Table of contents

International Conference on Agriculture, Environment and Food Security (AEFS) is a leading international conference held by the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, for presenting novel and application experiences in agriculture and environment and food security. It also fosters communication worldwide among scientists, researchers, scholars, resource managers, practitioners, students, policymakers, and those interested in agricultural, environmental sciences, and food security.

AEFS Conference has been held annually since 2017. The AEFS Conference deliberations for the last four years were on the following themes of Agriculture, Plantation and Livestock for World Food Security (AEFS 2017); Prospects and Challenges of Sustainable Agriculture to Improve Food Security and Environment (AEFS 2018); Challenges on Food Security and Sovereignty in the Industrial Era 4.0 (AEFS 2019); Innovation and Technologies on Agricultural and Environmental Sustainability Systems (AEFS 2020); Precision Agriculture Technologies and Farming Systems Toward Food Security and Sustainability (AEFS 2021). Moreover, for the 6th AEFS 2022, the theme was focused on "Strengthening Sustainable Agriculture for A Better Future" with seven selected tracks, including Agricultural Engineering, Agricultural Economics, Food Science and Technology, Animal Science, Marine and Fisheries Science, Environmental Science and Plant Science (Agronomy and Plantation, Plant Breeding, Biotechnology, Integrated Pest Management and Soil Science).

List of Steering Committee, Organizing Committee, Editorial and Reviewing, PIC Committee, are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

1. Type of peer review: Double anonymous

2. Conference submission management system: Morressier

3. Number of submissions received: 208

4. Number of submissions sent for review: 156

5. Number of submissions accepted: 141 *

6. Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 67.8 % *

7. Average number of reviews per paper: 1.98

8. Total number of reviewers involved: 42

9. Contact person for queries:

Name: Riswanti Sigalingging, STP., M.Si., Ph.D

Affiliation: Universitas Sumatera Utara

Email: riswanti@usu.ac.id

A. gigas is one of the tallest flowers in the world. A. gigas is an understorey that belongs to the Araceae family. This research was conducted on rubber land cover in the Sabungan Village, North Sumatra. The purpose of this study was to analyze the association of A. gigas with other plants around it. This research method was carried out by analysis of vegetation with a plot size of 1 ha (25 plots). The results showed that at the understorey level based on the ochiai association index of amorphophallus with understorey only one species had a very high association, namely Selaginella wildenowii, while the value of Ochiai at other understorey levels was feasible and low. At the seedling level, the association of amorphophallus with plant species at the seedling level was categorized as low and medium. The association of amorphophallus at the sapling level with very high values is the species Macaranga indica. The association of A. gigas at the pole level was Hevea brasiliensis with a very high category, the high category of one species was Macaranga indica. Association of A. gigas at the tree level with a very high category, namely Hevea brasiliensis.

This study aims to obtain liquid organic fertilizer (bio-urine) according to the Agriculture Ministry Regulation 70/2011 and determine the bio-urine concentration for maize. The research conducted was on Pesawaran Regency, in Lampung Province, Indonesia, from April 2017 to February 2018. The treatments tested were types four bio-activators and four enrichment materials. The design used was randomized blocks design in a split-plot pattern and three replications. The material above was fermented for four weeks anaerobically and analyzed in the laboratory. The value of the analysis compared with the standard and that close met the requirements, then produced in sufficient quantities for use in field research. The results showed that the bio-urine formulations tested did not meet the technical requirement yet, especially N, P, and K, so research needs to continue. Bio-urine with C content close to the standard is fermented cow urine with bio-activator Agrodeko and added molasse and pineapple enrichment materials. For pH and harmful microbes, these formulas have met the requirements. Apart from that, bio-urine also contains growth hormones of Indole acetic acid and Gibberellin acid. The concentration of bio-urine has no significant effect on the growth and yield of maize. It needs further research with narrow interval concentrations.

The lack of water availability and the short period of maize growth has the potential to be the main obstacles to achieving optimal production. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the water availability and long growth period (LGP) of maize plants in Boalemo Regency, which was included in the agrokilmat zone E2. Rainfall and temperature data from Saritani, Tangkobu, and Bubaa climate stations in Boalemo Regency were used over ten years, from 2012 to 2022. The soil profile moisture content data used pF 2.5 and pF 4.2 while the tool used Cropwat8.0. Furthermore, the determination of available water and LGP was conducted using a water balance table with the Thornwaite method. The results showed that the highest and lowest water availabilities were 556 mm and 118 mm at the Saritani and Tangkobu climate stations, with a maximum LGP of maize at 242 days and 181 days, respectively. Based on climate stations, the availability of water and the amount of LGP follow the pattern of Saritani climate station > Bubaa climate station > Tangkobu climate station.

The organic chemical compound Myristica fragrans has been identified in North Minahasa Regency. This study succeeded in identifying Neoisolongifolane, hydroxy-, 1HCyclopropa [a]naphthalene, 1a, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7a, 7b-octahydro-1, 1, 7, 7a-tetramethyl, [1aR(1aα,7a,7aα,7bα)]-; 4,7-Methanoazulene, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8-octahydro-1, 4, 9, 9-tetramethyl-, [1S-(1a,4a,7a)]-; Patchouli alcohol, 1(2H)- Naphthalenone, octahydro-4a, 8a-dimethyl-7-(1-ethylethyl)- [4aR-(4aα,7ß,8aα)]-, and Isoleden.

The demand for Pegagan plants to be used as medicine continues to increase yearly. One alternative to increase the productivity of Pegagan is by giving organic fertilizer. Therefore, it is essential to study the influences of giving biofertilizer and organic fertilizer based on the dose used in increasing the growth and biomass of Pegagan. Here, two treatments were applied: biofertilizer (BF): 0, 1, 2, and 3 ml/L and organic fertilizer (OF): 0, 3.650, 7.301, and 10.952 tons/ha with three replications. If the significant variance were fulfilled, Duncan's Multiple Distance Test with a level of 5% would be continued. The results demonstrated that the administration of biofertilizer revealed no notable effect on all observed parameters. The interaction between biofertilizer and organic fertilizer also had no notable impact on all parameters. In conclusion, applying organic fertilizer could notably improve the number of primary tendrils, leaf fresh weight per plot, and root fresh weight per plot.

Coffee is a source of income for 100 thousand coffee farmers (households) in the province of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Rust on leaf of coffee (RLC) caused huge loss in income and jobs in coffee producing countries recently. This study was aimed to study genetic components of RLC in genotypes of coffee of Arabica. This research was carried out on the garden of the Agriculture Faculty of Universitas HKBP Nommensen, Medan, Indonesia. Seven genotypes were tested for its resistance. Randomized complete blocks design was used. The result revealed that Genotype P₅ from Dairi district and P₇ from Toba Samosir district had moderate and high resistance against RLC, respectively. Genotypic variation, advance of genetic and coefficient of heritability in severity of rust on leaf (SRL) were high. RLC parameter were not correlated one another. Based on the high resistance of P₇, genotypes performing high resistance could be found among Arabica coffee populations in North Sumatra province.

Barnyardgrass populations (Echinochloa crus-galli) can inhibit the growth and yield of lowland rice. The use of herbicides as an alternative control can affect the growth of lowland rice, especially the total chlorophyll content. This study was to obtain initial information on the effect of the 2,4-D dimethyl amine herbicide by detecting the total chlorophyll of lowland rice and barnyardgrass. A completely randomized block design with a non-factorial was selected in this study. 40 populations of barnyardgrass from Serdang Bedagai District, North Sumatra, Indonesia, and a population for comparison were sprayed with the herbicide 2,4-D dimethyl amine at a dose of 1,080 g ai ha⁻¹ with three replications. This study was conducted from August to October 2022 and the parameters were analyzed using one-way ANOVA as well as followed by the Duncan test at P<0.05. The findings showed that the effect of the 2,4-D dimethyl amine herbicide was safe by 70.73 % for lowland rice. There was a significant decrease in the total chlorophyll of barnyardgrass exposed to the 2,4-D dimethyl amine. A decrease in the total chlorophyll can be used as initial information to indicate the effect of the 2,4-D dimethyl amine.

Plants have a vulnerability to climate change. Soybean plants must be able to adapt to climate change stresses so that physiological processes and plant development run well and produce optimal soybean seed production. Planting soybean cultivars that can withstand climate change is recommended to maintain soybean production. The effect of soybean cultivars and plant age on the nodules' amount and leaf chlorophyll content planted during the wet-dry season needs to be studied. The study was designed with a factorial randomised block design and was repeated three times. The first factor is soybean cultivars, and the second factor is planting time. Parameters observed were weather data, chlorophyll content, nodules' amount, and nodules' mass. The results showed that the Gepak Hijau and Gepak Kuning cultivars planted at different times had significantly different root nodules' amount and dry mass of root nodules, while there was no significant difference in chlorophyll content. The nodules' amount positively correlated with the total chlorophyll. Relative humidity and rainfall reduce the nodules amount and the total chlorophyll. Solar radiation promotes growth in the nodules' amount and the total chlorophyll.

Marine debris was a direct threat to marine habitats, human health, and navigational safety, resulting in serious socio-economic losses. Marine organic waste management can be done by turning it into compost that can be used as a nutrient addition. It can also be used as a solution to be diminished marine waste considering that the sea had many roles to support the lives of living things and maintain ecosystems. This study aimed to examined some characteristics of compost from marine organic waste and gave information on waste management for sustainable agriculture. This study was carried out at Kuala Indah Beach, Sei Suka District, Batu Bara Regency, Indonesia. The composting process was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The analysis was carried out at the Research and Technology Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatera Utara. The composting process used the Berkeley method with the addition of EM4. The results showed that the chemical characteristics of marine organic waste compost by Indonesian National Standard (SNI 19-7030-2004) with a macronutrient content of 2.40% Nitrogen; Phosphorus 0.53%; and Potassium 0.45% with a pH of 6.95 (neutral) and a compost C/N ratio of 17.33.

Eurycoma longifolia is a traditional medicine plant with numerous bioactive components. Because of its medicinal properties, particularly its aphrodisiac properties, pasak bumi has seen a tremendous increase in demand and is now threatened with extinction in the wild. As a result, species must be protected as soon as possible through propagation techniques. The research was conducted to determine the success of pasak bumi propagation using various media combinations. In this study, 360 pasak bumi seeds were sown in four different germination media: pure sand (M1), a 1:1 v/v soil and sand mixture (M2), a 1:1 v/v sand and rice husk mixture (M3), and a 1:1 v/v sand and compost mixture (M4). Seedlings were weaned at 8 weeks of age using three different media treatments: soil and carbonized rice husk 1:1 (M1), pure carbonized rice husk (M2), and a mixture of sand and soil 1:1 v/v (M3). To analyze the data, a non-factorial completely randomized design was used. The results showed that a combination of sand and soil media resulted in the highest average percentage of germination (34%). The variance results revealed that the planting medium had no significant effect on shoot growth but did affect the number and length of roots. The pure carbonized rice husk medium produces the best growth parameters.

Keruing (Dipterocarpus sp.) is a commercially important timber and oil-producing species. Keruing's wood is of high quality, and its oil is widely used for medicinal purposes. Because of the high price and demand for wood and oil, keruing has become a target for exploitation and causing the population to decrease. Understanding of the keruing population in natural habitats is important for conservation efforts, one of which is in the Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) area. The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution patterns and associations of keruing in the Tangkahan area of GLNP. These are accomplished through the use of a vegetation analysis method with purposefully defined paths based on the presence of keruing. The Ochiai index (Oi), Dice index (Di), and Jackard index (Ji) were calculated for data analysis, while the Morisita index was used to determine the shape of the distribution pattern. The research reveals three keruing species, namely Dipterocarpus haseltii, Dipterocarpus constulatus, and Dipterocarpus elongataus Korth. The keruing distribution showed different patterns at different growth stages. At the seedling and tree stage, the distribution pattern was clustered, while at the sapling and pole stage were uniform. The three keruing species has weak associations with various surrounding species. The species that has the highest association value is Syzygium fastigiatum, which is 0.22.

Research on potassium solubilizing bacteria (KSB) has recently gained attention, most of it has been focused on the size of the halo zone; however, information regarding KSB growth duration and their potential to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and to be used as a biofertilizer are still lacking. The aim of this study was to offer a complete, long-term observation of KSB growth. We monitored the growth of two KSB strains that were isolated from the rhizosphere for 7 days on Modified Aleksandrov Medium (MAM) plates. We specifically designed the observation times. These methods were used to distinguish KSB's capability to solubilize potassium minerals. The results indicated that KSB-12 isolate was capable of producing organic acid and thus solubilizing potassium faster than KSB-19 isolate at 1-4 days of incubation. Interestingly, the solubilizing zone of the KSB-12 isolate decrease after 5 days of incubation, while KSB-19 isolate continued to grow, maintain cell numbers, produce organic acids, and continuously release potassium. Different types of volatile and non-volatile organic acids have an effect on this phenomenon. In conclusion, we provided a well-designed time series study regarding the potassium solubilization efficiency of KSB, determining the fastest and longest strains of potential KSBs.

Soil is classified as a vital and non-renewable natural resource for food production. We also could produce good-quality, healthy, and nutritious food through healthy soil. Good quality soil was rare to find. Typically, land used for food crop cultivation is regarded as having substantially degraded soil, characterized by a low proportion of soil macro primer nutrients and organic C content. This study aimed to determine the soil degradation of paddy field through environmental diversity that occur on the field. This research result showed that conventional paddy field cultivation is classified as degraded soil. Moreover, organic paddy field cultivation was classified as low degraded soil. After classifying the soil, proceed challenges of recommendations have been formulated this research aims. Monitoring the soil degradation level is necessary to set some recommendations for cultivation to prevent the ongoing degradation of rice fields and threaten food security. This research will produce a guideline and a body of literature highlighting the necessity of monitoring soil degradation levels and identifying limiting variables so that a paddy soil management strategy based on soil health can be adopted to sustain food security.

Keduang watershed is a catchment area in the Wonogiri and Karanganyar districts, contributing 38.33% of sedimentation to the Gajah Mungkur Reservoir. High value population pressure is present on agricultural land in the Keduang watershed, triggering increasingly serious land degradation. Degradation in the upstream sub-watershed has a strong effect on the downstream areas. Impacts of land degradation include a decrease in land productivity and farmers' income, as well as the occurrence of critical land. Assessment of the potential soil degradation is important as an early indicator to determine the distribution of areas that have potential soil degradation for physical, chemical, and biological soil. This research was conducted in the Keduang watershed with the land use type consisting of paddy field, wood, moor, and plantation that overlayed through land use, rainfall, slope, and soil type map. The method used in this research is guided qualification. The result showed that the Keduang watershed has a soil degradation class from low to high. The medium class dominated the potential for soil degradation in Keduang watershed with the highest potential for degradation refers to moor with a slope of >40%, rainfall of 1908 mm/year, and Inceptisols soil type.

Phosphorus is considered a primary nutrient for plant growth and is needed to sustain optimum plant production and quality. This research aims to determine the effect of giving oil palm shell biochar and chicken manure compost enriched with phosphate solubilizing fungi on the growth of potato in Andisol soil. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Soil Biology, Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Sumatera Utara. This research used Factorial Randomized Block Design with 2 Treatment Factors and 3 replications. First factor is oil palm shell biochar, namely; control, 210 g/plant, 315 g/plant, 420 g/plant. The second factor is chicken manure compost enriched with phosphate solubilizing fungi, namely; control, 25 g/plant, 50 g/plant, 75 g/plant. The interaction of oil palm shell biochar and chicken manure compost enriched with phosphate solubilizing fungi increased plant height, number of leaf stalks, number of tubers per plant, and tuber weight per plant.

The leaf stalk of Talas padang (Colocasia gigantea) is used as a vegetable in parts of Southeast Asia. It leaves has been reported as one of potential natural sources to treat diabetes mellitus, hypertension, immune disease, and cancer. This study aims to determine phytochemical screening and 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test of C. gigantea leaf simplicial and extract. The study was carried out extraction by maceration method using ethanol (96%) followed by phytochemical screening and DPPH test. Both of simplicial and extract contained of alkaloids, glycoside, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/terpenoids. extract showed weak antioxidant activity as indicated by the assay DPPH value of 143.29 ppm.

The research was conducted to identify indigenous rhizobacteria that can be useful as growth promoters and adapted to saline soils. The isolate was isolated from saline soil rhizosphere on the coast in Kolaka district. The research was conducted in the Lab of Agronomy, on Agricultural Faculty in Halu Oleo University. The research carry out from April to September 2022. The study arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) using of 15 test isolates. The test was carried out using a seed biopriming technique, then the seeds were germinated using a standard germination procedure. The results showed that all tested rhizobacterial isolates increase the viability and vigor of tomato seeds. There was an increase in maximum growth potential, seed germination, vigor index, and relative growth rate of seeds in the range of 85% to 89% when compared to control. There were 3 isolates of rhizobacteria which were more capable of reducing T50 and increasing seed germination of tomato seeds, namely KL6, KL10 and KL14 isolates. Further research is still needed to test the effectiveness of this isolate to increase tomato growth and yield under conditions of salinity stress in the field.

The insect pest Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda is a new invasive pest in Indonesia and potential as a major pest on maize. Maize field at two area (highlands and lowlands) were studied for natural enemies exploration of S. frugiperda in North Sumatra, namely Deli Serdang District, Langkat, Karo and Dairi. Two maize planting areas attack by S. frugiperda from each district were selected. Plants sample that showed symptoms of S. frugiperda attack were taken by taking S. frugiperda larvae (live or dead), egg groups and insect predator. All insect presence in the area was collected. The egg and larva of S. frugiperda were kept in a laboratory until the parasitoid and pathogen emergence. The result showed that the predator found were Coccinelidae, Dermaptera (Euboriellia sp) at all surveyed area, but Sycanus sp (Reduviidae) found at Langkat District and Rhynocoris sp. found at Karo and Dairi. Tachinidae parasitoid was found at Dairi District. Spodotera fugiperda larva infected by fungi was found at Deli Serdang and Langkat district.

Oryzalin is anti-mitotic herbicide. It has been used to induce polyploidy in several plants. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of oryzalin in inducing polyploids and its physiological effects on North Sumatran local garlic (Allium sativum L.) germination. This study used a factorial completely randomized block design (CRBD). The first factor was oryzalin concentration with 5 treatment levels, namely R1 (0 µM), R2 (100 µM), R3(200 µM), R4 (300 µM) and R5 (400 µM). The second was soaking duration, consisting of H1 (24 hours) and H2 (48 hours). The parameters observed were percentage of germination and sprout morphology, observed at 1 and 3 weeks after treatment. The collected data were processed using ANOVA and if they were significantly different, it was continued with the DMRT test at a 5% significant level. The results showed that oryzalin suppressed garlic germination in the first week, but the effect disappeared and there was no significant difference in germination percentage at 3 weeks after soaking. Treatment with 200 µM for 48 hours and 400 µM oryzalin for 24 hours induced putative polyploidy garlic, the morphological shoot showed higher and thicker leaves than control.

Serdang Village, Beringin District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, was chosen as the research location held in May-August 2016. This study aims to determine the relationship between potassium and phosphorus availability, nutrient absorption, and grain yield in rainfed rice fields due to planting time, fertilization, and rice varieties. A split-split plot design with two replications was used in the study. The main plot (a planting time): T1: the 10^th day of May; T2: the 20^th day of May; and T3: the 30^th day of May. Subplot (fertilization): K0: control; K1: 50 kg ha⁻¹ KCl; K2: 5 tons ha⁻¹ straw compost; K3: 2.5 tons ha⁻¹ manure + 2.5 tons ha⁻¹ straw compost; K4: 5 tons ha⁻¹ straw compost + 50 kg ha⁻¹ KCl; and K5: 2.5 tons ha⁻¹ manure + 2.5 tons ha⁻¹ straw compost + 50 kg ha⁻¹ KCl. Sub-subplot (rice varieties): V1: Situ Bagendit; V2: Towuti; V3: Batutegi; V4: Inpago-8; V5: Inpago 9; V6: Inpago 10; V7: Ciherang; and V8: Inpari 10. The data were analyzed using regression and correlation tests. Available potassium and phosphorus, and potassium and phosphorus uptake, were positively correlated with grain yields in all rice varieties grown in rainfed rice fields.

Okra is a vegetable that has a lot of antioxidants. Increasing production of okra crops can be done by improving cultivation techniques. One alternative that can be done is shoots pruning with the aim to increase the growth of more shoots and branches. For more growth lateral shoots needed addition plant growth regulator such as IAA and sufficient nutrient availability, especially nitrogen. This research was conducted to study increasing growth and production of pruned okra plants by applying IAA and urea fertilizer, carried out on Medan Selayang District, Medan from July to October 2021, using a Randomized Block Design with 2 factors, the first factor is IAA (0, 90, 120 and 150 mg/L), the second factor is urea fertilizer (200, 250 and 300 kg/ha). Giving IAA up to 58 mg/L concentration, significantly decreased number of leaves, number of fruits and total fruit weight per plant. The best of leaves number, fruits number and total fruit weight per plant was obtained by application 150 mg/L IAA. Giving urea fertilizer 300 kg/ha significantly increase number of fruits and total fruit weight per plant.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the influence of urea fertilizer and different types of amendments on the form of nitrogen in soil, the growth of rice plants, and the effectiveness of urea fertilization in lowland rice. The research was carried out at the Faculty of Agriculture's Greenhouse in Universitas Sumatera Utara. A factorial randomized block design was employed in this study with two factors, namely, the dose of urea fertilizer 0, 100, and 200 kg N Ha⁻¹ and the type of amendments: Control (without amendment), Neem oil, Zeolite mix, and Zeolite coated. According to the findings, the application of urea had a notable impact on the levels of N-NH₄⁺ and N-NO₃⁻, as well as height of plant, tiller count, dry weight of shoot and root, N plant, N-uptake, N-uptake efficiency (% recovery), and reduced soil pH. Zeolite and neem oil significantly increased N-NH₄⁺, decreased N-NO₃⁻, increased N-uptake, and raised soil pH. The interaction of urea and the type of amendments material significantly decreased N-NO₃⁻. Applying a combination of 100 kg N Ha⁻¹ of urea and zeolite mix was found to be effective in enhancing the efficiency of N-uptake in lowland rice.

Jasmine is a native plant of the archipelago in Indonesia. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac L.) is a plant that has many ingredients, including as an ornamental plant, the chemical content of jasmine flowers, namely indole, benzyl, livalyacetat, is believed to be able to treat diseases such as headaches, shortness of breath, fever, excess breast milk and eye pain. Shallot extract is one of the natural growth regulators, namely the auxin group which contains indole and naphthalene compounds which function to stimulate the development of adventitious root meristems. Bean sprouts are one type of vegetable that is commonly used for consumption, easy to obtain, has economic value, and does not have toxic compounds. Bean sprout extract contains growth regulators, namely auxins and cytokinins. Based on the research results, it was found that the concentrations of various natural growth regulators were significantly different with respect to the number of shoots, shoot length, and number of leaves. The best treatment of natural growth regulators was found in shallot extract 50% (Z2). The type of cutting material differed significantly with the number of shoots, shoot length, and number of leaves. The best cutting material treatment was found in the middle of the branch (B2).

Rice is staple food source for most Indonesians. However, highland rice development on dry land is regularly isolated by action makers who find it simple to development paddy construction. One of the cultivation techniques to achieve maximum production of upland rice in dry land is by modifying the microclimate in the roots zone using organic mulch. The study was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency, Sempali, Medan. The research method is a non-factorial randomized block design with three replications. Mulch thickness (M) used as treatment, consisted of without mulch (M0), 20 t/Ha (M1), 25 t/Ha (M2), and 30 t/Ha (M3). Observations were invented insanely by expansive two fragment for each analysis 28 days after planting (DAP). As a result, we found that multi-weight is efficient in reducing soil temperature and increasing soil moisture compared to without mulch, but there is no improvement in the vegetative growth of Sigambiri Merah because it was still in the early stages of rice growth.

This research aims to know the characteristics of mahogany leaves as Biochar and its effect with urea fertilization on N status and growth of Corn (Zea mays L.) in Ultisol. Mahogany Leaves Biochar (MLB) was made using retort pyrolysis method at 409 °C for 3 hours. This research was carried out in a greenhouse used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) by 2 factors and 3 repetitions. Factor I, MLB: B0 (without MLB) and B1 (40 tons MLB/ha) and Factor II, doses of urea: N1 = 100, N2 = 200, N3 = 300 and N4 = 400 kg urea/ha. The results showed MLB has parameters that significantly influenced N uptake, N uptake efficiency, plant height, stem diameter, root dry weight, and shoot dry weight. Urea fertilization had a significant effect on the efficiency of N uptake and the interaction of MLB and Urea had a significant effect on the efficiency of N uptake.

In eastern Indonesia, particularly Southeast Sulawesi, sago is an important commodity as a carbohydrate-producing plant. Carbohydrate output can reach 15-24 tons ha-1 annually, surpassing rice, corn, and wheat. Southeast Sulawesi, notably the Kendari mainland, relied on sago starch until rice became the predominant carbohydrate source. Sago starch, like other basic starches, has no taste. Sago does not contain fat or protein, so it must be eaten alongside other local foods that do. Sago palms grown naturally produce 2–5 tons of dry starch per hectare. With 500 sago clumps per acre of varied ages, 100 trees might be harvested annually. Well-maintained farms can generate 150 kg of starch palm and 15 tons ha⁻¹. Currently, only 5,912 ha are planted with sago, from the total area in 1985 was 13,000 ha. Sago development requires characterizing and identifying Kendari Southeast Sulawesi's local sago. The results showed that there were three dominant types of local sago in Kendari, namely sago molat, sago tuni and sago borowila, originating from the main sago production centres in Kendari such as in Tobimeita, Abeli and Pohara.

Elephant foot yam plants have the potential to be developed in Indonesia, planting material has an important role in the propagation and reproduction of elephant foot yam. The selection of the right organic fertilizer raw materials will have a positive effect on the growth and production of the growth of elephant foot yam plants and the environment. The research was conducted on Research Land of Centre for Roots and Tuber Study, Faculty of Agriculture Universitas Sumatera Utara and implemented August 2021 - January 2022. The study used a randomized block design with two factors. This study aims to determine the effect of the two planting materials (bulbil and tuber) and 3 types of organic fertilizer (chicken manure, goat manure, cow manure and without organic fertilize) on the growth of elephant foot yam. The results of this experiment showed that planting material had a significant effect on height of first shoot, number of leaves, and tuber weight but had no significant effect on number of bulbils. All observed parameters increased significantly with the addition of organic fertilizers. The treatment that gave the best elephant foot yam plants growth results was bulbil as a planting material and the application of chicken manure.

Identification of the appearance of shallot accession is needed in the selection of new superior varieties of shallots. Therefore, performance identification of shallot accessions from various parental backgrounds was carried out. Thirty-four shallot accessions were planted on open land in Lembang highlands (1250 m asl) from May to September 2022. The performance of shallot plants was observed starting from percentage of flowering, number of tillers, plant fresh weight, bulb dry weight, weight loss, bulb number, weight, height and diameters of bulbs and cloves. The data were analysed descriptively. The results showed that there were 11 accessions with 100% flowering percentage, 10 accessions with more than 5 tillers per plant, 5 accessions with weight loss potential of less than 40%, 3 accessions with more than 10 bulbs per plant, 6 accessions with bulb weight more than 10 grams, 11 accessions with bulb diameter more than 2.5 cm and 6 accessions with clove diameter more than 2.5 cm. There were 2 accessions that have a combination of superior traits, namely accessions BLK and C89.

Palm oil yields are often of low quality and quantity. Production quality improvement can be done by preventing damaged or defective products, for example by spraying a solution of calcium chloride and sodium benzoate. This research aimed to determine the effect of calcium chloride and sodium benzoate on the quality of crude palm oil. The research was done at the Fundamentals of Agricultural Science Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Malikussaleh University, North Aceh Regency. The research was started from September to November 2021. The experimental design used was Factorial Completely Randomized Design. The first factor was Calcium Chloride (C) concentration, 0, 3000, and 4000 ppm. The second factors were Sodium Benzoate (N) concentration, 0, 3000, and 4000 ppm. The results showed that giving a concentration of 3000 ppm sodium benzoate spray was able to reduce the weight loss value of loose fruit and free fatty acids, as well as increase the yield of CPO. There was a very strong relationship between the value of the moisture of the fruit and the level of impurities on the yield produced. For best results it is recommended to use sodium chloride 3000 ppm.

Balakka is a medicinal plant with the ability to thrive in arid environments. Despite its potential, Balakka has not been fully utilized in Indonesia due to a lack of information about the plant, including the β-tubulin gene. The β-tubulin gene is a crucial gene in living organisms, frequently used as an internal control or as one of the housekeeping genes that maintain stable expression throughout development. The objective of this study was to isolate and determine the sequence of the β-tubulin gene in Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica L.). Total RNA was extracted from Balakka and converted into cDNA, which was then amplified using β-tubulinG primers. The amplification resulted in a fragment of 252 bp. Bioinformatics analysis revealed a 92% nucleotide similarity with the β-tubulin gene 5 of Ricinus communis, and the fragment was referred to as the partial β-tubulin gene from Phyllanthus emblica (PeTUB). A phylogenetic relationship analysis based on the nucleotide sequence indicated that the partial PeTUB gene grouped with β-tubulin gene 5 from other plants in GenBank, with a genetic distance of 0.082.

Productivity of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Sigarar Utang Variety in Indonesia is still relatively low, especially in Simalungun Regency, Sumatera Utara. Some factors that need to be considered in nurseries are growth regulator and shade. This study aims to find out information on the type of growth regulators and the best shade density for the growth of arabica coffee seedlings. The experiment was carried out from March to June 2022 in Nagori Ujung Bawang, Simalungun Regency and Research Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Sumatra Utara. The experiment used a Split Plot Design consisting of 2 factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor (main plot) consists of 4 levels, namely without shade, 50%, 70%, and 90% shade, while the second factor (sub-plot) consists of 3 levels are auxin growth regulator, cytokinin, and the combination of auxin with cytokinin. The results showed that the interaction of shade treatment and growth regulators had a significant effect on root canopy ratio. Root canopy ratio had a significant effect on the interaction of 90% shade treatment and a combination of auxin cytokinin of 5.27 g.

As an herbal plant, the many parts of black cumin are able to cope with various kinds of diseases including viruses. The need to provide bioactive ingredients in that time short is not accompanied by the availability of land and germplasm. With the existence of these problems, tissue culture techniques can be used to addressing the tissue. Callus culture is a heterotrophic cultivation. By paying attention to the large content of secondary metabolite compounds useful ones can be produced through callus induction techniques. Currently, the study has started using MS media, and modification of the type of tissue culture media by adding Picloram of 1 ppm combination with GA₃ of 2 ppm can increased the percentage of callus growth. likewise affects the formation of phenolic and flavonoid content of black cumin callus.

Soybean is a legume that can form a mutualism symbiosis with Rhizobium bacteria to bind N. Increasing the effectiveness of N fixation by Rhizobia requires the role of micronutrient Molybdenum (Mo), because Mo is needed for nitrate reductase enzyme for NO₃^- assimilation. The objective of the research was to evaluate the role of Mo and Rhizobium sp. inoculation in the growth of soybean and increase the root nodules number. A factorial randomized block design was used in the research. The first factor was inoculation of Rhizobium sp. (0; 5 and 10 ml/plant), and the second factor was the application of Mo (0; 200; 400 and 600 g/ha). The research result showed that inoculation of Rhizobium sp. up to 10 ml/plant increased plant height, number of leaves and leaf area. Application of molybdenum up to 400 g/ha was able to increase the number of nodules formed. There was no significant interaction between Rhizobium sp. inoculation and application of Mo in all observed variables.

Differences in altitude and plant cultivation methods greatly affect the nutrient content of shallot plants. The objective of the research is to evaluate differences in the nutrient content of N, P and K in two true shallot seeds (TSS) with different cultivation methods and altitude. The study was conducted in series in the highlands (Berastagi 1295 m asl) and in Medan (32 m asl) using a factorial randomized block design. The first factor is TSS varieties (Sanren F1 and Lokananta). The second factor is the cultivation method used based on the recommendation of the seed supplier, the recommendation for double production, the modification of the recommendation of the seed supplier and the modification of the recommendation for the double production). The results showed that the location, variety, cultivation and their interactions significantly affected the N, P andK content. In both Sanren F1 and Lokananta varieties, the use cultivation method from the recommendation of the seed supplier in highlands resulted in the highest P and K content compared to other treatment combinations. The use recommendation for double production in the lowlands in Sanren F1 and Lokananta varieties resulted in the highest N content compared to other treatment combinations.

The performance of plant qualitative characters is a very important early stage in plant breeding programs that are influenced by simple genes. This is the basis for selecting parent sources in the assembly program for new high-yielding varieties. This research was conducted in August 2022 without a design (plant per row). The results showed that there were 6 individuals with green stems and 1 individual with yellowish green color. Based on the color character of the base of the stem, 5 individuals were found to be green, 1 individual was green with purple stripes and 1 individual was purple. In the leaf color character, there were 3 green individuals, 3 dark green individuals and 1 light green individual. There are 5 white individuals and 2 red individuals based on the character of the color of the rice. If based on the character of grain color there are 6 individuals with yellow color and 1 individual with brownish yellow color and if based on the character of the presence of grain tails there are 6 individuals who do not have grain tails and 1 individual has grain tails.

The excessive use of inorganic fertilizers by farmers in Riau Province is quite worrying about the decline in soil quality. Based on this, this study aims to obtain the best combination dose of inorganic fertilizer N, P, K with bio-organic fertilizer on the growth and production of rice. The research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 4 replications so that 24 experimental units were obtained with the treatments being tested were P0= 100% inorganic fertilizer + petroganic; P1= 100% inorganic fertilizer; P2= 100% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost; P3= 75% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost; P4= 75% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost + biofertilizer; P5= 50% inorganic fertilizer + 100% sludge compost + biofertilizer. The results showed that the application of a combination of inorganic fertilizers N, P, K with bio-organic fertilizers had not been able to increase plant height and weight of milled dry grain, but can give the same results as the application of 100% N, P, K on rice grain parameters and 1000 grain weight in a combination of 75% inorganic fertilizer, 4 tons/ha of compost, and 10 ml of biofertilizer.

Banana is a very important fruit commodity. The demand for bananas is increasing every year but the land for banana development is increasingly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to develop banana as an insert plant. The lack of readily available banana seeds with consistent growth patterns is the primary barrier to the development of bananas. The purpose of this investigation is to find out how the development of banana seedlings is affected by varied concentrations of the NPK nutrient. The research conducted at Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. The study arranged in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with different dose of NPK as treatment consisting of P₀ = without NPK (control), P₁ = 50 kg NPK ha⁻¹, P₂ = 100 kg NPK ha⁻¹, P₃ = 150 kg NPK ha⁻¹ and P₄= 200 kg NPK ha⁻¹. The parameter examined are including plant height, leaves number and leaf area. According to the findings, the application of NPK had a discernible impact on the development of banana seedlings, based on the plant height, leaves number and leaf area. The growth of plant seeds is improving as a result of an increase in the amount of NPK that has been administered.

The research experiment conducted on the farmer paddy field in Ranomeeto village, District of South Konawe, Indonesia from January to May 2022, to evaluate the yield attributing characters and the grain yield in some new promising lines or cultivar of red rice. The red rice lines tested are GS12-1, GS12-2, GS16-1, GS16-2, GS44-1, and control variety Inpari-33, were laid out and arranged in field using randomized complete block design (RCBD) in three replications. The parameter measured were plant height, tiller density, productive tiller density, flowering time, harvesting times, panicle length, panicle density, filled grain percentage, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield. Differences between promising lines of red rice were found to exist when data on various yield-attributing features and grain yield were analysed. GS16-1 (89.37 cm) was the tallest plant and GS12-2 the shortest (72.74 cm). GS16-2 had the longest panicle (25.96 cm) and most grains per panicle (146.62). GS44-1 full grains, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield were highest. G12-1 lines had the most productive tillers, days to flowering, and harvest. Tiller number and productivity are positively correlated (0.908**). Tillers, productive tillers, and full grains percentage positively affect grain yield per plant.

Increased production of sweet potato can be done by expanding the planting in acid soil. Efforts to increase soil fertility and improve acid soil characteristics while maintaining environmental balance by inoculation of mycorrhizae and the use of chicken drum fertilizer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth and production of sweet potato on the application of mycorrhizae and chicken manure in acid soil. The study was conducted in Simalingkar B, Medan Tuntungan sub-district, Medan city, North Sumatra Province, from July to November 2021, using a 2-factor randomized block design. The first factor is the inoculation of mycorrhizae with 2 levels, namely without giving mycorrhizae and giving mycorrhizae 20 g/planting hole. The second factor is the application of chicken manure with 4 levels, namely 0 tons/ha, 37 tons/ha, 42 tons/ha and 47 tons/ha. The results showed that the mycorrhizal treatment had a significant effect on the degree of mycorrhizal infection. The treatment of giving chicken manure significantly affected the degree of mycorrhizal infection, the number of tubers per sample, tuber weight per sample, and harvest index. The interaction of mycorrhizal treatment and chicken manure had a significant effect on tuber weight per sample.

The consumption rate is not in line with the rate of beef production, causing problems in fulfilling beef. This study aims to explore problems in increasing beef production and to create graphs and hierarchical diagrams of priority problem solving using the Interpretative Structural Modeling method. The shortage of beef production is caused by several problems, including 1) slaughtering productive female cattle, 2) reproductive disorders due to disease and malnutrition, 3) limited productive females as breeders, 4) limited skilled workers in the field of artificial insemination, 5) limited superior bulls, 6) limited knowledge about cattle farming, 7) small business ownership scale, 8) lack of motivation of farmers, 9) limited insight in feed processing technology, 10) limited capital, 11) limitations sources of feed or limited supply of grazing land due to land conversion, 12) Imports of cattle, 13) Sales of cattle outside North Sumatra, 14) Prices of beef. The final results of the Reachability Matrix have 3 categories of problem solving based on graphs and hierarchies, namely Top-Level variables sub elements E1 and E2, then Middle Level variables sub elements E11, (E2 with E3), E9, E6, E14, E4 and E7 and Low Level Variables sub elements E10, E5, E12 and E13.

Cattle fattening increases following the increase of beef demand. Feedlot business is changing their structure recently. The policy of importing buffalo meat is suspected to have resulted in new market segmentation and changes in the supply chain of the beef market. This study aims to analyze the internal and external environment of the beef cattle feedlot industry. The research design used in this study through a mix of methods is descriptive quantitative and qualitative. The determination of the company's research object in this study was determined by purposive sampling to analyze the internal and external environment of the industry. Based on porter's internal mapping analysis, the business strategy is focused on controlling the impact of the growing issue based on the five strengths of the variable Porter analyzed. On the other hand, based on the external mapping of pestel analysis, political and regulatory actors are the main factors that have an impact as a threat to the environmental condition of the beef cattle feedlot industry. This study concluded that changes in the internal and external environment of the beef cattle feedlot industry formed changes in the supply chain of local beef from imported cattle.

The agricultural sector is the leading sector in the Indonesian economy. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) or commonly called the "queen of fruits" is one of Indonesia's mainstay exotic fruits. Since the 1970s until now, demand for exports has continued to increase, so that it can be said that the mangosteen fruit is the prima donna of Indonesia's mainstay exports. One of the biggest export destination countries for Indonesian mangosteen is China. Mangosteen producing countries besides Indonesia, there are Thailand and Malaysia as mangosteen producing countries which export to China. This study aims to examine and analyze the market share of mangosteens from Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia and to see the competitiveness of Indonesian mangosteens in the Chinese market. Market share is an indicator in reviewing the marketing performance of mangosteen fruit products. This market share is usually expressed as a percentage (%), which is used to determine the percentage of potential market for increased Indonesian mangosteen production. In addition, there are import volumes, import prices, and the total import value of mangosteen in the Chinese market in view of competitiveness between countries. This research was conducted using secondary data from 2011-2020.

Tidal swampland has great potential for increasing rice production through the application of introduced technology of rice cultivation. In 2021, research has been conducted at Terusan Karya village, Bataguh district, Kapuas regency, Central Kalimantan to obtain information on the feasibility of farming and farmer's perceptions as well as extension workers on the introduced technology of rice cultivation on tidal swampland. The survey was conducted on 10 farmers who were purposively selected, while 11 extension workers and 10 farmers who were not implementing introduced technology were randomly selected as comparisons. The introduced technology includes water management, land preparation, amelioration and fertilization, adaptive varieties, and management of plant-disturbing organisms. Data were collected through interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire. These data include inputs and outputs of rice farming and perceptions of farmers and extension workers on the introduced technology. The data were analyzed using the balance of costs and revenues. The results showed that the introduced technology increased rice production by 27.79% compared to farmer technology. The introduced technology is profitable and feasible to be developed on a large scale with Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) value >2. The perception of farmers and extension workers is positive towards the introduced technology.

This study analyses the relationship between the development of agro-tourism clusters and regional development in North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This study collected various opinions from the government and the public in 18 districts/cities in North Sumatra through in-depth interviews and structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis for hypothesis testing is a certainty test (R²), simultaneous test (F test), and partial test (t test). The results showed that the development of an integrated agro-tourism cluster had a positive and significant impact on the development of the province of North Sumatra. These results have implications for the importance of agro-tourism cluster development policies in North Sumatra Province.

The development of agricultural machinery has a big role in agriculture to increase farmers' income. Harvest handling with machine aid is significantly more productive than manual harvesting in a sustainable agricultural system. The combine harvester is an example of a piece of agricultural equipment utilized in contemporary agriculture. The purpose of this study was to see how the level of farming community satisfaction with the use of the Combine Harvester machine in Ujong Tanah Village, Setia District, Aceh Barat Daya Regency. The method used in this study is the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) to obtain valid (direct) data so that the level of satisfaction of the farming community with the use of the Combine Harvester can be determined. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the CSI for the confirmation of expectation indicators is 0.6126 or 61.26%. The CSI of the indicator of interest in reuse is 0.6477 or 64.78%. The CSI of the indicator of willingness to recommend is 0.6429 or 64.29%. The requirements for Quite Satisfied are met by the average CSI for agricultural community satisfaction with the usage of a combine harvester, which is 0.6344 or 63.44%.

Cocoa is one of the main plantation crops grown in Gorontalo Province, but the productivity remains well below its potential. In order to increase productivity, the government has implemented a cocoa intensification program. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyse the sustainability of cocoa intensification program policy in Gorontalo Province. Primary data being obtained from interviews with respondents selected by simple random sampling. Multidimensional scaling analysis with the rapid appraisal technique for fisheries (RAPFISH) program was used to measure the sustainability index of cocoa intensification, along with an analysis of incomes and the adoption of cocoa cultivation technology. The results showed that intensification of cocoa farming increased productivity, with a level of 612 kg/ha/year and an income of IDR 6,281,592/ha/year. Conversely, without intensification, productivity values were 421 kg/ha/year and income were IDR 4,732,823/ha/year. Based on economic, social, and ecological aspects, the sustainability of cocoa intensification is categorized as sufficient. Cocoa intensification program needs to be continuously developed in Gorontalo in the future.

New Improved varieties (NIV/VUB) are the cheapest technological innovation that can make rice production enhanced. Therefore, the utilization of VUB must be maintained. The purpose of this study was to determine the sustainability status and performance index of the adopting VUB innovation and its leveraging factors in terms of the economic aspect. Information related to the factors is highly needed for the sustainable use of the VUB. The data of this study were gradually obtained. The first stage was collecting information on the economic aspects and the driving factors of the sustainability in the adoption of new superior varietal innovations by conducting focus group discussions (FGDs). The second stage was interviewing experts about conditions and predictions of the driving factors. Multi-Aspect Sustainable Analysis (MSA) was applied to analyse the sustainability status and the factors. The results revealed sustainable adoption of the VUB concerning economic aspects. Moreover, performance of the economic aspects will increase in the future in terms of encouraging the sustainability of the adoption with assuming that conditions are unchanged despite the absence of the government intervention. The biggest driving factor of the economic aspect is credit granting.

The agricultural sector mainly consists of crops and livestock which is an integrated system which has the aim of utilizing each other's waste so as to reduce the impact of environmental pollution. The goal of this study is to categorize the variables that affect the Boyolali Regency's integrated agricultural system for rice and beef cattle. Purposive sampling was used in this study, which included 153 respondents from Boyolali Regency's beef cattle breeders and rice farmers. A survey with questionnaires filled out by participants is the approach used to acquire the data. Validity, reliability, multiple linear regression analysis, followed by the determination test (R2), F test and t test are all meant as the data analysis techniques. The validity and reliability test yielded results that were both valid and reliable. Multiple linear regression analysis obtained the obtained the equation Y = 4.421 + 0.211 X1 + 0.003 X2 + 0.591 X3. Based on the t-test, individual factors and environmental factors of farmers have an important effect on farmers' business performance, while business behavior factors have no effect. The results showed that individual factors and environmental factors can affect the performance of farmers' businesses in achieving success in an integrated farming system.

Wonogiri Regency was the area with the highest cassava production in Central Java in 2021, but the level of productivity is lower than the national productivity. The level of productivity is related to the inefficiency of inputs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the efficiency of cassava farming through the relationship between the inputs and outputs of cassava and socioeconomic factor which affects the efficiency. The basic method of the research is descriptive and quantitative, with primary data from 105 cassava farmers. Input-output analysis of the efficiency level use approach of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and analysis of socioeconomic factors affecting the efficiency level with Tobit's regression. The input-output analysis with DEA results showed that 32% of cassava farmers in Wonogiri were already technically efficient, with an average value of 0.855. Increasing productivity through efficiency can be done by reducing the use of slack inputs, especially in the seed, organic fertilizer, and urea fertilizer. The Tobit regression results showed that farmers' experience, education, and participation in the farmers' group positively affected cassava's efficiency in the Wonogiri Regency. The study's implication is to increase farmer groups' role in providing information on the efficient use of inputs needed to increase cassava productivity.

The current research seeks to determine whether the economic sustainability of large agricultural firms in Indonesia be affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The agricultural sector's economic sustainability assures the food supply chain, which ultimately maintains the nation's food security. In the current research, big agricultural companies are represented by those listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) in two consecutive years, 2019 and 2020. Meanwhile, economic sustainability refers to companies' business performance, which is assessed by some financial ratios, namely the Altman Z-model for forecasting financial difficulties, liquidity, profitability, and leverage. The Altman Z-model is utilized to identify whether the monetary soundness of the business is good, in a precautionary situation, or in bad shape. Surprisingly, our data analysis shows an increase in the sample company's Z score, liquidity, and profitability from 2019 to 2020. The average Altman Z-score indicates that big agricultural companies are financially healthy. The outcomes of the paired samples t test indicate no disparity in the economic performance of Indonesia's largest agricultural firms. This study provides evidence that large agricultural companies are resilient in fighting the COVID-19 pandemic.

International extreme poverty increased in 2020 as the disruption of the COVID-19 pandemic under the power of conflict and climate change slowed progress in poverty reduction. Wonogiri Regency is the largest cassava producer in Central Java, with a poverty rate of 11.55% in 2021. This study aims to determine the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the poverty status of cassava farmers in the Wonogiri Regency. The analysis method uses the Fosteer-Greer-Thorbecke (FGT) index and logistic regression. The analysis showed a poverty index of cassava farmers of 0.254, a poverty gap index of 0.095, and a poverty severity index of 0.036. COVID-19 had an impact on increasing the poverty of cassava farmers. Factors affecting the poverty status of cassava farmers, in addition to COVID-19, are education, farming experience, land area, and farmer group membership. The implication is that it is necessary to increase the intensity of counseling for cassava farming, maximize the participation of farmer groups, use of non-productive land, and regenerate highly educated and quality farmers. The government is expected to stabilize the price of production inputs and selling prices of cassava and establish an agro-industry in farmer groups to increase incomes and reduce the poverty of cassava farmers.

Grass jelly (cincau) are the mainstay commodities for farmers in Garunggang Village because it is cultivated by more than 90% of farmers, with the traditional cultivation system. The objectives of this research are to identify and analyze internal and external factors and to analyze the strategy of developing sustainable grass jelly agroindustry. The Slovin method used to obtain a sample of 75 farmers. Sampling was done by simple random sampling method. To assess strategies for developing sustainable grass jelly agroindustry, ten categories of respondents were determined, namely officers of the Regencial Agriculture Service, Provincial SME Association, Provincial Agriculture Service, Provincial Industry Service, extension worker, NGOs, village officer, lecturer, traders, and grass jelly consumers. In addition to the category of farmers, each category was represented by 1 respondent. Data were analyzed using SWOT Analysis Method. The results showed that the internal factors of sustainable grass jelly agroindustry development include the spirit of business actors/farmers and land area suitable for grass jelly cultivation; while the external factors include market/consumer demand for processed grass jelly and the development of the tourism sector in the region. Strategy for sustainable agroindustry development of grass jelly should be implemented with a diversification strategy.

Fairtrade in coffee farming has been widely applied in several coffee-producing countries. Not only providing a quality guarantee to coffee consumers, but fair trade also guarantees higher price and benefit for coffee farmers in exchange for all the efforts made during coffee cultivation. Gayo Coffee is one of the commodities that is being produced and becomes exporting commodity in Indonesia. The Fairtrade system has been implemented by coffee Gayo farmers in Takengon District Since 2018. There are two groups of Gayo Coffee farmers in Takengon District, non-fairtrade and fairtrade coffee farmers. The result of study shows that productivity incremental of non-fairtrade farmer is greater than fairtrade farmer due to the requirements of fairtrade such as the use of organic fertilizers which causes farmers' productivity to be lower. However, income incremental of non-fairtrade farmer is lower than fairtrade farmer due to additional price that is only given to the fairtrade farmer.

The right value chain influences effectiveness and efficiency. The use of the right value chain will provide benefits in economic and environmental. The value chain that can still be maximized is the fresh dairy milk. This paper aimed to analyze the fresh dairy milk channel, marketing margin, and marketing efficiency in Pakem Subdistrict and Cangkringan Subdistrict, Sleman Regency. The research was conducted to collect data from 35 farmers, actors involved, and dairy cooperatives as respondents who were selected using purposive and snowball sampling techniques. The results showed that there are four marketing channels of fresh dairy milk but ineffective due to high marketing margins and a low Farmer's Share (FS) value of <60. Poor marketing channels have an economic impact and environmental impact. The economic impact on decreasing farmers' income and reducing farmers' welfare. While the environmental impact is an increase in the use of fuel in the distribution of fresh dairy milk and the performance of the dairy industry.

Processing coconut husk waste not only gives added value and profit but is also beneficial for the environment and food security since coconut is another source of vegetable oil besides palm oil. This study aimed to analyse the added value, revenue, and income from the processing industries of coconut husk into Cocopeat (coir powder) and Cocobristle (coir fibre) in Tanjung Pura Subdistrict, Langkat Regency, North Sumatera Province. The research locations were purposively chosen in Suka Maju Village and Pantai Cermin Village since there are many coconut husk processing industries in these villages. Data were analysed using Hayami's Method and income analysis. The results showed that, for Cocopeat products, the added value of the majority of respondents was high. For Cocobristle products, the added value of all respondents was high. The average total revenue was IDR 124,725.31 per Quintal of raw material. The average total overall income was IDR 94,073.00 per Quintal of raw material. The income gained from the processing industries of coconut husk into Cocopeat and Cocobristle was profitable. Therefore, processing and developing coconut husk waste into products with higher economic value and more beneficial to the environment and sustainability is highly recommended.

Green onions were the most widely cultivated commodity in Merdeka Subdistrict. Unfortunately, green onions productivity in Karo Regency was below other regions in Java. This study aimed to analyse the effect of variables of land area, seed, labour, fertilizer, and technology on green onions production, and analyse the efficiency of those production factors. The data was analysed by the Ordinary Least Square method with Cobb-Douglas's production function. The results of the analysis showed that in Model-1 (with a dummy variable of technology included), the variables of land area, seed, and labour had a positive significant effect. In Model-2 (without a dummy variable of technology included), the variables of land area and seed had a positive significant effect. In Model-3 (for farmers with land area < 1000 m²), the variables of seed, labour, and fertilizer had a positive significant effect, while land area was insignificant. Estimations on the three models showed irrational or inefficient production areas or increasing returns to scale. In Model-4 (for farmers with land area > 1000 m²), the variables of land area and seed had a positive significant effect, while labour and fertilizer were insignificant with rational or efficient production areas or decreasing returns to scale.

Coffee is one of the leading plantation commodities which has an important role in the economy. Coffee acts as a provider of employment, a source of income, and foreign exchange through exports. However, in carrying out coffee farming, farmers experience obstacles that can affect the level of income contribution from coffee farming which ultimately affects family income and the sustainability of coffee farming. The purpose of this study was to determine the financial feasibility of Arabica coffee farming and to determine the contribution of Arabica coffee agribusiness income to family income and sustainability of Arabica coffee farming. The determination of the research area was carried out by purposive sampling (sampling with a specific purpose) because Sitolu Bahal Village has the largest land area in Lintongnihuta Subdistrict. The analytical method used was the feasibility analysis, namely the analysis of NPV, Net B/C, and IRR methods, and the analysis of the proportions (contribution of family income) method. The research results showed that the NPV value was IDR 10,682,488.69, the Net B/C value was 28.85, and the IRR value was 44.24%. The contribution of Arabica coffee farming income to family income was 13%. This high contribution shows that the farming business is sustainable.

This research of largo super technology packages aimed to observe the effect of the complete and incomplete technology packages in rainfed land. This research was conducted in Desa Baru, Batang Kuis District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera from July to October 2019. The tested treatments were packages of A, B, C, D and farmer method (as comparison). The treatments were arranged according to a randomized block design with three replications on a 4x5 m² plot. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that the tested Largo Super technology packages have different effects. The more complete the components of the technology package provided, the higher the yields and the level of profit obtained. On the other hand, the less technology components provided, the lower the yields and the level of profit provided. On average, the application of direct seeding method with Jarwo planting system provided the higher yields and profit level than the farmer method that using the Tegel planting system. The increase in rice yields according to direct seeding method with the Jarwo planting system, because it is followed by an increase in the plant population.

Food Estates is a government program proposed to meet the growing population's food needs. Data from the field show the use of diesel fuel, electricity and chemicals in applying pesticides, fertilizers and fungicides that negatively impact the environment and require strategies to improve energy efficiency. This study analyzed the energy used for shallot farming of 0.2 ha. Shallot cultivation involves the following stages: 1) ploughing with a tractor along with a trailer. 2) planting and maintenance, 3) harvesting, and 4) transportation. Each stage of shallot cultivation uses input from natural resources or energy. The result shows that the highest energy was for manure application (23,116.41 MJ/ha), while the lowest was electricity energy.

A newly developed automatic control system effectively manages water tables using perforated pipes for both irrigation and drainage. Water levels are monitored by sensors connected to a Remote Telemetry Control Unit (RTCU), which operates irrigation and drainage valves. The system links to a cloud server, providing remote access through a user dashboard. This enables users to observe water level data and adjust the water table as needed. The system's adaptability allows for regulation of rice field water levels based on cultivation requirements, enhancing water use efficiency, sustainability, and environmental friendliness. Operating at a laboratory scale for several months, the system's performance in controlling water tables has been assessed using recorded data. The data reveal that the system automatically provides irrigation when water tables decrease and initiates drainage when rain increases water levels or when a lower level is set. This control ensures optimal soil moisture preservation, readily available to plant roots. Overall, the system demonstrates strong performance in maintaining water tables and soil moisture levels

Production and consumption of tea in Indonesia can be considered moderate, thus giving rise to the generation of tea waste. The same potential also exists in tea producing and consuming countries such as China and India. Tea waste itself can be processed further to make charcoal briquettes. The technology in said briquettes has been existed since long, dated to 1989 and up to today. Nowadays various biowaste has been evaluated for use as briquette material. This paper will talk about a series of research that designed a tea waste briquette molder, a modification to the molder while also considering the mix of tea waste with other biowaste materials such as corncob and rice husk. It is generally understood that the molder is feasible to use as means to produce tea waste briquettes, but the mixture of the material itself can be explored further since there is other potential biowaste to use, while corncob and rice husk itself shows not far from standard performance if not beyond it. The molder and its modification holds potential use as a solution on agricultural waste handling, especially on reusing tea waste, combined with other agricultural waste.

Bone waste has started to emerging problem worldwide with the rise of meat consumption, thus the further processing of bone waste would help in tackling the problem as the powdered bone itself can be used for various use, from animal feed additive to cement replacement in concrete making. The built bone powder miller has performance of effective capacity of 12.03 kg/hour, 8% damaged product, and 0.35% bone powder moisture, in order to attain better performance, the miller thus optimized through the means of varying drying temperature, sieve hole size, rotation speed and testing several levels of workloads and finally testing various bone material to be powdered. Individual optimization procces was able to show best performance for optimized variables, but has no improvement to miller performance using original setting. the bone miller is expected to be able to alleviate cow bone waste problem and converting it to usable materials in form of bone powder, in turn, contributing to waste reduction while adopting zero waste concept for sustainable agricultural production.

An automated precision planter was developed to mechanize the seedling preparation process. The machine was fabricated based on the seeds size and tray cells distance. It can precisely place single seeds per row in tray continuously. Tomato, eggplant, and pepper were used as test materials. Three vacuum pressures (0.68 kPa, 0.93 kPa, and 1.18 kPa) were used to determine the performance of the machine. Evaluated in terms of single seeds, double, multiple, missing cells, singulation efficiency, seed utilization efficiency, seeding efficiency and seeding capacity. Results showed it can plant single seeds with 57.81–86.98%, double with 4.95–29.43%, multiple with 0.09–4.25%, and missing cells with 4.43–36.89%. Also, the machine has a singulation efficiency of 63.98–93.91% with a seed utilization efficiency of 70.69–94.17%, seeding efficiency of 63.11–95.57% and a seeding capacity between 3,310 – 5,011 cells per hour which was 3.8 times faster than manual. The precision of the machine was affected by pressure and seed surface area which are highly significant on the performance of the machine. The total cost of the planter was $564.94 with a payback period of 1.41 years with a return on investment of 60.36 % using a custom rate of $0.055/tray.

Coffee quality could be determined from several aspects, one of those is the water content inside. Along the storage, it must be low and for coffee export it must be below 12.5%. Nowadays, the determination of water content is conducted by the chemical method like the gravimetry method which spend time, destructive also can not represent all of the products. Therefore, it is not in line with the industries which need an actual measurement that could measure all of the products nondestructively and also keep considering the environment. This study aimed to develop a PLS model to determine the water content of green bean coffee, nondestructively. This study used green bean coffee from several region in Indonesia with a high range data concentration (7.18% - 12.16%), a NIR wavelength of 1000-2500 nm, followed by determination of water content using gravimetry method. After that, the NIR data was processed using data pretreatment such as normalization, first derivative, second derivative, multiple scatter correction and standard normal variate and followed by the calibration using PLS and validation. Result showed that NIR spectroscopy could be used to calculate the percentage of water inside coffee beans, indicated by high R value above 0.8% and high consistency above 90%.

Karai Sub watershed was part of Ular Watershed that reported land use changed nowadays. This condition risk to this watershed health condition especially for erosion. This study aims to calculating erosion in existing condition then determine the erosion control scenario based on land use change scenario. This study is conducted by calculate the erosion value by USLE Method using Geographic Information System (GIS). The scenarios of land use change simulation determined by change the production and shrub land use into forest land use for several varying scenario by increasing the existing forest to ten percent higher at scenario 1 and twenty percent higher at scenario 2. The best rational scenario in reducing erosion will be chosen as erosion control at Karai Sub Watershed. The result of study shown the erosion value at existing condition is 220.02 ton/ha/yr and classified as high level hazard. The best scenario is in controlling erosion and sedimentation condition was the second scenario by increasing the forest land use up to forty percent that reduce erosion in to 148.27 and classified as medium hazard level.

The availability of discharge rating curve equation in a watershed is very important to predict river discharge in a watershed, while discharge shown the water availability in a watershed. This research aims to determine discharge rating curve equation at Karai Sub Watershed in rainy season. This research was conducted by recording water level using water level logger and measuring river discharge using current meter and then analyze the relation of the water level and river discharge data to make the equation of discharge rating curve. The equation of discharge rating curve determined by using several methods that are polynomial, linear, power function, logaritmic and exponential. The equation which obtained by that methods will be examined by the value of coefficient determination (R²) and root mean square error (RMSE). The result shown the best methods in obtaining the equation was polynomial method which performs the R² = 0.849 and RMSE= 0.01 with the equation Q = -1.327h² + 3.807h - 0.215.

Because of its high organic content, biomass waste from agriculture and animals can serve as a source of raw materials for the production of biogas. The goal of this study is to determine the ideal volume and rate of biogas generation as well as the digester temperature, and material pH. This research was conducted by experimental method with 3 treatments and 3 replications, namely a mixture of cow dung with rice straw (P1), corn cobs (P2), and water hyacinth (P3). The results showed that the best biogas yield was obtained from a mixture of cow dung and rice straw (P1) with the highest initial and final temperature values of 29.8 ⁰C and 27.3 ⁰C, and the highest initial and final pH of 6.8 and 7.0. The highest biogas volume was 66.03 L and the highest gas production rate was 7.45 L/day.

Agricultural and livestock biomass waste is a potential source of basic materials in producing biogas because the organic content it has is quite high so it needs to be used in generators as engine fuel mixtures. The purpose of the research is to get the best treatment by looking at the time the generator operates and the highest electrical power produced. This research was conducted using an experimental method with 3 treatments with 3 replications, namely using a mixture of cow dung with rice straw (P1), cow dung with corn cobs (P2), and cow dung with water hyacinth (P3), and the use of biogas and LPG as generator fuel with biogas levels of 5, 10, and 15% and LPG 95, 90, and 85%. The results showed that the best biogas yield was obtained from a mixture of cow dung and rice straw (P1) with a level of 5%. Biogas with a level of 5% can turn on the generator for longer. The generator can operate for 10.10 minutes by producing 946 watts of electrical power.

Essential oils extraction from the shell bring many applications in life, as well as contribute to the development of the food flavoring and cosmetic industry. Pomelo (Citrus maxima Merr) essential oil (EO) was extracted by cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods. The EO content obtained was 0.067% and 0.33%, respectively. The chemical composition was determined by the GC-MS analysis method, with 4 main components being D-Limonene, β-Myrcene, α-Pinene, and α-Phellandrene which exhibited high antibacterial and antioxidant capacity). The EO obtained from pomelo peels by cold pressing conditions was limited and less effective with more natural aroma, as compared to the hydrodistillation methods. Therefore, further research on EO pressing equipment and methods that can be used for effective oil extraction and recovery are necessary.

The study of the essential oils (EOs) extraction with high medicinal properties is necessary to contribute to the use of natural compounds. By using cold pressing and hydrodistillation methods, the content of grapefruit peel (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) EOs was extracted. The chemical components of EOs was determined by GC-MS method. Results have shown that 10-12 compounds were detected in the grapefruit peel EOs, which are mainly monoterpenes such as D-Limonene (71.21%-74.83% and γ-Terpinene (15.70%-17.68%). The findings from the present study demonstrated a new research direction on chemical composition of the grapefruit EO, thereby contributing to applications ofthe natural compounds with high medicinal properties from grapefruit.

Fractionation was carried out by hydrolyzing corn stalk powder with 0.3 M HCl. The hydrolysis process was carried out with 3 variations of acid volume with 3 replications in each variation. This hydrolysis will be carried out at a temperature of 100 – 120°C for ± 60 minutes. The glucose level before hydrolysis was 9.7%. The average glucose levels produced after hydrolysis in each volume treatment were 8.56% at a volume of 600 ml, 8.4% at a volume of 650 ml, and 7.92% at a volume of 700 ml.

The increasing development and expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia cause monitoring management to be increasingly difficult to manage a plantation and currently requires technological innovation that is faster and more accurate in providing information, one of which is using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), often called a drone, a flying machine. Which is controlled remotely using a remote control from outside the vehicle, this is used for monitoring and calculating the number of healthy and diseased plants in a large plantation area that can be covered. The purpose of this research is to map the health of oil palm plants using drone technology. The research method is using drones and oil palm application (OPA) software to calculate the number of oil palm stands followed by plant verification with a plant census using a global positioning system (GPS) to determine the distribution of healthy and diseased oil palm plants. The result of the research is a map that displays information on plant health and the number of plants characterized by colour.

Strawberries are the most consumed fruits by people in the world. This fruit has a delicious taste and high nutritional content. But the shelf life is very short. The purpose of this study was to find method to extend the shelf life of postharvest strawberries. Edible coating from aloe vera gel and varying concentration of sungkai leaf water extract (0%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90%) was prepared and applied to strawberries. Coated strawberries were evaluated in the days 0 to 8 for fruit weight loss, percent spoilage, total soluble solids and total antioxidant. The best results were obtained on the composition of aloe vera gel with 50% water extract of sungkai leaves. Strawberries coated with this material could be stored for 6 days longer than uncoated strawberries for 2 days with a decrease in fruit weight of 10.6%, percent spoilage 11.1%, total dissolved solids value 7.47° Brix, and total antioxidants 0.28 mg AA/g FW. In conclution the sungkai leaf water extract can increase the shelf life of post-harvest strawberries.

Thermal-based approaches in food sterilization techniques principally utilize the heating process until the desired sterilization level of the food can achieved. More specifically, aseptic processing allows for a more cost-effective and time-efficient method for preserving food without degrading the food quality. In this work, we propose a heat transfer analysis of a scraped surface heat exchanger with two coaxial tubes that provides a simplified prototype of a sustainable aseptic processing system. The heat exchanger is installed with scraped blades to allow a stirring mechanism that can only oscillate back and forth at certain angles called oscillating angles. In this simulation, water and solid food particles are put in the system. Moreover, simple regression models are used to find the relation between the mechanical properties of the stirring process with the heat transfer properties. Therefore, experimental data of the temperature and heat transfer coefficient during the heating are used for model fitting. The model fit shows that the angle, frequency, and velocity of the stirring affect the temperature trend and the heat flow rate inside the system. Establishing a comprehensive heat transfer modelling can help to improve the traditional sterilization approach to focus on optimizing energy efficiency and reducing environmental impacts.

Dragon fruit has many functions and benefits for the health of both the fruit and the skin. One of the waste products of dragon fruit that has not been fully utilized is the skin of the red dragon fruit. The anthocyanin pigment that gives color to the red dragon fruit is found in the peel. Maltodextrin encapsulation is one of the methods used to preserve anthocyanin pigments. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to make anthocyanin powder from the skin of the red dragon fruit using the encapsulation method as a food coloring and to ensure an ideal concentration of maltodextrin for the physical and chemical properties of the powder. The experimental design used a one factor Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the addition of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% maltodextrin concentrations. Analysis of the product involves measurements of color saturation, yield, water content, and total anthocyanin. The outcomes demonstrated that the chosen powder from the four treatments was obtained with the addition of maltodextrin at a concentration of 30% with a color intensity of 58.45 L*, color a* of 11.77, color b* of 15.53, yield of 50.344%, water content of 7.847% and total anthocyanin of 148.240 ppm.

Picungan bandeng is a traditional fermented food prepared by milkfish, mixed with salt and picung (Pangium edule Reinw.) seed kernel as a primary ingredient. The food is original and popular among the traditional community from Banten Province, Indonesia, as the unique taste is produced by the fermentation process. This study aims to better understand traditional knowledge of the picungan bandeng production process and a descriptive overview of common uses and a derivative product of picungan bandeng. The findings of the present study also further discussed in the context of its sustainability for the traditional community. According to the findings, the methods were first developed to preserve the fish for a period of time. They evolved traditional knowledge, which was transmitted orally by communities over generations. It has been recognized that picungan bandeng produced by smallholders has socioeconomic and nutritional benefits. Therefore, picungan bandeng traditional knowledge can consequently have a contribution to sustainable development. The uses of picungan bandeng in main dishes and derivative products as side dishes are explored. This fundamental knowledge serves as a basis for additional scientific studies to further investigate picungan bandeng fermentations for commercial production on an industrial scale.

Mayonnaise from red palm oil is a food product that aims to increase added value of the tropical plantation commodity. Characteristics of red palm oil can be improved through deodorization process during refining. The deodorization is a distillation process of separating odor by using vacuum steam so that the odor components evaporated. This study aims to determine the appropriate deodorization temperature for the red palm oil's chemical and mayonnaise sensory. Treatments in this study were deodorization temperature, namely MSD1 (120 °C), MSD2 (130 °C), MSD3 (140 °C), and MSD4 (150 °C) with a heating time of 1 hour. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance and then continued with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The results showed that the best treatment was MSD1 with a total carotene of 909.62 mg.kg⁻¹, 670.00 ppm total tocopherol, 0.61 mg.mal.kg⁻¹ thiobarbituric acid, and 1.05 meq.O2.kg⁻¹ peroxide value. The MSD1 mayonnaise had the color index 55.54 for L* value, 11.42 for a* value, 46.15 for b* value, and the hedonic assessment of the mayonnaise was preferred on color, aroma, and taste but somewhat favored with a description of the color slightly red, not rancid, and tasted of red palm oil.

This research aims to improve the quality of fermented coffee products, especially in environments with poor quality due to pollution, so that they have limited good microflora. Giving yeast in this study aims to add good microflora in coffee processing. This study used yeast variations and variations in the length of fermentation time to determine their effect on the chemical and organoleptic processes of coffee with the full wash processing method. The design used was a two-factor completely randomized block design. The first factor is yeast concentration in three levels, namely A1 (1%), A2 (3%), A3 (5%). The second factor is fermentation time, B1 (18 hours), B2 (24 hours) and B3 (30 hours). The results showed that there was a significant effect between yeast concentration and fermentation time on the decrease in acidity and sweetness. Fermentation time of 30 hours has a significant effect on reducing sugar and caffeine in coffee. Based on the organoleptic test using the specialty coffee association (SCA), the highest score was obtained at the concentration of 3% yeast addition and 24 hours of fermentation time with a score of 7.18.

Bioactive compounds are associate with oxidative stress resistance and inflammation. Tinuktuk is a traditional Simalungun food made from herbs and spices. By knowing the bioactive compounds of tinuktuk traditional food, local heritage will not be lost and the sustainability of herbs and spices can maintain species loss. The purpose of this study was to promote the sustainability of herbs and spices from Simalungun based on bioactive compounds in tinuktuk. The ingredients that used in three types of tinuktuk formulations consisted of various herbs and spices. In addition, various chemicals according to the procedure for determining flavonoid, phenol, alkaloid and saponin levels. The results concluded that tinuktuk of formulation B has the highest levels of flavonoids which was 5.137 ± 0.236 Mg QE/g extract, meaning that in every gram of tinuktuk extract, there was flavonoid equivalent to 5.137 mg of quercetin. Alkaloids content which was 34.085 ± 0.665%, saponins content which was 1.989 ± 0.139%, and the highest phenolic content test result was formulation B, which was 22.913 ± 0.474 Mg GAE / g extract, meaning that in every gram of tinuktuk extract, there were phenolics equivalent to 22.913 mg of gallic acid.

Background: Snacks are foods that are consumed between main meals. One of the foods that is very famous and has the potential to be used as a snack that is rich in nutrients is pastries or cookies. In this study, cookies made from eel and moringa leaves, which are food plants and are high in nutrients, grow fast, are resistant to extreme hot conditions, come from tropical and subtropical regions. Purpose: to analyze the physical quality and nutritional content of cookies by substituting belor flour (eel and moringa leaves). Eels are animal protein which is higher than other fish. Eels live in shallow and muddy waters, lakes with a depth of less than 3m, with a silt content of 80%. Methods: This study was an experimental study with 3 treatments. Results: Physical tests include color, aroma, texture, taste. Proximate test: ash content 7.44%, moisture content 2.89%, carbohydrates 68.6%, fat 0.14%, crude fiber 6.63%, protein 14.3%. Conclusion: The most preferred cookies are eel and moringa substitutions, each as much as 5 gr. Moringa plants really need to be cultivated because they can be used as a basic ingredient for making other food products.

Flavanols contained in cocoa have several benefits for the human body. However, cocoa consumption in Indonesia is still considered low. Improving the production and quality improvements of cocoa could lead to the sustainable consumption and production of cocoa plant. One main drawback of beverage product that contains cocoa powder is that the cocoa powder precipitates easily, which can reduce the taste and health benefits of cocoa powder. Hence, this research aims to develop a method to increase the buoyancy of cocoa powder in beverages. This study used cocoa powder products (Windmolen and van Houten brands). The puffing chamber with pressure control was made from a cylindrical tube. Sensory test of the cocoa powder samples was performed. Furthermore, statistical analysis was performed on the data obtained from the sensory test. Our results showed that the cocoa powder samples undergoing the puffing process with higher pressure and longer time had a lower moisture content. In addition, the statistical analysis showed that the puffing process did not significantly affect the preference for the taste of cocoa powder. Overall, the puffing method decreased the density of cocoa particles, so the particles would be distributed in the liquid evenly.

Cacao pods are the main waste of cacao on-farm processing that contains pectin. Generally, it is utilized for culinary purposes due to its gel-forming characteristic. Cacao pod pectin extraction was conducted by the MAE method using citric acid as a solvent. This study aims to determine the most appropriate optimum conditions from determined parameters of solvent pH and solvent-to-substrate (S/S) ratio using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with yield as a response. There are two phases in this research, namely the preparation of cacao pod powder and pectin extraction from cacao pod powder with variations in the pH and S/S ratio of each 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 and 15:1; 20:1; 25:1 (v/w). This research confirmed that optimal conditions were reached at S/S ratio 21.57:1 (v/w) and pH 2.0 with a yield of 3.51%. Then, it was evaluated by comparing to commercial pectin for its degree of esterification (DE) and moisture content (MC). This experiment concluded that MAE technique is a potential method for sustainable pectin extraction. It can be applied on a larger scale due to shorter extraction time with fewer requirements for solvent and industrially more acceptable regarding the environmentally friendly.

Coffee is a popular drink among the productive young generation. In consuming coffee, consumers often add cow's milk to reduce the bitter and sour taste that is too strong in coffee. The high use of milk from animal sources causes an increase in the livestock sector accompanied by land and water use and global warming. This study aims to develop a plant-based ready-to-drink almond soy milk coffee drink with a quantitative approach in the form of Kano Model, Quality Function Deployment, and sensory test in the form of hedonic test and simple ranking test. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that milk coffee with the use of almonds is one of the most important attributes for consumers to produce creamy milk coffee, where formula 2 with a ratio of almond paste: isolated soy protein = 70:30 is the optimal formulation and meets the consumer acceptance.

This study aimed to calculate the shelf life of smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan, red ginger, and red galangal essential oil. The smoked catfish was kept for 30 days at three different temperatures, i.e., 30, 35, and 40°C, and the sensory evaluations of rancidity and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of the smoked catfish served as the criteria monitored during the storage process. The obtained data were analyzed using linear regression to show the relations between storage time and the measured variables. Furthermore, the Arrhenius method was used to calculate the shelf life of smoked catfish to compare the decline in the quality of the smoked catfish. The result showed that the smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan and red ginger had a shelf life of 32.90 days at a temperature of 30°C with the regression equation y = 2529.6x + 4.3342, and the smoked catfish coated with edible coating chitosan, red ginger, and red galangal essential oil was 37.10 with the regression equation y = -3085.1x + 6.039. For the next research, it is necessary to research on the effect of red galangal essential oil on the shelf life of smoked catfish.

The use of pumpkin as a food ingredient can also support government programs to diversify food consumption that is diverse, nutritious, and balanced. Besides containing carbohydrates, pumpkin is also rich in vitamins, especially vitamins A and C which are antioxidants. Carotenoids in pumpkin such as beta-carotene of 1187.23 g/g. It can replace of dye methanil yellow in making seaweed wet noodles. This research was conducted to determine the effect of solvent concentration and extraction time using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method using ethanol with solvent concentrations of 75%, 85%, and 95%. The duration of extraction used was 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The parameters observed were moisture content, the color of pumpkin extract, the yield of pumpkin extract, and the density of pumpkin extract. This research was conducted 3 times for replication. The study's findings indicated that the relationship between solvent concentration and extraction time both a single factor of solvent concentration and extraction time also had a significant effect on the color of pumpkin extract, yield, and density of pumpkin extract. The extraction using the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method resulted in a color of 65.56 (b*), a yield of 63.58%, and a density of 48.41g/cm³.

Beneng Taro is a type of taro found in Banten agricultural but has not been appropriately utilized. The drying process is critical since temperature changes will result in various properties. This research aimed to evaluate the rheology and functional characteristics of starch and flour made from Beneng Taro dried in the sunlight and hot air as sustainability products of it. This research contains the extraction of starch, the production of flour, and characterizing the starch and flour produced. The rheological characteristics of the flour and starch from the can be model using the Herschel-Bulkley. Starch and flour showed non-Newtonian shear-thinning flow characteristics, according to the flow behavior index. The difference in the consistency index value of flour is significant, where flour dried with sunlight shows a higher value. Both starch and flour show a sharp decrease in viscosity at low shear rates. The value of the starch and flour's swelling power shown that cabinet drying was superior to drying outdoors in the sun. The solubility index undergoes the same phenomenon. In contrast to water and oil holding capacity, sun drying shows a higher value. Knowing the characteristics of the starch and flour produced can be applied as a food source.

The methodology of their use in dimensionless form by means of the values $Y=\frac{Y(t)}{Y({t}_{0})}$, which represent the ratio of the real value of the examined value of the current year Y (t) to the value of this value in 1961 Y (t₀), was proposed for the World Bank data on the world population statistics and the volume of grain production by the world countries for the period 1961-2021. Based on the analysis of dimensionless time series Y we found mathematical models of the growth of world population and the growth of grain production. It is shown that during this period the world population growth was linear, and the world grain production growth was non-linear quadratic dependence, and the grain production growth rate for the period 1961-2020 exceeded almost 1.6 times the world population growth rate. Using the Pareto principle 13 countries of the world have been identified, which in 2020 provided 80% of the total volume of grain production in the world, and among these countries such four countries as China, United States, India and Europe gave 55% of the total volume of grain production in the world.

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a type of tuber widely planted in Indonesia. It has a high glucomannan content, but its use is limited due to high calcium oxalate content. However, it has previously been shown that the maceration of porang with the ethanolic extract of Strobilanthes crispus (SC) can serve to reduce its calcium oxalate content. This study sought to determine the impact of sieving in combination with ethanolic extract of SC maceration on the calcium oxalate levels, glucomannan levels, and antioxidant activities of different sized particles of porang. The calcium oxalate levels were analyzed by the atomic absorption method, whereas the glucomannan levels were determined based on the yield of glucomannan derived from the ethanolic extraction process. The porang particles were then analyzed to assess their antioxidant activities using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl). The particles were grouped into six in different particle size and maceration: AX, AY, AN, BY, and BN. The results revealed that porang with a particle size of <40 mesh that was macerated with SC exhibited lower calcium oxalate levels and higher glucomannan levels than porang with a particle size of >40 mesh. The antioxidant activity of the porang decreased after maceration with the ethanolic extract of SC.

Sorghum and moringa leaf are rich in macro- and micronutrients and bioactive components, known to have health-functional benefits. This research aimed to characterize tapioca noodles' physicochemical and sensory acceptance after sorghum and moringa substitution. In this study, four noodle formulations were made based on the basic mixture composition, namely the ratio of tapioca flour and sorghum flour, each of 80:20 (S2T8); 70:30 (S3T7), 60:40 (S4T6), and 50:50 (S5T5). Five percent of moringa leaf flour was added to the formulation. The dried noodles were then analyzed for their physical characteristics (texture and color), cooking quality (water absorption, volume increase, and cooking loss), and sensory acceptance using a hedonic test. Increased sorghum proportion resulted in increased yellowness and cooking loss and decreased elongation, hardness, and overall acceptance of the product. The de Garmo effectiveness index calculation found that 20% sorghum substitution with 5% moringa leaf powder (S2T8) showed the best performance of dried tapioca noodles.

VCO is one of the processed products made from old coconut which is obtained by extracting the flesh of fruit. VCO has many advantages compared to other oils and many ingredients beneficial for the health of body and coconut always sustainability. This study, the manufacture of VCO using method of fermentation and centrifugation. The material used is fresh old coconut which consists of 2 varieties, from Indonesian local environment resources (namely genjah coconut variey Serdang Bedagai Regency and hybrid variety from Asahan Regency). This study to compare the quality of VCO with fermentation and centrifugation methods of genjah and hybrid varieties of coconut through analysis of water content, free fatty acid peroxide number and iodine number. The results obtained are the manufacture of VCO by centrifugation method has a better quality than fermentation method. Data analysis of VCO quality testing with centrifugation method has met SNI including water content, free fatty acid, peroxide number and iodine number. While the VCO with the fermentation method, in testing the water content and free fatty acids there are those that do not meet SNI but still meet APCC standards. Based on coconut varieties, hybrid VCO varieties have better quality than genjah maturing varieties.

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the macadamia nuts that is used as a source of oil and spices. Its shell is an organic waste that is not utilized optimally. Pecan shells can be the raw material to produce liquid smoke to minimize waste. Liquid smoke obtained from the pyrolysis pecan shell contains antibacterial and antioxidant compounds. Liquid smoke purification is performed to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and tar to obtain clear yellow liquid smoke. The purification is carried out by a distillation process with temperature variations of 150 °C, 175 °C, and 200 °C. The distillation process time is varied by 30, 60, and 90 minutes. The phenol, acid, and carbonyl components determine the characteristics of pecan shell liquid smoke. At 175°C and 90 minutes, the best phenol content was 15.53%. Acid content of 7.65% was obtained at 175°C and 90 minutes. While the carbonyl content of 14.44% was obtained at 125°C for 60 minutes. Determination of liquid smoke quality by utilizing the distillation method produces grade 1 liquid smoke at 175°C for 90 minutes, grade 2 at 200°C for 30 minutes, and grade 3 at 200°C for 90 minutes.

Palm sap produced from tapping can be a growing place for lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Palm sap has a lot of carbohydrate content, such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose, which can be a source of nutrition for the growth of microorganisms such as LAB). The result of LAB metabolism that is formed can be in the form of organic acid acids that can act as antimicrobial compounds. LAB have been isolated from fermented palm sap. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial properties of LAB from the fermentation of palm sap against E. coli and S. aureus using the well-agar diffusion method and the paper disc diffusion method. The study showed that LAB isolates (Lactobacillus A1, A6, B12, C1, and C4) and cell-free supernatants have antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. LAB antibacterial properties using cells with a clear zone diameter against E. coli ranges from 8.03 to 0.58 mm, and S. aureus inhibition zone diameter ranges from 9.13 to 11.16 mm. The antimicrobial activity of LAB using cell-free supernatants against E. coli ranges from 4.59 to 5.01 mm, and the diameter of the inhibitory zone against S. aureus ranges from 4.34 to 5.79 mm. From these results, LAB isolated from fermented palm sap can potentially be probiotics.

The health benefit of Allium cepa could be obtained through processing using fermentation technique. This study aimed to obtain standardized fermented onion extract as raw material for medicinal preparations. In addition, this study determined the different content of secondary metabolites of unfermented and fermented Allium cepa then the acute toxicity was conducted to know the LD₅₀.of Allium cepa fermented extract. Fermentation was done by saving the Allium cepa in a fermentation machine for 15 days at a temperature of 50-80°C. Allium cepa fermented was extracted by maceration using ethanol. Allium cepa fermented extract was characterized and tested for phytochemical screening. The characterization showed that the fermented extract of Allium cepa contained 3.47% of total ash, 0.39% of acid-insoluble ash, 15.51% of water-soluble, and 18.14% of ethanol-soluble. Phytochemical studies showed alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids in the unfermented Allium cepa extract while the Allium cepa fermented extract contained Flavonoids, Glycosides, and Triterpenoids. The LD₅₀ of Allium cepa fermented extract was included as the preparations with a toxicity level of 6 (non-toxic). It showed that Allium cepa fermented extract has a stability-tested extract and included non-toxic criteria.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity, phenolic content, and nutritional properties of the yellow cassava variety called Adira. Sample was freeze dried cassava (cassava); oven dried cassava (cassava flour) and modified cassava flour (mocaf). Antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated using a DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) assay and phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Nutritional properties such as water, ash, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate were analyzed. Antioxidant activity was 25.03%, 30,37%, and 31.23% for cassava, cassava flour, and mocaf respectively and in line with phenolic content mocaf had the highest total phenolic content of 3.46 mg/g GAE. Carbohydrate was the major content in Adira mocaf of > 85%, while the other content was protein of 1.44 % - 2.41 %, ash of 2.21 % - 2.85 %, and lipid of 0.04 % - 0.10 %. Analysis by the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) analysis presented the OH group which may have been generated from phenolic and flavonoids compounds in the mocaf.

Kefir and kombucha are known as healthy functional drinks, but the issue of alcohol content still needs to be a concern. Although kombucha and kefir are not categorized as khamr (liquor), the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) Fatwa No. 10 of 2018 has stipulated that the alcohol content in fermented beverages is below 0.5%. This research aims to analyze the quality and alcohol content of kefir and kombucha produced by several producers in Aceh Province. A total of 12 samples of fermented beverages were obtained from kefir and kombucha producers. Parameters analyzed were alcohol content, total phenolic compound (TPC) and pH. The results showed that the alcohol content of the fermented beverage obtained ranged from 0.21-0.71%, TPC 0.15-0.81 mg GAE/ml and pH 2.6-4.47. As much as 75% of kombucha samples and 100% of kefir samples contain alcohol above 0.5%. It is necessary to control the alcohol content of fermented beverages so that they can meet sharia and health rules.

Oleamide is an amide substance that can be made from oleic acid of palm oil with urea. Since palm oil is a type of agriculture product, the oleamide is an environment-friendly or (semi) sustainability additive for rubber compounding. In this research, the oleamide was applicated in making the silica-loaded of synthetic rubber, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) at an opened two-roll mills. In this study, effects of oleamide incorporations on cure and level of crosslinks of silica-SBR compounds were observed. The SBR was loaded with thirty parts per hundred (phr) of SBR and, they and other compounding substances i.e., stearic acid, zinc oxide, antioxidant, accelerator, antioxidant and sulphur were compounded with semi-efficient formulation. The oleamide was incorporated with a series of amounts from 2 to 8 phr. It was found that the oleamide incorporations exhibited faster times in cure and scorching; The oleamide also exhibited a lifting up of delta torque and crosslinks level for the silica-SBR compound. The 2 phr incorporation of oleamide to silica-SBR was the optimum concentration which exhibited the greatest delta torque and level of crosslinks of silica-SBR vulcanizate.

Gayo Arabica coffee is known as one of the best quality coffees in the world. This study examined physical and chemical properties of Gayo Arabica coffee which was processed using the full-washed method after being stored for 4 months in several types of packaging (Grain Pro, Aluminum Foil, Plastic sack, Cloth sack, and Ramie sack). The parameters analyzed were moisture content, ash content, lipid content, protein content, caffeine content, total phenol, pH along with color and specific volume. After being stored for 4 months at room temperature, different type of packaging gave a significant effect on moisture, ash, lipid, protein, caffeine, total phenol and pH of the coffee. In addition, various packaging carried out in this experiment did not change the color and specific volume of the bean. Coffee plantations in Indonesia are very wide, so that the plants will certainly have a positive impact on the surrounding environment and support biodiversity. Further research is continued by extending stored period of the green bean and knowing the impact of packaging on the coffee quality.

Balakka (Phyllanthus emblica Linn.) is a plant usually found in the South Tapanuli area, specifically in the Padangsidimpuan district. The people of South Tapanuli consume balakka bark as an addition to the "Holat" dishes. Balakka, especially the fruit part, has been widely studied to have various bioactivity useful for health, such as antioxidants, antidiabetic, anticancer, and others. Therefore, this research changed to decide the distinction in the antioxidant activity of the fruit and bark extracts of balakka, which have been extracted with the use of distinct solvents, which are polar (ethanol) and non-polar (N-Hexane) solvents. DPPH method carried out antioxidant activity analysis. The outcomes confirmed that the exceptional solvents used affected the antioxidant activity of the fruit and bark of balakka extract. The antioxidant activity of balakka fruit extracted using ethanol was greater than that of balakka fruit extracted using N-Hexane with an IC50 of 729.66 ± 117.03 ppm. Likewise, the balakka bark extracted using ethanol was larger than the bark extracted using N-Hexane with an IC50 of 1830.23 ± 656.54 ppm. This study concludes that the different solvents used to affect the antioxidant activity produced.

The wastewater from PSP starch extraction was then filtered, concentrated in a rotary evaporator at 55°C, and investigated to evaluate its stability which was influenced by pH, light, storage temperature, heat, sugar, and salt concentrations. The results showed that the highest anthocyanin content, antioxidant activity and color stability were found in wastewater extracted from starch using water as an insulating agent for starch. The color of PSP starch wastewater using water as starch isolation agent has good stability for 15 days of storage at dark room temperature, and is stable at pH 3.0 – 9.0, heated at 100°C for 15 minutes, and in a solution of 10-50% and 10-30 % each concentration of sugar and salt.

Mothers with a shortage of red blood cells (anemia) can cause a loss of nutritional absorption through breast milk. A mother's lack of nourishment will affect her and her baby's health. The study aims to identify how administering snakehead fish nuggets affects Hb and albumin levels in breastfeeding moms in the Mandala Health Centre work area in Medan. Methods: From the 3rd to the 29th of February 2020, this study was carried out in the Mandala Public Health Centre. The study is quasi-experimental. This study included all breastfeeding women with children ≤ 5 years and then found 31 samples. The data is normality and then analyzed using the T-dependent test. The results showed that providing snakehead fish nuggets affected Hb and blood albumin levels with a value of (p-value =0.001). The use of snakehead fish as a freshwater fish will maintain the ecosystem process, if the snakehead fish is raised in traditional or modern ways. The treatment of snakehead fish nuggets improves albumin values. Meanwhile, based on percentages, the normal Hb level before treatment was 61%, growing to 84%, and the normal albumin level was 71%, climbing to 93%.

Indonesia consists of seas which have various types of biological resources and their environmental potential. Carrageenan is known to have high potential in the food and non-food fields. In the food division, carrageenan mostly used as a thickener and gelling agent. The most of the problems faced by seaweed farmers are not optimal processing of harvested seaweed, the seaweed tends to leave a lot of salt crystals after drying due to the absence of the immersion process before making carrageenan. The purpose of this research is to increase knowledge of the physicochemical properties of carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii in the non-immersion method and the aquadest immersion method. Before extraction, seaweed was compared without immersion and with distilled water for 36 hours. The extraction process was carried out using 8% potassium hydroxide and then observed the physicochemical properties of carrageenan flour. The results of the study showed that the physicochemical characteristics of carrageenan were shown in the immersion method with a water content of 9.11%, ash content of 21.49%, yield of 41.96%, and viscosity of 157.33cP. The immersion method with a water content of 12.55%, yield of 30.16%, ash content of 30.84%, and viscosity of 101.67cP.

Barangan banana's peel (Musa paradisiaca L.) is one of the most common by-products that are usually disposed in small and large quantities which can cause a serious environmental problem. Spray gel is a type of pharmaceutical preparation that is practical in use. This study aimed to formulate a spray gel preparation from the extract of barangan banana's peel as an antibacterial agent. Barangan banana's peel extract was formulated into a spray gel preparation with varying concentrations of F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%). Organoleptic evaluation, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and centrifuge test were carried out. In the antimicrobial activity test, the barangan banana's peel extract had inhibition zone diameters of 12.0 and 12.3 mm against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. All formulas have stable organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and centrifugation. Additionally, the formulation showed no sign of skin irritation at 24, 48, or 72 hours after the test material of the rabbits. Therefore, it was concluded that spray gel containing banana peel extract could be a very viable option for developing a novel antibacterial agent that is environmentally friendly and may help reducing waste problem.

Wood densification is a technique to increase the quality of low-density wood such as Jabon wood. The variation of densification time of Jabon wood will affect the quality of the wood. This study aimed to determine the effect of densification time on the physical and mechanical properties of Jabon wood. Jabon wood was densification using a hot press at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes at a temperature of 180 °C and a densification target of 20%. This densification wood will be compared to control wood. The results showed that the density value increased from 0.37 g/cm³ to 0.39-0.42 g/cm³, and the moisture content value was reduced to 11.57-15.12 %. There was an increase in value modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, and compression parallel to the grain by 31.55-48.86%, 6.65-35.33%, and 42.68-55.26%, respectively. The optimum value of this study resulted in a densification time of 10 minutes.

Palm oil waste can be utilized as biochar. This was aimed to examine the effect of giving biochar empty palm bunches (EPB) and palm fronds (PF) on soil organism populations for 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 8 weeks. This research was conducted at PT. Perkebunan Nusantara IV Bah Jambi unit plantation with Inceptisol soil type. This research used a randomized design of non-factorial groups with treatment without biochar, biochar EPB, and biochar PF. The results showed that the highest population of organisms was found in the PF biochar, followed by biochar EPB the treatment without biochar had the lowest population. The population of bacteria and macro fauna above ground level on treatment with biochar increased from the 2nd to 6th week, and fungi populations decreased on biochar treatments from 2nd to 6th week of observations. The population of subsurface soil macro fauna increased from the 4^th to the 8^th week on treatment with biochar. Meanwhile, without biochar, the growth of soil organisms didn't show significant changes. The highest soil respiration was obtained in the EPB biochar treatment, followed by PF biochar and subsequently without biochar treatment. Soil respiration increased every week until the 8^th week.

Rapid population growth causes the demand for wood to increase. On the other hand, the city's need for a minimum of 30% green open space is still far from enough. One of the solutions to meet the demand for wood and the lack of good green open space is the development of plantation forest cultivation. One of the fast-growing species to be developed in urban areas is jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba). This study aims to determine the value and economic feasibility as well as strategies for developing sustainable jabon cultivation businesses in urban areas. The analytical method used is quantitative descriptive analysis in the form of economic value assessment, business feasibility analysis, and SWOT analysis. The results showed that the economic value of Jabon plantations aged 3-5 years was IDR 40,083,106/ha (USD 2,626.7/ha). The business feasibility test resulted in an NPV value of IDR -38,474,957 (USD -2,520), an IRR value of 0.8%, and a BCR of 0.262, and all three were included in the "not feasible" category. Based on the SWOT analysis, the business position is in quadrant I. An offensive development strategy is suggested by optimizing the strengths and opportunities that are owned so that the cultivation of jabon plants can be attractive as a financially viable business and increase green open spaces in urban areas.

Eucalyptus is a type of industrial plantation forest (HTI) tree that has high economic value. Almost all parts of eucalyptus can be used. In addition, wood can be used as raw material for pulp, leaves and twigs containing cineol can be used as raw material for essential oils. This study aims to analyze the feasibility of using eucalyptus leaves from a financial perspective for essential oil production in the plantation forest area of PT. Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk. The analytical method used is descriptive analysis, financial analysis with two selling price scenarios, namely the high target scenario and the low target scenario with the criteria of Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). The results showed that the use of eucalyptus leaves as a raw material for essential oils from logging waste in plantation forest areas is financially feasible. With details of the high target scenario, it produces an NPV value of IDR 134,903,510,450 (USD 8,895,714.5), an IRR value of 33.01% and a BCR value of 3.76. The NPV value for the low target scenario is IDR 84,029,947,498 (USD 5,541,045), the IRR value is 21.90% and the BCR value is 2.72.

Forest fires are one of the phenomena that occur in peatlands in Indonesia. This incident is due to changes in landuse in peatland and occurs repeatedly over a certain period of time. This study aims to monitor and identify burnt areas and landuse changes in the Kahayan River and Sebangau Peat Hydrological Unit (PHU) Central Kalimantan. The analysis was carried out on the Landsat imagery data series and landcover data from Ministry of Environment and Forestry Indonesia from 2014-2019. Analysis conducted with identifying burnt area using the Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR) and intersected with landcover data in that area. The results of the analysis show that forest fires affect landuse changes. Landuses that were significantly affected by forest fires notably shrub swamps, plantations, and dry land farming. Landuse decrease in shrubs swamps by 18% (± 2000 ha) and increase in plantation land by 840% (± 4000 ha) and dry land farming by 6357% (± 9400 ha) prior to forest fires.

The metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn and Fe) in Pacific salmon were determined: Masu from the southeast Sakhalin Island coast, collected in 2017, Chum from the of Okhotsk and Japan Seas, collected in 2018-2019 in cages of salmon fish hatcheries and Sockey collected from two bays of the southeastern coast Kamchatka before entering the rivers, in 2021. It was established that the content of Zn, Ni, and Fe noticeably predominate in the organs and tissues of Cherry and Chum from the Sea of Japan, while Cd and Pb concentrations predominate in the organism of the Sea of Okhotsk Chum. The largest amount of copper was found in the organism of Sockey from Kamchatka bays. according to the content of toxic elements (Pb and Cd), all types of salmon meet the sanitary requirements of the Russia for seafood. Probably, the reason for the established difference is the geochemical environmental conditions formed in the closed Sea of Japan under the influence of anthropogenic and terrigenous factors, the influence of natural factors - volcanism and upwellings - in the Sakhalin-Kurilsky basin of the Sea of Okhotsk, also the increased background copper content in the Kamchatka soils because of volcanic activities.

PT Bumitama Gunajaya Agro (BGA) is a great oil palm corporation that has ideas of assisting communities in community groups to maintain their forests in a sustainable and socioeconomically profitable manner as is done in Konsu Mandiri Sejahtera (KMS). The activities carried out include training to collecting the potential data of the forest, non timber forest product potential, forest benefits, biodiversity, ecosystem services including carbon calculation. Through this activity, it is hoped that there will be a transfer of knowledge with the hope that managers will have competence in identifying and managing biodiversity. This research reports the number of carbon stock, wood volume, tree density, biodiversity values and forest benefits indices for KMS forest. The results showed that the forest usefulness for the community. The condition of the existing forest is partly illegally cleared by the community for agriculture, which is still forested only in areas with rugged topographic conditions, with good forest conditions. The wildlife encountered is very diverse and encounter in the form of footprints, hearing, seeing, nests and feces. KMS forest has some directly beneficial and culturally beneficial/local wisdom and potentially developed by PT BGA collaboration in terms of forest conservation and improving the welfare of communities.

Biodiversity and food security are related to four dimensions: availability, accessibility, utilization and stability. The aim the study to determine the diversity and functional roles of local insects in paddy plantation; and to knowing the interaction of environmental variables and agroecosystem management. The research was done during July-August 2022 in Sei Beraskata Villages, which trap sample point were determined diagonally (20 x 20m) by 3 plots each using 5 traps (Sweep Net=10 swings; Color Pan Trap=4 replications; Core Sampler=4 replications; Yellow Sticky Trap=5 replications; and Light Trap=1 replication) at 4 times sampling with weekly intervals. The results showed the highest individual abundance and diversity were identified from YST traps (479 individuals, 47 species), followed by LT trap (288 individuals, 14 species) and SN trap (236 individuals, 36 species), while the smallest from the CPT traps (66 individuals, 14 species). A total of pests dominated of Chironomus sp, Anopheles sp, Tetragnatha sp, Leptocorisa oratorius, and Chilo supressalis. While the smallest species of Panstenon sp, Euscyrtus concinnus, Temelucha philippinensis. The calculation of the Biological index, R1=2.70-3.25, (E=0.54-0.78), H'=2.02-2.38 and (D=0.60-0.84). Biodiveristy of paddy insects in Northern Sumatera is quite high and reflect to agroecosystem services.

Telagah is one of the village located in Sei Binge Subdistrict, Langkat District, North Sumatra Province with coordinate 03 18 43.26" North and latitude 98 23 47.70" East Longitude. The area of Telagah village reaches 53.38 km with a height of the place reaches 823.7m above sea level. The beauty of nature with cool air through the seasons is a magnet for nature and adventures visitors because this is the 'home' to see how the ecosystem is extraordinary. The tour starts from a phenomenal matchmaking view, Adem Peak in Perteguhan Hamlet with coffee plantations of farmers in the middle of a wild forest so exotic, stunning and challenging. Otherwise, use of Yellow Sticky Trap (YST) catches 6 pests, such as: Hypothenemus hampeii, Xylosandrus compactus, Coccus viridis, Pseudococcus citri, Zeuzera coffeae and Sanurus indecora, while used by ethanol and methanol attractant showed variances of trapped pests. The Coffee Expert (Pakar Kopi) recorded 6 pests, 5 diseases and 28 symptoms for detecting pests and diseases in agricultural and plantation crop commodities are very helpful for human work and farmers in the future.

The development of land use activities in the Tinondo Swamp promotes the acceleration of spatial planning to ensure sustainability. This research aimed to evaluate land use in Tinondo Swamp and to provide alternative areas in the spatial plan of the east Kolaka regency. Primary and secondary data were collected using survey methods. The research used qualitative and quantitative methods to analyze the deepening and scanning of autopilot aircraft, the environmental carrying capacity, linkages and existence of linkages with the community, the needs of facilities and infrastructure, and spatial analysis. The results showed that the survey area of the Tinondo Swamp was 5,699.41 hectares, consisting of 11 land-use types. There are swamps with an area of 1,999.34 hectares (35.08%), settlements of 133.41 hectares (2.34%), the company's Base Camp of 0.94 acres, the forest of 104.65 hectares (1.84%), swamp forests of 178.02 hectares (3.12%), roads of 26.22 hectares (0.46%), canals of 51.59 hectares (0.91%), mixed gardens of 489.88 hectares (8.60%), oil palm plantations of 1,178,298 hectares (20.67%), rice fields of 1,536,096 hectares (26.95%), and open land of 0.96 hectares. Furthermore, the total survey area that is available and planned for was 1,999.34 hectares.

The physical characteristics of the twigs of five different species of mangrove, including moisture content (MC), density, and specific gravity, have been studied. Using gravimetric analysis, the procedures were measured in accordance with ASTM D4442 and D2395, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for the statistical analysis, using complete random design with two factors, namely 1) presence of bark (with and without bark) and 2) species of the mangroves, consisted of Buta-buta (Excoeceria agallocha), Api-api (Avicenia marina), Bakau hitam (Rhizopora mucronata), Bakau minyak (Rhizopora apiculata), dan Mata buaya (Bruguera sexangula). Additionally, the Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to assess how the samples differed from one another. Results of this study revealed that twigs have had higher MC with presence of bark and the value showed up to 86%. Density of the samples showed a same tendency with the specific gravity however the measurement values were higher than those of the literatures presumably because of the presence of water, bark, and the irregular form of the twigs. From this point, utilization of the twigs was still limited because of the variation of the properties.

Cooking oil as foodstuffs that people necessary daily, both industry and households. The high price of cooking oil encourages people to use it repeatedly. The use of used cooking oil continuously can decrease the intrinsic value of the oil and toxic. One method to enhance the quality of used cooking oil is adsorption. The effort to regenerate used cooking oil for sustainability, adsorbents from environment materials are used to adsorb components in used cooking oil in order to raise the standard of cooking oil after purification and can be processed into other products such as biodiesel. Result by this study, the effect of mass and size of the adsorbent on the contact time was observed to reduce the turbidity of used cooking oil. The adsorption process was carried out on used cooking oil with a volume of 100 ml and variations in the mass of the adsorbent from corn cobs were 2 g, 3 g, and 4 g. The size of the adsorbent was varied at 50 mesh, 70 mesh and 100 mesh. The analysis carried out are measuring turbidity of used cooking oil using a Turbidity meter, SEM-EDX and determining the adsorption kinetics model.

Currently, one of the foodstuffs that people need daily used cooking oil can be reused after the purification process is performed using an adsorbent in an adsorption mechanism in this case corn cob by varying the shaking speed, adsorption time, and turbidity of the waste cooking oil using a turbidity meter. This research was conducted in batches to determine the effect of optimal adsorption and reactions with corn raw materials naturally on shaking speed with variations in mass and size as well as the contact time of the adsorbent for 5 hours. The data obtained from the study indicate that the activation of the adsorbent with a size of 100 mesh and a speed of 100 rpm with a mass of 4 g, has a better surface area and adsorption capacity and affects the turbidity value of waste cooking oil which increases with longer contact between the adsorbent and waste cooking oil compared to adsorbents of 50 and 70 mesh sizes. In this study, a test was conducted using SEM-EDX to analyse the surface morphology characterization of the adsorbent by modelling of the corncob adsorbent, both in industry and households, is cooking oil.

Duck feathers are mainly composed of keratin, which is difficult to degrade. We want to know the ability of indigenous strains to produce keratinase and the ability to degrade duck feather's keratin and observe the hydrolysate's amino acid profile. All the strains were confirmed to produce keratinase from the formation of clear zones on an agar medium., Bacillus cereus LS2B, Bacillus cereus TD5B, and Pseudomonas sp. PK4 had the maximum enzyme activity on the casein substrate with 10.52 U/mL, 6.24 U/mL, and 16.42 U/mL, respectively. In addition, Strains LS2B, TD5B, and PK4 have activity of 5.23 U/mL, 7.01 U/mL, and 11.3 U/mL, respectively, while growing on the keratin substrate. Pseudomonas sp. PK4, Bacillus cereus LS2B, and Bacillus cereus TD5B degraded 38%, 38%, and 19% of the substrate, respectively. We found 12 amino acids during HPLC analysis. This study concludes that strains Strain PK4, LS2B, and TD5B can produce keratinase and can degrade the keratin of the duck feather substrate into amino acids.

The existence of open dumping in Medan City's final waste processing since 1993 has certainly had a negative impact in the form of a decrease in air quality which has a further impact on public health problems. This study aims to analyse and maps the distribution of PM₁₀ and PM2_.5 concentrations in the Terjun Landfill and to examine the relationship between the air quality index and the prevalence of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in the nearby landfill site. The sampling method for this research uses the manual active and is mapped using the GIS application. The results of ambient air concentrations were converted into an air quality index which subsequently was tested in a statistical correlative method to investigate the prevalence of ARI. The results demonstrated the PM_2.5 concentrations ranged from 38.94 – 163.1 µ/m³, the PM₁₀ was between 46.84 – 184.2 µ/m³; indicating an excessive level of national ambient threshold. The distribution of the highest PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ is in the active zone of the landfill. The prevalence of ARI in the nearby landfill site showed a strong relationship; 0.86 for PM_2.5 and 0.62 for PM₁₀. These findings illustrate a poor-quality air would increase the number of inhabitants with ARI.

Marine bivalves are aquatic organisms commonly found in the intertidal zone that frequently exposed to pollution and anthropogenic activities. The study aimed to determine the bivalvian diversity and its distribution pattern in Belawan Waters as one of the most polluted estuary area in North Sumatra. The study used purposive sampling in two sites, Station-1 was located at the mangrove forest in Kwala Besar and Station-2 was located at Bagan Belawan or human-exposed waters. The study documented seven species of bivalves with Solen sp. as the most abundant species (3.33 ind/m²) at Site-1 and Hiatula chinensis (7.44 ind/m²) at Site-2. The Shannon's diversity index (H') of bivalves in Belawan Waters was categorized as low level of divesity in both sites. The distribution pattern of Atrina pectinata, Lingula anatina, and Placuna sp. was randomly distributed while Anadara granosa, Solen sp., Hiatula chinensis and Tellina exerythra was clumped in the area based on the Morisita's index. Bivalve diversity index was positively correlated with the physicochemical characteristics of Belawan waters, including pH, COD, TSS, and PO₄, while TDS, BOD₅, DO, Substrate Organic Content, salinity, and temperature were negatively correlated to the diversity.

The Tuna fish have oceanic characteristics that try to move from one water to another and have oceanographic, biological, and meteorological conditions following their habitat. The fishery industrialization program aimed at improving the welfare of coastal fishermen or other waters has been implemented for a long time. Indonesia plays an important role in the tuna fish commodity. VCA is a method for comprehending the value chain that comprises a product. This value chain stems from the activity conducted out, from raw resources to consumer. The value chain model was prepared using the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) method, which was compiled based on field data patterns. The interpretation model is carried out to explain the interaction pattern of business actors in the development of the Tuna fishery value chain and formulate strategies to minimize barriers to synergies in the development of the Tuna fishery value chain more precisely and following real needs. The value chain perspective sees a business as a collection of processes that convert input data into market output signals for customers. The goal of value chain analysis (VCA) is to understand how something creates value for the customers by demonstrating the various contributions of activities to that value.

Paedocypris progenetica, the smallest fish in the world and recorded as Near Threatened by the IUCN Red List due to a large population declined. This condition caused survival threats on the population of Paedocypris. Thus, the objective of this study is to examine the species of Paedocypris in the selected peat swamp area based on their diversity, distribution, and conservation status. A total of 66 individuals were collected from February 2019 to September 2021 from three out of four selected sampling area, comprising of two species namely Paedocypris progenetica (TL: 6.63-12.50 mm) and Paedocypris mircromegethes (TL: 8.89-10.60 mm). The results displayed that P. progenetica was found at two sampling locations and dsitinguished the greater in local distribution (LD) which is 50% followed by P. micromgethes (25%) represented the lowest distribution. Moreover, parameter measurements (in situ) of water quality in the blackwater peat swamp revealed temperatures ranging from 23°C to 25.3°C while pH between 4.0-6.9. The population trend for Paedocypris genus is declining due to continuing loss and degradation of blackwater peat swamp habitat which is considered to be the greatest threat.

This research was held three months from June-August 2022 and used a purposive random sampling method. The total sample was 137 gulamah consisting of 65 male and 72 female fish. The results showed that the total length (TL) of gulamah fish caught with gill nets ranged from 103-214 mm, with an average length of 155.74 mm. The weight of gulamah fish ranged between 12.77-126.02 grams with an average of 54.95 grams. Length-weight relationship of gulamah fish was positive allometric with the equation W=0.00001L^3,15 (R² = 0.89) in male fish and W=0,00001L^3,09 (R² = 0.92) in female fish. The range of the condition factor of gulamah fish is 0.43-1.12. Growth curve Von Bertalanffy equation shows the equation Lt = 234.4(1 - EXP^{(-0,59(t+0,063))}for male gulamah fish and Lt = 217.8(1 - EXP^{(-0,33(t+0,058))}) for female gulamah fish.

Belawan is a district of Medan City and one of estuary areas in North Sumatra that is currently facing pollution due to anthropogenic activities. The study analysed the abundance of phytoplankton and assessed the marine trophic status of Belawan waters to determine the possibility of eutrophication caused by human activities. Water samples were collected from four sampling stations in October 2020: a ship dock (Station-1), a fishery (Station-2), a mangrove area (Station-3), and an estuarine region (Station-4). The abundance of phytoplankton was analysed under a light microscope, and the trophic status of Belawan waters was determined using the Tropical Index for Marine Systems (TRIX), which considers factors such as chlorophyll a content, oxygen saturation, nitrogen, and phosphorus content. The phytoplankton abundance was found to range from 160 ind/L at the ship dock (Station-1) to 241 ind/L at the fishery (Station-2) site. The results indicated a high fertility (hypereutrophic) with a TRIX value greater than 6.0 at both the ship dock (Station-1) and the fishery site (Station-2) in Belawan waters.

Mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.) is one of the main catch fisheries at Malacca Strait Serdang Bedagai, Sumatera Utara. This research aims to estimate mackerel (Rastrelliger sp.) resource potential with a bioeconomic model for mackerel resources sustainability landed at Tanjung Beringin. This research was conducted in July – September 2021. The method of research used the purposive sampling method. The surplus production method to estimate the Maximum Sustainable Potential (MSY) and the Gordon Schaefer Bioeconomic Model. The total sample fish of Indian mackerel were 272 individuals. The research showed bioeconomic analysis with Schaefer's surplus production model approach shows that the optimum production rate is 359 tons and the optimum effort is 12148 trips. The Mackerel resources indicate to be biological overfishing.

The use of smaller seed weights < 20g has never been done for cultivating S. plagiophyllum. The study of cultivation of both species S. plagiophyllum (SP) and K. alvarezii (KA) simultaneously had never been done previously. This research was conducted in Bungin Permai coastal waters, South Konawe regency. This research aim was to examine the most suitable wet initial weight for better growth (10,15, 20g) on the growth of both species' seaweed. The collecting data were analyzed by factorial completely randomized design with three replications. Yields were observed every 9,18,27,36,45 days of the growth period. The results showed that S. plagiophyllum had significantly higher different DGR than those of K. alvarezii (P<0.05) during cultivation period. No interaction between species and wet initial weight was found (P>0.05). In addition, the species of seeds influence the DGR. Seed of SP had higher DGR than KA, but the initial wet weight of the seeds only influences at the initial cultivation period (9^th day). Broken thallus was found in the 10,15,20g seeds. The percentage of thallus damage in SP tends to be higher than KA. DGR at 10g seed weight of both species was significantly higher than other seed weights (15g and 20g; P<0.05).

Planting distance, a distance between seaweed clumps, has become an important part to increase growth for seaweed cultivation. However, there are very few studies related to the planting distance (PD) of Sargassum plagiophyllum done in Indonesia. In this study, three different PDs: 10, 15 and 20 cm were used as treatments with 3 replications. The results showed that 20-cm PDs had higher Daily Growth Rate (DGR) than those of other two treatments. The highest growth rate of S. plagiophyllum for 36 days experiment was found in 20-cm PD (4.95 ± 0.97%/day). It was followed by 15-cm PD (4.18 ± 1.32%/day) and 10-cm (3.28 ± 0.91%/day), respectively. The mean DGRs obtained in this study were higher than those of a study of Sargassum culture done in Indonesia and an international standard of DGR.

This research purpose was characterization of amino acids using HPLC at the edible head skin as edible by-product of ongole crossbreed cattle (OCC). The materials were the male and female head skin of OCC and the method was survey and exploration with analysis of laboratorium. The variables was amino acids profile with HPLC of edible head skin of OCC. The results of studies shown The edible head skin of OCC amino acids profile was the higher contents of L-arginin, glysine, and L-proline as essential category of amino acids and L-glutamic acid as non-essential amino acids. There were several defference between male and female amino acids profile of the OCC edible head skin, including: L-glutamic acid, L-alanin, L-arginin, glysine, L-lisin, L-aspartid acid, and L-proline of female OCC was the higher than male OCC. The peak absorption of mass spectofotometry between samples in males and females shows different.

The purpose of this study was to determine the N efficiency and economics of complete feed based on Napier grass cv Gama umami with different levels of Calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus). The Ewes used in this study were 15 with 11.3±1.34 kg of body weight at the age of 8 months. Complete feed treatment given to livestock objects, namely T0 = Napier grass cv GU 60% + Concentrate 40%; T1 = Napier grass cv GU 45% + Concentrate 40% + Calliandra 15%; T2 = Napier grass cv GU 30% + Concentrate 40% + Calliandra 30%. The sample collection phase consisted of treatment feed, leftover feed, and urine which were collected for seven days. The resulting data was then processed using One-way ANOVA with data that had differences in further testing using DMRT (p<0.05). The experimental results showed that the addition of Calliandra levels in complete feed did not affect nitrogen retention in sheep (p>0.05). Economic figure on feed with the addition of Calliandra to complete feed showed a higher income when compared to feed without using Calliandra (p<0.05). The most effective use of Calliandra level with the highest income is seen in giving as much as 30%.

The population and performance of Kalimantan swamp buffalo are declining. Diminishing grazing area and pasture biomass availability, especially in the rainy season, contribute to inadequate buffalo feed consumption. This study was conducted to investigate the seasonal productivity of palatable native grasses and to estimate the carrying capacity of the swamp grazing area. One year of observation indicated that kumpai banta and sumpilang had higher dry matter production in the deep-water season, whereas kumpai minyak was in the shallow-water season, and padi hiyang had similar production in both seasons. Dry matter production in the deep-water season was higher than in the shallow-water season (1.29 vs 1.15 ton DM/ha/month) as well as for the carrying capacity of swamp grazing area (0.044 vs 0.029 AU/year). It is concluded that the swamp grazing area in the Paminggir sub-district could not carry the existing buffalo population.

The use of predators in biological control has been widely known to reduce pest populations. The research aim is to determine the biology and preying abilities ladybird beetle, a species of family Coccinellidae named Coccinella transversalis Fabricius which can be used to mass rearing on laboratory for augmentation and conservation purpose. This study directed at research facility at Methodist University of Indonesia with descriptive methods. Samples collecting from horticultural cultivation at Karo District, then kept in maintenance jar with substitute food and real food Myzuz persicae as standard mass rearing technique for the coccinellid. The results showed that egg incubation was 3.2±0.76 days. There are four instars of larval with lifetime 2.67±0.20 days, 2.87±0.26 days, 2.91±0.53 and 3.42±0.75 days respectively. Prepupae was 1.62±0.56 days and pupae was 3.11±0.81 days. Life period of female was 35.05±3.80 days and male 25.75±3.14 days. The female potential produce egg was 118.4±20.14 eggs and percentage of egg hatching 85.0±6.37%. The survival rate from larvae to imago was 48.8±5.84%, which means half of the larvae succeeded becoming an imago. Preying abilities for aphid at larva instar I until instar IV, female and male were 24.55±3.28, 44.55±6.63, 89.90±13.41, 174.50±27.7, 973.67±29.21 and 786.31±14.77 aphids respectively.

Rice bran is often adulterated with milled rice husks which can lead to losses and decreased production of livestock. Testing of rice bran adulteration is still carried out manually which is quite subjective, and thus it is necessary to test using the image analysis method based on convolutional neural network (CNN) through a visual image analysis process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of training, validation, and test data on rice bran adulteration with rich husks using the CNN-based image analysis. This study employed staining treatment using phloroglucinol. The stages of this research consisted of the process of mixing forgery, colouring treatment, taking pictures, sharing data, and building the CNN model. This study found that the results of the accuracy of training data, validation data, and test data with phloroglucinol staining treatment had accuracy that was still far from 100% accuracy. This result is due to the epoch value, quantity of datasets, and the different viewing angles when capturing an image.

Challenges of the medicinal plant agribusiness is free trade. Free trade demands the availability of quality and sustainable products. Improving medicinal plant preparations into nano-extracted forms is a promising method. Furthermore, the use of medicinal plants has a significant impact on plant biodiversity and the sustainability of the environment. Bischofia javanica (Sikkam), an edible tree with potentially beneficial medicinal properties, contains important medicinal ingredients. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute toxicity (LD50 and LC50) of nano herbal sikkam leaves and their effect on the weight and histopathology of organ. Nano herbal sikkam leaves were created using planetary ball milling (PBM). The Thomson-Weil formula was used to calculate the LD50 over 14 days. The brine shrimp lethality test method was used to determine the LC50 at various concentrations. The LD50 value was 12.6 g/KgBW ± 0.17, the LC50 value was 3179.926 ppm (classified mildly toxic). Only the weight of the heart and lung were significantly affected by nano herbal sikkam leaves (p< 0.05). In addition, there were pathological changes in the liver, lungs, brain, kidney, and heart. This study provides the safe use of nano herbal sikkam leaves and improves the function of the organs.

The aim of current research to examine the effect of dried leaves, DL, and seeds, SE. of Coriandrum sativum on some biological and hematological traits. 30 male rabbits aged (93-115) days, separated randomly into 3 equal groups, treatment 1, T1, taken the basal meal represented as control group, and other treatments, T2 and T3, supplemented the basal nutrition mixed with 5% of DL and SE, respectively, for 12 weeks. At the termination of experiment, blood and sera samples collected and separated for estimating hematological and biochemical traits, as well as, liver was collected for histological study. The statistical evaluation of T3 results was demonstrated a raising in hematological parameters significantly (P<0.05) in comparison with T2 and T1. Additionally, the concentration of serum globulin and protein elevated significantly (P<0.05) in rabbits provided SE and DL in comparison with rabbits in T1 group. Besides, the values of AST, ALT and glucose showed a decline (P<0.05) in rabbits given DL and SE C.sativum comparing T1. The histological studies of liver in T3 rabbits same as that of control rabbits. In conclusion, ground seeds of C sativum could improve the histological, serological and biochemical features more than dried leaves.

A comfortable livestock environment will produce good sperm productivity. Sperm dilution is done so that rural communities can feel the benefits. This study aims to determine the best equilibration time to produce high motility, intact plasma membrane values with low abnormality values in buffalo spermatozoa. This research used a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and ten replications. Sperm came from three buffalo kept at the Ciawi Balitnak. The research treatment consisted of equilibration times of two, three, four and five hours. The parameters measured were sperm motility, abnormality, and intact plasma membrane (IPM). Equilibrium time does not affect buffalo sperm motility, abnormalities, and IPM. The range of motility, abnormalities, and IPM was 43.75%-55.00%; 20.25%-29.00%; 71.75%-74.75%. Conclusion; An equilibration time of two hours can maintain motility, abnormality, the intact plasma membrane of buffalo sperm with egg yolk tris diluent, and the addition of 4% mangosteen peel extract which was suitable for artificial insemination. The application can improve the standard of living of the community through increased meat production.

The development of buffalo meat products is still limited due to several reasons, namely dark colour, and hard texture. Sustainable development of innovative food products is needed to meet consumer demand. Frozen foods have a long shelf life and are popular for example patty. The addition of materials that can improve quality and add health benefits should be carried out. Fenugreek contains protein, fibre, stabilizer, and emulsifier so it can be recommended in the development of buffalo meat patty as a frozen food product. This experiment aims to determine the effect of Fenugreek on buffalo meat patty during frozen storage. The design used CRD factorial pattern. Factor I was the addition of Fenugreek powder to buffalo meat patty (F0:0%, F1:2%, F2:4%, and F3:6%) and factor II was freezing time (B1:45 days; B2:90 days). The addition of Fenugreek powder had a significant effect on (P<0.01) on pH, cooking weight loss, tenderness, and (P<0.05) water content but had no significant effect on frozen storage (P>0.05). Adding Fenugreek powder up to 6% in frozen storage for 45 days resulted in the best physical quality of buffalo meat patty. Fenugreek powder 6% is recommended as an emulsifier for buffalo meat patties

The development of processed meat products needs to be carried out to meet food needs in a sustainable manner. Popular processed meat products such as patty. Patty is usually made by adding a filler in the form of bread crumbs which is quite expensive. Mocaf flour is a product of modified cassava flour by fermentation. Mocaf flour is gluten-free and has almost the same characteristics as wheat flour. Mocaf flour has the potential as a substitute for foods made from bread crumbs or wheat flour. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mocaf flour on the physical quality of beef patty. The method used was CRD with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments consisted of R0 = 100% bread crumbs + 0% mocaf; R1 = 75% bread crumbs + 25% mocaf; R2 = 50% bread crumbs + 50% mocaf; R3 = 25% bread crumbs + 75% mocaf; R4 = 0% bread crumbs + 100% mocaf. The results showed that the substitution of mocaf flour by 75% decreased the pH, cooking weight loss, water content and increased tenderness of the beef patty. Mocaf is recommended to be used as a patty filler to provide food sustainably.

This study was conducted to analyze the performance of broiler chickens after receiving different exposure times and doses of vitamin B complex injection in a close house. Broiler chickens reared from DOC will get different lighting treatment and dose of vitamin B complex injection from 15 to 31 days of age. The treatments were N1 (24 hours), N2 (22 hours) and N3 (20 hours) while the doses of vitamin B complex were given at V0 (0.0 cc), V1 (0.5 cc), V2 (1 0.0 cc), and V3 (1.0 + vitamin A D E, 0.2 cc). Chickens will be placed in research plots each containing 36 birds with a separate plot design method. The results obtained in the analysis of feed consumption and body weight gain showed a very significant effect, FCR and IP did not show a significant effect and with dose treatment did not show a significant interaction. The conclusions obtained is to achieve maximum performance in broiler rearing, 24-hour lighting is needed, which can affect feed consumption and body weight gain of chickens. There is no stress effect so that the injection of vitamin B complex does not really need to be given into the chicken's body.

The objective of this experiment was to assess the impact of sperm sexing duration on sperm quality and to compare the effectiveness of glycerol (GC) and ethylene glycol (EG) as cryoprotectants to preserve the quality of sexed sperm during the freezing and storage in liquid nitrogen. The treatments consisted of three different durations of sexing: 40 min.(D-40), 50 min (D-50), 60 min. (D-60). The variable measured was the motility and viability of sperm following sexing and post-thawing motility of Bali bull sexed sperm cryopreserved in GC and EG. The results showed that sperm motility after sexing was significantly higher in the treatment of 40 and 50 min. compared to 60 min. of sexing duration. While the viability of sexed sperm in all treatments was not significantly different. Post-thawing motility of frozen sexed sperm cryopreserved with GS was higher than sexed sperm cryopreserved with EG. Finally, it was concluded that sexing times of 40 and 50 min. were the best time to get high sperm motility and viability of Bali bull compared to sexing times of 60 min. In addition, GS could maintain the motility of sexed sperm better than EG.

Adulterated feed ingredients are one of the main problems in ensuring quality. This study aims to identify the level of fish meal forgery using rice bran based on image analysis with a convolutional neural network algorithm. The number of datasets in this study was 3200 images divided into 2400 images for training data and 800 images for test data. The forgery treatment consists of P0=100% fish meal, P1= 90% fish meal+10% rice bran, P2=80% fish meal+20% rice bran, P3= 70% fish meal+30% rice bran and P4=100% rice bran. The CNN algorithm processes the image through the input layer, feature extraction layer, and fully connected. The results of this study obtained a training data accuracy value of 100% and a validation data accuracy value of 100%. The results of 99% accuracy using 20 epochs were obtained in testing through the confusion matrix table. This study concluded that testing the counterfeiting of fish meal and rice bran using CNN can provide quite good and optimal results.

Salmonella is a zoonotic infectious disease. Giving antibiotics to control this disease can result in residues so that microbes become resistant. This study aims to determine the ability of earthworm flour (Lumbricus rubellus) in controlling the growth of Salmonella sp. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and six replications. The treatment composed of control (P₀), infection without antibiotics (P₁), infection + Trimezyn-S (P₂), infection + 50 mg earthworm meal (P₃), and infection + 100 mg earthworm flour (P₄). The results showed that giving earthworm flour (Lumbricus rubellus) as much as 100 mg resulted in the growth of Salmonella sp. lower and can compensate for the administration of Trimezyn-S antibiotics in super native chickens.

A prospective genetic marker to archive for sustainable growth traits of local Indonesian sheep is the Melanocortin-4 Receptor (MC4R) gene, which arrange feeding behavior. This study were examined the MC4R gene of Indonesian sheep for polymorphism and restriction enzyme for PCR-RFLP within the partial coding sequence (CDS) and 3'UTR regions. A 642 bp of PCR product was amplified from sixteen blood samples (Sakub: 2, Wonosobo: 3, Sapudi: 3, Garut:3, and Garut-Dorper cross: 2). Sequence alignments between the samples and GenBank (NC_056076) discovered five SNPs (CDS: SNPs 1039A>G and 1068G>C, 3'UTR region: SNPs 1403G>A, 1511C>A and 1526G>C). The SNP 1039A>G was categorized as a missense mutation (Met to Val). However, SNP 1068G>C was a silent mutation (Ala to Ala). The restriction enzyme analysis showed that SNPs 1039A>G and 1403G>A were recognized by BssSI and SfaNI. SNPs 1068G>C, 1511C>A and 1526G>C were not recognized by the enzyme. In conclusion, the MC4R gene of Indonesian has five SNPs discovered, among other two SNPs in CDS and three SNPs in 3'UTR region. BssSI and SfaNI enzymes are eligible for further genotyping of sheep samples using the PCR-RFLP method.

Buffalo is one of the livestock that produces milk with good quality protein and fat contents. The production and quality of milk produced by livestock are influenced by several factors, one of which is the quality of feed. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of feed in Siborong-Borong farms. The animals are using in this research are six buffalo. The variables in this research were nutrient contents of feed (crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat, and dry matter contents), milk production, milk quality (pH, protein, fat, and contamination of Escherichia coli), and buffalo body weight. The result shows that the quality of feed is still low, especially the quality of the forage. It has low protein (6.34%) and high fibre (49.56%). High ratio of concentrate in the ration also affects to the quality of milk. The milk production is 4.68 ± 0.17 L/head/day, and protein and fat contents in buffaloes milk are 3.72 ± 0.68 and 3.54 ±1.15 respectively. The low milk production is caused by the quality of forage and month lactation. Escherichia coli contamination of milk up to 8.7 APM/mL. It is caused by low hygiene during milking.