Table of contents

This study aims to verify the possibility of converting the charge into energy as is the case in converting the mass into a charge according to the law of the relationship between the charge and the mass of Einstein, as well as calculating the wavelength accompanying the charge carried by the moving charged body, as well as studying the phenomenon of producing a pair more deeply.

Z-scan has been utilized for studying the non-linear properties and optical limiting behaviors of the dye Copper Phthalocyanine thin films. The refractive index is negative, which indicates a self-defocusing behavior and non-linear absorption coefficient (β) of CuPc is a positive sign is a result of RSA. The optical switching behaviors of dye have been researched with the use of the method of the pump-probe with 9ns Q-Switched Nd: YAG laser at pump beam equal to 532 nm and a probe beam equal to 630nm Diode laser. The thin films of copper Phthalocyanine also reflect a significant limiting of the optical power of CW laser with an adequate threshold of the optical limiting. The dye's switching behavior is a result of the probe beam's excited-state absorption (ESA) with the molecules of the dye. The modulation of the probe beam with the increase of intensity of the pump has been researched as well.

The A.C conductivity of three samples of lanthanide oxide : zinc oxide (La₂O₃)_1-x(ZnO)_x pellets with different zinc oxide content which were sintered 1273 K temperatures were studied using LRC meters in the frequency range of 50–10⁶ Hz at temperature of 30 °C. The a.c conductivity, was analyzed depending of the universal power law proposed by Jonsher,. The slope of the relation between logarithm of a.c conductivity and angular frequency represent the s value were in the range (0.44-0.77) which found to increase by increasing of zinc oxide content which coincided with the small polaron (SP) model. The dielectric constant ε₁ and dialectic loss ε₂ where found to show progressive increase by increasing of zinc oxide content. The a.c conductivity showed exponential dependence upon angular frequency for the samples with low zinc oxide content while the conductivity was frequency dependent in the low frequency range by was frequency independent in the high frequency range.

This paper includes investigation of linear optical properties for malachite green oxalate (M.G.O) dye melted in ethanol solvent at several concentrates (2×10⁻⁵, 1×10⁻⁵, 5×10⁻⁶)Ml and for (M.G.O) dye films and optical properties of (M.G.O) dye films prepared by casting method for concentrate solution10⁻³ Ml. Measurement result using (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to measure (absorbance, transmittance, absorption coefficient (α_˳), refractive index( n_˳ and energy gap) were found two transitions wavelengths (428,622) nm when dye is dissolved in ethanol and(435,646) nm when preparing films. Linear optical properties were studied for the three concentrations and it was found increased absorption coefficients and refractive index by rising concentration.

Investigation in the AC conductivity of the solid electrolyte AgI in the structure Al/AgI/Al that prepared as thin film have been presented. The results show that the conductivity increases with frequency, while the capacitance and the permittivity is nearly constant at high frequency but change significantly at low frequency. Interpretations of the results have been presented by proposing an equivalent circuit and deriving its corresponding theoretical equations that fit our experimental data.

The radioactivity concentrations of ⁴⁰K, ²³²Th and ²³⁸U in 20 specimens of commercial flooring materials used in Karbala governorate, were measured using (HPGe) system. The results of measurements have shown that highest value of specific activity of for ²³⁸U which was 294.570Bq/kg (granite; Vietnamese origin), ²³²Th which was 88.808Bq/kg (granite; Italian origin) and ⁴⁰K which was 284.580Bq/kg (marbles; Iranian origin), which were less than the worldwide average (UNSCEAR,2000). The various hazard indices were also calculated to assess the radiation hazard. It was found that none of the results exceed the recommended limit value. All specimens in this paper are within the recommended safety limit and do not present huge radiation dangers.

Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) nanopowder of ratio 35/65 (Pb(Zr_0.35Ti_0.65)O₃ is prepared by one of the most wet-chemical routes called Sol-Gel Processing Method. The Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) is prepared from Lead Acetate and Zirconate (IV) isopropoxide as a source of metals. The acetic acid can be used as a solvent, and 2-methoxy was used as a stabilizer for Titanate (IV) isoproxide. The heat-treated powders at different sintering temperatures are characterized using the XRD diffraction technique, SEM, and LCR meter. XRD pattern shows the tetragonal phase of 35/65 Zr/Ti composition. They exhibited high density which is slightly different from the theoretical density, decrease of voids, stoichiometric chemical material, and homogeneity from both physical and chemical material. It has been found that each ceramic sample was exhibited different particles size depending on sintering temperature. The present work is well-crystallized with nanoparticles and single-phase perovskite PZT powders that can be obtained after heat treatment above 550°C for two hours. The dependence of this crystallization temperature is observed on the preparation condition. Lattice constant distortion is realized on dielectric constant, especially on the tetragonal phase.

In this study, the level of natural radioactivity in the banks of the Euphrates River was evaluated of four sites for the passage of the Euphrates(Al Kufa, Abu Sukhair, Al Mishkhab and Al Qadisiyah), as samples were collected along the Euphrates River within the province of Najaf. The radioactivity of naturally formed radioactive materials of Uranium-238 and Thorium-232 series soluble strands in addition to the Potassium -40 radioisotope was determined using the NaI (Tl) sodium iodide reagent system (3"x3"). The values of normal radioactivity were measured in units (Bq.L⁻¹). Where was The concentration ranged from 16.44 to 143.88 (Bq.L⁻¹)for ⁴⁰K,0.90 to 6.16 (Bq.L⁻¹) for ²³⁸U and 1.17 to 5.29 (Bq.L⁻¹) for ²³²Th. The radium equivalent activity was below the defined limit of 370 (Bq.L⁻¹),the calculated exterior hazard indices had been determined to be much less than (one) from the results. Therefore that can be considered as database of these rivers in the future. Also we calculated that the average committed effective dose by ingestion of water for a typical adult was found to be 0.269 mSv.y⁻¹ note that the average internal dose of 290 μSv.y⁻¹ measured by the Scientific Committee of the United Nations on the Effects of Radiation for food and water consumption .finally we found out Excess lifetime cancer risk is 0.672*10⁻³ which is significantly less than the ICRP cancer risk of 2.5 × 10⁻³ which mean that the samples are safe healthy.

In this study the alloys Ge _xS_1-x with different Ge content (x=0, 0.1,0.2 and 0.3) wt.% have been successfully prepared by evacuated quartz tube under vacuum pressure (10⁻²Torr), whereas Ge xS_1-x thin films were prepared by thermal evaporation technique under vacuum (10⁻⁵Torr) with (x=0,0.1,0.2 and 0.3). The optical properties measurements shows that the optical energy gap decrease from (3.4 to 3 eV) with the increase of x content, the optical constants declare significant variation with x content variation.

This work involves theoretical and experimental studies for seven compounds to calculate the electrons spectrum and NLO properties. The theoretical study is done by employing the Time Depending Density Functional Theory TD-DFT and B3LYP/high basis set 6-311++G (2d,2p), using Gaussian program 09. Experimental study by UV/VIS spectrophotometer device to prove the theoretical study. Theoretical and experimental results were applicable in spectrum and energy gap values, in addition to convergence theoretically the energy gap results from ΔE_HOMO-LUMO and UV/VIS. spectrum. Consider the theoretical method very appropriate to compounds that absorb in vacuum UV.

This research includes description of the x-ray diffraction, morphology and sensing measurements of SnO₂ doped In₂O₃ thin films synthesized by pulsed laser deposition method on glass and silicon wafer substrates. In2O3:SnO2 powders were obtained by mixing In2O3 with SnO2 in the desired ratio, and calcination the at temperature 1273 K for 5 hours. SnO₂ doped In₂O₃ thin films with different ratios (0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07, and 0.09% wt.) were prepared using pulsed laser deposition method. The structural investigation using X-ray diffraction revealed that the main peaks were compatible with the slandered cards of indium oxide and indium tin oxide. Atomic force microscope declared reduction of grain size by increasing of tin oxide ratio. The research imply details of samples preparation, experimental methods and results which are given and explained. In2O3:SnO2/n-Si film NH₃ sensors were fabricated. The doping ratio that gave the highest sensitivity for NH₃ was 5% wt.SnO₂. SnO₂ doped In₂O₃ thin films was found sensitive against NH₃ at the working temperature 473K. The results showed that the sensors based on I₂O₃:SnO₂ films revealed very short response time(13.5s) to NH₃ at 3% SnO₂ ratio at473Kworking temperature.

An experimental method for preparing a homogenous mixture of Silicon Carbide by a small quantity of concentrated sulfuric acid at room temperature was introduced. SiC film exhibits an amorphous state due to acidic treatment that etches the crystalline surface of the film. SiC films were characterized using FTIR, SEM and optical images. SiC films porosity has been observed by SEM images show the morphology of the final composite. Electrical conductivity of thin films have been evaluated by four point probe Hall measurements. The best ratio of 6Si:4C demonstrated the highest conductivity 0.55 μS.cm.

In this paper, we aim to synthesize keratin nanoparticles from chicken's feather. Crude keratin was extracted by chemical method. We obtained results for keratin nanoparticles using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. In this study, gold nanoparticles (GNps prepared by way Laser Ablation) with keratin nanoparticles for the production of antibacterial materials. NPs samples were characterized using a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The absorption spectra were measure by UV-Visible, double beam spectrophotometer. Three types of pathogenic bacteria were used in this study (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and E. coli) in addition to one opportunistic yeast (Candida albicans). Nano-creatine particles can be used for wound dressing as well as cosmetic preparation.

Enhancement antibacterial activities of a nanocomposit metal oxide by modifying the energy band gap are a future of anti-bacterial and viruses. (TiO₂ and ZnO/TiO₂) nanocomposit (NC) were prepared using a simple Sol-Gel method at calcination temperature 400, 500, 600, and 700 C. The structure, morphology and optical properties were utilized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Antibacterial activity was measured according to the Kirby-Bauer disc method against Staphylococcus aureus. XRD patterns and FTIR confirmed the presence of TiO2, ZnO nanoparticles (NP) without any change in the main peaks. FESEM pictures illustrated like a spherical shape for all that NCs samples especially at temperature 600 C with an average particle size less than 66nm. UV-Vis spectra showed a shift of absorption edges to a visible region. TiO₂/ ZnO NPs showed increase the antibacterial activity against bacteria strains Staphylococcus aureus. That enhancement of the NCs activity might pave the road to significant medical invention in the future.

In this study, the radiological efficacy of selected samples of a hole produced by a rocket dropped during military operations in the second Gulf battle was measured. Since the fall of the rocket in 1991 on district of Tuwayrej, Karbala at central Iraq until this moment, there have been many miscarriages in women as well as cases of congenital malformation in children. For these reasons and in response to the appeals of the residents of the region, we conducted this study. Twelve different samples of soil were collected for the study area from different distances (0, 25, 50 and 100 m) and with different directions (North, South, East and West) from the edge of the hole. chemical method to calculate the percentage elements (Na, Cr, Ni, Ca, Fe, K, and Mg), in this samples, and using physical method to calculate the concentration of the natural radioactivity in the same samples the instrumentations used to count the gross alpha, beta, activities was alpha/beta proportional counter and High purity Germanium detector to calculate the gross gamma activity to count the radiation from these samples. The obtained results show that the gross alpha, beta and gamma activities ranged from (2.15 to 36.23Bq/Kg), (37.37 to 217.17Bq/Kg) and (2.26 to 50.92 Bq/Kg) respectively. In comparing the practical results with the global calculated results, the radiation levels of the studied models were found to be within permissible limits.

Nickelous oxide thin films were successfully deposited onto glass substrates via a fully computerized system of Spray pyrolysis technique. The substrate was maintained at 350°C. Dichloronickel tetrahydrate was used as the raw chemical material. XRD investigation revealed a cubic phase of NiO crystal structure. XRD diffraction patterns were found peaks at 2θ = 37.280°, 43.297°, 62.916 and 79.542°, respectively The FTIR certified vibration mode of Ni-O bonds. Debye-Scherrer's formula found out the grains at 21 nm. Absorption spectrum recorded in the wavelength range of 350-850 nm. Morphology of NiO films was uniformly coated with good surface distribution. The fabricated film was grooved by a blue laser source of 500mW power. Laser grooving process produced a groove width of about 34 μm.

The study involves the synthesis of PPy and PPy loaded with various metal oxides TiO2, WO3, Fe2O3, and SnO2 with different ratios by polymerization procedure. The UV-Visible analysis was carried in the wavelength range (300-1100nm) to determine the optical parameters like optical energy gap and optical constants. From the analysis of absorption spectra, the band gaps of polypyrrole undoped are 1.85eV While the samples of PPy/SnO2 composite gained the highest values 2.2eV at weight Percentage (5%) but with PPy/Fe2O3 gained lowest values 1.5eV at weight Percentage (1%).

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized to arrangement the ZnS / ZnO core / shell NCs via chemical reaction afterward produced from nanocomposite. The modified development of ZnS / ZnO NCs and the sulfurization and oxidation ecosystems could detect many external appearance and colors. Photoluminescence (PL) was analyzed to determine the properties and optical features of such nanostructures, as well as the energy gap between chemical bands. In addition, material characterizations verified, take in electron microscopy scanning and X-ray diffraction a first rising ZnS/ZnO core / shell nanocrystals. An absorption spectrum of ZnO shells on ZnS cores NCs was limited to development technique. The prepared nanocomposites seemed to have the results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and uniform in size limited within 3-4 nm radius. The core / shell nanocomposites ZnS / ZnO NCs are capable of generating white light uses. The white light emission was accomplished by illumination the UV-LED (GaN) nanocomposites of the core ZnS and ZnO cover NC.

The Ni_1–xA_x Fe₂O₄ (A=Co, Mg; x=0, 0.5) spinal ferrite were compact in chemical "sol-gel" process. The structure and magnetic properties of the samples were done by XRD and VSM. The heat treatment for the samples was performed at 700°C for 2 hours. The crystalline size of NiFe₂O₄, Ni_0.5Co_0.5 Fe₂O₄ and Ni_0.5Mg_0.5 Fe₂O₄ were 34.7 nm, 26.8 nm and 29.8 nm, respectively and magnetic measurements showed that the saturation magnetization of these materials were 48.1 emu/g, 34.4 emu/g and 20.36 emu/g, respectively. The values of coercivity (H_c) of the NiFe₂O₄, Ni_0.5Mg_0.5 Fe₂O₄ and Ni_0.5Mg_0.5 Fe₂O₄ are 182 Oe, 460 Oe and 85Oe.

A coupled-channel calculations has been performed to study the cross-section of fusion σ_fus and the distribution of fusion-barrier D_fus and the fusion probability P_fus for the systems ⁶Li+⁶⁴Ni, ⁴⁰Ca+⁹⁶Zr and ¹²⁴Sn+⁴⁸Ca by using the semiclassical method and Wong formula. The adopted semiclassical approach is mainly used for the treatment of the Coulomb excitation of the nucleus. The fusion barrier distribution is determined for both experimental and theoretical using the difference between three-points method. Theoretical results were compared with the measured data and shows very good agreement for ⁶Li+⁶⁴Ni and ¹²⁴Sn+⁴⁸Ca systems, while for the system ⁴⁰Ca+⁹⁶Zr the results were not agreed below and above the Coulomb barrier V_b.

In urban centers, particulate matter and gaseous emissions as pollutant emissions from industries and auto exhausts are responsible for rising discomfort, increasing airway diseases and deterioration of artistic and cultural patrimony. The presented paper concerns with such topic; smoke effect inside a system designed for this purpose. In such system, a burning incense is used as a source for smoke emission to study its effect upon the absorption spectrum for an ink with different pigments. Results show an evidence to the concept of wavelength absorption/reflection attitude for an ink; ink absorbs the appropriate wavelengths to give rise the required color. The latter evidence is true for all colors expect for white/black pigments. The later pigments have identical curved lines for Red, Green, and Blue bands with a trough (high reflectivity)/peak (high absorption) respectively.

The cadmium oxide films containing both tin and magnesium (Mg, Sn) were deposited on the p-type porous silicon bases at room temperature (300k) with pulsed laser sedimentation technology (PLD). The characteristics of the manufactured cells were studied, which include measuring short circuit current density (J_SC) and open circuit voltage (V_OC), where it was found that the highest value of short circuit current density was within (6.60mA / cm²) and open circuit voltage (0.54v). It was found that the efficiency of the solar cell increases with an increase in the percentage of vaccination from (0.59) for pure materials to reach (1.76%) for (n-CdO1-x: Snx / P-PSi) and (1. 64%) with respect to films (n-CdO_1-X: MgX / P-PSi).

Our study achieved in AL-Najaf province within kufa district which are consist of stream network, in dry season (2016), there are thirteen samples collected and six physicochemical parameter analyzed in laboratory of environment in surface water and agriculture directorate in AL-Najaf Province. Six physicochemical parameter like Ec (mmho/cm), TDS(mg/liter), Ca+2(mg/liter), Cl-(mg/liter), So4-2(mg/liter), and PH. For irrigation purpose Standards Iraq were used and inverse distance waited(IDW) interpolation has been used to make of six parameters spatial distribution map above. Raster calculator of Arc map GIS 10.2 software presented water quality index for surface water samples ranged between 53.5092 - 87.5235.

In this study, the linear and nonlinear optical properties of laser dye R6G in methanol solvent were investigated with various concentrations (1×10⁻⁴, 5×10⁻⁴, 1×10⁻⁵, 1×10⁻⁶ and 5×10⁻⁶ mole/liter) at thickness (1mm). To study the non-linear optical properties like refractive index and absorption coefficient (β) Z-Scan technique was used in two modes, the first is the close aperture which can be done by putting the aperture in front of the detector to find the non-linear refractive index. While the second mode is the open aperture which can be obtained by removing the aperture to find non-linear absorption coefficient, using two-wavelength 532 and 1064 nm. The results show that all R6G dye concentrations exhibited self – focusing in closed aperture Z-scan in 532 nm except the (1x10⁻⁴ mol/liter) in 1064 nm which shown a self-defocusing and the change of the effect of saturation absorption in an open aperture in both wavelength.

A mathematical modeling for performance and efficiency for organic solar cell is presented, bulk hetero-junction photovoltaic of ITO layer (indium tin oxide), P3HT (Poly3-Hexylphiophene) PCBM (phenyl C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester) was investigated, the results show main effect of all layers thickness and a major effect for the active layer thickness of the electrical energy obtained for this OPV solar cell due to open circuit voltage, fill factor and short circuit current for the OPV solar cell.

The efficiency investigation was done according to J-V curves obtained from GVPDM (General photovoltaic purpose device model) which built according to optical treatment and drift diffusion model based on the poisson's equation solution, we started from 1e-5 to 1e-9 meter thickness for each layer, then by taking optimum thickness for each layer which are about 1e-7 meter we investigate the efficiency for active layer thickness between (1e-7 to 9e-7), the efficiency obtained was about 3.7 to 2.7 respectively.

Right now, specific radioactivity of soil chose from Diwaniya Governorate was estimated. Ten samples of this soil were gathered. These samples were from some general education schools, where the samples were taken from diversified sites. to define the specific activity from the radioactivity ²³²Th, ²³⁸U and ⁴⁰K, Iodide sodium system activated with Thallium 3"×3" had been used for this aim, finally for Thorium ²³²Th ranged between (BLD-14.652) Bq.kg⁻¹, average (5.334) Bq.kg⁻¹. for Uranium ²³⁸U, it is ranged between (BLD-26.187) Bq.kg⁻¹, average (8.364) Bq.kg⁻¹, where the result showed that radio activity of potassium ⁴⁰K ranged between (346.823-536.704) Bq.kg⁻¹ with a rate of (450.482) Bq.kg⁻¹, The radium equivalent values ranged between (33.951-68.194) Bq.kg⁻¹, average (50.68) Bq.kg⁻¹, the absorbed dose rate in air ranged between (18.386- 33.995) nGy.h⁻¹, average (25.962) nGy.h⁻¹, External hazard index ranged through (0.091-0.184), average (0.136), Internal hazard index ranged through (0.091-0.226), average (0.159). activity concentration index ranged between (0.293-0.538), average (0.409), the observed results were below the International recommended limits.

The concentration of the heavy metal lead (Pb) has been measured for more than one hundred indoor air samples of different locations in Wasit Governorate that is frequented by many people. The samples were taken from the air conditioners of these locations and then washed with distilled water. The Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) has been used to measure Pb concentration. The results showed that the concentration of Pb, in general, is higher than the allowed international values. The minimum, maximum, and overall average values of Pb concentration (in mg m⁻³) for the investigated samples were 5.29E-03, 2.72E-05 and 9.56E-04, respectively. Finally, the cancer toxic risks and non-cancer toxic risks have been estimated, and its results were important and cannot be ignored.

Cu_0.5Ti_0.5Tb_xFe_2-xO₄ samples were prepared by powder technology at different values of x (0, 0.03, 0.06, and 0.09). The behavior of dielectric constant studied within frequency range (100 Hz - 10 MHz)) at different annealing temperatures (298, 373, and 473) K. This studying indicated a fine behavior for dielectric constant with frequency range and annealing temperatures. The study of dielectric loss (tan δ) showed reducing of relaxation time and appearing different loss peaks with the variation of frequency and temperature. Also the activation energy which is related to relaxation time is calculated.

The plasma diagnostics of dc magnetron reactive sputtered copper nitride thin films by Optical emission spectrometer (OES) is investigated and argon / nitrogen effect (Ar/N₂) mixture ratio on plasma parameters and structural properties of sputtered Cu₃N thin films are discussed. Cu₃N thin films of 60.30 nm and 105 nm have been formed on glass substrates at room temperature using Ar(70)/N₂(30) and Ar(50)/N₂(50) working gas discharges respectively. The size of crystallites, grains and particles in the copper nitride thin films have been estimated from X-ray diffractions, Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), and Field Emission Scanning microscope (FESEM) respectively. The properties of sputtered copper nitride thin films are related to the plasma parameter of electrons temperature and density.. An increase in optical transmittance and a decrease in absorbance over the wavelength range were found as the nitrogen percentage increased which result on decrease the film thicknesses. The energy of the optical band gap, E_g obtained in the range of 2.6 to 2.7 eV.

The electrical properties of the Sb films were studied with different annealing temperatures, these films were deposited on glass substrates at room temperature thermal evaporation technique with thickness (0.5 μm), all samples are annealed in a vacuum for one hour. the d.c conductivity for all deposited films decreases from 17.54 × 10⁻² to 12.23 × 10⁻² (Ω.cm)⁻¹ with increase of annealing temperature form 373K to 473 K. Increasing of annealing temperature from 373K to 473K, caused the electrical activation energies Ea1 and Ea2 to increase from 0.014 to 0.021eV and from 0.026 to 0.033eV respectively. Hall measurements showed that all the films are p-type.

Disperse Orange 13 (DO13) is from the Azo dye group, its double azo class. It has a good photo-thermal stability dissolvability and easy preparation so that can be used in optoelectronic applications. In this study, three new dye structures group were designed by adding molecular of thiadiazol, thiophene and oxadiazole to DO13 molecular structure, respectively, to enhance the optical and electronic properties of disperse orange 13 azo dye. This study involves investigation and calculation of the optical and electronic properties. energy band gaps, absorption spectrum as a function to wavelengths, frontier orbital (the highest and lowest molecular; the first is occupied and the second is unoccupied orbital), maximum energy, Fermi energy levels, work functions are studied based on the first concepts of the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The study results show an enhancement on optical and electronic properties of DO13 dye. Where the λ maximum values ranged from 454.670 to 496.760 nm, these values are within the visible light region, the absorption increasing from 0.693 for DO13 to 1.288 for DO13-3thiophene. According to all characteristics shown in the study, the new dyes group may be considered a promise material for solar cell applications.

In this work we investigate the effect of bending defect on the electronic and structural properties of the (3,3), (4,4), (5,0) and (6,0) single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) using density functional theory (DFT) within Becke three parameter Lee–Yang–Parr (B3LYP) functional using 6-31 basis set. Our result revealed that as the bending angle increases, the deformation of atomic structure of the tube increases, particularly in the centralized zone of the tube. The obtained outcomes revealed that the bandgap fluctuates with the bending angle of CNTs and the cohesive energy, the highest occupied (E_HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals energies (E_LUMO) decrease (in magnitude) as the CNTs bending increases. On the other hand, the electron affinity and the ionization potential increases with the bending angle of CNTs, while the Fermi energy decreases with the bending angle of CNTs, with a fluctuation of Fermi energy with the bending for (4,4) tube. Finally, in the presence of bending deformation, the highest number of density of states in the valence and conduction bands decrease with increasing the bending angle of CNTs.

In this study, some attenuation parameters of gamma shields were studied. This shields consisting of composite materials of Unsaturated polyester as a base material and Nano iron oxide (Fe₂O₃) and, micro iron (Fe) as reinforcement materials at different percentages (1, 3,5,7and 9)wt%, and with different thickness (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5and 4) cm. The results showed that the use of nanoparticles is better than the microparticales in the field of radiation shielding. It has been shown that the values of attenuation parameters of gamma it bitter in the case of nanoparticles than case of the use of micro material.

The current work involved suggestion of a new material "D-π-A system" for use in solar cells as organic dyes sensitized. The ground state estimations are done by utilizing the hybrid functional "B3LYP" with 6-311G(d, p) basis set on density functional theory (DFT) method in gas phase. Besides, the TD-DFT was selected with same functional to modulate the electronic absorption spectra and charge-transfer capabilities of the dyes analyzed in this study. The effects of introducing different groups as π-bridge on the properties of these materials were examined with intending to confirm the connection between compounds structure and its properties. In addition, various electronic, optical, chemical reactivity and optical parameters were determined from the fully optimized structures. The results demonstrate these materials can be utilized as organic sensitizers for solar cell because of its properties and probability of the electron injection process from each studied molecule to the E_CB "conduction band" of TiO₂ and PCBM and the subsequent regeneration are possible, finally the electrons transfer will be simple from the examined dyes to TiO2 or PCBM.

Porous Silicon PS has been prepared so as to use it a substrate to dropped ZnO:B thin films with different boron concentrations additions (2- 8) % dropped at 450°C through used the chemical spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique in approximately 150nm thicknesses. Crystallite and Grain size decreases with adding more of boron as a doping for zinc oxide films which dropped on the negative type (n-type) and positive type (p-type) of PS. Surface morphology study for the obtained the ZnO:B thin films and for the n-PS and p-PS was studied by TEM, SEM and AFM. Sensing properties of ZnO:B thin films for H₂ gas showed that the increases of boron leads to increases of the thin films sensitivity, measured sensitivity of the n-PS substrate was more than p-PS.

Thin films of pure and doped nano titanium dioxide (TiO₂) were prepared using a chemical pyrolysis technique (CPS), with different nanosize graphene oxide (GO) concentrations in the range (3-9)wt%. The structural, morphological and optical characteristics of these films were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique measurements revealed that the structure properties of TiO₂ have polycrystalline structure with anatase phase. AFM analysis showed the grain size of TiO2 films with different concentrations was decreased after doping with high concentration of GO ratio. Roughness of these films decreased too after adding of GO impurity for all films from (7.65-5.6)nm except 5wt% percentage where increased to 13.7nm. Optical properties of TiO2 are affected by stimulants of GO, where the refractive index and the real part dielectric constant decrease, while the extinction coefficient and the imaginary dielectric constant increase after continuous addition of GO up to 7wt% and then increases with an increase in the further percentage of impurities. Energy gap values decreased after doping up to 7wt% with GO where the values lies in the range was 3.31 to 3.2eV while arrived to 3.49eV with more increasing of impurity percentage.

In this paper, twenty four measurements for radiation absorbed dose rate (D) of selected schools in Wasit Governorate – Iraq have been investigated using Canberra dosimeter. The annual radiation effective dose rate (Eff.D) has been calculated for all investigated schools. The results showed a significant fluctuation for all measurements of indoor and outdoor absorbed dose rates (D_In and D_Out) and the overall average values were 0.14 μSv/h and 0.134 μSv/h for D_In and D_Out, receptively. Furthermore, the maximum value of Eff.D was 1.275 mSv/y and the minimum value was 0.294 mSv/y while the overall average value was 0.819 mSv/y.

In this work, Poly (o-toluidine) have been Built up by oxidizing polymerization (o-toluidine) in an acid medium. The polymer was distinguished by emissions by EDX, SEM, and the electron. external doping has been used. N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a solvent used in a thin-film mixture. Two-probe methods have been used in the measurement of electrical conductivity. The effect of different temperatures on conductivity has been studied. We find low conductivity about 0.0202* 10⁻⁴ S/cm.

The total potassium (element) concentration in percentage ratio (K%) has been calculated for wheat and its derivatives (wheat flour, bran, yeast samples) of Wasit mills, and wheat flour samples that used in bakeries distributed in Wasit governorate by measured K-40 radioactive isotope using gamma spectroscopy adopted with high pure germanium coaxial detector. The overall average values of the above investigated samples were; 0.190%, 0.159%, 0.122%, 0.111%, and 0.251%, respectively. In addition, the natural occurring radioactive materials for all samples have been investigated. Except potassium − 40 (K-40), all the measured radioactive isotopes were below the minimum detectable activity of gamma spectroscopy, therefore, even if a more accurate measurement system is used, the specific radioactivity (S.A) of these isotopes are within the international permissible levels. Then, the ingested radiation annual effective dose of the intake K-40 (Eff D) has been calculated, and the results showed that all values within the international allowed values.

Cellulose Nitrate (CN-85) plastic detectors, with a thickness of 100 μm, were exposed to radiation by alpha particles. Then, the irradiated detectors were etched and treated with radiation by using He-Ne laser source. The influence of laser irradiation on the physical characterization of CN-85 track detectors has been investigated through track radii. In this study, the tracks' number and track radii were calculated. The results showed that the track radii of laser-etched CN-85 detectors were reduced with increasing the etching time. Further, the track radii were changed due to the effects of alpha particles on the CN-85 detectors. This method is found to be a relatively inexpensive, easy, and effective tool for measuring the radiation dose.

The phenomenological description of Barium nuclei which have proton number (56) and neutron numbers 74 and 75 have been calculated by Interacting Boson – Fermion Model. Yrast and excited bad, probability of electric transition B(E2) and potential energy surface have been estimated. The input parameters which are used in the present study the best approximation that has been carried out so far. These calculations show that a good agreement with those of experimental data for Barium nuclei.

A simplified mathematical model to describe the nonlinear dynamics of a quantum dot laser (QDLs) coupled with external cavity was modified. This system is currently modeled by very complex equations which are intractable analytically and numerically. The model derived is simple, and efficient to provide full insight of the dynamics of the QDLs while compared with the well-known classical models. The equilibrium points and stability analysis of critical points is carried out. Various bifurcation scenarios are obtained numerically showing several striking routes to chaos.

Because of the greats pressures on humans, there are resorted to smoking without knowing its effects on health. Such symptoms include adult lung cancer, cardiovascular, respiratory infections, kidney failure, congenital abnormalities and chronic bronchitis. Uranium and radon estimation has carried out in 100 smoker and Non-smoker blood samples from Babylon, Iraq, using solid state nuclear track detector (CR-39). The results have been shown the total uranium concentrations in blood smokers and non-smokers samples to be 1.02 ± 0.26 ppb and 0.86 ± 0.17 ppb respectively. On the other side, the total concentrations of radon in blood smokers and non-smokers samples 4.98 ± 0.79 Bqm⁻³ and 3.59 ± 0.28 Bqm⁻³ respectively. The total concentrations of uranium and radon in blood samples of smokers are greater than non- smokers blood samples. While, the total polonium (POW) and (POS) for smoker and non- smoker samples to be 0.527 KBqm⁻³ - 0.127 KBqm⁻³ and from 0.378 KBqm⁻³ to 0.091 KBqm–3 respectively. These studies conclude the smoking causes an increase in the concentration of uranium and radon and polonium in the blood of smokers.

Perovskite solar cells become another field for conventional solar cells achieving an output of 22.1 percent in eight years (2008-2016) short period. There is reason to believe that PSCs are a strong competitor in the photovoltaic field with silicone and CIGS solar cells. The well understanding of the operation mechanism of PSCs is essential and mandatory to furtherly improve device performance. The shape and excitation type is like to inorganic semiconductor solar cells. This work is concerned about the design and studies of lead-based perovskite solar cell model with the flexible architecture of ITO/TiO₂/CH₃NH₃PbI₃/Cu₂O/Au and analyzed using the solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D), we study the effects of the thicknesses for all active materials which are ETM, HTM and Perovskites in addition to environment temperature on the main parameters of our device solar cells. Method/Analysis: Solar cell device assessment is conducted using a Solar Cell Power Simulator(SCAPS). This is a computer-based software tool and is well equipped to conduct research into photovoltaic structures with barriers to homo and heterojunctions, multi-junctions, and Schottky. This model optimizes various parameters such as the thickness, Electron Transport Material (ETM) (ND and NA) doping concentrations, and Hole Transport Material (HTM). Achievement and simulates electrons and holes based on the Poisson's and continuity equation The effected thickness of CH3 NH3 PbI3 different from 0.2μm to 1μm and the finest results are observed at 0.2μm. Improvements: Efficiency is constant at different temperatures when using the finest thickness for the material where the efficiency reached 21%.

This is research were study an effect of changing an energy of laser and study of an optical properties from aluminum nanoparticle (NPs) processe by a laser ablation technique is present in deionized a water. The results showed absorption at the wavelength 225 and 223 (nm) and increase in absorption with energy because increase in density and number of particles.

CdO thin film has been deposited by chemical bath deposition method (CBD) on the glass substrate. Effect of annealing temperature( 573,623 and 673 K) on the structural and optical properties of the films has been investigated. The crystal structure investigated by X-ray diffraction method. Annealed CdO films are polycrystalline in nature with cubic structure having a preferential orientation along (1 1 1) plane. Analysis of XRD indicates that the intensities of peaks of the crystalline phase have increased with the increasing of annealing temperature. The structural parameters for the CdO thin films as the grain size, strain, dislocation density, and texture coefficient were calculated. Particle size for the preferential orientation at different annealing temperature is (16.95, 18.24 nm) for annealing temperature 623 and 673 K respectively. Optical properties study of CdO thin films using UV-vis spectrophotometer shows blue shift in the energy band gap as an indication of quantum confinement. It is observed that the band gap energy decreases with increasing of annealing temperature. The direct and indirect band gap energy values were found to be (2.95 2.87) and (1.945,1.914) eV respectively.

In this study, squire ring resonator structure (SRR), which can be used as an materials sensor based on electromagnetic metamaterials absorber in microwave S-band regime. The SRR is contain squire copper ring and hole on the top, FR4 in the middle layer and copper film at the bottom. The sensitivity of the resonance frequency to the material type was numerically examined in the CST Microwave Studio (MWS) environment. In these analyzes, the hole dielectric constant of material was changed from 4.3 to 1. Within the three different materials (FR4, oil and vacuum). It is shown that the absorption wavelength displays worthy blue-shift with the increasing dielectric constant of material. Furthermore, the simulation results indicate that the sensitivity of SRR is very good, which makes SRR structure be an ideal detection for material type.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Intensity (CDEI) in Iraq correlated between carbon dioxide emission (kg CO₂) and crude oil production (COP) (kg oil equivalent). This relationship is important for industry and energy sectors to the achievement of their economic and environmental goal, then to know a common pattern of emissions intensity. The sources of data set from Carbon Dioxide Information analysis center (CDIAC), contain: total CO2 emission, COP from Iraqi Ministry of oil and Iraqi crude oil production increased over time and about (more than 80%) from Basra city. Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) was calculated.

CDEI was nonlinear behavior that high level in the 1970s then decreased to reach 1.707 kg co2 / kg_{oil equivalent} in 1997, and CDEI was more sensitive to COP than total CO2 emissions. EKC maximum values present in early 1970s and in 2004 present highest value was (0.082 metric ton / current US$ person). COP was unstable level, fluctuation between (1-3) mb/d, till reach 4.29 mb/d as average in 2019.

the study considers the optical classification of cervical nodal lymph cells and is based on research into the development of a Computer Aid Diagnosis (CAD) to detect the malignancy cases of diseases. We consider 2 sets of features one of them is the statistical features; included Mode, Median, Mean, Standard Deviation and Maximum Probability Density and the second set are the features that consist of Euclidian geometrical features like the Object Perimeter, Area and Infill Coefficient. The segmentation method is based on following up the cell and its background regions as ranges in the minimum-maximum of pixel values. The decision making approach is based on applying of Minimum Distance which give accuracy of 97%.

In this research zinc nanoparticles metal were prepared by laser ablation method using zinc novel metal. The Zn nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The optical properties of particles were studied an FTIR spectrum. FTIR spectra confirmed the adsorption of surfactant molecules at the surface of Zn nanoparticles and presence of Zn bonding. The result reported increase in wavenumber with energy supplied and reduce in transmittance.

The electronic properties of the C35Al molecule grapheme sheet was meant to be examined by conducting the study in hand in addition to those accumulation of C35Al over other toxic gases molecules, namely CO and H2S, through the application of DFT, which is the Density Functional Theory. Going through a systematic study, both of the geometrical structure and the electronic characteristics possessed by the doped grapheme molecules were compared to the pristine grapheme C36 after being thoroughly examined. A number of functionalized and dodecahedral derivatives were studied at the B3LYP that is functional and basis 6-31G. After examining a number of functionalized and dodecahedral derivatives at the B3LYP that is considered functional as well as the basis set 6- 31G( d,p) level of the (DFT), which is the Density Functional Theory. After that, as the energies, relative and formative, of the compounds, occupancy, the greatest molecular orbit that is occupied (HOMO) as well as the smallest molecular orbit that is unoccupied LUMO), the gap between the energies ( LUMO - HOMO) was calculated. As the Co and the H2S possess adsorption characteristics that appears at the graphene sheet surface (C35Al), these characteristics were also studied by DFT. Furthermore, the apparent and possible chemical properties or the Fermi energy that the graphene sheet (C35Al) has as well as the molecules of the gas were also studied. It was found that the energy values that are considered those of the adsorption characteristics of the gas molecule are condensed. Therefore, the sensor is going to go through periods of recovery. The results that were discovered were indicative of the fact that greater numbers of EHOMO in relation to the CO adsorption of the C35Al graphene sheet, which was (-7.1507 eV), displaying that the molecule is less likely to donate electrons as ELUMO value is smaller to the H2S adsorption of the C35Al sheet of graphene, which is (- 5.3358 eV). What these values illustrate is that the molecule is more likely to receive electrons as well as lesser rates of the adsorption of Eads H2S on the C35Al sheet of graphene is (0.2721 eV). These values show that a propensity of the molecule used as a sensor.

BACKGROUND: One of the most accurate and highly reproducible techniques is dual- energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DXA device used to measure BMD, BMC, T-score, Z-score, and consequently used to measure fat mass (FM) and lean mass (LM) for different body sites such as arms, ribs, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, pelvis, legs and whole body. DXA technique is widely used in clinical application researches like diagnosing and treating osteoporosis in elderly men and women with different diseases and assessment of skeleton status.

METHODS: One hundred and seventy-six males and females participated in the current study consisting of 48 males and 128 females were evaluated by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA).

RESULTS: The estimated correlation coefficients values were as follows: total BMD depending on segmental BMD of arms, legs were fitted with correlation coefficient of (r=0.92) and (r=0.91) respectively; also it were fitted with (r=0.85), (r=0.84), (r=0.73), (r=0.70), and (r=0.65) for head, pelvis, ribs, thoracic spine and lumber spine respectively; p<0.0001.

CONCLUSION: The mean total bone mineral density BMD of the total body for both genders shows highly significant; (p-value = 0.0001) through the ages (20-29). The same results are shown in the ages of (60-69) years with a significant relationship between males and females; (p=0.01). All the other groups (10-19), (30-39), (40-49), (50-59) and (70-80) years showed no significant relationship between both genders, where all mean total BMD amounts were small in female subgroups; p>0.01.

The Aerosols Optical Thickness (AOT) and rainfall are important factors in the physical processes that occur in the atmosphere, such as absorption and dispersion of solar radiation and precipitation composition, and thus affect the radiation balance and water balance in the atmosphere. The methods used in the study depend on the monthly and yearly mean of the aerosol and sum of rainfall, taken from the European Mediterranean Weather Forecast (ECMWF) during the time period (2008-2018), for selected stations in Iraq (Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, Basra). The largest value of the aerosol index was recorded in Basra, and the lowest value was recorded in Mosul the highest value of rainfall recorded in Mosul, and the lowest value in Basra. The relationship between the aerosol index and rainfall is a ten-year inverse relationship for the selected areas (Mosul, Baghdad, Rutba, and Basra).

Knowledge Expertise of radioactivity levels in the human diet is very important to estimating potential radiological risks to human health. During this research gamma ray spectroscopy technique was used to measure the awareness and amount of the annual effective dose (E_ave) due to Uranium, Thorium and Potassium and the lifetime risk factor for cancer (ELCR) in forty samples, of the most widely used medicinal herbs in Iraq and evaluation of ingested doses through herbs consumption, the estimated total annual effective dose received of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium due to the population's consumption of medicinal herbs ranges (0.0124-0.9632) with a mean (0.1502), (0.0024-5.7334) with a mean (0.4750), (0.8324-7.9970) with a mean (2.9349) in units (μSv/y) respectively, while the lifetime risk factor for cancer was ranges (0.0291-0.2798) with a mean (0.1026). All results indicate that they are within the permissible limits for medical and food use, and when comparing the results with IAEA publications and international and Arab research, it was found that they are significantly less than the permissible global range and therefore do not pose a threat to human health also can be considered as database of these herbs in the future.

In this work effect of solvents on linear optical properties for solutions of nematic liquid crystals dissolved in different solvents with different concentrations were investigated. Absorption and transmission spectra of this samples had been recorded using UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results indicate that the samples dissolved in chloroform solvent possess very large linear optical properties as compared with samples dissolved in ethanol and methanol solvents. As a result it can be used as resonator cavity in liquid crystal lasers and other optical and photonic devices.

In the current work of radiology, polymeric sheets of the PM-355 nuclear track detectors (SSNTDs) were exposed with α-particles and solar radiation for several exposure times. The absorption spectrum of samples exposed to the sun showed that the edge of the absorption accidentally changed to longer wavelengths. An investigation of continue waveguide laser effects on the nonlinear absorption properties of nuclear track polymer has been done. Non-linear absorption increases with increasing levels of exposure to sunlight and is highly connected to revealed surface morphology and chemical structural modifications. In case of high solar radiation flux and α-particles irradiation, the nuclear track detectors showed high nonlinearities, represented by the appearance of a number of diffraction rings.

The solar cell efficiency has been improved by using concentrators having mixing two organic dyes; Pyranine and Triglyceride for Oleic acid. The efficiency of the silicon solar cell was measured before and after mixing.

A Big improvement was noticed in the solar cell efficiency from (21.57) to (34.16). Also, the (fluorescence & absorption), stokes shift (Δη), radiated lifetime (τ_fm), fluorescence lifetime (τ_f) and quantum efficiency (Q_fm) was calculated.

Background: Monitoring patients radiation dose during anterior-posterior (AP) pelvis radiography is of paramount importance. This is due to the existence of the gonads within the pelvic region.

Objective: The purpose of this work is to estimate effective dose (ED) for adult patients who examined for AP pelvis radiography in the governmental hospitals of Al Najaf city-Iraq.

Materials and methods: The ED was estimated for 64 patients (male and female) who undertaking AP pelvis radiography using CALDOSE-X5 Monte Carlo software. The calculation of the ED was based on the measurements of X-ray tube output and the knowledge of exposure factors. The X- ray output was measured using Rad-Check ionization chamber for each X-ray tube. In total, seven X-ray tubes were enrolled to assess the patients' ED. Exposure factors includes tube potential (kVp), tube loading (mAs) and X-ray source to image detector distance-SID (cm)); these were recorded for each patient together with their demographic data (weight(kg) and height(m)). Five major hospitals were considered in this work (i.e. Al Sadder, Al Hakeem, Al Furat, Al Manzrah and Middel Euphrates cancer center).

Results: The average value of the estimated ED was ranged from 0.156±0.041 mSv to 0.4068±0.049 mSv across all hospitals. The value of max/min of the ED was ranged from 1.25 to 2.58 across different hospitals. The corresponding average values of the kVp used for this examination was ranged from 75 to 113.75 kVp; mAs: ranged from 11.7 to 42.1 mAs and for the SID the range was between 100 and 140.6 cm.

Conclusion: The resulted data demonstrate there is a clear variability in patient dose and exposure factors set among the selected hospitals. The ED values were seen to be slightly lower than those reported by the UK (Survey-2010, 0.284 mSv) and were higher than those reported by certain countries (e.g. Canada, Ghana etc.). Overall, a periodic checking together with conducting a quality control testing is highly recommended.

The atmospheric cold plasma has been used in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles using different molar concentration from Aqueous gold tetrachloride salts HAuCl_4.4H₂O mixed with Hyaluronic acid (HA) using a low-cost and simple method in order to create a cold plasma at exposure time of 6 min. The effect of mixing with different concentrations ratio of gold salts with 1mM of hyaluronic acid with ratio Gold salt:HA (10:1) were studied with the same exposure time which stated above to determine the best concentration for nanoparticles of gold.

X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectra were used to characterize the nanoparticles. The synthesis of AuNPs indicated to surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) at 540, 544,and 550 nm for samples that prepared. The strong intense peaks that showed in the XRD patterns for all prepared samples is indicating to the face centered cubic structure and nature of crystalline of nanoparticles. The average size of crystallite were from 20 to 40 nm for the AuNPs, and the FESEM showed the AuNPs morphology. and the synthesize of AuNPs were showed by observations are have spherical shape and have diameters sizes from 16 to 38 nm.

The outcome of the study revealed that the atmospheric air cold plasma is a promising technique to be used in production of the nanoparticle's materials for the medical application.

This research is devoted to the effect of investigation of the ZnO content on the structural and electrical properties of (NiO)_1-x (ZnO)_x films prepared by pulsed laser precipitation on the glass substrate at room temperature. Thin-film (NiO)_1-x (ZnO)_x sediments were deposited with different composition ratios where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 with a thickness of n150nm. The diffraction pattern for X-ray analysis reveals that the structure of the prepared thin films is identical with the cubic phase and hexadecimal stage of x = 0 and 0.1, respectively while the structure is mixed with the remaining x value from both stages. It involves studying the conductivity versus temperature to estimate conduction mechanisms and the Hall effect for determining type and carrier concentration as well as movement values. The results showed that there are two connection mechanisms and thus activation energies. Hall Effect showed that most of the prepared thin films were converted from type p to n of type x at = 0.2 and 1.0. Concentration of the carrier increases twice the volume while the mobility decreases by two degrees of volume by increasing the ZnO content from 0.0 to 1.0. The results were explained in terms of variation in the size of the crystals by increasing the ZnO content in the prepared thin films.

Noble metal gold nanoparticles were prepared by tow method. The first method gold nanoparticles (AuNPS) synthesised by the reduction of chloroauric acid ( HAuCl4) with a solution for sodium borohydride. The second method the gold mineral plates were ablation by pulsed laser when it was immersed in filtered H₂O. The synthesized nanoparticles are characterized by using UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

The Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectra in the visible regions of the gold nanoparticles appear intense absorptions a result of surface plasmon resonance (spr) vibrations in noble mineral nanoparticles. From X-ray diffraction and TEM tests the particle size for the laser ablation method calculated was found to be lie between (15- 20 nm) and for chemical method approximately lie between (13-16 nm).

PbSe semi conductors are considered to be suitable product for its phototransistor implementations for IR emission. The structural characteristics of PbSe nanostructures have been studied. Placing the produced thin films of PbSe on sufficiently washed quartz molecules by thermal evaporation technique. The structural characteristics of the FTIR recording device spectroscopy design Shimadzu have been employed to calculate the transmitted and absorbed wavelengths of PbSe thin layer placed in luminous spectrum (400–4000 nm) on quartz substrates pre and post β-ray radiation.

This research aims to know the boron concentration in samples taken from water which collected from the river of Shatt al-Arab. It passage through Faw and Abu Al-khaseeb district in Basrah governorate located in southern Iraq. The measurements were made by analyzing the samples were taken from 24 different sites by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Technique. The concentration of Boron in the study was Between (0.30206) ppm in (Al-Doweb) and (1.1918) ppm in (near of Abadan refinery) within the Shatt al-Arab. The results of this research can be used to help implement the water quality standard by the competent departments in order to keep water sources free from pollution. The study showed that the boron concentration is most samples taken from the studied sites are not high, with the exception of some samples that may indicate the possibility of pollution in the future may pose a danger to humans and the environment.

The properties of even-even¹⁵⁸Er, ¹⁶⁰Yb and ¹⁶²Hf isotones are studied and its energy states calculated. To identify the properties of each isotone, the values of the first excited states $E{2}_{1}^{+}$ and the ratio of the second to the first excited states ${R}_{4/2}=E{4}_{1}^{+}/E{2}_{1}^{+}$ were adopted. The phenomenon of back-bending, the E-GOS curve and the odd-even staggering were studied. Examining the algebraic structure of the Bohr model (BM) clarified the relationship with the interacting vector boson model (IVBM) and the interacting boson model (IBM) which it has related solvable limits and corresponding dynamical symmetries. BM, IVBM and IBM were used to calculate the energy states for each isotone and compared with the experimental data. The results showed that the BM and IVBM are more comfort than the calculation of IBM-1. The contour plots of the potential energy surface (PES) to the IBM Hamiltonian for Er–Hf with N = 90 have been obtained using the intrinsic coherent state and evolve from deformed shapes to γ- unstable with decreasing the boson number.

Electromagnetic Metamaterial perfect absorber EM-MMPA is representative an artificial electromagnetic material, which has many application prospects in huge fields like energy harvesting from electromagnetic wave. This work focused on the design and simulation ultrathin structure based on polarization unsensitive. However, based on the three-layer structure of copper reflector, dielectric layer and copper triquetra resonator. Through the results, it is found that, at 10.026 GHz with the fundamental mode of resonance can achieve a polarization unsensitive perfect absorption. Furthermore, all the materials involved in this work are easily available, and the size of the unit cell is also within the range of easy implementation, and it has a good prospect of many numbers of practical application.

Favipiravir is an antiviral medication currently being trialled as a COVID-19 treatment. To help accelerate these efforts, we have performed a research for tautomers formations of favipiravir as possible RNA polymerase enzyme inhibitors and mitigating the virus ability. This study provides important electronic and optical properties of tautomers determined by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density function theory (TD-DFT) calculations in gas phase and in water. A series of favipiravir derivatives was designed, and study the effect of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap on the efficacy of inhibitors. It has been determined that H-atom positions change and substituting fluorine (F) by hydroxyl (OH) group of tautomers affects the energy gap and dipole moment values. Among all compounds, the results have shown that Fb4 form with OH is most potent inhibitory activity in both gas phase and water. These investigations indicated that these tautomers could be potentially developed into drugs, but further investigations are still required to examine the cytotoxicity and consequent side reactions.

ZnO "nanorods" perpendicularly aligned grown on (FTO) coated quartz substrates by using a hydrothermal method. Energy Dispersion X-Ray Spectrometry (EDXS) showed the elements of "Zn" and "O", moreover prove the high purity of ZnO nonmaterial. The element ratio of "Zn" and to "O" is quantitatively managed equal (89.4:10.6).

TiO₂ "nanotubes" grown on "Ti" foil by using hydrothermal and anodization method. The major components of the TiO₂ "nanotube" titanium and oxygen with compound percentage for the "Ti" and "O" are (65.1:34.9) respectively.

In this paper, the nuclear structure of Barium nuclei has been studied by interacting boson model. The properties of eigenstates and reduce probability of electric transition and potential energy surface have been calculated. The nuclei understudy has proton number equal 56 and neutron numbers 75 and 76. The results of energy states and B(E2) values have been compared with the experimental data. These comparisons show that acceptable between the calculations and experimental data. The parameters which used in the calculation have been estimated and give best approximation. The shape of potential energy surface show that the even-even nucleus have O(6) dynamical symmetry.

Organic/inorganic heterojunction solar cells have been fabricated based on CdSe/PVA nanocomposite as an acceptor and PANI-DBSA/PS nanofibers as a donor material. CdSe/PVA nanocomposite PANI-DBSA/PS nanofiber materials have been prepared by chemical and electrospinning methods, respectively. X-ray diffraction, Atomic Force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements technique reveals that the two nanomaterials have deferent morphology with the crystalline cubic structure of CdSe/PVA nanocomposite and amorphous phase of PANI-DBSA/PS nanofibers. The absorption spectra of PANI-DBSA/PS and CdSe/PVA nanocomposite thin films were analyzed in the wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm. the current-voltage density measurements of the solar cell which were performed in the dark and under illumination are reveal that the ideality factor of all the devices is more than one and the maximum power conversion efficiency is 0.3%. The effects of temperature on the photovoltaic properties of solar cells have been investigated. The power conversion efficiency values increased with increasing temperature.

In the presented study, internal and external hazard indices for fly ash's samples were measured from Al-Hartha thermal power station in the south part of Al-Basra province in Iraq. Eight samples were taken from different places inside the station. The samples were collected at year 2018 and compared with a previous study at 2014.

The range of total values (highest value and lowest value) related to the internal and external hazard indices was H_in = 1.374 - 0.612 and H_ex = 1.003-0.529, respectively.

Therefore, it is noted that some H_in and H_ex values are considered higher than the permissible limits set by international organizations, especially the S4 sample, taking into account that the values of radiation risk factors should be less than one (≤1) to be negligible. Therefore, the results of the measurements showed that the values of hazard indices related to some samples of fly ash that were taken from Al-Hartha thermal electric power station in Al- Basra are higher than the internationally permissible limits.

We report on the observation of thermal lens as well as multiple diffraction ring patterns due to the irradiation of the azo dye "1.8-Dihydroxy-naphthalin-3, 6 disulfonic acid [2-(4-Azo)]-N-(5-methyl-3-isoxazolyl)-benzene sulfonamide" at same time by three continuous wave, green (λ=532 nm), red (λ=635 nm) and blue (λ=473 nm), laser beams. This effect we observed at power input less than 10 mW for the pump 532 nm green laser and as low as 50 μW of beams from other two wavelengths. The number of rings for all three beams is totally controlled by the level of pump input power. The optical limiting of the azo dye solution using the 532 nm green laser beam is also demonstrated. The change in the material refractive index, Δn, the nonlinear refractive index, n₂, and the thermo-optical coefficient dn/dT are calculated based on thermal lens and diffraction ring techniques. The three quantities are found to be in the range of 10⁻⁴, 10⁻⁷cm²/W and 10⁻⁵K⁻¹ respectively by both techniques.

In this work, theoretical calculations and simulated data are presented that enable us to calculate the effect of Ar: Hg on the plasma electronic coefficients depending on the variance in the plasma field resistance, which presents in a varied electrical field and under thermodynamic equilibrium. The electric field was chosen in the limited range (1-1000) Td, and the concentrations in the limited range (0.01-0.09) mol. Results show a good agreement between the original data (using BOLSIG +) and that estimated data. There are a large number of applications, for example, material technology that uses flare discharge, thin-film deposition, invasive laser beams, and plasma screen TV. Other technological applications such as gas circuit breakers and L. of particle detectors have also been developed. The work includes calculating the effect of c variation on plasma electronic coefficients and different mercury concentrations of the argon and mercury mixture, and secondly, calculating the effect of the electric field (E / N) on electronic coefficients (mobility, the mean energy of electron, momentum frequency) by solving the Boltzmann equation using BOLSIG + where It was noticed that there is a clear effect of reducing the electric field (E / N) on the electronic transactions where the low electric field increases.

The developments in the field of solar cells need to create a new material to improve the electrical properties, which leads to an increase in conversion efficiency. So, in this paper, nanocrystalline Tin dioxide (SnO₂) as a thin film were synthesized and deposited on Titanium dioxide using chemical Spray pyrolysis thechniqe (CSPT). The mixed aqueous solution of Tin chloride (SnCl₂) was prepeared at room temperature using magnatic stirr and sprayted on glass slide at 300 °C. Our results indicated that the prepared films are smooth, homogeneous and have good adhesion to the substrate. The results of structural properties revealed that the synthesis films are polycrystalline in nature with prefer orientations (110) and (101) for SnO₂ and TiO₂ respectively. The optical properties results using UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis shows that high transmittance (grater than 70 %) and wide optical energy gap 3.97, 3.93 and 3.88 eV for TiO₂, SnO₂ and SnO₂/TiO₂ respectivly.

In this study two Ferroelectric compounds were prepared, The chemical formula of the two compounds were [BTO] and [BPTO], Both compounds were synthesized by ceramic method and calcined for 4 hours at 1000°C. Then, the compounds were subjected to X-ray diffraction Analysis for the determination of their structural properties.From the results, the compounds were found to exhibit a tetragonal Perovskite with homogenous particle size in-between the samples; furthermore, there was an observable increase in the Theoretical density. Similarly, Samples were subjected to atomic force Microscope (AFM) analysis for roughness, grain size, and root mean square.Upon Infrared analysis of the samples, the IR spectra showed an increase in the constant bond force (K) by a slight proportion of lead while the bond length (r) decreased by the same proportion.

This research deals with the process of deforming cadmium metal with silver metal directly by planting pieces of silver cylindrical shape on the surface of the target material of cadmium and by using the DC reactive magnetron sputtering technique deposit on a glass substrate. The flow rate of argon and oxygen gases fixed to (90 and 10) sccm and sputter time was 120 min per model (0, 1, 2 and 3) Ag chips, the current of sputtering and the voltage of sputtering were kept within the process of deposition at 18 mA and 1300 V, The temperature of substrate had been set at 150°C. The structural properties showed that all films prepared have a polycrystalline diffraction pattern with a predominant orientation of the plane (111) and an increase in the size of the crystal from 17.17 nm to 19.30 nm with the number increases of chips above the surface of target material, and the growing of spherical nanoparticles with a diameter ranges from (25- 40) nm

Ya- Hussein an outer road that links the governorates of Najaf and Karbala / Iraq, the soil on this road is a sandy desert. The study was conducted to calculate the radioactivity and the risk indicators for this soil, because this study is of great importance due to the contribution of many factors to increasing the concentrations of radionuclides as they are transported through the soil then to humans and endanger their lives. We have estimated ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K concentrations in the paper, with their radiological risks in 15 soil sample types gathered from road Ya - Hussein / Iraq, investigated by using gamma ray spectrometry detector NaI (Tl). The result showed the soil sampling concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K were there an average among 17.386±1.327, 15.889±0.556 and 553.269±4.997 with unit (Bq.kg⁻¹) respectively. Likewise (_in; _ex) hazard indices, total annual effective dose which was below the internationally recommended limits and excess life-time cancer risk (ELCR) were calculated ( 0. 793*10⁻³ ) was lower than the worldwide value. All parameters were statistically studied, and the correlation between the parameters studied was calculated, Pearson's correlation and ( P value ) among the variables. The correlation between gamma index (Iγ) and Alpha index (Iα) was strong, positive and direct, where it was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05). The studied area is considered safe and the samples are free from radiation safety threats then the soil does not pose a health risk in this road. Thus this study can be considered as a baseline for future studied on the studied area.

Mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) were calculated for seven models distributed between the ordinary concrete (Conc.), The silicate glass system (GS), and the composite of (1-x)GS-(x)PbO, where x = 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75 fractions by weight (wt), using the XCOM and XMuDat programs for the range of gamma photon energies from 0.1-50MeV. The results of the calculations of the linear attenuation coefficient (μ), the half value layer (HVL), the relaxation distance length (λ), and the transmission factor (T) showed a marked improvement in the ability of radiation attenuation when increasing the concentration of the reinforcement material in the composites. In general, the values of μ were inversely proportional and the values of HVL, λ, and T were exponentially proportional with increasing gamma photon energy values up to 10MeV, after which their behavior was gradually slightly reversed for all samples of the composites. Finally, the results showed that μ increased exponentially, at 0.662, 1.173, and 1.333MeV energies, with the increase in the reinforcement material which achieved the highest values at the energy of 0.662MeV. Also, the values of HVL, λ, and T of different thickness values of shield material decrease linearly with increasing reinforcement material, and T values increase significantly with increased sample thickness for all types of shields.

This study aims to loaded the Enterocin produced from Enterococcus faecalis bacteria on silver nanoparticles(SNP+En) by using green synthesis, to increase the effectiveness of Enterocin against some Gram-positive and negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginos, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Candida albicans yeast. SNP was synthesized by using Alettaria cardamomum alcohol extract as a reducing agent, then it was loaded with Enterocin. The color change of the extract was preliminary evidence of the reduction process. The UV–Visible spectral analysis confirmed the synthesis of SNP and SNP+En showing a characteristic peak around 452-419 nm due to the absorption of the surface of the plasmon and SEM from 18-88 nm, analysis to the X-ray data indicated that SNP and SNP+En have four clear peaks were shown at the angle of Θ 38°, 44°, 64° and 77.5°, and this is due to symmetry levels (111) and (200) (220) and (310) preferentially at the level (111) and zeta potential for SNP it reached 22.55 mV and it became 31.25 mV for SNP + En. demonstrated Inhibitory effect against Gram-positive and negative bacteria for SNP + En was more than SNP at the same ratio(0.1%).

The purpose of the present study is to measure the level of the natural radioactivity of (underground waters samples) in Tallafar district center, from the Alayadiyah side, and from the Al-Adaya village, determination of specific activities of (²²⁸Ac,²²⁶Ra,²¹⁴Pb, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁴⁰K), (0.40716), (0. 2321), (0. 281), (0.76751), (4.9806) Bq/L respectively using gamma ray spectroscopy technique with NaI(Tl) scintillation detector in 15 samples, also evaluation of radiological hazard indices(radium equivalent Reaq, absorbed dose rate(Dγ), annual effective dose (AEDE indoor), AEDE(outdoor), hazard induces (Hex and Hin) and gamma index (Iγ)). The results showed that the average value of the specific activity are agreement with IAEA publications.

Uranium can be released into the environment from various activities such as the use of phosphate fertilizers, combustion of coal in thermal power plants, mining, and depleted uranium used in the wars. One of the talked about sources for such water contamination in Bathinda city is the fly ash from the coal-fired thermal power plants. To assess the role of fly ash and Chemical toxicity risk associated with uranium from the fly ash to the water, the coal, dry fly ash, ash slurry and water samples collected from the surrounding of Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Power Plant (GNDTPP) in the Bathinda city of Punjab state, India. The samples were analyzed using the X-ray fluorescence set up. In the present work, we found that uranium concentrations in the dry fly ash and coal samples were higher than permissible limit i.e. < 2 ppm but the concentrations in the ash slurry and water samples was below the safe limit of 30 μg l⁻¹ as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO, 2011). The ₃₈Sr concentrations are also found to be 0.103-1.210 ppm and with average value 0.576 ppm in the various types of water in surrounding of the thermal power plant. The concentrations of ₄₂Mo are found to be 0.002-0.050 ppm and the average value 0.022 ppm below the safe limit of 0.07 mg/l as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) and Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS, 2012). Chemical toxicity risk calculated in the form of lifetime average daily dose (LAAD) and hazard quotient. The lifetime average daily dose (LAAD) values of ash slurry and water samples were found to be lower than WHO (2011) recommended level of 1 μg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹, and the values of hazard quotient of the study samples were found to be lower than unity expect dry fly ash and coal samples were higher than permissible limit. The present study is concluded that uranium contamination in water of Bathinda city is not due to the Thermal Power Plant, and there is indicating no chemical toxicity risk due to uranium from the fly ash to the water.

Detection of white blood cells (WBCs) automatically is an important issue that has many applications in the field of medical imaging, in this research, we tend to detect white blood cells depending on the Ycbcr color space. The proposed method has been used for the binary conversion of color compounds cbcr depending on the certain threshold limits. In the experimental results from microscopy images of blood samples, the proposed algorithm was compared with several other algorithms for detection by using a quality scale that compares manual cell count with automatic detection of algorithms where the proposed algorithm obtained a high distinction accuracy reached to 100% compared to other methods.

The interactions between on graghen -like aluminium nitride P(AlN)₂₁ nan ribbons doped and defect (AlN)₂₁Sheet, P(AlN)₂₁, (AlN)₂₀–C,(AlN)₁₀–C₂, (AlN)₂₀–B,(AlN)₁₉–B₂, D-P(AlN)₂₀, D-(AlN)₁₉–C, D (AlN)₁₈–C₂, D-(AlN)₁₉–B, D- (AlN)₁₈–B₂), molecules and small toxic gas molecules (AsH₃), were built for two different adsorption sites on graphene like aluminium nitride P(AlN)₂₁, have been done by employing B₃LYP density functional theory (DFT) with 6-31G(d,p) using Gaussian viw5.08 package of programs and Nanotube Modeller program(2018), The most stable adsorption configurations, adsorption energies, charge transfers (total Mulliken charge), electronic and band structures are calculated to deeply understand to find the sensitivity of all studied sheets for toxic gas AsH₃.

In this research we got the adsorptions of AsH₃ on P(AlN)₂₁, (AlN)₂₀-C,(AlN)₂₀–C, D-P(AlN)₂₀, D- (AlN)₁₉–C) are weak physisorption with an adsorption energy (E_ad) (-0.427197eV ),( -0.43536 eV, (0.405364 eV), (-0.456738 eV) and (-0.495222 eV), respectively (on atom) While (E_ad) of AsH on the center ring of the P(AL-N)₂₁, (C) atoms-doped P(AL-N)₂₀ sheet, D-P(AL-N)₂₀ and D-(C, B)atoms- doped P(AL-N)₁₉ sheet are (-0.484338 eV ),( -0.476175 eV ), (-0.454407 eV), (-0.495222 eV) and - 0.481617eV) respectively, otherwise doped aluminium nitride for this atom could be a good sensor for this gas AsH₃, except the adsorption of AsH₃ on B atoms-doped P(AlN)₂₀ sheet are a strong chemisorption, in this case, the B atoms-doped P(AL-N)₂₀ sheet could catalysis or activate, suggesting the possibility of P(AL-N)₂₀ as a metal-free catalyst, the total Mulliken charge on the molecules, and positive number means charge transfer from gas to P(AlN)₂₁.

The rotational excitation and transfer of low-energy electrons cross-sections in carbon dioxide have been obtained to compare in the theoretical & experimental values of the kinetic and diffusion coefficient. the transport coefficients theoretical values of were gained by calculating the delicate electron energy distribution functions using a putative elastic and inelastic cross-sections combination. The values for movement, drift speed, average electron energy, and power noticeable with experimental data were compared. Alteration were made to the default cross sections until obtaining good agreement. Transport coefficients were calculated for values between (6 × 10⁻¹⁷ - 6×10⁻¹⁵ )V cm² with energy zoning 0.035 eV at 300k° temperature.

Gold nanoparticles are produced by employed nanosecond pulses of Nd:YAG laser using laser ablation process in liquid. The two systems used are Nd:YAG of 6 and 10 nanoseconds pulse duration with variable energy in the range (700-760 mJ ). The formation of gold nanoparticles has been rerealed using TEM with uniform size distribution. Also, it has been discovered that the mean nanoparticles sizes of 70 and 100 nm for gold respectively when similar laser parameters are used. In addition, theoretical Mie-Gans model was used to estimate the temperature distributions for both gold nanoparticles. Another aspect that has been discovered is that the maximum temperature of about (40 k K° ) and (60 k K°) for gold nanoparticles, especially to prepare nanoparticles in the presence of Nd:YAG of 10 ns.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of Low Level Therapy of Continuous Diode Laser on porous Hydroxyapatite–Chitosan–Collagen scaffold implantation by daily clinical observation, weekly radiographic findings and histopathological examination at the end of 3^rd, 6^th, 9^th and 12^th weeks after surgery. Fifty Healthy adult rabbits of both sexes were used to induced diaphyseal Femur and to remove about (1±0.05 cm) of bone, as empty space filler.

In our research, were prepared ZnO: SnO₂ composite thin films from compounds mixed according to proportions volumetric (20, 40, 60 and 80) % specific proportions, and then we obtained microscopic images of them using the scanning electronic microscope(SEM), scanning with Nano and micro diameter. The images and scaled and their measurements worked filter from impurities and obstacles to obtain the largest possible information about the surface of the thin film and distribution the numbers and areas of the thin film grains according to the most accurate measurements, then used thresholding for images to isolate the original compounds of the composite thin film and know their numbers, areas, sizes and all information related to the compounds that make up the film. From the data and all the information we concluded that the number of grains in the Nano diameter is greater than the micro diameter but the areas and sizes in micro measurement is greater than Nano measurements, as well as the distribution of the nano range diameter greater than the distribution of the micro range diameter.

Thespectroscopic and nonlinearproperties of wheat germ oil have been investigated. Two different sources of oil (weight 3.33gm),locally (Emad) and global (Hemani) were used in this work. Theabsorption and fluorescence spectra of the two types of oil were carried out to calculate thequantum efficiencyof them. Nonlinear characteristics were measured by z-scan. The results showed that high quantum efficiency (91.5 for the local oil and 76.6 for the other) As for the non-linear properties, it was measured for wheat germ oil (Emad) by scanning technology (by changing the value of the closed hole (pin hole), the value of (n2) the non-linear refractive index changes with the size of the aperture (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5) mm.

In this study, the Palladium nuclei have been studied by interacting boson fermion model for even-odd nuclei. The isotopes under study have proton number 46 and neutron numbers 63-67. The calculations involved the eigenstates and reduce electric probability. The calculations show that the energy levels are reasonable with experimental data. The B(E2) values compared with those of experimental and are in good agreements. All calculations compared with experimental and give more data for reader.

The ozone layer is part of the atmosphere surrounding Earth. This layer, like anything natural, depends on the balance in its quantitative components, but in front of human aspirations that reach the level of destruction. Make these chemicals a factor in destroying and destroying the ozone layer. Ozone is found naturally in the stratosphere due to a series of interactions between partial oxygenation and atoms. The methods used in the study depend on the monthly and yearly average Ozone (O3), Incident Solar Radiation (ISR) and Temperature (T) taken from the European Mediterranean Weather Forecast (ECMWF) during the period (2014-2018) for the Baghdad region. The largest ozone value was recorded in March and April, and the lowest in September and October. The highest value of Incident Solar Radiation was recorded during June and July and the lowest value in January and December, while the highest value of temperature was during July and August, and the lowest value in January and December. As for seasonal analysis, it was observed that ozone was high during spring and low during summer and Incident Solar Radiation (ISR) and T were observed high in summer and less in winter. In addition, the binding strength of ozone (O3) with ISR was positive and O3 with T inverse.

This work included measuring the concentrations of uranium element in 32 locations of sediments samples were collected from the bottom of the central and southern of shatt al- Arab in Basrah Governorate by using ICP-MS technology, which are found that the uranium concentrations ranged between 1ppm In front of Salhia River and 2ppm in Abu Flous Port located on the shores of Shatt Al-Arab. Measured samples of sediments taken from several locations in central and southern Shatt al-Arab indicate that the uranium concentration is less than 100 ppm, a concentration that characterizes the quality of waste and burdens, rather than mining reserves. This study reveals 32 samples containing uranium concentration within internationally permitted limits. The present results have shown that the uranium concentrations in the studied sediments samples are less than the allowed value (11.7 ppm) recommended by UNSCEAR, 1993.

Due to its ease of processing, low production costs, superb light-harvesting characteristics, and high efficiency, organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted great attention in the photovoltaic research community in recent years, making it more preferable than other existing solar cell materials. Lead-based perovskites (CH3NH3PbX3, X=Cl, I, Br) solar cells have recently achieved high efficiency of ~19.3 percent, well exceeding most thin-film and organic solar cells' efficiencies despite its potential for photovoltaic applications, organometal halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention recently and are also considered as promising materials in light-emitting devices. In particular, photovoltaic devices with efficiencies above 20 percent have been prepared using organometal halide perovskites as absorbent materials in the last few years A planar. The standard design for a planar hetero-junction perovskite-based solar cell is: Back electrode/Hole Transport Material (HTM)/Perovskite absorber / Electron Transport Material (ETM) / Transparent electrode. The hole mobility and acceptor concentration of the HTM, interface trap density, and work-function of back contact metal have shown a significant influence on the device performance. Also with these good merits.In this research, two types of ETM (TiO₂and ZnO) were used with the Perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3and was found that the use of TiO2 with perovskite achieved high efficiency of 41.85% while the use of ZnO with perovskites we obtained an efficiency 17.67%.

Method/Analysis: Solar cell architecture assessment is conducted using Solar Cell Power Simulator(SCAPS). This is a computer-based software tool and is well equipped to research photovoltaic structures with barriers to homo and heterojunctions, multi-junctions, and Schottky. This model optimizes various parameters such as thickness, absorber layer density, Electron Transport Material (ETM),Density of accepter and donor (ND and NA), and Hole Transport Material (HTM) doping concentrations. Achievement and simulates electrons and holes based on the Poisson's and continuity equation The effected thickness of CH3 NH3 PbBr3 different from 0.05μm to 1.2μm and the finest results are observed at 0.05 μm.

This study focused on the electro-optical properties of a liquid crystal which contains a back bone of acrylate.

A fixed molecular weight of liquid crystal acrylate was applied to five separate amounts of nanoparticles (CeO₂), impacting the electro-optical properties of the liquid crystal. The added nanoparticles can lower the glass transfer temperature, resulting in a decrease in the processing period leading to an improvement in the polymer 's viscosity which has significantly influenced the liquid crystal polymer's optic properties.

In this work we notice that the light strength of the lasers will decrease by growing the added nanoparticles, and thus the opening period will be decreased.

Several models were chosen from imported glass in different colors (transparent, blue, bronze, green), and with different thicknesses (4-6-10mm) available in the Iraqi market. The intensity of the beam, the light transmitted with the thickness change, was measured to determine the permeability characteristics. Calculating the energy gap for direct and indirect transference allowed. It has been shown that the permeability change with the change in color and thickness of the sample. In addition, transparent glass has High permeability comparison with other types, and that the visual characteristics depend on the thickness of the sample.

Stopping power due to collisions ions with free and bound electrons in a plasma targets, is analyzed dependent on the classical-Bohr and quantized-Bloch for different temperatures. The energy loss and stopping power of ions calculated by using dielectric formalism ${\in }^{-1}(q,\overrightarrow{q}\cdot \overrightarrow{v})$ and study different affects plasma parameters on the movement ions channeling in plasma target, at low (1, 1.5) eV and high (103) eV temperatures, density (ne=1020 ) cm–3 and Debye length (λ_D = 0.2) a.u. The results are obtained for dielectric function equation. Showed the sopping power and energy loss dependent on the plasma parameters and movement ions increases about 30%.

The optical properties of an organic laser dye, Rhodamine B in water is an important for modern applications, the linear optical properties of the absorption and fluorescence spectrum of the liquid dye were discussed, and the highest value of quantum yield was reached at 96% at a concentration of (10⁻⁷) Ml a high quantum yield allow numerous applications of used doped host in optoelectronics applications and after knowing the most appropriate concentrations, a thin film of polyvinyl alcohol was dye, Study of the effect of film thickness on optical properties, the film has optical properties, reflexivity, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary isolation constant, and the best thickness was at (4) μm. The energy gap was calculated and was inversely proportional to the thickness.

An interesting LIBS technique was used to investigate the optical emission spectral plasma of iron metal properties. To generate plasma from the surface Fe, Q-switched Nd-YAG laser with wavelength 532 nm and a focal length 10 cm was used with different energies (500-800) mJ. Then plasma parameters were calculated; electron density ne ranged between (0.92-1.4) × 10¹⁸ cm⁻³, the electron temperature Te was in the range of (2.19-2.59) eV. These calculations were done using Boltzmann's plot and the Stark broadening respectively depending on the experimental spectrum, and followed up to estimate the others plasma parameters, Debye length (λ_D), frequency (f_p) and the Debye sphere (N_D). Results indicate that plasma parameters are proportional to the energy of laser due to the increase in the intensity of spectral lines energy, and that plasma shielding of iron increases with laser energy in the range of (3.2-4.3).

Natural radioactivity has attracted a lot of attention in the world due to its crucial role in human safety. Sugar is compound, which is the generic name for sweet, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food while salt is commonly used as a condiment and food preservative. Sugar and salt are very important for human beings, as well as their proven benefits to the general health of human beings. Therefore, the measurement of natural radioactivity is a critical because of its direct impact on human safety. In this research, quantification has been made of natural radionuclide concentrations using NaI(Tl) gamma-ray spectrometry. The analyses of samples reveal the mean activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K and a_eq are found to 5.833±1.008, 5.922±0.721, 138.656±0.826, and 24.980(Bq.Kg⁻¹), respectively. also, calculated I_α, I_γ and H_in the values were less than one, it was clear that the ratio of three nuclides concentrations were higher than internationally allowed limits. the estimated annual gonadal equivalent dose (AGED) resulting with an average 86.321*10⁻³(mSv.y⁻¹) where lower than globally limits. The data were statistically processed and Pearson's factor with p–value were calculated for concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and 40_K with annual ingestion dose for these nuclides where correlations of ²²⁶Ra were more a high increase statistical significance, direct, and positive with other parameters. The consumption of sugar and salt for adult, children and infant, where found the maximum value of cancer risk (ELCR) 0.2421*10⁻³ in adult for consumption of sugar while the minimum value 0.0005*10⁻³in infant from consumption of salt, which is less than the global value 2.5*10⁻³ that assessed by the united nations scientific committee on the effects of atomic radiation to be due to food and water intake.

Breast cancer is a prevailing reason for death, and it is a particular kind of tumor that is popular among ladies across the world. Till presently, there is no efficient method to stop the appearance of the breast tumor. Accordingly, early detection is the first stage in the diagnosis of breast tumors and reduces mortality. Screening Mammography is the most effective technique for early detection of breast tumors. Great experience and large practices of specialists are wanted when examining breast tissue in a mammogram. In this work, feature extraction techniques are offered as methods to decrease false-positive that occur in breast diagnosis. Mini-MIAS database used to evaluate these approaches. LBP, HOG, and GLCM are feature extraction techniques used for analyzing mass tissue and extract features from the ROI. Contrast, energy, correlation, and homogeneity are used as features properties. These features utilized as the input to the different classifiers which achieved the best results. To improve the diagnosis ability, "contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization" utilized as a preprocessing system. The best results gained in this work by LBP method and logistic regression classifier at ROI (30×30) where the accuracy 92.5%. The HOG method achieved the best results with the SVM classifier where accuracy 90% at ROI (30×30). GLCM provides the best results with the KNN classifier where the accuracy 89.3% at ROI (30×30). The greatest accuracy reached in the case of ROI (30×30) in all feature extraction methods that used in this work.

In this research, the magnetization of the water was investigated through the digital image processing technique of the laser spot after passing through magnetic water. This was done by using different magnetic fields and at different times. It was found that changes in the image of the laser spot are changes in the intensity of the pixel value of the spot image, i.e. the amount of attenuation in the amount of light illumination. The increased exposure time and field strength accelerated the intensity of pixel illumination, due to the rapid deposition of suspended substances in the water by shedding the magnetic field. This study found a new method for measuring the purity of water remotely using remote sensing technology and digital image processing. The laser spot image was studied and analyzed using different methods and software such as MATLAB, Image J, Curve Expert Professional and Origin lab 9.0, also The refractive index of normal water and magnetized water was measured using this technique.

PH and the concentration of salts dissolved in water before and after magnetization were measured and compared between them using devices.

In this study, 30 samples of soils were taken from in Maysan neighborhood adjacent to the middle Euphrates cancer center in Najaf / Iraq, gamma-ray spectrometer system connected with the NaI detector was used to measure the specific activity of the (²³⁸U, ²³²Th, ⁴⁰K) nuclei, the specific activity values were varied from(1.41±0.71Bq/kg) to (30.95±0.74 Bq/kg) with an average value(10.03± 1.04) for ²²⁶Ra, for ²³²Th from (0.71±0.27) to (15.44±0.30 Bq/kg) with an average value (4.96±0.37), The measurements of the specific activity of the ⁴⁰K varied from 92.77±1.95 to 589.77±3.18 Bq/kg with an average value (198.43±3.13).

Radium equivalent activity, outdoor and indoor absorbed doses, the Outdoor, Indoor and total annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE), external and internal hazard index (H_ex, H_in) in the range of 32.415±1.817(Bq/kg), 16.104±0.827(nGy/h), 20.936±1.075(nGy/h), 0.019±0.001014(mSv/year),0.102±0.0052(mSv/year), 0.121±0.0061(mSv/year), 0.087±0.004, 0.114±0.007 respectively, Representative level index Iγr and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR), Representative Alpha index (Iα) and annual gonadal dose rate (AGDE) were calculated with range, 0.248±0.012(Bq kg-1), 0.423*10⁻³, 0.052(Bq/Kg), 119.404( mSv/y) respectively. These results were compared with recommended values (370 Bq/kg) for Ra_eq, 59 nGy/h for D_out, 84 nGy/h for D_in,0.07 mSv/year for Deff_out, 0.41 mSv/year for Deff_in,0.48 mSv/year for Defftot, ≤1 for H_ex and H_in, <1 for Iγr, <1 for Iα, 300 μSv/y for AGDE by UNSCEAR International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and European Commission (EC), and Their values were less than the permissible limits except for one sample out of 30 samples have specific activity values of ⁴⁰K, Annual Gonadal Equivalent Dose (AGED) in sample (S6)higher than the worldwide average value (412 Bq/kg)and( 300 μSv/y) recommended by the UNSCAER, besides, the value of ELCR was lower than the world permissible value of 1.45×10⁻³ (UNSCEAR,2000). As a result, health hazards originated by natural radiation from soil samples in this region is low and insignificant.

In the conjugation between atmosphere, land and hydrometeorology, one of the primary concerns is how the environment and climate depend on the interaction between precipitation, soil and plant moisture, clouds and irradiation (Rn). Throughout the hot season, the Earth's surface temperature is determined by large-scale synoptic processes, the atmosphere boundary layer (BL), storms, and precipitation. To study all climate and humidity properties, various devices in which liquid crystals are used. In this study, the properties of liquid crystals are studied and improved. and using nanomaterials for better, faster and accurate results.

The effect of sno₂ nanoparticles on the properties of electro-optical polysiloxane crystals used in humidity and climate measuring devices has been studied. Five different ratios of nanoparticles were added to the liquid molecular weight of liquid crystal siloxin. We note that the viscosity of the polymer will affect the properties of the liquid crystal, and the glass transfer temperature will decrease due to the added nanoparticles. As a result of the theoretical threshold voltage effort, the effect of sno2 nanoparticles on voltage and response times has been studied.

The paper included the influence of addition of Sn₂P₂S₆ nanoparticles on the Mechanical, Thermal, and Optical characteristics of liquid crystalline polymers with side chain. A constant Molecular weight was used (1.7 × 10⁶). The additive ratios were five different ratios of the added Sn₂P₂S₆ nanoparticles. It was noted that the voltage operation decreased with the increase of the ratio of the additive. The optical response (τ_on) was measured in opening case (when the electric field was applied) and closing time (τ_off) (when removing the electric field) by calculating the time interval between the primary and the new classification for liquid crystal polymer molecules caused by the electric field, Laser light while passing through the electrophoresis cell. The different addition ratio of Sn₂P₂S₆ particles, which had a fixed molecular weight from polymer, increased the density of the mesogenetic group associated with the polymer chain. This increased the effect of dipole torque in the C ≡ N group parallel to longitudinal axis of mesogenous unit, The dielectric anisotropy Δε has a lower optical response time (τ_on), (τ_off), thus improving the electro-optical properties of the system. The change in threshold voltage was measured at constant steps and under T_NI for a series of different additives' and found that the high additive additives had a small threshold voltage and this had to do with the polymer elasticity constant. Infrared spectrometer measurements were used to determine the coefficient of the directional arrangement of liquid crystals with a side chain. By determining the vibration of a specific package (C ≡ N) for absorption, it was found that the coefficient of the guideline is based on the temperature.

Cold plasma has been successfully applied in several fields of medicine. Previous studies have provided evidence that plasma supports the healing of wounds. This work was done to study the effect of cold plasma on the speed of wounds recovery for wounds Similar to battle wounds implemented on rats. The rats were divided into four groups; the control group was injured and left untreated, in order to compare it with the groups that were treated. And the second group was treated with penicillin only Six hours after applying the wound. And the third group was treated with an argon plasma jet immediately after the wound is applied and polluted with dust. The fourth group was treated with penicillin and plasma, the plasma was used immediately, but the penicillin was used after six hours. The wound was 1 cm long and 0.5 mm deep. The rats were treated by plasm jet for three days 15 minutes per day, and the penicillin was used daily once according to the protocol. The wounds were photographed as soon as they were performed; it was visually monitored, and documented with photos after three days, seven days, and fourteen days later. It was found that wounds treated with plasma and penicillin are the best case of treatment with penicillin alone or with plasma alone, and treatment with plasma alone is better than treatment with penicillin alone. Where the wound size was became smaller and fully healed. That was by comparison with the control group that was left untreated. From this we can conclude that plasma is a possible way to speed of healing of wounds similar to battle wounds.

In this paper, nanomaterials and their oxides have been prepared using a simple chemical mixing method for use as antibacterial agents (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using different techniques like FESEM, optical properties and XRD. The results of the composition showed that the nanomaterials had diameters ranging from (50-70) nm.

Anthracene is the backbone of three suggested organic compounds in present work. Our calculations depending on DFT and TD-DFT take on B3LYP hybrid function using the basis sets 6-31g to carry out some properties at the ground state electronic and photovoltaic properties for the studied compounds. The relax structures show all the compounds have quasi planar conformation. The results showed that Homo and Lumo are little different, suggesting that be different structures play substantial characters to increase an electron acceptance. The result of( Lumo-Homo) gap and the voltage of open circuit are the factors operating to refining the quality for devices of solar cells. Furthermore, due to the high probability of the process for an electron injection of the organic structure in the TiO₂ conduction band, where the energy of maximum absorption and the wavelength are occur in the range spectrum of the solar.

In this study, prepared nano-composite materials to absorption and sensing harmful waves for human health, it made of polyester were prepared with a fixation hardener ratio of 0.1 g per 10 ml of polyester. This percentage was constant in all samples and addition of both chlorophyll(CLL) and lead oxide (PbO<100nm) as well as lead oxide with chlorophyll by weight percentage (0.2,0.5, 0.2 (CLL) with 0.5(PbO)wt.% receptivity, then study coefficient of loss of reflectivity of all samples where the results indicated that most prepared materials correct for use attenuation materials of microwaves where is the reflection coefficient of all samples larger than (10dB) this show that absorption of composite materials consistence larger than 90%, then study reflection coefficient and also definition complex permittivity in the range frequencies (3-5)GHz were observed that value of the complex permittivity larger than one(μ_R > 1).

The atomic properties are important to describe of the dynamics in atoms for the two-electron atomic systems studied in this work include the atom Mg, and like ions Al⁺¹, Si⁺², P⁺³ and S⁺⁴, Hartree-Fock approximation are used to determine the atomic properties like one electron radial density function D(r1)and its expectation value $\langle {r}_{1}^{n}\rangle$, inter electron distribution function f(r₁₂) and its expectation value $\langle {r}_{12}^{n}\rangle$, standard deviation for one and two electrons Δr₁ Δr₁₂, expectation values for all energies ⟨V_en⟩, ⟨V_ee⟩, ⟨V⟩, ⟨T⟩, ⟨E⟩

In this study, the total number of urine samples were 88 for diabetic patients and healthy controls in Najaf city of Iraq. Uranium, radium and radon concentration levels were estimated using CR-39 detector method. The samples have been grouped in two groups of 44 individuals each. The first group of urine samples were taken as 22 healthy controls and 22 diabetic patients from different regions of Najaf city. The second group were taken from Al-Ansaar region also as 22 healthy controls and 22 diabetic patients.

Results indicate the presence of uranium, radium and radon pollution in all urine samples for four groups. It was found that urine samples of Al-Ansaar area were more polluted with radiation than those of other regions in Najaf city. Also urine samples of diabetic patients were more polluted specially with radon than urine samples of healthy controls.

In this study the compound Hg Ba₂Ca₂Cu₃O_8+σ was fabricated by RF-sputtering technique on the quartz substrate with a temperature of 100°C. The study of the diffraction of X-ray on The nature of the crystallizing of Hg Ba2Ca2Cu3O8+σ one Crystal system tetragonal structures. The Full width at half maximum (FWHM) was calculated by the Orange Pro program by using X-RAY data. The crystalline size and stress were calculated by Scherrer Williamson-Hall Halder-Wagner and size-strain plot methods Where the average of crystalline size and stress (54.5 nm 5.8 X 10⁻³) respectively.and Degree of crystallinity was equal to (33.6%)

This research intends to build and simulate a small renewable energy system consists of PV panel, lead-acid battery, and bidirectional DC-DC converter. Bidirectional Buck-Boost converter was used to regulating the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the battery and vice versa. It operates a Buck converter which charges the battery from the PV panel when State of charge (SOC) reaches less than 0.4. The battery needs 100 ms to charge from 12.2 V to 13 V with duty cycle 0.5 and 1 A. Also work as a Boost converter when SOC reaches 1 the battery was discharge for 100 ms and SOC decreases from 1 to 0.4.

A PSPICE PV panel model (consists of 20 solar cells, 12 V and 60 W maximum power at 25 °C with 1000 W/m² solar irradiation) has been used as a source of energy to the power circuit. The output of PV panel relates to Boost converter, which is the key for changing the PV's terminal voltage to track the maximum power, it was rising a PV panel voltage from 10 V to 22 V for all variation of surface temperature from 300 K to 350 K at frequency 10 kHz and ΔVo = 1.1 V.

The investigation of pollution's elements were become the hot topics for the researchers. The current work aims to evaluate the concentration of some heavy elements Copper, Nickel, and Chrome (Cu, Ni, Cr) respectively. The study area of this research is Diyala province / Iraq. The base approach for this work is collecting 25 samples of soil to be studied. The samples were collected from (industrial, residential, agricultural) areas, with an average sample rate for each region with a depth (20 cm). After collecting the samples, they were sorted and compressed to prepare them for measurement by dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence. Analysis after obtaining the results, they are compared with the global determinants (WHO). Through these results, we find that a noticeable increase in the element (Ni) in Aleazim corking Khanaqin, Al-Rashidiya and Mohammed Sakran, while the highest concentration of (Cr) was recorded in jadidat alshat, Najana, Al -Rashidiya and Diyala Bridge. The (Cu) concentration was recorded high in the Aleazim Dam regoin, Aleazim, Muqdadiya, hayi Mezid, Al-Khalis, Rashidiya, Mohammed Sakran and Diyar Bridge. The residential and industrial areas were indicated an increasing in concentration of the investigated elements, while the areas with good vegetation have the lowest concentrations of these elements.

A lot of research was focused on studying the engineering shape of the impact and its development and finding its parameters. It was based on pictures of the side effects of the effects formed in the detector as a result of the detector's etching. Obtaining pictures of the side effects of the effects to measure their lengths is a difficult process compared to its diameters. There are many methods used to find Bulk etch rate VB including gravimetric method or thickness difference; but we will use in this research an alternative method to find VB which is the maximum value method for saturation of the effect length "Lmax-method". Using the source Am241 (1μCi) emitting alpha particles in irradiation of the PDAC CR-39 irradiation With MeV energies (2.3,3.3,4.3), the detectors etching by NaOH aqueous solution at different concentrations (N: 6,7,8) at a temperature of 70±1 °C, we suggested in our research a D-Le calibration method that is based on direct experimental measurement of the diameters of the projected effects in Detector instead of lengths. An empirical relationship was used to find VB, which depends on the maximum values of saturation of effects lengths and their saturation times. The results we obtained for VB values at the concentrations used were (1.199,1.490,2.184) μm h⁻¹ in order and they correspond well to the values resulting from different methods, it is observed The Bulk etch rate increases with the concentration of the abrasive solution, and the maximum values of saturation of the effect length are directly proportional to the energy of the bombing particles and the time of saturation of the impact lengths.

We observed and analyzed diffraction rings produced by CW Nd: YAG visible laser beam in a nanocomposite of gold nanoparticles doped by epoxy resin polymer. Change of refractive index, Δn, and nonlinear refractive index, n₂ were calculated based on the number of rings observed. A thermal effect is due to this major nonlinearity. With rising input power and sample thickness the number of rings increases. Spot diameter of rings was calculated and noted it increase wih input power increasing and decreasing thickness of sample.

The issue related to the chaos control in semiconductor laser has drew attention. The resonant perturbations have been of high importance with regard to the harnessing non-linear oscillators for different applications including inducing chaos as well as controlling chaos. Interesting results have been obtained regarding to the effect of the chaotic resonance by adding the frequency on the chaotic systems. The forcing frequency changes nonlinear dynamical system via critical value, there has been transition from periodic attractor to strange attractor. The experimental studying for the evaluation of chaos modulation behavior are considered in the case when frequency related to external perturbation has been changed, whereas the amplitude related to such perturbation has been fixed. This dynamic regarding laser output have been analyzed by time series, the FFT as well as the plot diagram as a result of this data.

ER:YAG laser wavelength (2940 nm) was used to treat acne scars of a different type. The laser is stronger than Nd: YAGor IPL.Through, the use of the procedure, the laser beam is late engaged by the skin, particularly those lasers in superfi cial treatment Hence there are several different characteristics related to the layer of the skin, such as stimulating the skin. The review article is about technique.

Texture recognition is used in various pattern recognition applications and texture classification that possess a characteristic appearance. This research paper aims to provide an improved scheme to provide enhanced classification decisions and to decrease processing time significantly. This research studied the discriminating characteristics of textures by extracting them from various texture images using discrete Wavelate transform (DWT) and discrete Cosine transform DCT. Two sets of features are proposed; the first set was extracted using the traditional DCT, while the second used DWT. The features from the Cosine domain are calculated using the radial distribution of spectra, while for those extracted from Wavelet was statistical distribution of various relative moments. Four types of Euclidean distance metrics were used for classification decision purposes. The considered method was applied on 475 classes of textures belonged to 32 sets from Salzburg Texture Image Database, each set holding 16 images per class, so the a total of 7600 images were tested. Each image was separated into three bands of color component (i.e., red, green, blue). Concepts of average and standard deviation were calculated to determine the inter/intra scatter analysis for each feature to find out the best discriminating features that can be used. The final result of DWT was 99.98 for the testing sets and 99.71 for the training sets, while the final result of DCT was 99.06 for the testing sets and 96.77 for the training sets.

Texture classification and categorizing are used in various pattern recognition applications and classification texture that possesses a characteristic appearance. This work aims to provide an improved scheme of enhanced classification decision with the need to increase the precision time significantly. This research studied the discriminating characteristics of textures by extracting the feature from gradient matrix (GM), the features were extracted using the first-order gradient feature vector, three Gradient Matrices were established, one for Max value, another for Min value and last was the Average value, these matrices were calculated by extracting the gradient along x-axis and y-axis and the gradient along the diagonal. A feature vector consist of 210 features was calculated to represent each image sample and contrast matrix CM, The feature extracted from CM1 was The difference between the sum of the neighborhood values of 3x3 pixels those larger than the pixel values (center pixels) divided by their number and the sum of the neighborhoods values of 3x3 pixels those smaller than the pixel value divided by their number total feature vector was 210, Four types of Euclidean distance metrics were used for classification decision purposes. The concepts "average" and "standard deviation" were calculated to perform the interentra scatter analysis for each feature to find out the best discriminating features that can be used. The final result of the test set of GM is 98.3 while training set was 97.3, the final result of the test set of CM is 98.2 while training set was 95.7.

In this work, some of optical properties for ( Cu(NO3)2.6H2O), such as (transmission, reflectance, absorbance, damping coefficient, refractive index, Brewster angle and critical angle ) have been calculated with (0.1-0.9)gm/ml concentration at (242,449,631,978) nm wave length at 250c. the results showed the optical properties were increased with concentration and wave length have been used, except transmission and critical angle which decreased with the same concentration and wave length when as, the same optical properties have higher values, while the transmission and critical angle were decreased at the case wave length.

The community participation process is a key party in the plan development and success process, so the local community should have a say in building the master plans for their cities and they have the authority to make decisions. In this research, we will get acquainted with the city of Diwaniyah, the study area, and to determine its boundaries and the master plan for it., and analyzed its results using statistical methods that relate to planning indicators extracted from the conceptual framework and previous studies. A specialist distributed to the Urban Planning Directorate (11), the Diwaniyah Municipality Directorate (23) and the Governorate Bureau (17). The results of the research and through the statistical analysis of the answers in the questionnaire using the statistical program (SPSS) statistical package for social since and statistical comparisons that showed the existence of high importance and reliability of the axis of community participation in the planning process, The research also concluded that community participation is an influencing process in the master plan of the city, and the study recommended a set of recommendations, including: giving powers to the decision-makers responsible for the master plan, in order to enable them to participate effectively in the master plan, with the need to provide these local institutions with planning cadres with specialists in urban planning and community participation.

Holmium ions Ho³⁺ Doped with Silicon dioxide was synthesis with help of wet chemical process. Techniques such as UV- Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to investigate the spectroscopic properties of of Ho³⁺:SiO₂ sample. The Judd-Ofelt theory is used to achieve of the spectroscopic properties to prepared sample and calculates the three Judd-Ofeltt of parameters; Ω₂, Ω₄ and Ω₆. From the obtained parameters, the A(J;J'), τ_rad and β_{J → J} are calculated. Depending on the suitable value of A(J;J'), τ_rad and β_{J → J} it could suggests to use Ho:SiO₂ as Laser active medium.

The trace concentration of uranium in urine samples for pregnant women and non- pregnant women were determined using fission track technique with CR-39 track detector that is employed for registration of induced fission tracks. A total of 32 urine samples were collected from Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for Pregnant women and 5 urine samples were collected from Different regions of Baghdad governorate. The results show that the uranium concentration in urine of Pregnant women were ranged from 0.58 μg/l (30 years old, living in AL- Shurta AL khamisa region) to 1.58 μg/l (23 years old living in AL–Doura region) with average 0.92±0.2 μg/l. While for non-Pregnant women, uranium concentration ranged from 0.61 μg/l (24 years old, living in AL-Doura region) to 1.16μg/l (40 years old, living in AL-Ghazaliya region) with average 0.874±0.19μg/l. It was found that the average uranium concentrations in urine samples for pregnant women living in Hayi AL-maealif region higher than other regions in Baghdad governorate.

In this study, 56 rocks samples were taken from 8 welled oil wells from the oil fields in Basra Governorate - southern Iraq at deep depths of up to 3500m from the surface of the earth, to determine radon gas concentrations ²²²Rn emitted from the models of oil wells rocks. The Rational Application Developer (RAD7), an active measurement method, used rapid electronic technology. The results of this study showed that the largest concentration of radon gas in oil well rock (Rocks) is 53861Bq.m⁻³ in a rock sample at a depth of 3500 m from the Ru-205 well in the southern Rumaila oil field and the lowest concentration is248 Bq.m⁻³ in the rock sample. From WQ-94 well in West Qurna field. The effective annual dose that oil workers can be exposed to upon contact has been calculated to the highest concentration of radon gas 107.772 μSvh⁻¹ which is higher than the permitted dose level 50 μSv h⁻¹ proposed by the EPA in the United States, and may pose risks to the health of workers in Oil Fields, and therefore, measures must be taken to preserve the health and safety of workers. The possibility of developing cancer as a result of exposure to radon gas per million people was found to be high compared to the permissible limits (170-230) per million people previously.

Nonlinearity liquid crystal cell which doped with Ferroelectric nanoparticles characters studied in this paper according to their eclectic absorption. Polysiloxin series with side chain liquid polymers used with side chain polymers and molecular weight ran This study consternate on polymers electro.optic characteristic with various molecular weights by using the mesogenic units and a stable polysiloxane.

Suspension sensitivity or Electro-visual response to the mark of the used electric field, a real character to electric liquid crystals. The addition of Co3O4, nanoparticles to polymer rise dielectric anisotropy and minimize response times. It observed that the voltages rises with molecular weight rising, and when intensity value rise we gain voltage operating.

Spectrometer used infrared measurements to locate the orientational order parameters, $(\bar{s})$ for liquid crystals with a side series. The orientational order parameters $(\bar{s})$ rely on temperature with various molecular weights and the threshold voltage.

The properties of ¹⁷⁰Er, ¹⁷²Yb, ¹⁷⁴Hf, and ¹⁷⁶Wisotones have been studied and their energy states calculated. To identify the properties of each isotone, the values of the first excited states, $E{2}_{1}^{+}$ and the ratio of the second excited states to the first excited states, ${R}_{4/2}=E{4}_{1}^{+}/E{2}_{1}^{+}$ for all nuclei under consideration were adopted. To determine the properties of each nucleus, the relationship between the moment of inertia 2𝜗/ℏ² and the square of the angular frequency, ℏ²𝜔², the relationship between successive excited states to those preceding them $r(\frac{I+2)}{I})$ and the ΔI = 1 staggering between the GSB and the NPB states were studied for all states of ¹⁷⁰Er, ¹⁷²Yb, ¹⁷⁴Hf, and ¹⁷⁶W isotones. After identifying the properties of each isotone, the rotational limit in the interacting boson model IBM-1 and the IVBM model was used to calculate the energy states for each isotone and the results were compared with the experimental values. and good agreement was observed with some exception. The inaccuracy of some calculations in the IBM-1 results from the lying of some high states out the range of the rotational properties that were used.

Copper ferrite CuFe₂O₄ nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method with different annealing temperatures (200, 450, 650 and 850) °C. Structural, morphological, magnetic and electrical properties were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and LCR meter. The XRD patterns showed the system structure in Cu-ferrite had deformed at 650 °C from a cubic to a tetragonal system with apparrent a secondary phase CuO. Lattice constant decreases with increasing annealing temperatures, while crystalline volume increases. The FT-IR spectrum of sample under investigations shows two significant absorption bands, which refer to the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel. Magnetization revealed a soft ferromagnetic behavior for the composition sintered at 850 °C. The saturation magnetization, remnant magnetization, and coercivity were 32 emu.g⁻¹, 11.64 emu.g⁻¹, 517.16 emu.g⁻¹, respectively. The electrical measurement of sample shows decrease in the real and imaginary part of dielectric constant with increasing frequency while and AC conductivity increasing.

Rhodamine 6G- polyvinylalcohol (Rh6G/PVA) films were prepared via casting route at room temperature with different volume of Rh6G dye solution (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 ml). The optical properties of as-prepared films were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength range of 200-800 nm. The absorption peak of the pure PVA film does not affect by adding the Rh6G dye solution while exhibited increase in intensity of the absorption spectrum. Furthermore, the absorption peak of Rhodamine 6G demonstrated red-shift about 10 nm. Energy band gap slightly affected by adding Rh6G dye solution. The amazing influence of heat treatment on the physical properties of Rh6G/PVA films appeared due to red-shift and decrease the energy band gap. The results exposed that the best sensitivity calculated at temperature 40 °C for as-grown Rh6G (15 ml)/PVA film around 35.74%.

This work studies the characteristics of TE modes in a three layers slab waveguide that contains an anisotropic metamaterial as a central layer. The results show that all modes except TE₁ achieved forward propagation and then turned backwards. The effective refractive index value at which the propagation type is reversed increases with the mode order and the thickness of the middle layer. In addition, an anisotropic property in the metamaterial layer shift the modes curves (exept TE₁ ) to left or right with respect to the isotropic case. Furthermore, the mode TE₁ is abnormal and inconsistent with the behavior of other modes. Except TE₁ mode, the confinement factor is small in the forward propagation region and reaches large values in the backward propagation region.

By using agricultural wastes, the epoxy composites were prepared with reed minutes and with a fixed weight fraction of all samples (30%) and a particle size (212) μm. Preparation of samples carried out by using the casting method. Some mechanical properties have been investigated were included (tensile strength, bending, creep) and the results showed improvement of all properties through increased bending resistance and elasticity increased with epoxy reinforcement with wood particles. The intent of this research is to enhance the mechanical properties by adding agricultural wastes that represented by (reed).

a-AS₂Te₃ was made of high purity elements that were productive. Thin film at a thickness (400 nm) was prepared using thermal evaporation techniques on cleaned glass substrates under very low vacuum (2×10⁻⁵mbar) with precipitation rate (0.33nm/s). The X-ray diffractometer showed that the pure film structure was amorphous, and the doping sample structure as polycrystalline. The result of optical properties has shown that pure and doping films have allowed a direct optical energy gap, and the energy gap for the pure film is (1.25eV) and decreases whenever we add impurities.

The study of the radiological background calculation, by characterizing the radio nuclides and calculating their specific efficacy in the environment of the city of Fallujah (water and surface soil), using the nuclear impact detector technique in the case. Seven samples of water were collected using the system (GBS ). Determine the concentration of uranium accounts based on comparison with standard models were used detector nuclear impact (CR-39) as a method for the detection of uranium in soil samples for study. The specific efficacy rate of the radon-222 antibody was very close to that of other studies. Knowing the level of natural and industrial radioactivity in the environment of the city of Fallujah using appropriate and different nuclear analysis methods and comparing the results of the measurements with the radiation ackground, which was previously studied and proved to be a radiation background. The results of radioactive material from the soil and water samples record the highest rate of uranium concentration in comparison with the standards reference of(ICRP) (International Commission Radiation Protection. The highest of background radiations of those regions were suffering of military operations. The total mean dose rate of the surveyed areas is found to be roughly thrice that of the world average, and found to be higher than that of other places compared with except. The Results of Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD) measurements of natural radioactivity using contact autoradiography for the determination of uranium and non-contact autoradiography for radon emanation are presented.

X-ray could be used in different useful purposes either diagnostic or therapeutic. However, the living tissues such as blood can be negatively affected with the ionizing radiation like X-ray when the body was exposed. The irregularly effect can involve the mechanical features of RBCs like shapes and radius which represent the main factors in functional performance of RBCs. Thus, any defect in these characters could lead to lose the RBC roles. Our study aimed to find the morphological changes of RBCs when they exposed to X-ray by measuring the radii using He-Ne laser technique. Three blood groups; O, AB and A, were exposed to different X-ray doses; 60, 80, 100 and 120 Kilo Electron Volt (KeV) for 1 minutes and the radius was checked after applying low power laser beams which was previously used for accurate measurement to the RBC radius compared to biological measuring techniques. The results showed that the radii of fringes (r) of irradiated RBCs for the tested groups were smaller than that of non-radiated RBCs for all X-ray doses. The radii of fringes (r) directly and significantly increase with increase the distance between the slide and screen (D). Radii of the tested RBC (d) groups were significantly altered compared to control groups which could relate to impairment of sodium and potassium pump mechanism which can lead to loss the RBC membrane permeability. Thus, RBCs uptake or loss the materials and liquids resulting in decreasing or increasing their sizes.

In this work, the track etch-rate V_T and etch-rate ratio V of CR-39 detector irradiated by alpha particles was investigated at different incident angles. The change of the track etch-rate and etch-rate ratio along the particle trajectories showed that these functions are not affected by the inclination of the particle trajectory with respect to the normal on the detector surface.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been prepared by using chemical method. The chemical analysis of the samples was carried out using EDX measurement. The results showed that all the samples are very pure, consisting of the elements of magnesium and oxygen. XRD pattern of MgO nanoparticles prepared at a different temperature (500, 550 and 600 °C) and 3 hour time. It is seen that the peaks appear at 2θ=36.92 degrees, 2θ=43.02 degrees, 2θ=62.38 degrees, 2θ=74.56 degrees and 2θ=78.48 degrees, reflective planes reflect (111), (200), (220), (311) and (222), respectively. Scanning electron microscope of treated magnesium oxide at different temperatures was carried out. As the result showed that magnesium oxide have spherical nanoparticles in diameters ranging from 15-20 nm, systematically distributed. Histopathological evaluation showed the thick mature threads and anatomizing bone threads filled interface zone in MgO scaffold prepared at different annealing temperatures.

The stopping powers of electrons, protons, and alpha particles incident with different energies on polyvinyl toluene (PVT), which used as a crystal in scintillator detectors, have been calculated using the codes of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). For electrons, the collision and radiative stopping powers were calculated and for protons and alpha particles, the electronic and nuclear stopping powers were investigated. The behaviors of the calculated stopping power have been studied and explained. The obtained results strongly suggest that if one used PVT as a detector crystal, they must be shielded against tested particles.

This paper examined the effect of the form factor of the nucleus and its type on the nuclear stopping power of Ca – 40, Fe – 56, Zr – 90, and Pb – 206 isotopes, respectively. The collision, radiative, and total electronic stopping power of these elements was also calculated. The results of the electronic stopping power showed that the collision part exceeds the radiative up to a specific energy that depends on the element's atomic number, after which the electronic stopping power will prevail. As for the nuclear stopping power of electrons, the results indicated its great dependence on the form factor of the nucleus, but this dependence begins at a specific energy for each studied isotope and this energy changes with the isotope change. Also, the results did not show distinct significant differences between the different types of form factors, which are exponential, geometric, and uniform. On the whole, the results of the nuclear stopping power containing the exponential form factor are decreased by increasing the mass number of the isotopes. Finally, the behavior of the electronic and nuclear stopping powers as a function of the incident electron energy of the studied elements and isotopes behaved like what is expected and known.

In this paper, We prepared nanoparticles using the Turkevich process. The characterization of gold nanoparticles is carried out using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Linear optical properties studied by UV-visible Spectroscopy. Investigation of the optical limiting properties (OL) of nanocomposite (AuNPs / Epoxy resin) at different thicknesses (2.5, 9, 10.5, 14.3, 20.5, and 34) μm is performed. The threshold and optical clamping were calculated from optical limiting operation implemented by the Z-scan technique using CW Nd: YAG laser at (532 nm). The samples showed low optical limiting thresholds, which can be demonstrated by the strong absorption of the two photons in these samples. The nanocomposite displays the lowest optical limiting threshold (66 mW) at a thickness (2.5) μm. We notice that the nonlinear light-induced absorption results in an optical limited.

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films were prepared by casting method. The optical properties was measured in the wavelength rang of (200–900) nm, by using UV-visible spectroscopy. The effect of irradiation lead to degradation on the physical properties such as absorbance, transmittance, refractive index, extinction coefficient in addition of the real and imaginary part of dielectric constant was studied. This study reveals that all these parameters affected by the increasing of them irradiation, and also found that the optical energy gap has been increased with the increasing of the irradiation. The structural properties are studied by using XRD, FTIR spectrum, and FESEM.

SnO₂:Bi₂O₃ colloidal NPs were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation of Sn:Bi target (50%:50%) in double distilled water (DDW) at room temperature. High purity Sn:Bi target (purity of 99.99%) was fixed at bottom of open a plastic cell containing of 2 ml DDW and DDW+ PVP which represent the liquid media. Ablation is carried out with laser operating at 1.064 nm wavelengths at flounce set in the range of 40.5J/cm² and (60 laser pulses). The diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern broadened due to the particles in the sample are too small. The primary particle size calculated by Sherrer formula is about 150 nm. The spherical nanoparticles morphologies were carried out by scan electron microscope (SEM) analysis, exhibits spherical with average size distribution found to be 20 nm.

The concentrations of natural radionuclides in various common plant species grown in the city of Al-Taji in the capital, Baghdad, were examined using NaI (Tl) gamma spectroscopy. The measurements were made on three parts of each plant sample which included roots, stalk, and leaves in addition to soil. The assessing of transport factors shows the K-40 transfer coefficients were lower than those values mentioned in other previous studies. The mean concentrations of specific activity for U-238, Th-232 and K-40 in the basil plant were 4.455±2.944, 18.774±14.998 and 123.767±23.047 Bq/kg respectively. For celery it was 3.904±3.326 Bq/kg, 32.899±6.739 Bq/kg, 85.032±35.650 Bq/kg. As for mint, it was 2.233±4.337 Bq/kg, 25.354±8.696 Bq/kg and 92.115±33.070 Bq/kg. The results showed that the concentration of uranium, thorium and cesium did not exceed the permissible limit. Potassium concentrations will not exceed the internationally permitted level in all parts of plants under study. The radium equivalent activity was 70.527 Bq/kg less than 370 Bq/kg recommended by UNSCEAR. The maximum absorbed dose rate in soil samples was 58.205 nGy/h, which is less than 84 nGy/h. Whereas the average annual effective dose equivalent in soil samples was 285.535 mSv/y which are less than the 290 mSv/y recommended by UNSCEAR, Respectively. The maximum hazard risk index was 0.214 in soil samples and is less than ≤1 recommended by UNSCEAR. The lifetime cancer risk (ECLR) ranged from 142.620×10⁻³ to 999.372×10⁻³. This value is above the global average of 0.29×10⁻³ and 1.16×10⁻³ reported by UNSCEAR. The lifetime cancer risk is a function of environmental geology and the K-40 soil transfer factor to the plant is very high compared to other radionuclides in the samples. Therefore, there is a risk from its management.

A simple, inexpensive, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique excimer source Nd:YAG laser was used for the preparation of the all films irradiation targets and deposite of nickel oxide NiO, polypyrrole PPy, carboxylic functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT), [PPy:(f-MWCNT)] nanocomposite, [NiO/PPy:(f-MWCNT)] and [PPy:(f-MWCNT)/NiO] films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. Surface morphology of all films and nanocomposite was investigated by Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) display various morphology on the surface of the all films and nanocomposites, but the predominant structure is granular morphology, x-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that the peaks of all films are broadening expect for PPy are sharp peaks, the optical absorbance spectra for the studied all films showed the maximum values around (425, 333, 347, and 397) nm refer to type transitions (π*-π) and (polaron-π*) and the maximum value of NiO around 346 nm. The optical energy gap of all films was determined and values around (2.2, 2.6, 2.8, 3, 3.2) eV. It has been observed that the measurements for films [NiO/PPy:(f- MWCNT)] and [PPy:(f-MWCNT)/NiO] may be identical and NiO nanoparticles are a good adhesion to nanocomposite films and interconnected in structure.

Chitosan can be deduced from chitin by simple chemical process. Chitosan has many applications and one of the promise application is used as nuclear shield by adopted it with some materials. Electron stopping power (SP) represents important parameter in tested the ability of any material to use it as nuclear shield. Therefore, stopping powers of electrons incident with different energies on chitin and chitosan have been calculated by using codes of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) after modified it by built in the chemical structure and some other properties of chitin and chitosan in the codes. The results of total SP showed that chitosan has values larger than chitin but the differences are small and the maximum percentage difference ratio is 6.8% at 4 MeV electron energy. Total SP has approximately 35 Mev.cm²/g at 0.01 MeV electron energy, and decreasing with energy till to 1 MeV, then slowly increasing. In addition to total SP, the collision SP, radiative SP, density effect parameter, radiation yield, and electron range were calculated. The behaviors of the calculated parameters have been studied and explained. The obtained results suggested that chitosan may be used after mixing it with other materials as a shield from nuclear radiation, especially in low energies.

The present research concerns the manufacture of porous silicon (PSi) by means of electrochemical etching method at (10 mA.cm⁻²)current density and approximately 10 minute etching time. The porous silicone layer was investigated by XRD, AFM and FTIR, and then Li₂O nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a simple chemical method. And freshly embedding three drops of (Li₂O) solution using the drop casting technique on the 40°C porous silicon(n-Psi) method to produce the heterojunction Al / Li₂O / PSi / Al. The results of current-voltage ( I-V) test showed that the solar cell's maximum power conversion efficiency ( PCE) was 2.49% and thus the fill factor was 66.12%. A diffusion of Li₂O NPs on PSi solar cell characteristics assures an improvement on their properties.

Determination of lead, cadmium and nickel concentrations in serum samples (n=50), collected from policemen at difference checkpoint in Karbala governorate, was carried out by flam atomic absorption spectrometer. The results show, that the Pb, Cd and Ni mean value were (1.016±0.052)ppb, (0.043±0.007)ppb and (0.212±0.015)ppb respectively. The result also show that the mean values of heavy elements in serum samples were higher in policemen group when compared to control group, where the statistically significantly difference (p<0.05), except for Ni were statistically non- significantly difference (p>0.05).

In this work, un-doped and Manganese doped Zinc Oxide Nanorods (NRs) thin films were grown on the glass substrates using chemical bath deposition method (CBD) at 80 °C temperature. The effect of Mn content (0, 2 and 4%) on the structural, morphology, optical and photoluminescence characteristics of ZnO NRs films was investigated. The XRD patterns of un-doped and Mn-doped ZnO NRs demonstrate sharp and strong peaks together with high crystalline structure. The FESEM images showed that the nanorods of ZnO and Mn:ZnO were well-aligned and distributed throughout the films. The absorption edge was observed to be blue-shifted and the optical energy gap was found to be widening from (3.21, to 3.31) eV with increased Mn content. The photoluminescence spectrum (PL) of Mn-doped samples was examined, at room temperature, and revealed of highly UV emission, whereas the green-yellow wavelengths emissions were enhanced with increased Mn content. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics showed that the photocurrents of all prepared samples are enhanced and the Mn doped samples showed a good response, under UV light.

The pre - equilibrium and equilibrium differential and double differential cross sections have been calculated for 2MeV neutrons induced reactions in ⁶⁴Zn nucleus using Kalbach Systematic approach in terms of Exciton model with Feshbach, Kerman and Koonin (FKK) statistical theory. The two-component exciton model and some corrections have been implemented in the calculation the particle-hole state density. In this work, Isospin, finite well depth, and shell effects are considered. The obtained results were compared with the available published experimental and theoretical data that in the international libraries such as TENDL, ENDF, and JEFF. The comparisons with these available data showed an acceptable agreement especially for the reactions: ⁶⁴Zn(n,n)⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁴Zn(n,p)⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁴Zn(n,D)⁶³Cu, ⁶⁴Zn(n,T)⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Zn(n,³He)⁶²Ni, and ⁶⁴Zn(n,⁴He)⁶¹Ni at different emission angles.

Nanocomposites of polyaniline (PANI) and Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have been successfully synthesis using hydrothermal and chemical method respectively. The nanocomposite films were deposited by spin coating technique on Si substrates and examined using XRD, FE-SEM, EDX, FT-IR techniques as well as their sensing properties were studied towards H₂S gas. The XRD pattern showed a presence of crystalline nature of PANI NFs film and cubic structure of PANI/Ag films. FE-SEM images revealed that PANI film has nanofibers structure, whereas the PANI/Ag films composite revealed that Ag NPs caped with PANI nanofiber. The sensing analysis indicated that on exposure to H₂S gas at low concentration 25 ppm, it was observed that the PANI/Ag films sensor composite showed high sensitivity compared with pure PANI NFs, and the maximum sensitivity (73.35%) was obtained at 200 °C with faster response/recovery times < 1 sec.

Zinc oxide nanostructured with different seeding layer annealing temperature have been synthesized by drop casting technique on FTO coated glass substrate. The optimized seeding layer have employed to synthesis ZnO nanorods were growth aqueous solutions method of zinc nitrate and HML as precursors with different growth temperatures.

FESEM supported by EDS results showed significant information of ZnO topographic surface. X- Ray diffraction scan demonstrate a hexagonal wurtzite structure with c-axis orientation of the ZnO nanorods. Strong ultraviolet (UV) emission of ZnO nanorods has detected by UV visible measurement. The obtained results have analyzed optimize annealing temperature of ZnO seeding layer and suitable growth temperature of ZnO nanorods, with crystal hexagonal ZnO nanorods and homogenous distribution with 95°C growth temperature

In recent years, organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells have attracted considerable interest in the photovoltaic research community because of its ease of processing, low production costs, super light-harvesting characteristics, and relatively high performance, making it more desirable than other current solar cell materials. Lead-based perovskites (CH₃NH₃PbX₃, X=Cl, I, Br) solar cells have recently achieved high efficiency of ∼19.3 percent, well exceeding most thin-film and organic solar cells' efficiencies. The presence of lead, toxic material in these solar cells, therefore poses serious challenges to our health and the environment. 'Tin' is nontoxic and stands as a replacement to 'lead' for commercial purposes. in halide based Perovskites possess a potential for higher quantum efficiency because of their enhanced light absorption capability due to the wide-ranging absorption spectrum in the visible region with a comparatively lower band gap of 1.3 eV than lead-based Perovskites. In this work, we have modeled a tin-based perovskite simulation model with FTO Glass / ZnO / CH₃NH₃SnI₃ / Cu₂O / Pt. novel architecture and analyzed using the SCAPS-1D, which is well suited for studying photovoltaic architecture. Use this software method and we analyzed the thickness, fault density, and operating temperature of the model by simulating under various conditions. With the optimize the thickness to be (0.03 μm) corresponding best efficiency among another thickness of perovskites, and other layers, the defect density of absorber layer (10¹⁷ cm-3 ) the encouraging result of maximum power conversion efficiency(PCE) reached to 9.27%, the short-circuit current density(Jsc) is 46.569 mA/cm2, and fill factor(FF) is 31.17% and open-circuit voltage(Voc) is 0.637 V is calculated.

The some properties, Energy levels, B(E2) values and potential energy surface, for even-even ^122,124Cd isotopes have been studied using the interacting boson model. The predicted levels (energies, spins and parities) and B(E2) values results were reasonably consistent with the experimental data. The contour plot of the potential energy surfaces shows all interest nuclei were deformed and have O(6)-U(5) transition symmetry.

In this paper, we investigate the basic characteristics of "magnetron sputtering plasma" using the target V₂O₅. The "magnetron sputtering plasma" is produced using "radio frequency (RF)" power supply and Argon gas. The intensity of the light emission from atoms and radicals in the plasma measured by using "optical emission spectrophotometer", and the appeared peaks in all patterns match the standard lines from NIST database and employed are to estimate the plasma parameters, of computes electron temperature and the electron density. The characteristics of V₂O₅ sputtering plasma at multiple discharge provisos are studied at the "radio frequency" (RF) power ranging from 75 - 150 Watt and gas pressure (0.1, 0.08) mbar. One can observe that the intensity of the emission lines increases with increasing the sputtering power. We find that the electron temperature excess drastically from 0.95 eV to 1.11eV when the emptying gas pressure excess of 0.1 to 0.08 mbar. On the other hand the excess electron temperature from 0.9 to 1.01 eV with increasing sputtering power from 100 to 125 Watt, while the electron density decrease from 5.9×10¹⁴ to 4.5×10¹⁴ cm⁻³ with increasing sputtering power. and electron density decrease with increasing of pressure from 4.25×10¹⁴ to 2.80×10¹⁴ cm⁻³, But the electron density maximum values 5.9×10¹⁴ at pressure 0.08 mbar.

In this study, the properties of plasmonic fiber have been studied, in which the core is one of the noble metals (Au,Ag,Cu,Al). The modes and the effective refractive index associated with each wavelength were derived using the COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS based on the Finite Element Method. The electrical permetivity was studied using the relationship Lorentz derode to determine the real part for the refractive index and the imaginary part responsible for the attenuation coefficient. Where a frequency range was chosen to hold negative values for the real part. The results show that when drawing the relationship between (ε_r) or (ε_i) a function of the wavelength that gold has the highest value and then silver, copper and then aluminum, but in the case of (n_r) or (n_i) we notice that aluminum has the highest elements.

(n_eff) has also drawn as a function of the wavelength, the four metals, and different of the core radius (a=100, 200, 300, 400, 500) for the three modes (LP₀₁,LP₁₁,LP₂₁) and the metal used. It is observed that increasing the mode index increases the lobes where the mode (LP₀₁) is one spot and the mode (LP₁₁) is two spot and the mode (LP₂₁) is four spot,

where the power index increase is the increase in red and yellow color, and this applies to all modes. In other words, by controlling the radius of the core and wavelength, we can balance the ratio of power that propagation forward and backward. The refractive index (neff) has the highest value at small wavelengths and then begins to decrease with increasing wavelength, and has the highest value in the case of gold, then silver, then copper. Then aluminum, which is less than the rest of the elements.

Introduction: In this work, radon measurements have been carried out in different Buildings Surrounding Imam Hussain Holy Shrine in Karbala, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: Radon concentrations were determined by using time-integrated passive radon dosimeters containing (CR-39) solid state nuclear track detectors.

Results: The radon concentration in the building has been found to vary from 23.958 to 88.233 Bqm⁻³ with an average 39.372 Bqm⁻³ this value is less than (200-300 Bqm⁻³) recommended range (ICRP, 2009). The internal annual effective dose value ranged from (0.399) to (1.469 mSvy⁻¹) with an average value (0.655mSvy⁻¹) which is less than the lower limit of the recommended range (3-10 mSvy⁻¹) (ICRP, 1993).

Conclusion: The values of lung cancer cases per year per million person ranged between (7.181) to (26.445) with an average value (11.800) per million person which is lower than the recommended range (170- 230) per million person (ICRP, 1993). The positive relationship between the concentration of radon gas and lung cancer cases per year per million person (LCC) in indoor building samples in all locations studied. It can be said that all the results of this study are less than the internationally permitted limits and therefore do not pose a risk to the health of workers and visitors to the Imam Hussain Holy shrine.

In this paper, Cadmium Oxide: Antimony has been deposited on porous silicon substrate using laser induces plasma technique. The solar cell parameters fill factor and efficiency; have been analyzed through changing of laser energy. The results shown that the change in electron mobility resulting from the change in laser energy leads to significant improvement in fill factor and efficiency. Moreover, there is slight improvement in the efficiency of CdO: Sb/Psi solar cell as a result of changing the thickness of CdO: Sb.

(PSi) substrates generated using an electrical and chemical engraving mechanism at current concentration (35) mA/cm² with varying engraving time (2 and 3) min, in which ZnO, CdO and 50 percent ZnO:50 percent CdO of chemical spray pyrolysis were examined using SEM and XRD methods.

Effect of addition (salts, soil and bacteria) on piezoelectric detecting a signal of a specific liquid like water has been inspected here in the project. Identifying signals (piezoelectric) categorized and accomplished by usage of transducer that conducts a mechanical signal in the direction of the water liquid cell, and then the receptor collects the weakened indications. The quartz cell (contains water solution) embedded between the two piezo crystals and piezo crystals with silver (Ag) nanowire thin film prepared using hydrothermal method. It is clear that the formation of the yield is rope-similar and close to be uniform in width (60 ± 10 nm) whereas the extent is in a moderately wide range (from 0.2 to 4 μm) with an average at 2.5 μm. Four peaks can be recognized in XRD results, it is clear according to the ASTM cards that the film is polycrystalline at which (111), (200) and (220) silver (Ag) respectively. The range of functioning frequencies was (400 kHz - 40MHz), for all specimens, the measurement outcomes that involved reporting the first order resonance frequencies. The data presented shifting the resonance frequency to the higher order frequency for addititive cases (salts+soil+bacteria) of water.

In this study, the effect of adding natural plants on the properties of nanomaterial's to treat blood poisoning caused by exposure to continuous doses of nuclear radiation has been studied. Nanomaterials were prepared in simple, inexpensive physical and chemical methods. The treatment results showed a high efficacy with a short period of time

PVA:PANI/CuI thin film composites have been prepared by adding (CuI) particles to the mixture of the poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) and conductive polyaniline (PANI) with various concentrations (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8% wt) using casting method technique on a glass substrate at laboratory temperature. The prepared thin film samples have lightweight, low cost, and flexible. The morphological, structural, and optical properties of these composites were examined by using Fourier transform - infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

The effects of CuI concentrations on the optical properties of the PVA:PANI thin films were studied in the region of wavelength (190-1100) nm. The results are presented the prepared thin films have high values of absorption in UV range. Increasing CuI nanoparticle concentrations lead to increases the absorbance of (PVA:PANI) blend. The optical coefficients rise while the energy gap and transmittance falls with increasing CuI nanoparticle concentrations.

Analytical and numerical analysis of electromagnetic wave propagation in cylindrical waveguides filled with isotropic metamaterial is presented. Emphasis is given to the characteristics of power flux in the waveguide. In the structure of the waveguide, The characteristics equation for the modes in this waveguide is obtained. The behavior of the dispersion curves and the energy flux are examined theoretically. The negative energy flux propagation through the cylindrical waveguide is confirmed.

In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) was synthesized using microwave method as rapid, uncostly and effective method. In order to study the effect of the solvent on the morphology of the prepared samples, two different solvents were used. The first solvent was ethylene glycol (EG, 99.8%) and the other was deionized water (DIW), while titanium isopropoxideTi[OCH(CH₃)₂]₄ was used as TiO₂ precursor. A commercial microwave oven was used with a power of 750 W and 5 minutes was selected as a duration of time preparation. The prepared specimens were annealed at 400 °C for 1 h. Diverse techniques were used in this study, such as X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the structures and morphology of the prepared TiO₂. Surface area was measured using Brunaner EmmettTeller (BET) technique. The XRD results revealed that the prepared samples were a pure TiO2 in anataseface.

Noticeably, FESEM results show that the prepared TiO₂ samples were nanorods-like shape with a length varied from 2 μm to 30 μm and a diameter varied from 500 nm to 6 μm when EG was used as a solvent. In contrast, spherical agglomerated nanoparticles with average diameters 20 nm were obtained when DIW was used as a solvent. The BET analysis revealed that the surface area of TiO₂ nanorods was 151.413 m²/g, while it was 103.365 m²/gfor TiO₂ nanoparticles.

The effect of Raman spontaneous scattering Factor (K_sp) on characteristics of passive Q- switching and Raman pulses of (Nd:YVO4, Cr+4:YAG and BaWO4) system has been simulated. A software computer program based in this study to solve the rate equations model using Runge- kutta - Fehalberg numerical method. The study shows that the increase in the value of K_sp leads to an increase photons density, energy, and, the power of passive Q-switching and Raman pulses. While small effect on pulses duration. The final value of the population inversion decreases with the increase of K_sp.