Previous researchers have studied the use of the waste of crude palm oil (CPO) ash as a filler. This research aims to study the performance of the HRS-WC mixture using CPO ash as a filler. The asphalt content used was 5.9%; 6.33%; 6.75%; 7.18% and 7.6%, while the proportion of CPO ash waste is 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. The mixture gradation is made using a gap-graded and half gap-graded mixture. The results showed that the stability is higher when 25% of CPO ash proportion is used, but it is decreased again when the proportion is larger than 25%. The use of a small asphalt content will increase the value of VIM. The flow value decreases when 32% of CPO ash proportion is used and increases again over the use of 32%. The use of a large amount of CPO ash filler in the mixture will increase VMA. While the VFB will decrease if the larger amount of CPO ash is used. The immersion index of the mixture can still be maintained even when the use of CPO ash is increased. The use of CPO ash as a substitute for filler in the HRS mixture - WC must be balanced with the increasing of asphalt mixture.

Pettarani street is equipped with a median opening as a facility for vehicles to reverse the direction of travel. The median opening width in the Pettarani section varies between 20 m - 37 m. The wideest median opening width in Badan Pertanahan / LPMP segment, while the narrowest median opening width is The Mutiara segment. The largest traffic volume that merged in the median openings of Pettarani street for morning peak hour 1816 pc/h in HM. Asyik Mosque and Telkom segments (Pettarani S-S). For afternoon peak hour with a value of 1802 pc/h. The median opening segment HM. Asyik Mosque has the highest density value, which is 17 pc/km/ln in the morning and 16 pc/km/ln in the afternoon. The highest density value for diverging movement is 32 pc/km/ln occurs at HM Asyik Mosque median opening segment. The wider the median opening results in increased density, this is due to increased space for the vehicle to do a reverse rotation maneuver, thus increasing movement disturbances for opposite flow and flow behind the vehicles that will do reverse rotation. The greater the volume in the main section the more it affects the movement of vehicles that are in the median opening to do merging and diverging, thereby increasing density.

This study aims to analyze the compressive strength value of Senoni stone, East Kalimantan and its effect on water immersion. Free compressive strength testing is carried out at 25oC. The number of cylindrical and cube specimens for free compressive strength test each of 3 specimens. Compressive strength testing using the Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The results showed that the compressive strength of Senoni stones decreased due to water immersion. This shows that the stone of Senoni, East Kalimantan is not resistant to water.

This paper aims to investigate the effect of railway development on the Indonesia national economy with Input-Output analysis. The data used in this study are Input-Output data from 2000 to 2010. Input-Output data analysis generates contribution, value added, intermediate input, final input, linkage and multiple impacts of a railway to other modes of transportation and national economy. The result of Input-Output data analysis concludes that the railway has forward and backward linkage to various sub-sectors, therefore it can become a superior sub-sector to increase national economic growth. The research results find out that if there is a development or investment in the railway subsector of IDR. 1 billion, this, will, therefore, give impact to: (a) the amount of economic output will increase into IDR 1.633767 billion; (b) the income of the society members will become IDR. 362,507 million; (c) will upgrade the employment opportunities into 9.556 people. Accordingly, there is a need to modify the government budget (APBN) that will focus primarily on developing railway transportation, both in goods and passenger vehicles.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vehicle distance (gap) formed by the vehicle volume. For this reason, in this study, there were 16 (sixteen) roads that were used as objects of research. To get the values from the gap variable, the VISSIM software is used in the data processing. In the use of this software calibration and validation are done by trial and error to produce simulation results that can replicate the actual traffic conditions. The results of this study indicate that statistically from the coefficient of determination and F test conducted concluded that there is a significant relationship between vehicle volume and gap.

The construction of the elevated toll road is part of the transportation network system, in addition to managing the traffic system in the area to be more integrated, the facility is also used to deal with congestion that often occurs, as well as the construction plan of elevated toll on Pettarani road is expected to reduce the level of congestion that occurs. Based on previous studies, the prediction of noise levels on AP. Pettarani roads when the elevated toll road is operating with a shift estimated of 25% of the vehicle's volume to the elevated toll road at 79.58 dB. Therefore, we need a way to handle the noise level on the AP Pettarani road if the elevated toll road is operating. Traffic load analysis is performed using the V-S-D (volume, speed and density) model analysis. The V-S-D model analysis consists of 3 models namely the Greenshield Model, the Greenberg Model, and the Underwood Model. The results of the V-S-D model analysis obtained are the Underwood Model at each point of the scenario so that it is used to calculate the average speed on the road segment according to the traffic volume. Then the results of the analysis and statistical tests through several variations of the simulation have obtained the best noise level handling by using traffic loading on the AP Pettarani Road through 50% motorcycle switch to the BRT (Bus Rapid Transyt) and can reduce the noise level by 3.05 dB.

Makassar is considered a metropolitan city with about 1.469.601 residents. Therefore, there is a need to upgrade quality, especially the basic needs. The desire to make the city world-class should be a motivating factor towards quality improvement. Walkability Index (WI) is used as an indicator for implementing sustainable development of infrastructure in the era of industrial revolution 4.0. This is the reason why the study about the walkability index of Real Estate housing in Makassar was important to be conducted. To be a livable city, Makassar needs to have pedestrian infrastructure bolstering the mobility of its citizens. This study, therefore, was meant to determine the extent of Real Estate housing in Makassar as supported by pedestrian pathways and Walkability Index. Both Quantitative and qualitative methods with spatial analysis and Walkability Index were used. The result showed that only 9 (3%) out of 272 housing had pedestrians while 97 % had no pedestrian. From 9 housing, 5 were considered very good housing, 2 quite good, and 2 worst. The walkability Index had an average score of 54.55, indicating it was good for pedestrians.

River conditions in Indonesia are very concerning. Furthermore, uncertain climate changes between dry and rainy seasons, make sediment concentrations are increasing over time increase in sediment makes river utilization not optimal. The purpose of the research was to find out the flow rate of the results of field measurements using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). From the results of measurements in the field using ADCP obtained the flow velocity value in the Mamasa River is 1.362 m / sec at a depth of 3.20 m and viscosities 761.412 MPa, in Sungai Buntu Batu the flow velocity value is 2.184 m / sec at a depth of 1.99 m and viscosity of 1827 MPa, at River Mata Allo flow velocity value is 0.379 m / sec at a depth of 1.47 m and viscosity of 105 MPa, and in Pekkabata River the flow velocity value is 0.614 m / sec at a depth of 1.47 m and viscosity is 516.565 MPa. In general, the Saddang watershed has a low floating sediment level.

This article aims to determine the effect of the basic flume slope to the potential flow of debris flow. This article discusses the combination of open check dam type (beam type) placed at the top and the closed check dam type placed at the bottom with variation of the distance between the checks of dam in a flume with the size used in the experiment that is 30 cm x 32.8 cm x 1200 cm with a slope of 10°. The composition of the sediment used is type D50. The results of this study using three types of base flume slope are the greater the slope of the base flume will result in a greater debris flow on the condition without wood and on conditions with wood. The larger the slope, the greater the sediment and wood that passes from the check dam series. The smaller the base slope of the flume, the larger the timber being retained on the open check dam.

A sluice gate is a controllable barrier that controlling the elevation of the water at the channel. Generally, energy change occurs at the upstream and downstream of watergate, caused by the impact of the water flow at watergate upstream. This study aims to analyze the energy change at Watergate and to compare the value of energy change that occurs at the channel with or without sediment. This research was carried out by the Civil Engineering Hydraulics Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, which runs from December 2018 to March 2019. In this research, we use some variables that are channel bed condition, flume slope, debit, and watergate openings. The result of this research shows that debit and watergate openings really affect the value of the energy change, while the flume slope is not really affected it. The energy change that occurs at the flume without sediment is bigger than the energy change that occurs at the flume with sediment in it.

Sediment laden flows of high density occur in most natural environments in the world. A certain amount of particles in hyper-concentrated sediment-laden flow plays an important role and has a great effect on the behavior of the flow. Significant erosion and siltation associated with hyper-concentrated floods give rise to many problems. Mudflows that contain large concentrations of clay particles suspended in water are considered to have non-Newtonian hydrodynamic properties but remain largely unknown. In this experimental study, the flow field over a square ribs roughness in an open channel was investigated in detail through comparison with clear water flow by using sodium polyacrylate (PSA) solutions that have viscosity characteristics similar to those of hyper-concentrated sediment-laden flow and applying PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) measurement system to current meters. The experimental results stressed that the total resistance coefficient for the highly viscous PSA solution reached a maximum of 1.76 times the total resistance coefficient in clear water due to the shear-thinning effect of a non-Newtonian fluid.

Measuring building is one of the water construction buildings known as the sluice gate which serves to divide water according to the planned discharge by adjusting the water level. This building causes differences in inflow conditions in the upstream and downstream doors which results in the occurrence of scour around the measuring building which can endanger the construction. This research aimed at the analysis of the compressive strength of clay soil to make the scouring model on an open channel. The result showed the compressive strength of clay soil was 0,95 kg/cm². It is expected that the results of this test will result in interactions between the factors causing changes in flow patterns from a model that directly affects scour.

The purpose of the study is to assessments the coastal vulnerability index in the Parepare bay, the beach is Lojie area, District of Mallusetasi, Barru Regency, Lumpue and Lapakaka areas, District of Bacukiki, City of Parepare South Sulawesi Province with including some aspect that is morphodynamic, coastal characteristic, hydro-oceanography, and coastal vulnerability index. Geomorphology in the study area was grouped in the formation of the morphology of terrain, wavy, and hills. Stratigraphically is composed of Parepare Volcanic rocks (Tppv), and Alluvial Deposits (Qa), divided into 4 rock units namely alluvial units, trachyte unit, tufa unit, and volcanic breccias. unit. Based on that, coastal characteristic in research area divisible in 3, that is rock coastal, sandy coastal and mud/mangrove coastal. Hydro-oceanography condition in research area that is about current with velocity of current average is 0,191 m/s with direct current is N 97° E (southeast), wave with average of high wave velocity of current average is 0,191 m/s with direct current is N 97° E (southeast), wave with average of high wave is 56,40 cm, velocity of wave is 2,4 m/s and wave maximum energy as big as 10368 joule, tide subsides in research area with high tide 1.3 meters and low subside is 0,6 meters with sea-level high 1 meters. Coastal morphodynamics and vulnerabilities of the Parepare Bay on the northern part of Lumpue Coastal, which was dominated by sand-sized sedimentary material, found multiple bars due to low/weak energy wave activity, sloping beach morphology, and predominantly residential areas. It is thus categorized as a dissipative type beach with a low level of vulnerability (CVI = 6). As for the south of the study area, the Lapakaka Coastal and Lojie Coastal are dominated by gravel and coarse-sized sedimentary material, found coral reef fragments due to high energy wave activity and mangrove found in coastal areas. Then this beach can be classified in the type of reflective with a high level of vulnerability (CVI = 53.66 n 37.94).

The increasing demand for drinking water demand in Indonesia is mainly determined by the rapid population growth. In overcoming the issue, the development and rehabilitation of water supply system are necessary. The tariff or rate of water is a price assigned by water authorities on water supplied and distributed to their customers through the pipe network. A tariff is not only to recover the full costs of its supply and production, but also to incorporate the operation costs. Hence, it establishes the continuity of the water supply in the future. This research aims to determine tariff or water rate in HIPPAM System with the case study at Salawaty District – Sorong Regency. The tariff should be adjusted to the ability to pay of customers, and it is based on the income and the amount of water paid in a month. Besides, the next parameter is the willingness to pay that can be obtained from the customer survey. The results show that the majority of customers are willing to pay the water rate at the low price of IDR 1500/m3. On the other hand, the research suggests that the most appropriate tariff in the study area is IDR 2456,1/m3. This tariff is assumed to be able to guarantee the continuity of the drinking water supply system in the future. Keywords: tariff, water supply, HIPPAM, Salawati District, Sorong Regency

Way Ruhu has a river with the slope of the land is steep. The heavy rains that often occur in the city of Ambon resulted in floods and landslides in several places thus to give a big loss to the people in the city of Ambon both the loss of property and lives. This study was conducted with the aim to determine the magnitude and time of flooding in the Way Ruhu watershed, the modeling results will be applied in android so that people can evacuate early because information can be received more quickly and the Government can prepare better mitigation programs. Modeling methods are carried out using 2D software HEC-RAS 5.0.7 which requires hydrological and topographical data as the main inputs. The output from HEC-RAS is a flood map, flood height, and duration of the flood. The results of this study indicate that the time between the upstream river rise and the arrival of floodwater in the downstream is less than one hour, with flood characteristics as high as 1-5 meters and receding within 4 to 11 hours.

Interaction between freshwater and saltwater is a natural phenomenon in river estuaries, with no exception for Jeneberang estuary. This interaction will affect the distribution of salinity. Due to the difference in the density of saltwater and freshwater, blending will occur in between the two types of fluids. In another perspective, the existence of a driving factor such as the tidal routines affects the level of salinity. The purpose of this research was to describe the distribution of salinity at Jeneberang River Estuary both on high and low tide conditions. The results show that the salinity in Jeneberang River estuary in high tide conditions is distributed to distance as far as 2.63 km from the mouth of the estuary, while at low tide conditions the distances reach 2.12 km to the upstream. The salinity would decrease in line with the increase of the distance towards the headwaters of the river. The Salinity would also decrease in the same trends with increasing distance towards the surface of the river. While the value of salinity between the high tide and low tide is not too significant at depth of 0.8H. This is caused by the difference in the depth of the River at each point of sampling and a low stream at low tide conditions, so that the salt sediment washed from the sea at high tide did not return at low tide. Based on water classification, the kind of water in the Jeneberang River estuary could be categorized as freshwater to brackish.

OWEC (Overtopping Wave Energy Converter) breakwater is a coastal structure model concept. The concept is to integrate the breakwater and the overtopping wave energy converter. This coastal protection model concept is equipped with a reservoir at the top of the structure to collect water that overflows from the top of the structure (overtopping). Many factors influence the amount of wave overtopping discharge; one of them is the run-up height. The height of wave run-up that occurs is influenced by many factors, one of which is the steepness of the incoming wave. The effect of the wave steepness to the relative wave run-up on OWEC breakwater is investigated experimentally. The study is carried out in wave flume with regular waves. The OWEC breakwater model is simulated with slope variations and freeboard variations. The results of the study show that small wave steepness value produces a large relative wave run-up value and vice versa. For a review of the structure slope, the results showed that the largest relative run-up value was obtained in the largest slope of the variation of the slope studied, namely 1: 2, at all different freeboard heights.

The purpose of this study was to determine the aquifer parameters and the condition of groundwater in the study location, namely the continuity coefficient (Transmissivity, T), water retention (Storativity, S) and permeability coefficient (Hydraulic Conductivity, K). This aquifer parameter is very necessary, especially in the project to be excavated for basement construction, where the high groundwater is one of the problems that must be overcome when the excavation of the soil. This pumping test was carried out by making 10 investigation well points, namely 1 point of the pump well (TW) and 9 points of observation well (OW1-OW9). Thus the pump well (TW) is installed to a depth of 20 m, the end is 2 meters into the hard consistency clay layer. While 9 points of observation well (OW1 - OW9) were installed to a depth of 15 m, so that all the pipes were in a layer of the fine sand relative density of moderate just above the very stiff consistency clay layer. Based on calculations with the Theis method obtained: a) The cross-section A-A has a value of Transmissivity (T) ranging between 124.27 - 966.58 m2/day, Hydraulic Conductivity (K) ranges between 0.012 - 0.094 cm/s, Storativity (S) ranges between 0.084 - 0.472. b) The cross-section B-B has a value of Transmissivity (T) ranging between 230.14 - 621.37 m2/day, Hydraulic Conductivity (K) ranges between 0.022 - 0.060 cm/s, Storativity (S) ranges between 0.125 - 0.416.

The Matakabo River is one of the major rivers in Maluku Province that crosses the Eastern Seram Regency. The Matakabo River is currently used for the Matakabo Irrigation Area through Matakabo Weir, with an area of + 3,050 Ha. Considering the number of tributaries entering the Matakabo River system and the risk of changes in land conversion in upstream, the development of Sabo Dam is seen as crucial for securing the water supply to irrigation as well as functioning as flood control. The location of 6 Sabo Dam is in Wai Sop, Wai Mol, Wai Sol, Wai Bemis, Wai Jana, and Wai Ines areas were based on visuals in the field where these areas are vulnerable to erosion and sedimentation. The calculation of flood discharge uses two methods, namely Nakayasu and ITB. Based on the highest river flow and flood capacity in the Q₂: 401.68 m3 / second field which is close to the results of the synthetic discharge calculation from the ITB Method. Evaluation of 6 Sabo Dam with 1 Groundsill in Matakabo based on the calculation of the Van Rijn and Meyer Peter Muller (MPM) method will be able to accommodate sediment beds and suspended load around 1,275,958.63 m³ / year or around 0.581 mm / year. With 6 unit additional Sabo Dam locations (vol: 9,563,750 m³) equipped with groundsill, the estimated useful life of the river will not be disturbed by the sediment for about 7.5 years.

Excessive groundwater exploitation may lead to groundwater depletion, causing groundwater level at the inland lower than sea level and result in seawater intrusion (SWI) in a coastal aquifer. To control the occurrence of SWI, an alternative solution is to increase the replenishment of groundwater using a recharge reservoir. If a recharge reservoir is built in a region with soil hydraulic conductivity below 10-5 cm/s (semi impermeable), then a sand column is usually proposed, put on the bottom of the recharge basin and directly connected to the aquifer layer. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of the sand column's application in the recharge reservoir to control SWI. This research is an experimental study that combines physical and numerical modeling of the recharge basin with sand columns under a laboratory scale. The results of this research are beneficial for field applications because the process that occurs in the recharge reservoir can be determined prior to the real construction in the field. The results of the research are also useful to investigate whether the recharge reservoir is effective or not as a buffer of SWI in coastal aquifers. The expected result is that by using sand columns in the recharge basin, seawater intrusion can be controlled. It is hypothesized that the higher the number of sand column density and water level on the reservoir, the farther the freshwater saltwater interface is pushed toward the sea.

Highly dynamic changes in flow regimes are caused by relatively high rainfall intensity, so that the excessive flood volume in the last ten years, and it is caused by watersheds experiencing a crisis or degradation due to conversion into economic and non-economic areas which ultimately impacts on river bank and beds by turbulent flow. The use of groin structure as a method of scouring prevention and channel flow control has not been able to fully meet the expectations of scouring prevention. We obtain the effect of changing the turbulent flow regime on the use of groins on the bent channel. Testing was conducted through laboratory experiments in artificial conditions to investigate the relationship between variables by providing certain treatments in several experimental groups with a comparative control of bend channel angle uses 60° with distance variations of groins and discharge; in addition, software Surfer used to describe scour contour pattern. Analysis of changes in flow behavior is done by using Froude (Fr) and Raynolds (Re) number approaches with the effect of turbulent flow on the bent channel scour. The results of the research indicate that the placement of the groins on the river bank channel bend causes a new phenomenon of turbulent flow with shear stress, resulting in local scouring around groin structure and the placement of looser permeable groin gives prevention 81% of river bank scour.

Water is an essential factor in determining human needs. Society has increased or not in a city or region can be seen from the availability of clean water that available whenever we need it. Provision and development of clean water is an activity directly related to one of the basic needs of the community. The availability of clean water is a necessity, which, if neglected, will have a significant effect on the sustainability of human life. Clean water infrastructure functions to empower water resources for the community. The availability of adequate and enough clean water infrastructure has a significant influence on clean water services. Luwuk District receives a clean water supply from the PDAM sourced from the water treatment plants (WTP) of Keles and WTP of Mangkio. This study aims to (1) Analyze the existing conditions of the clean water infrastructure of Luwuk District, (2) Evaluate the performance of the clean water infrastructure of Luwuk District. The object of research is the PDAM clean water infrastructure. The results showed that the physical condition and performance of the WTP Keles clean water infrastructure was not good while in Mangkio was quite good. It is necessary to have regular and periodic maintenance of the clean water infrastructure in the two water treatment plants to maintain the continuity of the existing infrastructure and maximize the economic life of the support in supply the freshwater needs of the community. The first section in your paper

The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been widely used in flood modeling and has proven to be good accuracy. This research aims to flash flood modeling using ANN. The flash flood modeling was conducted at Welang Watershed, Pasuruan District, East Java, Indonesia. The input of flash flood using ANN consists of rainfall and runoff coefficient. The runoff coefficient was derived by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value from the Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). The output ANN model was flash flood discharge. The ANN architecture model uses a backpropagation neural network. The period of training and testing model ANN using data from January to February 2017 period and November to December 2017 period, respectively. The Result of flash flood modeling with ANN showed the good of fitness pattern between output model and observation data.

Heavy rain causes landslide and debris flow, which produce sediment and woody debris in the mountain river basin. During the process, woody debris and sediment are trapped by the obstacles. As a result, woody debris accumulations at bridges are formed. Trapped woody debris at the bridge caused inundation because the obstacle blocked the water flow in the river course. To get more information regarding the woody debris accumulation at a bridge, laboratory flume was used for experiments to investigate the characteristics of woody debris accumulation at a model bridge without a pier. As a result, the experiments show that the number of trapped wood pieces increases with the number of released pieces. Moreover, the trapped wood pieces caused wood accumulations at the model bridge and backwater rise in its upstream side region. Besides that, the backwater rise increase with a number of trapped wood pieces at the bridges.

The concept used in river management as an effort to prevent flooding is one of them with the concept of hydraulic engineering, namely non-structural river management through efforts to restructure river banks as inundation areas. This concept is carried out by integrating the ecological and hydraulic components of the river. Ecological components on river banks can be used as hydraulic retention components that hold water flow so that flooding occurs on river banks. With the presence of puddles on the banks of the river, the ecological quality of the river can be maintained. Develop a river boundary determination model by optimizing the width of river banks. Maros River boundary with a distance of 50 meters from the edge of the riverbed which is the River Utilization Area. There is a meander or river bend that is quite sharp, that is, at Sta. 20 + 00 to Sta. 23 + 00 so the determination of the alignment follows the outer arch.

This research is a field study conducted in the estuary Jeneberang river. The estuary, the transitional zone formed between the river environment and the marine environment. In this region, there is the mixing of seawater with fresh water that has its own uniqueness with fluctuating salinity. This research aims to see the pattern of salinity distribution and temperature in the area of Jeneberang estuary on the tide and receding conditions. Data retrieval channeled on the area of Jeneberang estuaries with a distance between points 200 m using the ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) and CTD (Conductivity Temperature Depth) tools. The results showed an increase in salinity at Jeneberang estuary, which was influenced by surface and river bed.

Tuned mass damper (TMD) has been used for the vibration controller of building, especially for high rise buildings. TMD is one of the passive devices for reducing the response of the structure subjected to dynamic external disturbance such as wind, or earthquake load. TMD used its weight for reducing the vibration, TMD's frequency is set to the structure's frequency so that the frequency should be in resonance to each other for reducing the response of the structure during the dynamic load. Therefore, three variables have a significant effect for TMD performance, which are the mass ratio of TMD, the frequency ratio of TMD, and the damping ratio of TMD, which lead to two important variables of TMD properties, stiffness, and damping of TMD. This paper developed an empirical equation for obtaining the optimum parameters of tuned mass damper based on the H2 norm control system and fast multi swarm optimization (FMSO). The objective function was to minimize the acceleration and displacement response of the structure. The result shows a strong correlation both the mass ratio of TMD to the frequency ratio of TMD and the mass ratio of TMD to the damping ratio of TMD.

Transmissivity is estimated by fitting a straight line between time versus drawdown on semi-logarithmic paper. The test data of both confined and unconfined aquifers were analyzed by many practitioners that are used cooper-Jacob method to estimate the drawdown equation, regardless of the differences between theoretical and practical conditions. The other parameter is storativity overestimated, so the aim of this research is to analyze ten pumping test data located in Makassar area by using cooper-Jacob's (1946) time drawdown approximation of Theis method to estimate the aquifer parameters, also in order to determine the reasons which are affecting the reliability of the storativity value and obtain the important aspect behind that in practice. The pump well is installed to a depth of 20 m, the end is 2 meters into the hard consistency clay layer. The radius of the pump well used in a single well test to estimate the storativity value of the type of aquifer layer unconfined with the Cooper-Jacob method gives excessive value, but if the radius of the pump well is used larger by inserting the radius of the gravel filter layer is obtained a significant value that approaches the storativity value that has been estimated by Theis method uses one pump well and nine observation wells.

The sedimentation process can move slowly and continuously during sediment transportation is still ongoing from the mainland. The sediment evidence has been done by pairing the current bathymetric measurement of the previous data from the bathymetric map of the DISHIDROS of the Indonesian Navy 2011 in the confluence of the Mahakam and Karang Mumus River. Initially, the tidal measurements were carried out on 15-29 January 2019 while the bathymetry measurements were measured on 21-22 January 2019 during spring tide was over 800 m from upstream to downstream river confluences. Contour modeling measured using Software Surfer while the tidal is using the Admiralty method., to get discharge sediment performed contour coupling from both using AutoCAD software. The results of tidal analysis at the confluence of this river type Mixed Tide, Prevailing Semi Diurnal with MSL119 cm, HHWL 275 cm and LLWL-29 cm. Besides, the results of the sedimentation calculation showed an increase of 251,621.52 m³ in the tempo of 8 years from different Years of measurement. Most of the deposits occur on the opposite side of the Karang Mumus River, and this may be due to the small current velocity of the inner side of the Mahakam River that is curved towards the Karang Mumus River. Further research should also be modeled on current patterns and numerical modeling to ensure the morphological changes of the confluence of the present river.

One of the simple, easy and inexpensive water treatment technologies is the Sand Filtration technology. Sand Filtration is one of the very small grains of sand as a filter media. This study is an experiment. The objective to be achieved in this study is to analyze the difference in the thickness of the sand filter media to the filtration speed and the amount of filtration discharge, which is the object of research is the raw water of the Departemen engineering Hasanuddin University with treatment using a long reactor 50 cm, width 50 cm and height 150 cm, Down Flow filtering method with sand thickness varies namely 20 cm, 30 cm, 50 cm, besides that it also uses 15 cm gravel and 5 cm fibers. Testing is done by screening, calculating the speed of water through the filter and checking the flow of water. The results were obtained with a thickness of 20 cm sand filtration media resulting in a filtration flow of 0,000199 m³/second with flow rate filtration 0,000794 m/second, a thickness of 30 cm sand filtration media resulting in a filtration flow of 0,000220 m³/second with rate filtration 0.00879 m/second while 50 cm sand produces filtration flow 0,000242 m³/second with rate filtration 0.00969 m/second. It can be concluded by increasing the thickness of the filtration media filtration discharge and filtration speed also increases.

Breakwater, which is one of the coastal protection systems that is often used in Indonesia, has a major component of the armour/protection layer. Breakwater armour on the coast has three possibilities for wave attack, are shallow waves, transition waves, and deep waves. Using rock pockets as armour in transition waves has significant characteristics and influences on the coefficient of damage value. This study aims to obtain the Coefficient of damage breakwater armour using rock pockets in transition wave conditions. This research is experimental with physical tests conducted in the 2-D wave channel at the Laboratory of Marine Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University. Making with several waves, and weight of armour configurations. Transition waves are obtained by plotting and eliminating the wave classification graph. The scale model used is 1: 10, with three water depth variations, are 25 cm, 20 cm, and 15 cm. The results showed that coefficient of damage armour at the end (head) of the breakwater for the transition wave for slope device 45˚, coefficient of damage value is 3.92, at the slope device 60˚ Coefficient of damage value is 4.52.

The influences of periodically continuous tides and river discharges flowing from upstream will be responded by basic morphological form and geometry of estuaries and resulting in current pattern in estuaries. The current induced by tidal effect creates turbulences in estuaries which influence the change of configuration of stratification of seawater mass structure and suspended sediment. The intrusion of seawater from estuaries upstream in Jeneberang River and Tallo River will affect the pattern of water mass mixing which later generate patterns of current and sediments on the river. Mathematical model is a useful method to predict structural stratification of seawater mass flowing from estuaries upstream. The stages were to develop mathematical model of tidal current and mathematical model of water flow downstream.

The problem of Jeneponto regency is a raw water crisis for water drinking and irrigate in dry season. In rainy season, a high sediment to deposit in the lowest area. the regulate flooding and inundates rural and urban. A Jeneponto river is a joint river between Karalloe River and Kellara River which come from Lompo Batang mountain and the existing raw water is not enough to be supplied to the raw water treatment plant and not enough to be supplied to the existing Kellara technical irrigation area so the rice cropping is not optimize although existing Kellara weir and Karalloe weirs will support the irrigation. To solve the problem mentioned above, the Karalloe multipurpose dam will be constructed urgently. The problem will be managed by sustainable integrated water resources management, Step by step method to be applied in 3 terms for example in the short term, the middle term and the long term. Methodology study of this paper focused to solve the raw water crisis and regulate flooding in Jeneponto Regency. The governments apply by not only construction of the Karalloe Dam but also to apply an integrated approach.

The ability of flow discharge is very necessary in pipeline. When changes in discharge flow in the pipe, the flow pattern and water level will be different. The design of test equipment used is a pipe network made of acrylic pipes with inner diameter (d1) 64 mm and (d2) 44 mm. The fluid used is standard water with a viscosity value of 1.14 cp, fat oil 0 mg/L, and specific gravity 1.0304 gr/cm³. Data collection on the testing pipeline is divided into 10 segments or 10 observation points (OP) per discharge. Variations of debits flowed are 0.5 liters/sec, 1.2 liters/sec, 3.5 liters/sec. The relationship between discharge and depth of flow or water level from the bottom of pipe and the relationship between discharge and flow velocity is directly proportional or linear. The greater of discharge value flowed resulted in a shift in the flow characteristics where the low discharge value, the laminar flow patterns and transitions and high discharge values of flow pattern becomes turbulent.

OWEC breakwater is a coastal structure with an integrated concept of the breakwater and overtopping wave energy converter. This breakwater WEC concept (OWEC breakwater) model has a reservoir at the rear of the breakwater peak. This reservoir serves to catch and collect overtopping waves that overflow through the top of the breakwater. The amount of overtopping discharge is influenced by many factors, one of them is the characteristics of the incoming wave, including the characteristics of the breaking wave on the surface of the structure, named the breaker parameter. The effect of wave reflection coefficient to the breaker parameter on OWEC (overtopping wave energy converter) breakwater is investigated experimentally as a preliminary study. The study is carried out in wave flume with regular waves. The OWEC breakwater model is simulated with slope variations and freeboard variations. The result showed that most of the breaker parameter types obtained are plunging (0.4 < 𝜉 < 2) and surging (𝜉 > 2), the result also showed that the higher the value of reflection coefficient, the higher the value of the breaker parameter.

The increase of impervious surfaces in the urban area triggers a flood. A flood occurs area with a dense population that will result in a lot of damage. The flood simulation itself is not adequate to calculate the flood damage, as it only shows the flood depth and extent. It needs the capability of mapping software to map the vulnerable area. Accordingly, the research study's aim is to propose the methodology to predict the flood damage on the coastal urban area by combining the flood simulation model with GIS mapping software. MIKE FLOOD and ArcGIS were used to represent the flood simulation model and mapping software. The flood depth and inundation area were calculated with MIKE FLOOD; meanwhile, the residential house was mapped using ArcGIS. Both of MIKE FLOOD and ArcGIS were then combined to obtain the flood depth in each residential house. Moreover, to value the flood damage in monetary terms, the depth-damage curve and average house prices were applied. The result shows that the majority of the inundation caused by riverine flood and coastal area is the place where the largest inundation area occurs. As the flood appears in a residential area, the flood damage of the residential building in terms of annual average damage (AAD) was obtained with the amount of $8,716,227.67 calculated from six AEPs (50%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 2%, and 1%).

In order to increase the use of domestic materials, asbuton material which has a substantial reserve of 662,960 million tons in Buton Island becomes an alternative choice for using as a core layer on the dam. The asbuton material to be used in this research is Lawele Granular Asphalt (LGA). The laboratory result data to be analyzed relationship between the stability value with the immersion time, residual stability value with the immersion time and the value of the flow with the time of immersion of asbuton material. The results showed that the value of stability and flow of asbuton material after soaking tends to be stable, it indicates that the strength and flexibility of asbuton material are not affected by water immersion. The percentage of residual stability to each immersion time varies and the value of stability loss is relatively small, so until the 56^th-day immersion the remaining percentage of stability loss is less.

In large dams, the reservoir water level will become a large hydrostatic pressure and reduce the effective stress due to the effect of seepage on the dam body. The total stress that occurs can cause deformation in the dam body to exceed the allowable deformation. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the deformation of the dam to know the stability of the dam. This research aimed to analyze the deformation of the dam in a steady-state seepage condition. The reservoir water level was modeled on minimum, normal, and flooded water levels. The deformation was analyzed using the three-dimension finite element method. Deformation analysis results show that the deformation increased when the reservoir water level increased. Significant deformation increase occurred in x-direction deformation i.e. 0.27 m at minimum water level, 0.55 m at normal water level and 0.55 m at flooded water level. The deformation obtained from the analysis still required the maximum deformation criteria of 2 m, which is half of the freeboard.

Observations of physical oceanographic parameters including temperature and salinity were carried out in Estuary Mahakam and Karang Mumus Rivers, on July 8, 2018, and July 14, 2018, to determine the vertical distribution patterns of temperature and salinity used to identify the type of estuary confluence Mahakam and Karang Mumus Rivers. Observations were conducted at 9 points and 11 points when the neap tide and the spring tide conditions were in the estuary area to enter the Karang Mumus river at the surface, middle and bottom layers. Temperature and salinity parameters were measured using the CTD Minos sensor system equipment. X PDC-B0900 which can simultaneously record profiles of temperature and salinity parameters lowered to the bottom of the water while the point position was determined using GPS. The results of the observation of temperature distribution showed that in the Estuary between Mahakam and the Karang Mumus Rivers did not have a thermocline layer. This was because of the depth of the water under study including shallow water. Salinity distribution was obtained with a relatively homogeneous salinity towards depth water. Homogeneous salinity is an indication of a well-mixed vertical process between seawater and freshwater.

West Jawa is a very important province in Indonesia. There are six river basins in West Jawa, namely: Ciliwung-Cisadane, Citarum, Cimanuk-Cisanggarung, Cisadea-Cibareno, Ciwulan-Cilaki, and Citanduy. The capital city of Jakarta is in the Ciliwung-Cisadane River basin, but the public water supply is supplied mostly from the Citarum River basin, which has three hydropower reservoirs and irrigates 240,000 hectares of rice field. Water security in West Jawa plays an important part in the sustainable development of the nation. This paper formulates and computes the water security for river basins in West Jawa. The method of constructing water security dimension is adapted from the Asian Water Development Outlook, having five dimensions of 1) household water security; 2) economic water security; 3) urban water security; 4) environmental water security; and 5) resilience to water-related disasters. At the river basin level, the water security indices are designed to be effective, simple, widely available, having no ambiguity, and directly related to the progress of infrastructure development. The water security results are presented as a radar diagram, and spatially in the thematic map. It is concluded that the overall water security score in West Java is "capable" (score of 3). The weakest security is Ciliwung-Cisadane and Citarum as "engaged" (score of 2). Both river basins are suffering from "hazardous" environmental water security.

Waves towards the shore that have a porous breakwater building will experience reflection and transmission, to determine the height of reflection and transmission wave is needed a study by the process of generating waves on the flume with a porous breakwater building, the effect of wave changes in its propagation requires an experiment in the laboratory. This study was aimed to determine the height ratio of reflection and transmission wave by using a model of pipe structure as a wave reducer by adding the friction plane of the roughness of the walls in the pipe. A method of laboratory experiment on the wave generation flume has several variations consisting of 3 periods (T; 1,0 seconds, T; 1,1 seconds, T; 1.2 seconds) and 3 water depth (d) are 15, 30 and 36 cm, stroke to regulate the flap motion that determines the wave height (H) as a wave generator that is 4, 5 and 6 by comparing the model that uses pipe wall roughness and without roughness. The result of testing indicates that the height of reflection wave (Hr) and transmission (Ht) is strongly influenced by the period (T). If the period increases, Hr and Ht significantly decrease, the height ratio of reflection wave using pipe wall roughness is greater than without roughness. However, it inversely proportional to the height of transmission wave (Ht) were a model using pipe roughness is more efficient to reduce Ht than a model without pipe roughness.

The channel roughness phenomenon can result in changes in flow velocity. The research is aimed to analyze the magnitude of the speed of the flow that is made out of some roughness channels are different. Research is carried out in line Secondary Regional Irrigation Alitta village Bentenge Subdistrict Paleteang district Pinrang. Channels that are reviewed are the channel secondary which is made of some roughness channel are different by opening the doors as deep as 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm. The results of the study indicate that happens changes the speed of each roughness channel. It is caused by the difference in the roughness of each channel and the sedimentation of each channel.

Implementation of occupational health and safety in a construction project must be applied, referring to existing regulation. Previous research indicates that budget planning is one of the most basic aspects of OHS implementation problems in a construction project. Effective approach to formulating appropriate OHS cost models still needs further effort. This research tries to develop an activity based-risk breakdown structure as an initial stage in formulating the OHS unit analysis model based on the existing unit cost analysis model referring to Regulation of Ministry of Public Work and Human Settlement number 28/2016 about Unit Cost Analysis in Construction Project in Public Work Field. The methodology used in this research is archive analysis and expert judgment on activity based-risk breakdown structure analysis using HIRADC (hazard identification risk assessment determining and controlling) theory that attached to the workers and the project method used in each work unit. This research tries to deliver a simple job risk analysis method as an initial stage in formulating a reference for making a cost safety analysis formula in a construction project.

Fall accident is an accident category that becomes a primary cause of fatal and nonfatal injuries among construction workers worldwide. The objectives of the paper are to report the results of a study investigating 100 reports of fall accidents in the high-rise building project in Indonesia. The study concludes that the impact/consequence of the fall accident mostly occurring involves a fatality, causing death (56%), major injuries, causing permanent physical defect (28%), and minor injuries, causing temporary wound (16%). The main factors of fall accidents causation are mostly related to personal factors (61%) and non-personal factors (30%). It was found that fall accidents mainly take place in the area of scaffoldings (52%), area of structure (28%), and area of working structure (20%). The fall accidents occurred mostly during afternoon time (42%), followed morning time (27%), and evening time (21%), and workers who are 20 – 30 years old and under 20 years old get a higher risk of getting accidents. The findings will be a recommendation to construction companies for developing effective safety programs for the prevention of fall accidents.

As a developing country, Indonesia has a very rapid infrastructure development which causes the number of construction projects to increase. Green Construction is a reference for construction projects to keep paying attention to environmental sustainability that is attempted by PT. PP (Persero) Tbk. in the construction project of Makassar Vida view Apartment. The Green Construction Assessment (MAGC) model is an assessment standard developed by Ervianto from the Green Contractor Assessment Sheet and GREENSHIP V 1.0. This assessment model was developed in order to know the role of the contractor in applying green construction to the project being handled. This study aims to find out what the application and how much is achieved from PT. PP (Persero) Tbk. in implementing Green construction based on the Green Construction Assessment Model (MAGC). As a result, the Vida View Makassar Apartment Project by PT. PP (Persero) Tbk. has implemented Green Construction in its construction process where this is evidenced by the implementation of 7 aspects of Green Construction by the Green Construction (MAGC) Assessment Model. From the results of the study, Green Construction Value (NGC) data was obtained at 15.83 from a maximum value of 21.92 which is 72.22% of the maximum value. The biggest achievement of NGC for projects in Indonesia is 15.47 and it can be concluded that the achievements achieved by PT. PP (Persero) Tbk. already good at implementing Green Construction.

The problem faced by Indonesia at this time is the lack of information related to supply and demand related to the productivity component, so it needs a study to formulate an index of construction productivity in Indonesia. The analysis of the determination of the productivity component is carried out by the desk study approach with the standard of construction productivity calculation, the standard for construction work financing, and mapping analysis approach based on project technical document data from 3 Unor, namely Water Resources, Highways, and Cipta Karya. The mapping analysis results obtained that the Workforce Component consists of Experts, Skilled Workers, and Non-Skilled Workers, Work Equipment Components include heavy equipment and light equipment and Construction Material Components. Experts for Unor Water Resources consist of Water Resources Experts, Quality Management System, and K3 Construction, Unor Bina Marga, namely Road Engineering, Bridge Engineering, Quality Management System and OHS Construction. Unor Cipta Karya's experts consist of Environmental and Sanitation Engineering, Environmental Sanitation, Project Management, and Construction Management Experts. Skilled Workers from 3 Unor, namely Supervisors, Measurers, Land Mapping, Road Implementers/Irrigation, and K3 Officers. Non-skilled personnel consist of administrative and financial staff.

This research is to identify the advantages of integrating quality management systems, Occupational Health and Safety management systems, and Environmental management systems (QHSE Management System). The study was conducted at a State-Owned Enterprises Enterprise. The study will compare All Management Systems with Existing in Wijaya Karya Company with ISO 9001 System on quality management system, ISO 45001 on Health and Safety management system, and ISO 14001 on Environmental management system. The study was conducted by Archive Analysis and Literature studies. Previous literature studies show that the clauses that make up the integration of the QHSE Management System are scope, leadership, policy, planning, support, operations, performance evaluation, and improvement.

The progress of multi-story building construction in Indonesia especially in developing regions such as Makassar City during the last ten years has experienced significant development. Where the proportion of overcast contributions due to the emergence of remaining material during building construction ranges (3-13.5)% which of course directly impacts the overall construction costs. The purpose of this study is to identify the remaining management factors of construction materials that are ideal for implementation by construction operators, conduct control assessments on the relationship of the effect of the application and potential management of the remaining construction materials to the impact of construction cost performance. The method used in this study was carried out by determining the population and sample number of building construction projects currently underway and a survey of the number of contractor representatives in Indonesia then collecting primary data in the form of distributing questionnaires to construction organizers, especially to experienced contractors, then subsequently. The expected results of this study are to obtain a management model concept for the remaining cost of building construction materials in the ideal construction stage that can be applied by the construction operators in this case to the implementing parties/contractors.

One of the successes of a construction operation is determined by the service provider as the executor of construction activity so that the competency of the service provider will determine the implementation of construction activities. The performance of construction work is said to be good if it meets the time, quality and costs following the contractual agreement that has been agreed with the service user. The Occupational Health and Safety Management System is one of the determining factors in construction work that is still not considered by a Construction Services Business Entity in Indonesia. Existing regulations and laws have heavily regulated performance appraisal indicators related to the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System. This study tries to look at the effect of the assessment indicators on the implementation of the Occupational Health and Safety Management System that has been regulated in existing regulations to small business entities to be able to see the effectiveness of existing regulations and can be input to existing regulations related to the assessment of construction services small qualification construction services business entity.

The quality of concrete is influenced by fine aggregate. Lightweight concrete contains only fine aggregates. Tiles are one of lightweight concrete. The physical characteristics of fine aggregate need to be understood if you want to make a tile. For tiles to re-compete and attractive to use as home flooring, it is necessary to study to make light and aesthetic concrete tiles strong and aesthetic. This research is intended to make lightweight concrete based tiles. This research used the exploration method. The data begins with the selection of materials, work tools, and stages of manufacture. Information from various sources is captured and interpreted into a creative idea. The basic concept is done and developed pragmatically on the shape of the tile. The process of analysis is done qualitatively, so we get the form of tile. The tile shape is transformed from the parameters to the lightweight concrete-based tiles. This study concluded that the lightweight concrete-based tile material is made with the following stages: Preparation of work tools and work materials, basic coating, top-coating, printing, fresh tile removal, drying, polishing, as well as the application of resin oil.

RBS placement on a castellated beam on exterior connection structure with RBS position from column face refers to Prequalified Connection for Special and Intermediate Moment Frames for Seismic Application AISC 358-10, Article 5.8. The column beam test aims to evaluate structural ductility of the RBS on the castellated beam flange from the column face. The study was expected to explain the effect on column beam joints to provide input for planning earthquake-resistant building structures. The results show that the castellated test beam with RBS could withstand a load of 12.05 kN with a value of 4.2 structural ductilities.

The Occupational Health and Safety Management System is a part of the company's risk management system for the creation of a safe, efficient and productive workplace. Construction Project in addition to paying attention to the timeliness, quality, and cost, also need to attention safety and health work. The regulation used as a reference for the implementation of OSH scope of the ministry of PUPR is No.05/PRT/M/2014. This research aims to analyze the influence of the policy of PUPR Regulation No.05/PRT/M/2014 on the improvement of OHS Management System performance in the construction project, and to formulate the improvement strategy that needs to be done in OHS Management System policy setting in the construction project. Data processing in this research is used smartPLS 2.0 program and Statistical Product and Service Solution version 22. Data analysis technique uses validity, reliability, normality, regression and descriptive analysis. The result of the regression analysis shows that every improvement of the policy variable will be followed by the improvement of OHS performance in the construction project. From the result of descriptive analysis, it is found that dominant elements have an effect and improvement strategy that can be done, that is the difference between OHS system and Safety Plan, the regulation concerning the potential of OHS hazard, and the importance of firmness to eliminate safety Plan document. The results of this study can be used by the government related to the policy improvement strategy so as to facilitate the related parties in implementing the OHS Management System in Construction Project.

Activities at PT. PLN (Persero) Makassar Tello Sector especially Gas Turbine Power Plant produces exhaust emissions that can be pollution for the environment if the quality is not monitored. Therefore, an analysis of the pattern distribution of exhaust emissions in Gas Turbine Power Plant needs to be done to determine the concentration produced and dispersion pattern and direction of its spread. The modeling in this study uses AERMOD software and requires meteorological support data and ground elevation to run the software. The results showed that the distribution of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and particulates gas pollutants was in line with the dominant wind direction found in windrose. The concentration received by the receptors is very small and does not exceed the ambient air quality standards based on South Sulawesi Governor Regulation Number 69 of 2010 which is 365 μg/Nm³ for SO₂, 150 μg/Nm³ for NO₂, 10,000 μg/Nm³ for CO, and 230 μg/Nm³ for particulates. Thus, the impact received by the receptor is not felt directly.

One of the environmental pollution of the waters is caused by the disposal of industrial liquid waste that has not been treated properly. The solution to overcome this problem is controlling the processing of industrial wastewater to produce a good effluent, secondary treatment is the heart of wastewater treatment. The problem that often occurs is bulking. Various research books have been done. One of the previous studies by Aryani M.I (2004))[1]. The optimal aeration time is 3 hours to eliminate bulking of mixed liquor caused by S.Natans bacteria. This research is a continuation of research and aims to analyze the effectiveness of aeration time with a combination of biofilter systems and variations of Return Activated Sludge (RAS) against the bulking parameters. The method used is an experimental method in the laboratory. The research design uses a completely randomized design. The test that will be carried out is a time test for giving aeration to find out the optimal time in handling bulking with a combination of biofilter systems and variations in the Return Activated Sludge (RAS) against the bulking parameters namely SVI (Sludge Volume Index), DO, MLSS (Mixed Liquor Suspended Solid), BOD, pH & Temperature. The expected result is optimal time effectiveness with a combination of biofilter systems and Return Activated Sludge variations on bulking parameters to handle bulking.

E-waste is a waste of electronic devices where its number of generation continues to increase in the world. However, improper processing of e-waste in developing countries, such as Indonesia, especially from computing devices, can lead to adverse human health effects and environmental pollution. Therefore, the aims of this study are to determine the generation, composition, material flow, and management of e-waste of computer devices produced by 19 stores in a computer service center of Makassar City. Analysis of this study is based on Indonesian Government Regulation No. 101 of 2014 on the Management of Hazardous and Toxic Waste. The results of this study showed that the generation of e-waste from a computer service centre was 4.340 kg/store/day with 60.34% of plastic, 23.88% of metal, 7.81% of metal and plastic, 4.18% of metal and rubber, 3.62% of glass and 0.17% of rubber. Material flows of e-waste generation in the computer service centre are divided into sold to e-waste collectors, kept in stores, brought back by customers, and disposed of, with 38.69%, 30.75%, 26.55%, and 4.01%, respectively. Moreover, specific e-waste management needs to be done by segregating the e-waste from other types of waste by arranging waste transport time and providing a special disposal site.

Municipal authorities in developing countries face a challenge in managing solid waste. The challenging is mainly due to the increasing generation of waste that is not followed by the improvement of infrastructure and operational systems. The city of Makassar has also experienced the problem. Solid waste, especially in the traditional market, has not adequately managed, resulting in a complex waste management issue. The study is purposely to calculate the volume of solid waste generation and to assess the infrastructure and management systems, including trash cans, collection, temporary solid waste disposal in the form of container and transportation. The results show as follows: The total volume of Niaga Daya's market solid waste is 9000 l/day. The infrastructure required is 600 pieces of trash cans in which every stall needs 1, four carts, and two containers, transporting solid waste once a day to landfill. Optimization solid waste operational activities will be maximized by adding the number of service rations, additional work time, adding labor, and increasing the number of temporary solid waste disposal and transportation.

The upward trend of river water temperature due to climate change has recently been confirmed. However, its effects on thermal stratification in coastal waters are not clear. Therefore, targeting the Ariake Sea – a semi-enclosed bay in the island of Kyushu, Japan – we continuously monitored river water temperature during and after August 2015 at the discharge observation stations of Class-A rivers that feed the sea, located in the non-tidal areas of the rivers and closest to the respective river mouths. Numerical simulations were performed on the density stratification in the Ariake Sea using the obtained hourly river water discharge and temperature data, to assess the effects of temporal changes in river water temperature on thermal stratification. It was shown that during a summer flood, river water temperature could influence the reproducibility of the development of thermal stratification depending on the river water temperature used, and the reproducibility of the base water temperature differed during the transition to the mixing period. Effects of river water temperature on the water temperature structure of the sea were indicated.

The present study explores the development of eco-friendly paving block incorporating co-burning palm oil-processed tea waste ash (POPTA). POPTA was collected from the local tea processing plants and used to manufacture paving block at a local paving block industry with dosages ranging from 10 to 60% by cement weight. The properties of the paving block were investigated, including bulk density and compressive strength. Results show that the POPTA produced a lighter weight paving block. It also decreased the compressive strength of the paving block. Incorporating up to 40% of POPTA as cement replacement satisfied the minimum standard compressive strength requirements for the Class D paving block according to SNI-03-0691-1996. Utilization of POPTA in production paving block could mitigate the landfilling of this by-product and lead to the development of eco-friendly and economical construction materials.

Sawah Liat drainage is one area of drainage that the flow of water discharged into the Kuranji River in Padang City. It is a very vulnerable area to the flooding. Flooding was caused by high rainfall, land-use change, and river flooding. This area does not yet have a drainage network system. This research is to plan a new drainage system using the eco-drainage concept of adding a retention pond in the drainage network system. EPA-SWMM model was used to simulate the planned drainage network model and assisted with Global Mapper and ArcGIS for spatial analysis. Six simulation models are performed by combining two models of the drainage network, two land cover models, and two models of rainfall. The results showed that the drainage network models with retention ponds are more effective against controlling flooding. With simulation using a 5-year rainfall return period, there was no flood. For simulations using rainfall data on March 22, 2016, the depth of flooding could be decreasing from 0.2 m to 0.9 m. The retention pond can reduce the 5-year flood volume of 120,200 m³ or 59% of the total 203,710 m³

Coal mining in Indonesia mostly done by open mining. The most severe problem in open mining activities is Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) production. Acid mine drainage contains heavy metal (Fe) that will impact now and future living creatures. One of the increasing of acid mine water treatment after the mining process is by using a constructed wetland method. This research aims to analyze constructed wetland effectiveness with rate variation, the number of plants, and material composition (compost, gravel, and limestone). The aims are also to examine local plant of Tifa (Typha angustifolia) ability on decreasing heavy metal (Fe) of acid mine drainage according to Kaltim Regulation Number 02 the year 2011 on water quality standard of coal industries. The study used the method of constructed wetland using a surface flow system, and a vertical ascending flow operated continuously using the elevation. The built wetlands design uses an intermediate bulk container tank with 100 cm x 100 cm x 100 x cm reactor dimension. The result shows that the decrease of the efficiency acid mine water on surface flow constructed wetland for Fe as follows in a row 70.88% (reactor 4), 57.88% (reactor 2). The best Fe metal content absorption is obtained on plant amount 15 treatment with 0.001 L/s rate, with iron content absorption 3294 ppm (40.11%). Fe metal content decrease on compost is obtained to 20% compost treatment with 0.001 L/s rate, with iron content decrease 8728 ppm (89.23%).

In this study, we aim to investigate the possibility that the construction of the Isahaya Sea-Dyke significantly causes anoxic water development in the bottom layer in the Ariake Sea, Japan. We numerically compared the vertical distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the water column between two cases with the dyke and without it. As a result of this research, the followings are clarified: 1) DO totally decreased in Isahaya Bay due to construction of Isahaya Sea-Dyke; 2) The effect is relatively small during neap tide, but is larger in spring tide; and 3) The effect is not shown in the main body of the Ariake Sea.

Wastewater becomes a problem if it is not appropriately treated. Shrimp farms are one of the examples of an industry that produces wastewater. Super Intensive farms usually have a high concentration of wastewater pollution and above the threshold required. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate wastewater changes from super-intensive farms to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and evaluate the effectivity of WWTP to treat the wastewater. The study was done through laboratory texting (ex-situ) and field (in-situ). This type of research using the descriptive method, describing the characteristics that systematically determined. This study uses purposive sampling method and integrated sampling for six weeks in the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) unit and raw water from the reservoir of a super-intensive pond. Research has been conducted from May to June 2016. The result found that the effluent of wastewater from super-intensive farms tends to increase or contaminated with pollutants such as waste metabolites, un-eaten nutrient waste by fish, and waste detritus. Based on optimum standards of environmental sanitation by the Ministry of Health in 2011, it shows that the effectiveness is more likely to decrease the pollutant (already efficient: 60% < x = 80%). The effe ct ive ness o f TSS parameter is efficient enough by 63.4%, TN 60.0%, Phosphate (PO₄) 59.21%, 64.07% BOD. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of TOM parameter based on the optimum standards allowed by the Ministry of Environment 51 2004 is 15.45%, which is inefficient (x = <20%); the parameter of pH is 3.67% and DO 17.01%. Both parameters of pH and DO are more likely to increase or quite efficient. According to KEP28 / MEN / 2004 regarding Shrimp Effluent Quality standards and the results bioassay test, there were 100% of Survival Rate (SR), and it was in good condition for the medium term for 96 hours (4 days).

Car Free Day is a movement to reduce the level of air pollution in big cities around the world caused by the emission load of vehicles. The event gives motorists and commuters an idea of their locality with fewer cars. Vehicles produce CO emissions from the fuel combustion process. This research was conducted on alternative roads in 3 Car Free Day locations in Makassar City, which are 1) Boulevard with an alternative road Ance Daeng Ngoyo, 2) Sudirman with an alternative road Karunrung and 3) Losari Beach with an alternative road Hj. Saleh Daeng Tompo. Analysis of measurement data using the method of the number of vehicles and Indonesia's emission factors and Indian emission factors. The results of the study show that the CO emission load on Jl. Ance Daeng Ngoyo and Jl. Karunrung, when Car Free Day (Sunday) is smaller than Non Car Free Day (Monday) while on Jl. Hj Saleh Daeng Tompo when Car Free Day (Sunday) is greater than Non Car Free Day (Monday). The results of statistical tests also showed that there were no significant differences when Car Free Day (Sunday) and Non Car Free Day (Monday).

The school located near the city's main transportation line at first profitable for the school because the location is easy to reach. From the location of the school is considered strategic but not fit with convenience of studying in school, the problem arises that the location close to the main road tends to have a higher level of air pollution and leads to impact the students at school. The purpose of this research is to know the level of carbon monoxide at the school area uses modelling CALINE-4 and the pattern of distribution of emission CO at school area with CALINE-4. This research was done in three locations for three days namely MAN 2 Model Makassar, SMA Negeri 11 Makassar and SMP Negeri 4 Makassar. Analysis of the distribution of Carbon Monoxide CO emissions using Caline 4. The largest result of Carbon Monoxide (CO) pollutants in MAN 2 Model Makassar at 05:00 pm, namely the b receptor is beside the school at as much as 9 ppm. In SMAN 11 Makassar, the biggest carbon monoxide (CO) pollutant was at 07:00 pm the two receptors in front of the school as much as 2.2 ppm. And in SMPN 4 Makassar, the biggest carbon monoxide (CO) pollutant was at 06:00 am the receptor in front of the school as much as 3.1 ppm. The pattern of distribution of CO concentration is influenced by the wind speed and wind direction affecting the pattern of the distribution of these pollutants. The faster the wind blows, the spread of pollutants is faster with a wide range.

Bentonite is well known as highly plastic, swelling clay material, the product of volcanic ash. An experimental test of the effect of leachate type on swelling behavior of bentonite has been conducted. Four types of liquids, tap water, 10 g/l of NaCl solution, 11.1 g/l of CaCl₂ solution, and 100 ml/l of ethanol solution were used in the tests. Liquid limit, plastic limit, free swelling index, and swelling pressure tests were carried out to evaluate the relative swelling ability of bentonite when interacted with different leachate types. The result of free swelling tests indicated bentonite swelled higher when interacted with tap water and ethanol solution compare with NaCl solution and CaCl₂ solution as a liquid. The value of liquid limit and plastic limit of bentonite for ethanol solution and CaCl₂ solution were highest and lowest among liquid tested, respectively. The result also showed that bentonite has the highest swelling pressure when contacted with tap water but opposite for NaCl solution.

One of the severe problems caused by anthropogenic activities is wastewater that is not appropriately treated. Faculty of Engineering Campus in Gowa, for instance, is one of the areas in Makassar City that has implemented an integrated sanitation system, namely STP (Sewage Treatment Plants). The type of research used in this study is quantitative analysis based on the evaluation. The research aims to evaluate the efficiency of the STP in the Engineering Faculty of Gowa by testing some parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), oil and Grease from inlet and outlet samples. The purpose of the study is also comparing the evaluation results with the standard of Governor of South Sulawesi no. 69 of 2010 regarding quality standards and criteria for environmental damage in Makassar. Based on the evaluation results, all the parameters of STP in the Centre of Scientific (CSA) building, Classroom, Architecture, Civil, Naval, and Geology have met the quality standards. However, only in the COT building, some parameters do not meet the quality standard, which is TSS, BOD, and COD. It shows that the performance of STP in the faculty of engineering campus has worked well but not ideal.

Soekarno Hatta Port, located in Makassar City, is one of the largest ports in Indonesia. Activities with a tight schedule at this port are giving many impacts on the surrounding environment, one of them is noise. This study aims to analyze, predict and to map noise levels in the Soekarno Hatta port area and find out the correlation between noise and disturbance to workers. This study has seven observation points in the work environment and the environment of port interests, which are divided into 3 zones. The study was conducted on 29 November 2018 and 6 - 7 December 2018. The results showed that the average noise level was 75.1 dB. This figure has exceeded the noise threshold set in Minister of Environment No.48 in 1996. Predicted results using the 2008 ASJ RTN model show a large difference with the noise measured, which is 64.5 dB without horn sound and 64.7 dB with sound horn. Contour depiction and noise distribution mapping using Surfer 12 program which represents red, yellow and green contours for the highest to lowest noise levels. For the relationship between noise and interference with workers, it was analyzed using the SPSS program through a questionnaire distributed to 32 respondents. The results show a correlation coefficient of 0.398 and a significance of 0.024 which means that the disturbance in workers has a relationship with the noise level in the workplace.

The rapid growth of a country affects one of many fields, such as transportation, which is important for development and as public facilities. This research was conducted at the Mandai Roundabout, Riburane Roundabout, and the Samata Roundabout. This study aims to analyze the noise level at 3 observation points, as well as noise prediction by using the CoRTN method (Traffic Noise Calculation) based on Vissim Software in 2019-2023. Data collected for 12 hours from 07.00 until 19.00 by taking samples for 10 minutes per hour using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) type TM-103. While for the prediction results, the number of vehicles and vehicle speed are used. For vehicle speed predictions, the number of vehicles are added by 7% per year then run the program Vissim. The results are divided into 3 locations, the Mandai Roundabout about 76.21 dB; Riburane Roundabout about 75.82 dB; and the Samata Roundabout about 80.09 dB where the noise level is higher than the standard from government, Minister of Environment No.48 on 1996 which stated the standard for noise level in trading and service area is 70 dB. The estimated result based on the CoRTN model on the roundabout in the Maminasata area using the Leq formula is 73.47 dB for the Mandai Roundabout; 70.07 dB for Riburane Roundabout; and 73.40 dB for the Samata Roundabout. There has been a difference in predicted results from 2019-2023. In 2019 there has been a difference of about ≥ 3 dB, which is 4.1 dB at the Mandai Roundabout so that improvements need to be made to this region.

The economic growth will increase the transportation sectors roles in supporting the achievement of development goals. But transportation activities have negatives impact, where one of the negative impact of transportation activities is the high levels of pollutants due to emissions or release of smoke from motor vehicles. This study aims to determine the capability of green open space that exists, especially in the ability of trees and shrubs in absorbing carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions generated by motor vehicles operating in Balai Kota Makassar. The research is qualitative. All data required for the analysis of the research are primary data or data obtained directly in the field. Primary data in this research are data obtained by counting the number of vehicles and the area cover by vegetation canopy. In this research, zonation system is applied because each area has different green open space requirement based on the emission load generated by motor vehicles passing in the area so that the research location is divided into 4 zones. To calculate the vehicle's emission, it applies the equation of emission strength, and to calculate the emission absorption by vegetation is use vegetations area covers. The results showed in zones 1, zone 2 and zone 3, green open space existing already can absorb 100% carbon dioxide emissions and carbon monoxide. But in zone 4, green open space existing cannot absorb 100% carbon dioxide emissions and carbon monoxide.

In general, industries produce waste, which causes environmental pollution and is a danger to living things. Chromium heavy metal waste is one type of waste that has high toxicity that can lead to chronic poisoning, acute, and can cause cancer. Biological treatment is a choice to reduce the concentration of heavy metals in environmental media. This study uses a biosorption column that utilizes Saccharomyces cerevisiae bacteria using bacterial biomass made in a state of silence in a continuous column, then flowing Cr (VI) metal solution downflow with a constant flow rate. Laboratory analysis results show that the removal efficiency of Cr (VI) for the initial pH 3 solution is 44.74% - 77.84%, the pH 5 treatment is 7.52% - 30.54% and the pH 7 treatment is 5.80% - 11.40%. The highest removal efficiency occurred at pH 3 of 77.84%. The remaining metal concentrations in the barrel can reduce to 11.08 mg/L.

The utilization of charcoal from bagasse as adsorbent is an alternative way to reduce heavy metal of Cd and Cr in Wastewater. Bagasse is one of the agricultural wastes that potentially obtained with an abundant amount. This research aims to identify the full time and the adsorption capacity of charcoal with a continuous column method and downflow. Activation of charcoal used is Chloride Acid 2N in 24 hours soaking. Metal solution concentration of Cd and Cr were 2 ppm and 5 ppm, respectively. The results of this study are that full time for charcoal for Cd occurred on minutes of 480 for 2 ppm and minutes of 300 for 5 ppm. Meanwhile, saturated time for Cr occurred on minutes of 360 for 2 ppm and minutes of 240 for 5 ppm. The significant efficiency of metal ion adsorption to Cd concentrations for 5 ppm and 2 ppm were 28,05% and 26,75%.

The technology of handling industrial wastewater adopted by the industry is quite expensive with high costs in its operation, so that wastewater treatment technology that is cheap and easy to adopt and under strict environmental regulations is an important thing to consider. Innovative adsorption-based technology developed using industrial waste and agricultural waste offers an easy and economical solution for polluted environments. Raw grinding mill as one part of the cement industry production equipment serves to grind or soften cement raw material, some waste material which is known as reject material during the process and has not been used optimally. This research aims to determine the effect of reject material as an adsorbent on decreasing metal content and pH of industrial wastewater. The method used in processing, namely the wastewater sample, is put into a reservoir (tub I), then flowed continuously into tub II, which is filled with reject material as an adsorbent. The sampling technique was carried out after the wastewater flowed from tub II and then collected in a storage container and ready to be analyzed for heavy metal content and pH of wastewater in the laboratory. The results of the research showed that reject material of Raw Grinding Mill as an adsorbent of PT. Bosowa cement can reduce metal material PO₄ = 94.63%, NO₃ = 81.82%, NH₃ = 22.41%, As = 76.67%, Zn = 73.23%, Ni = 100%, Ag = 60%.