Table of contents

The 2019 International Conference on Advances in Civil and Ecological Engineering Research (ACEER 2019) was held successfully in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan, from July 1^st - 4^th, 2019. It was organized by I-Shou University, co-organized by National Sun Yat-Sen University, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, and Taiwan Society of Microbial Ecology. The technical program comprised one plenary session with 2 keynote speeches, seven parallel sessions including 22 invited speeches and 37 regular oral presentations, and 23 poster presentations.

ACEER 2019 aimed to provide a high-level international forum for researchers and engineers to present and discuss recent advances, new techniques and applications in the field of Civil Engineering, Environmental and Ecological Engineering. This conference has attracted around 120 participants from 15 countries and areas. The subjects of the conference included many disciplines or inter disciplines of civil engineering, ecology and environment.

This volume records the proceedings of ACEER 2019 and contains 45 rigorously selected manuscripts submitted to the ACEER 2019 conference. All the manuscripts were selected depending on their quality and relevance to the conference.

The Organizing Committee would like to thank all the authors who contributed to ACEER 2019 and also the reviewers who provided their valuable comments and suggestions.

The 2020 International Conference on Advances in Civil and Ecological Engineering Research is scheduled to be held in Beijing. Everybody is welcome to submit papers to and attend ACEER 2020! More information will be available at the conference website: www.aceerconf.org.

Editor

Dr. Chih-Huang Weng

Professor, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Shershnevskoe Reservoir is the main source of water supply of the Chelyabinsk city (South Ural, Russia). It is an artificial reservoir, filled in 1963-1969. The water protection zone of the Shershnevskoe Reservoir is subject to significant anthropogenic impact. Variations in phytoplankton community composition in the artificial waters are still poorly understood. The purpose of this work is to study the changes in the composition of phytoplankton that have occurred since the creation of the reservoir. Identified taxa (381) of the phytoplanktonic community in 1965-1985 are as follows: 150 Chlorophyta, 123 Bacillariophyta, 69 Cyanophyta, 25 Euglenophyta, 6 Chrysophyta, 6 Xantophyta, 1 Dinophyta and 1 Cryptophyta. Identified taxa (134) of the phytoplanktonic community in 2004-2017 are as follows: 67 Chlorophyta, 26 Bacillariophyta, 25 Cyanophyta, 9 Euglenophyta, 4 Chrysophyta, 2 Xantophyta and 1 Dinophyta. The dominants were blue-green algae. The presence of Cyanobacteria as the dominant complex indicates a high degree of eutrophication of the reservoir. The following species were dominant until 2014-2015 Aphanizomenon flosaquae Ralfs ex Bornet & Flahault, Snowella lacustris (Chodat) Komárek & Hindák and Microcystis aeruginosa (Kützing) Kützing, but after 2014-2015 it is Planktothrix agardhii (Gomont) Anagnostidis & Komárek. Over the fifty years of the existence of the Shershnevskoe Reservoir, its ecological state has passed from a long-term sustainable mesotrophic to a eutrophic one.

Waste containers generated by households are recycled under 4-in-1 recycling program in Taiwan for more than 20 years. Along with the development of circular economy, waste recycling has become increasingly important. Recycling fund plays an important role in keeping the recycling system running. Developing a sustainable pricing mechanism for the recycling system is an important but sophisticate issue. This study aims to use statistical methods including sampling design, regression model, ratio estimation, and cost estimation model to carry out a sustainable pricing mechanism, which can not only reflect the reality of recycling market but also comply with circular economy. The sustainable pricing mechanism proposed by this study first considers recycling cost, recycling revenue, recycling performance, as well as balance of recycling fund, and then sets differential pricing mechanism based on the product designs and recycling technologies. It is also a floating pricing mechanism that responds to monthly economic changes. This study takes waste container recycling as an example for statistical modelling. The statistical methods used in this study can also be applied for other solid waste recycling items.

Rainfall forecasting plays an important role in water resources management and also for controlling the unusual events related to the rainfall. This study aims to forecast monthly rainfall from antecedent monthly rainfall, temperature and climate indices using a hybrid wavelet neural network (HWNN) model. The discrete wavelet transform is used incorporation with a conventional ANN model. The skilfulness of the proposed model is compared with the observed rainfall and the ANN model. The results show that the HWNN model provides a good fit with the observed rainfall data particularly in facing the extreme rainfall. The decomposed sub-series obtained by wavelet transform can extract invaluable information which is enormously useful for future rainfall prediction. The results confirm that the hybrid model considerably improves the neural network ability to predict future rainfall.

This research aims to provide long term streamflow forecast models using multiple climate indices as the predictors with the help of an advanced evolutionary method, Gene Expression Programming (GEP) to solve the developed symbolic regression problems as it is found to be superior than other traditional methods. Being a transparent model, GEP is able to provide the relationship between input (climate indices) and output (streamflow) variables with mathematical expressions which help the users to understand the underlying hydrological process between the climate mode and streamflow without having much knowledge about the used software. Two stations of New South Wales (NSW) are chosen based on their longer data record and fewer missing values. Several preliminary researches including single and multiple correlation analyses reveal PDO (Pacific Decadal Oscillation), IPO (Inter Decadal Pacific Oscillation), IOD (Indian Ocean Dipole) and ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) are few among the influential indices on the study region. The resultant models appear to be more efficient with up to 50% higher Pearson correlation (r) values than that of the simple MLR technique adapted in one of our previous studies. Furthermore, the statistical performance analyses including Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Willmott index of agreement (d) and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) ensure high predictability of the developed models. The similar correlation values (r) generated from calibration and validation periods which ranges between 0.74 and 0.91 increase the reliability of the resultant models for predicting seasonal streamflow up to three months in advance.

The issue of waste is still a serious problem in Denpasar, Bali. Low levels of public awareness make the city view worse. Badung River, which passes through residential areas, is always filled with garbage every day. This uncontrolled waste production is caused by shipments of waste from the Upper and Middle parts of the Badung River catchment area and the level of public awareness that is still lacking in the environment. The origin of the contents of the garbage in the Badung River comes from human activities and nature. Research on this waste problem uses questionnaires by taking samples in the survey area based on 8 locations taken from the tributary meeting to the Badung River. This research shows that the implementation of good policies improves good behaviour compared to the implementation of policies in poor categories. The solid waste management system in the Badung River catchment area is the same, which is divided into waste generation, storage, collection, transfer disposal and waste disposal. So that it can be seen that solid waste management systems, such as the sorting process and the 3R (reduce, reuse, and recycle), are still very little attention to the community around the Badung River catchment area.

Domestic ceramic industrial demand requires intensive searches for a new source of ball clay with acceptable quality. Analysis of clay samples derived from a new seam in Payao province, northern Thailand was performed using a series of techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and L^*a^*b^* color space method. Geological study of this clay seam showed the division into 5 sub-layers, from top to bottom, and was coded as K_R, K_C K_A, K_B and K_Q respectively. The main minerals found in these clays were illite, quartz, kaolinite and rutile with a trace of clinochlore. K_Q was quartzitic with a relatively low clay mineral content. K_R was reddish due to the high content of iron bearing mineral. This clay was least refractory so it was not attractive for high firing white ware industry. In K_B layer, large particles of plant relicts were generally observed so it showed abnormal distribution of the particle size and a substantial thermal weight loss. K_A and K_C showed the greatest potential for utilisation in whiteware industry. These clay samples were off-white after firing at 1150 °C.

The dynamic characteristics of liquid sloshing in cylindrical tanks filled with porous media are analyzed in this paper. As the tank is subjected to the small external excitations, the flow is assumed to be in Darcy's flow regime, and then the porous medium can provide damping effect linearly proportional to the fluid velocity. Based on the pore flow theory, the linear equivalent mechanical model with the damping effect due to porous medium is established. This equivalent model consists of a rigidly fixed mass and infinite sets of mass-damping-spring systems, which can exert the same total dynamic force as the linearized actual fluid field. The equivalent system can explain the dynamic characteristics of each modal response of sloshing in a cylindrical porous-medium tank. Therefore it is more convenient to analyze the sloshing behavior from the structural dynamic analysis point of view. By this model, the natural frequency and damping ratio of the cylindrical porous-medium tank are revealed. Both parameters are related to the tank dimensions, porosity and permeability of the porous medium.

Municipal waste glass has long been a problem because of its difficulty in disposal. In Chiang-rai province alone, it was approximated that improperly treated glass waste amounts to 20,000 kg per annum. Foam glass is a porous insulating material which provides the advantage of low-thermal conductivity, low density and fire resistance. This research aimed to prepare foam insulating glass using waste glass collected from local municipality. The glass was first cleaned and then crushed using a hammer mill. Further grinding using ball milling technique was done until glass powder was obtained. With the use of proper amounts of foaming agent, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), and binder, cassava gel, glass foams could be prepared at the temperature of 750 °C. Microstructure was observed using an optical microscope, while density was measured using water replacement. The obtained foam glass has a bulk density of 0.535 g/cm³ with approximated porosity of 77%. To observe ability as a lightweight aggregate, cement mortar with different amounts of glass foams was prepared. It was found that thermal conductivity linearly decreased while compressive strength increased when the amount of the foamed glass was increased. Compressive strength and thermal conductivity of the foam glass were estimated to be 2.43 MPa, of 0.23 W/m.K, making it a new economically promising lightweight aggregate for cement mortar.

Food waste is a primary component of municipal solid waste (MSW), which can be recycled or disposed of depending on how it has been treated. The cost and environmental impact of treating food waste are common concerns of local authorities. In this study, a mathematical model is presented which is designed to assist local authorities in determining the treatment plan. In addition to data of waste generation and treatment capacity, the level of local demand for recycled products is also included in the developed model. With the use of the proposed model, the recycling and treatment scheme can contribute to local sustainability by reducing the dependence on virgin materials for local industries. Four food waste treatments including wet feeding, dried feeding, composting and incineration have been examined for their cost-effectiveness and environmental impact. A case study of Taichung City, Taiwan is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the developed model. The results revealed the trade-off costs and environmental impacts associated with each recycling scenario. Also, the results indicate that establishing new facilities may reduce the impact on the environment, as well as the total cost.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is one of the most serious environmental problems encountered in mining areas worldwide. When released into the environment without treatment, AMD pollutes the surrounding water bodies and soils with hazardous and toxic elements like arsenic (As), selenium (Se) and heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) that rapidly destroy affected ecosystems. The most commonly used method to treat AMD is chemical neutralization, a technique whereby basic materials like limestone or lime are mixed with AMD to raise its pH and remove most of the contaminants via precipitation. Although effective, this approach requires the continuous supply of chemicals, energy, and manpower, which makes it unsustainable because AMD generation has been documented to continue for a very long time (up to several centuries to millennia). One promising alternative to chemical neutralization is (micro) encapsulation, a technique that directly treats pyrite, the main mineral responsible for AMD formation, and renders it unreactive by encapsulating the mineral with protective coatings. In this study, we introduced two advanced pyrite passivation techniques to limit AMD formation called "carrier-microencapsulation" (CME) and "galvanic microencapsulation" (GME). CME uses a redox-reactive organic carrier to deliver the coating material on the surface of pyrite. Because the carrier only decomposes oxidatively, the primary strength of this technique is its high selectivity for pyrite even in complex systems like mine tailings and pyrite-rich waste rocks. Meanwhile, GME is based on galvanic interactions between pyrite and metals with lower rest potentials so this technique could be applied directly in a ball mill during ore processing or coal cleaning.

Seismic analysis of structures often requires applying a pair of ground motions simultaneously in the directions of the structures since an earthquake can excite with any incidence angle. Critical response and incident angle analysis therefore play a significant role in seismic structural design by predicting maximum structural responses. Existing procedures are often based on response spectrum analysis methods (RSA) to obtain critical angles and responses. The main objective of this study is to compare the critical incidence angles and responses obtained with response history analysis (RHA) and RSA for a concrete moment resisting frame (MRF). Unlike previous studies, this study considers the effect of different hazard levels by using different scaling methods for a total of fourteen selected pairs of recorded ground motions. Response history analyses of a nine-story concrete MRF are conducted under different seismic hazard levels. The studies demonstrate the significance of critical angle analysis as well as some discrepancy between RHA and RSA.

Disposal of biosolids has been paid a due attention in Taiwan owing to their increasing amounts in the recent years. As there is no special landfill for biosolids dumping in Taiwan, transformation of biosolids to compost could be one of the suitable means of disposal. The study aimed to investigate the use of high-temperature fermentation technique to produce biosolid compost and examine the quality of bio-solid compost produced. Biosolids collected from a municipal wastewater treatment plant were treated by electro-kinetics to remove heavy metals and mixed with some agricultural wastes (mushroom waste and chicken excreta) to transform into the compost by a high-temperature (130°C) fermentation process. Prior and post to fermentation, the concentration of heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria in the biosolid-compost were determined. Results indicated that concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb in the compost after fermentation was within the soil control standard of Taiwan EPA. The pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and parasitic ova in the final compost were within the government criteria. Biosolid compost was then applied as a soil improvement material to compare the relative growth (with a control) of red leaf shovel within the campus premises. The plants in the plot with biosolid compost demonstrated a better growth than the same plants in the control.

Low plasticity sand-silt mixtures are very common in Italy either in natural depositional environment or in man-made earth-fill, hence the knowledge of their behavior is a crucial aspect in many practical applications. Due to higher compressibility features, significant strains and strength loss may be triggered by earthquakes. The results of a laboratory-based investigation undertaken on undisturbed samples of low plasticity silty-sandy soils recovered from a bank stretch after the 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake in Italy, when serious damages and widespread liquefaction events were observed, are herein presented. Special emphasis was given to susceptibility to liquefaction and pore water pressure response in presence of an initial static shear stress. As part of the present work, the results of undrained cyclic simple shear (CSS) tests carried out on reconstituted specimens of sand-fines mixtures, covering a range of non plastic fines contents from 0% to 40%, were used for predicting undrained cyclic resistance through the concept of equivalent granular void ratio, e^*. The conceptual framework based on e^* appears appropriate for streamlining the effect of fines on cyclic liquefaction resistance of these intermediate soils, provided that fines content is less than a limiting value. Since an important stage in the assessment of liquefaction potential is to predict excess pore water pressure during cyclic loading, the results of CSS tests were also utilized for analysing pore water pressure generation models of silty sands over a wide range of fines contents.

The use of full-depth precast concrete panels for rehabilitation of bridge decks allows fast installation and all-weather construction. Typically, precast panels are prefabricated in a well-controlled environment, resulting in strong and durable products. Undoubtedly, they will perform well under the traffic loading and weathering. However, the panel joints that are closed later with grout pour may degrade prematurely, leading to a less desirable composite action. Obviously, the lack of overall system performance causes concerns that limit the wider application of this innovative construction method. Conventionally, cementitious grouts, epoxy mortars or polymer concretes are used for the closure pour. In general, epoxy mortars or polymer concretes have extremely low permeability and dry shrinkage, as well as good adhesion with the substrate; but they are difficult to mix and clean, very sensitive to moisture variations, and incompatible with the substrate under thermal and mechanical loads. As a result, deficient bonding may occur, particularly when longitudinal post-tensioning is not provided, causing leaking and rusting. Oppositely, cementitious grouts are easier to mix and more compatible with the concrete substrate; however, they are more prone to shrinkage. More recently, advances in cementitious materials resulted in the development of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC). While this material has demonstrated exceptional performance when used for the closure pour; it requires special mixing to well disperse the particles and careful attention must be paid to the construction and curing practices to achieve enhanced mechanical and durability properties. As a result, testing of various types of grout materials is essential to establish the quality and serviceability of these materials. It is the intention of this paper to evaluate the performance of different cement-based grouting materials and to provide bridge engineers with useful database as to what materials are preferred for a specific project.

In the region there was generally influenced by seasonal weather such as highly rainfall intensity, the slope failure will be influenced by the existence of water and these conditions may trigger the changing of failure surface on the slope. The increasing pore water pressure causes shear strength reduction and shear stength enhancement. Consequently, the water level changes need to be evaluated conscientiously. In this paper, the various water levels are applied to perform the different pore water pressure conditions below the ground surface. Many methods are commonly used to predict the slope stability failure mechanism, including limit analysis. Limit analysis has been more widely employed for stability assessment in recent years because of its accuracy. In limit analyses, gravity multiplier will be adopted in this paper by using two-dimensional (2D) numerical approach to identify the failure mechanism. The results will be verified by comparing this study to previous studies.

Recently, the research on critical infrastructures have been extended its boundary and some previous research analysed interdependency between infrastructures tried to suggest operation and management policy of the infrastructure. This highlighted the importance of systemic approach such as System Dynamics. But there still exist the limit to select the modelling component in terms of causality. In this study, convergent cross mapping was applied to time series variables in Songpa-gu and Gangdong-gu in Seoul, South Korea. Selected variables include operating variable of water supply system, floating population and meteorological variables and 330 observations were collected. The result shows that daily average temperature and floating population that are equivalent to mobile population influences to the daily water supply, and vice versa. Other weather factors such as average precipitation and wind speed showed little causality with the daily water supply. The influential factors of water supply system can be investigated with convergent cross mapping and the result can be utilized for the pre-process of other methodology such as LSTM in short-term water demand prediction. It is expected to collect more available data to improve this study further.

As the frequency of drought from climate change increases and the severity of drought become worse, it is imperative to prepare appropriate countermeasures against severe droughts. Despite the severe impacts of droughts on coupled humans and environmental systems, we do not fully understand the consequences of severe droughts affecting the environment. Therefore, the present study proposed a quantitative assessment index for water quality risk for extreme droughts to improve the safety of water environment management by providing flows to areas vulnerable to the drought. The application of this study is the Nakdong River basin in Korea, which has assessed the vulnerability of water quality to severe droughts as water quality deterioration problems continue to be experienced event after the river restoration project was completed. The results of this study are expected to provide scientific environmental drought monitoring information in a changing climate.

Mat foundation is a very commonly used foundation type. There are many advantages in adopting mat foundations including the effects of loading compensation, full utilization of underground space, lowering foundation settlements and increasing the factor of safety of bearing capacity for foundations etc. In addition, because of the high stiffness of the mat foundation and foundation girders the differential settlements could be effectively decreased, which would in turn increase the safety of structures. The differential settlements of the foundation will produce extra stresses in the structure. At the worst it will make the structure members failure. There are many factors which would affect the differential settlements of the foundation, which include the uneven distribution of structure column loading, the subgrade reaction of foundation soils (or so called soil spring coefficient), the combined stiffness of the foundation plate and foundation girders, the shape and size of the mat plate etc. The main objective of this research is to use the finite element method to simulate the interactions between the mat foundation and the underneath soils. It will focus on the systematic research on all possible factors affecting the differential settlements of mat foundations. The influence of each factor on the differential settlements will be studied and identified. The influence charts for the differential settlements for each individual factor will be proposed. Finally a reliable method using these influence charts to predict the differential settlements of mat foundations will be developed, which will be verified by practical examples.

In a clean water test, the bubble diameter coming out through the circular diffusers was measured by photographic method and binary image analysis. Strong correlation was found between bubble diameter and superficial velocity. The depth of water has been added to existing experimental factors that include pore size and superficial velocity. By using dimensional analysis and multiple linear regression algorithm, a prediction model of bubble diameter was developed considering fluid properties and experimental factors including the depth of water. The developed model(EF-Model) was compared with the existing bubble diameter prediction models for the sample data. As a result of estimating the bubble diameter for the superficial velocity, the EF-Model has a lower RMSE and higher accuracy result than the existing models.

Algal blooms are significant environmental problems which threaten the water supply system and ecosystem. To manage the problem, the effective forecasting model is necessary, but it is still challenging to predict the algal bloom due to its uncertainty and complexity. To improve the prediction performance, this study proposed the advanced model based on LSTM networks. Merged-LSTM model contains the three parallel LSTM layers and merged layers which is available to use the additional data from the diverse sources without problem in the training process. To predict the chlorophyll-a of target area, data from an additional monitoring station in upstream and auxiliary environmental data were put into parallel layers as well as data from the target area. The prediction result of the proposed model outperforms the existing models, and also shows a better training process with larger data dimensions. The proposed model and its result also suggest that the possibility of prediction of algal bloom with more advanced models and corresponding data sources.

How to deal with the waste polystyrene and rubber has become a key research topic recently. This research attempted to process the waste rubber and waste polystyrene with chemical additives to produce the flexible coating material for concrete waterproofing. Based on the best guess on the configuration of the coating constituents by the grid-point method, the design experimental levels (3 levels) for different coating constituents could be decided by introducing the golden-section ratio. Then, the orthogonal experimental design method L₂₇(3¹³) was adopted by choosing surface-drying time, viscosity, water permeability, tensile strength, pull-elongation rate as orthogonal indicators. Through orthogonal experiment design method, the most influential coating constituents on different indicators were experimentally investigated. The results of the water permeability test showed that the water permeability of the coating was 0 mL and the water resistance was good. The analysis results of the orthogonal table showed that the material factors and levels affecting the tensile strength of the waste EPS flexible waterproof coating were: plasticizer (10.09%), polystyrene (17%), rubber powder (14%) and curing agent (5.1%), and the material factors and levels affecting the elongation of the waste EPS flexible waterproof coating are: plasticizer (2%), curing agent (5.1%), rubber powder (11.91%) and EPS (17%). This result can be used as a reference for adjusting the proportion of waste EPS flexible waterproof coating in the future.

This paper illustrates the impacts of mining disaster after more than 20 years. A two – day rapid assessment was carried out at Mogpog and Boac River catchment in Marinduque Island in March 2019. The target site included Maguilaguila Pit that connects the river catchment and formerly used as mining wastes pit. This is to understand the impacts of 1993 and 1996 mining disasters in the Boac-Mogpog river basin at Marinduque, Philippines. The island of Marinduque has been considered as among the top ten most vulnerable islands in the country due to its environmental condition and geographical location which affected the island demography. The island has suffered the impacts of one of the country's biggest mining disasters. The instruments used to conduct rapid site assessment were SciAps X-300 Handheld X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), Unmanned Air Vehicle (UAV) Model DJI Mavic Air, Google Earth, Hannah Multiparameter HI 9811-5 with HI 1285-5 probe and HI 70007, 70031, 70032 and 700661 solutions. The DJI Mavic Air captured images of Mogpog and Boac River catchment which helped direct the research team to take the right sampling locations. The DJI Mavic Air captured site images of the two rivers as dead rivers and use as land transportation route during dry season. The Google Earth captured the historical images of the target areas. The recorded data showed that the pit and nearby river water is acidic with pH equivalent to 2.9 and 4.1, respectively. The range of concentration of total dissolved solids in Mogpog and Boac river water was 100–1360 and 160–1150 ppm, respectively. The recorded concentration of iron near the pit was 125,587 ppm, and chromium concentration range was 80–99 ppm. The concentration of copper and manganese in the sediments was 5 and 158 times higher (respectively) than the 1998 detected concentrations. Based on the recorded data and images, the Maguilaguila pit, Boac and Mogpog River catchment need immediate attention. It could be concluded that based on the recent assessment results, leaks at the pit are likely. Also, the combination of areal-aerial and ground technique produced two – day rapid site assessment for areas contaminated by mine tailings. The information could aid in preparing prompt action and setting strategies that are helpful in carrying out risk reduction programs in the island.

Currently, plastic products are commonly used in a developing country like Vietnam, the demand for plastic items has become more and more popular. The introduction of these plastic products has brought many benefits to Vietnamese people. However, going along with utilities plastic goods are also the factors affecting our living environment. In addition, the abusing and discharging plastic products into the environment in this country have become great concerns which are at alarming level. Witnessing the widely popular realities of using plastic items leads to the difficulties in controlling waste and the serious effects of it to the environment in general and to the marine environment in particular. This paper was based on the information of many journals and supports of the respondents who are studying at FPT University from May 13 to May 24, 2019 through the student survey. From then on, some solutions were mentioned to make the marine environment a better place.

In probabilistic reliability analysis and design, critical geotechnical variables such as soil shear strength are usually regarded as random variables with a probability distribution rather than deterministic values or constants. In this paper, the vane shear test is briefly introduced and used to obtain undrained shear strength of soil in the area of Nipigon river landslide, Ontario, Canada. Then the maximum entropy method is presented to generate an unbiased probabilistic distribution for soil properties based on optimal-order moments from observed soil samples. A comparative study between maximum entropy distributions and traditional lognormal and normal distributions is conducted to evaluate the performance of fitted probabilistic distributions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test shows that the maximum entropy distribution with four order moments fit the undrained shear strength best. The analytical entropy distribution obtained can be used in probabilistic reliability analysis.

Climate change is a major challenge for human sustainable and urban governance mode. A Two-Dimensional Urgency-Adaptability Situation Model for Cities Responding to Climate Change was constructed in this study to evaluate cities adaptation capacity to climate change. The model evaluated city adaptability in five aspects: social and economic development, disaster response, urban planning adaptation, science and technology and policy management. To verify the effectiveness of the model, Shenzhen was chosen as a case, which had a start in climate change adaptation as a developed coastal city in China. The result shows that Shenzhen should further focus on enhancing its urban planning adaptability in the aspects including green construction, planning and design, as well as city renovation and regeneration. The Urgency-Adaptability Situation Model helps to make policy suggestions aiming at enhancing the climate adaptability of cities.

China is one of the countries that suffer the severest earthquake in the world. Since Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, earthquake insurance has become a hotspot in China, both in the earthquake engineering field and security management field. Considering the importance of residential safety and national economy, earthquake insurance is of prior necessity. The development of earthquake insurance during the past five decades in China and other countries is summarized. Several issues related to earthquake insurance in China are discussed. The paper provides a short but comprehensive review of the earthquake risk model and denotes the crucial issues and the problems that engineer could confront, and proposed potential solutions to difficulties in the development of earthquake insurance in mainland China.

It is very difficult to simulate nonlinear characteristics of concrete materials during fracturing process with continuum mechanics models. Discrete element methods supply for a new way for solving this kind of problems. However, how to precisely determine parameters of micro-constitutive model of concrete materials has become a key problem that affects the development and practical application of discrete element methods. The nonlinear mapping relation between deformation data of concrete specimen and parameters of micro-constitutive model of concrete materials is bridged by response surface function. Based on macro experimental data and response surface function, parameters of micro-constitutive model of concrete materials are determined by using optimization algorithm. The investigation result validates that the forecasted stress-strain curve for concrete specimen agrees well with observed one. The parameter inversion of micro-constitutive model for concrete materials can supply for foundations for precisely numerical simulation of discrete element methods.

Remote sensing classification is an important part in the process of extracting effective image information and research the foundation of land cover change. While traditional remote sensing image classification methods have some problems on low accuracy and uncertainty, machine learning algorithms are gradually applied to remote sensing classification. In this paper, support vector machines (SVM) method with high training speed and low computation burden is adopted to classify land cover based on GF-2 image, which is the domestic optical remote sensing satellite with high spatial resolution. The results show that: The overall classification accuracy by SVM is achieved 72.59% and the coefficient of Kappa is 0.65. The classification map is highly consistent with the original image, especially higher classification accuracy of cropland and tree. Partial regions were misclassified as shadow that didn't reflect the real land objects. As a whole, there is favorable classification quality using SVM method and GF-2 multispectral bands.

The rapid growth of solid waste has posed a serious threat to the urban environment and the safety of groundwater. This paper relies on the land formation project of Shenzhen Marine emerging Industrial Base. Waste residue is used as filling material for landfilling. In this paper, macro and micro tests, heavy metal and organic matter content tests of waste residue and underground silt were carried out. The physical mechanics, microscopic properties and pollution degree were analysed. The separation technology of waste residue is also studied. The results show that the composition of the waste residue is complex. The contents of heavy metals and organic pollutants did not exceed the risk control standard of construction land. The physical properties and pollution requirements of waste residue used in landfilling are put forward. The technology of three-step separation and separation of waste residue is put forward.

The transport pathways and potential sources distribution of air pollutants are statistically analyzed based on the Hybrid Single–Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and the TrajStat method driven by the meteorological data of the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS), and the concentration monitoring data of PM₁₀, PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO₂ in Shenyang, Liaoning Province in 2017. The trajectory classification method is used to analyze the main transport pathways affecting air masses during the research period. It is considered that the air masses in the northeast and northwest directions are the main reason for the high concentration of pollutants in the study area, while the air masses in the south direction are considered to be clean. Furthermore, the results of PSCF (potential resource contribution function) are consistent with the results of CWT (concentration–weighted trajectory). The potential sources that result in high concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 are mainly located in southern Hebei Province, northern Shandong Province and the central and eastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regions. The corresponding potential source area shows a concentration of PM₁₀ exceeding 150 μg•m⁻³ and PM_2.5 exceeding 75 μg•m⁻³, while the source of nitrogen sulfide is mainly influenced by local sources.

The contribution of this paper is to provide a simulation-based method to analyze the highly dynamic energy demands in container terminals under different arrival interval of ships. In order to overcome the complicated and stochastic operation processes in container terminals and obtain the energy demands at each time step, a simulation model is established. Then, various simulation models based on a container terminal in Northeast China are developed and carried out to study the impact of arrival interval of ships on energy demands. Finally, the energy demands in the container terminal are obtained and analyzed after running the simulation models. The results indicate that the energy demands represent a high randomness and large variations. When arrival interval changes from 5 h to 10 h, there is a sharp fall in the daily average energy demands, while as arrival interval changes from 15 h to 20 h, the daily average energy demands mainly concentrate between 0 MW and 1 MW. The obtained results and proposed method can provide references for power department policy making and balancing energy supply and demand in container terminals.

The Yihe river channel is from Liujiadoukou to Beijing-Hangzhou Canal. By analyzing the restricting factors of the basic conditions of the resume navigation of the inland river, this paper puts forward three line schemes, and carries on the utilization of river and waterway, the guarantee of the water resources, sluice dam and bridge, artificial canal. It is concluded that line 3 is the optimal rerouting line. The optimal line is obtained: Liujiadaokou Sluice→Sulu Boundary→ Shiba Village→ Huangnihe River→Chenghe River→Beijing-hang Canal. The total length of the waterway is 86.2 km, of which 54.5 km is in Shandong Province and 31.7 km in Jiangsu Province.

By selecting the appropriate basis functions according to the variation of vane pump regulating performance curves, we analysed the relationship in blade angle, flow, and head (or shaft power) based on surface fitting, and we established a parametric model, proposed the solution of the problem. The calculation of the example shows that the model has a high correlation coefficient, and has a simple mathematical expression, which is helpful for further application and popularization.

Millisecond delayed blasting has been widely used in reducing vibration of engineering blasting practice before. Pre-splitting blasting has been widely used in reducing vibration of rock slope excavation by blasting up to now. There was still damage to surrounding rock by millisecond delayed blasting and pre-split blasting even smooth blasting. The recurrent blasting vibration will produce cumulative damage to surrounding rock mass of underground and rock slope engineering, even induce rock mass fracture, collapse, roof fall or instability landslide . The damage area is much larger than the blasting excavation area, so rock mass would be damaged several times and result in accumulative damage. Not only the disturbance of single blasting on the surrounding rock should be controlled during blasting construction of anchorage roadway or tunnel, but the emphasis should be put on the accumulative vibration effect of surrounding rock induced by frequent circle short-distance blasting and the corresponding control measures should be taken. This paper introduces a cushion pad which has simple structure and is easy used in blasting engineering. This device can not only avoid large amount of cracks on the rock slope and cumulative damage to surrounding rock mass and rock mass of engineering to instability induced after blasting, but also cushion and hold up at large extent heavy detonation shock after blasting. It is first used in Panzhihua Xujiagou iron open pit, Huayinshan coal mine with gas in SiChuan province, Miaowei hydropower station in Yunnan province and Minshui tunnel blasting engineering in Xin-Fen highway in Hebei-Shanxi province. It effectively cushion the heavy detonation shock from explosion avoiding the damage surface of surrounding rock and accumulated damage of rock, thus improve stability of rock mass and save a large amount of support costs. The vibration velocity with cushion is 50% less than with pre-splitting blasting, even less than the threshold of blasting vibration accumulated damage. Ratio of semi--hole archive 95%. Achieve China patent, the number: ZL 201220107888.5, ZL201220230579.7, ZL 201220750552.0., ZL 201220016697.8.

Dredging can lead to an increase in suspended sediment concentration, which poses a threat to the survival of fish eggs and larvae.To assess the impact of dredging on fish eggs and larvae, Caotan Fishing Port in south China was chosen as a case in this paper. The threat to the survival of fish eggs and larvae, i.e. the increased suspended sediment concentrations, is identified through analyzing pollution sources in dredging operations; the number and species of fish eggs and larvae were obtained through on-site investigations; the concentration and influence range of suspended sediments are calculated by pollutant diffusion equations; the loss of fish eggs and larvae caused by suspended sediment during dredging is evaluated according to Technical Regulations for the Impact Assessment of Construction Projects on Marine Biological Resources (SC/T 9110-2007) in this paper. It can be preliminarily concluded that the suspended sediments produced during dredging and backfilling have an impact on the survival of fish eggs and larvae, and will reduce their quantity. Currently, loss analysis methods are based on empirical formulas, and more accurate quantitative analysis needs to be further studied.

As the general principle of river bed evolution during the fluvial process, the channel is formed by river flows, while the movement of river flows is contained by channels. When the hyperconcentrated flood propagates along the wandering reach of the Yellow River, the peak discharge of the flood can increase along the reach. Due to the recurrence of this phenomenon, attentions have been drawn from various stakeholders, since the amplifications of flood peak can jeopardize flood control works. By analyzing the field observed data, we present our research findings of "scour during rising" and "deposit during falling" of a flood event, as well as the sediment transport mechanism with constant discharge. The bedform affects the characteristics of sediment transport and the resistance force. When the bedform is in the dynamic equilibrium state, sediment transport characteristics can be described as "the more sediment input, the more sediment output". When the shear stress created by flow acting on bed is increasing, scour is observed on the channel bed. On the contrary, when shear stress is decreasing, deposition is observed. When the shear stress remains the same, sediment transport is in the equilibrium state. After the operation of Xiaolangdi Reservoir, due to coarsen of the bed material, the bedform resistance increased. When the flow condition changes and the bed roughness decreased abruptly, the increasing flow velocity can result in the reduction of channel storage volume. This is the main reason for the longitudinal amplifications of peak discharge in the wandering reach of the Yellow River.

In order to avoid the double punitive disadvantage of traditional test methods, based on the advantages of wavelet in multi-resolution analysisthe precipitation forecast products of RMAPS (Rapid-refresh Multi-scale Analysis and Prediction System) system are tested objectively. In this study, Haar is used as basis function. The test results show that the hourly precipitation forecast error of the 3km discriminant ratio of the forecast system is less than 15% for the precipitation process with the horizontal scale exceeding 94km. As the wavelet analysis scale decreases, the precipitation error gradually increases.

A new internal substructure method for seismic wave input in soil-structure systems was proposed very recently. This method simplifies the calculation of equivalent input seismic loads, and avoids the participation of artificial boundaries in the process of seismic wave input. In this study, we introduce the application of the internal substructure method in the structural seismic analysis considering soil-structure interaction (SSI). A typical frame structure is taken as the example, and the effect of SSI on the structural dynamic response is studied.

In bioreactor landfills, pressured leachate re-circulation can significantly influence the process of stabilization and the slope stability. To accelerate the leachate re-circulation and avoid slope failure, in this study, construction of a spatial reinforcement net is proposed, which consists of bonded whole waste tyres during municipal waste landfill. A coupled dual-permeability model and equilibrium equation were used to examine the enhanced leachate distribution and the local factor of safety of slope stability for a simplified bioreactor landfill. The simulation results demonstrated that for similar injection efficiency, the waste tyres net can help to decrease the amount of horizontal trenches and allows higher injection pressure under conditions of intermittent re-circulation. By virtue of waste tyres, the slope stability was considerably improved even when being exposed to a higher injection pressure.

A series of numerical simulation were performed to investigate the earthquake response of a bridge under multi-support excitations considering site effect. Dynamic behavior of the bridge including the key position's earthquake reaction and acceleration response had been demonstrated, respectively. Results show that the complex geological site had a great influence on bridge's seismic response, especially on the superstructure. The research results could provide references for the seismic design and construction of bridge structure.

In this paper, the axial compression tests were carried out on the concrete filled steel tube (CFST) column-reinforced concrete (RC) beam joints connected by steel plates and studs after the low-cycle reversed loading test. The failure mode, steel tube strain and ultimate bearing capacity of new types joints were discussed under axial compression load. The comparative study with the specimen of CFST column was conducted. The results showed that new types CFST column-RC beam joints maintain good axial compression performance after the low-cycle reversed test loading at the beam ends. The specimens were designed following the principle of "strong column-weak beam". The low-cycle reversed loading had little effect on the axial bearing capacity of the CFST column, but the damaged RC beams of the joints had certain influence on the failure mode of the columns under axial compression.

The study on monitoring the water body range of Baiyangdian and the change of wetland information by means of remote sensing is of great significance to ensure the ecological security of Xiong'an New Area. This paper was conducted using the GF-2 remote sensing data on March and October 2018. The study was to provide an extraction model basing on NDVI-NDWI method, which compare with traditional supervised classification method. The selected sample points by using visual interpretation verified the extracted wetland information. The results show that the classification and extraction of Baiyangdian wetland information are carried out by using the model and supervised classification method respectively, and the wetland area (in which) is obtained in March. The precision of the sample points and the extracted wetland information are all above 90%, and the NDVI-NDWI method is constructed based on the NDVI-NDWI method. The extraction model is more accurate. Since the bare waters in March were 102.31 km², 28.27 km² more than in October; the area of aquatic plants extracted in October increased significantly from 122.57 km² in March to 154.5 km². It can be seen that the information of Baiyangdian wetland changes with the growth of aquatic plants. The model established by the institute can accurately extract the information of Baiyangdian wetland and provide a scientific reference for the planning and management of Xiong'an New District.

Based on the project of Erzhuangke expansion tunnel, this paper aims to investigate the influence of the blasting vibration caused by the expanded tunnel excavation on the adjacent existing lining, then a reasonable safety control criterion is proposed. The 3D finite element analysis, combined with field test, was employed to analyze peak particle velocity (PPV) and the maximum tensile stress of the existing lining under the closely tunnel blasting. The results demonstrate that the blasting vibration attenuation rate of existing lining is faster within the range of about 1.5B from the blasting source, then gradually tends to be flat, and the two sides are basically symmetrical distribution. However, the PPV and tensile stress of the side wall and arch waist of the existing lining nearest to the blasting source are significantly larger than those of other locations, so it is more likely to be damaged. The numerical simulation results are in good agreement with the field test, which also verifies the accuracy of the field test results and the rationality of the numerical simulation. Moreover, the safety control criterion based on the PPV and maximum tensile stress is established to ensure the operation safety of existing tunnels, and the PPV safety criterion of existing lining is 10.73 cm/s, so that the maximum allowable charge of a single section should be controlled within 41.05 kg.

Existing urban planning and urban disaster prevention measures are mostly based on urban space and crowd behaviour patterns during the day, ignoring the anti-disaster demand for urban space at night. Since people's perception of urban space is quite different by night and daytime, with behaviours patterns varying much accordingly, thus the consequences of urban disasters occurring at night are more serious than those occurring during the day, including the trigger of secondary disasters, which are more harmful. This paper collects and analyses the data collected from the target location, and finds that the night factor has a certain degree of impact and change on urban disasters. Through the construction and improvement of disaster prevention lighting facilities, it can guarantee the normal function of evacuation and avoidance paths and areas at night to a certain extent, and help the affected people to carry out effective self-rescue and mutual rescue at night, thereby reducing the impact of disasters and protecting the lives of personnel.

Plant communities show some kind of interspecific relationship and different niche characteristics through the sharing and competition of resources in the living environment, which is of great significance for interpreting the response mechanism of vegetation to the environment. This study analyzes the niche breadth, niche overlap, and interspecific relationships of plant species in the study area by using ecological statistics. Although there are certain correlations among the species in the Hunshandake Sandy Land, the relationship is relatively loose and the whole is in an unstable stage; the plants with relatively wide niche under three types of site types in the eastern margin of the Hunshandake Sandy Land The species are Quercus mongolica (Betula platyphylla), Malus baccata + Spiraea pubescens, Ribes diacanthum (Ostryopsis davidiana) of the leeward slope; Ulmus pumila+ Ribes diacanthum and Siberian apricot (Ribes pulchellum ) on the windward slope; Ulmus pumila and Malus baccata + Spiraea trilobata, Rosa davurica (Kochia prostrata) on the hilly land. The combination of the leeward slope niche overlap is Betula platyphylla and Malus baccata + Spiraea pubescens, Ostryopsis davidiana; Ulmus pumila + Ribes pulchellum, Kochia prostrata on the windward slope; the hilly land for Malus baccata, Ulmus pumila + Spiraea trilobata.