Table of contents

5^th International Conference on Advanced Materials for Better Future 2020 (ICAMBF 2020)

The 5^th International Conference on Advanced Materials for Better Future 2020 (ICAMBF 2020) was held on October 13-14, 2020 in Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. ICAMBF 2020 is an international scientific forum that was initiated to overcome material problems as well as factors affecting them that have emerged as the main issue and challenge attracting more attention from various scientists, government, and regulatory bodies worldwide. The ICAMBF 2020 was attended by leading scientists from countries near and abroad who work in the field of material.

This event based on theme "Enhance the Role of Functional and Artificial Materials for Sustainable Civilization in Pandemic of Covid 19" that aims to provide a forum for scientists, researchers, and engineers within the nation and from around the world to present, discuss, share, and exchange their knowledge, experiences, and research finding on all aspects of material. Thus, this conference can give an excellent overview in all scope of fields including Civil & Construction Materials, Drug & Biomaterials Technology, Aerospace Materials, Advanced Nanomaterial, Electrical Optical, Magnetic Materials, and Advanced Materials for Energy.

We are thankful to our outstanding invited speakers Prof. Santiago Gomez Ruiz (Rey Juan Carlos University, Móstoles (Madrid), Spain), Dr. Lars Jorgensen (Ceo Thorcon, USA), Prof. Roger Narayan (Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University at Raleigh), Prof. Hanafi Ismail (Universiti Sains Malaysia), Prof. Yuichi Sato (Akita University, Japan), Prof. B. Muthuraaman (Department of Energy, University of Madras, India), Prof. Venty Suryanti (UNS), Mayor Lek Dr. Hendri Himawa T. (Indonesia Air Force) and Prof. Ari Handono Ramelan (UNS) for sharing the best knowledge in Advanced Materials.

Special thanks were addressed to the conference committees: Prof. Ari Handono Ramelan, Dr. Sayekti Wahyuningsih, Dr. Ahmad Marzuki, Prof. Venty Suryati, Dr. Desi Suci Handayani, Dr. Eng. Risa Suryana, Dr. Tetri Widiyani, Dr. Artini Pangastuti, Dr. Ahmad Ainurrofiq, Dr. Ahmad Ainurrofiq, Dr.rer.nat Witri Wahyu Lestari, Dr. Teguh Endah Saraswati, Dr. Soerya Dewi Marliyana, Rita Rakhmawati, Prof. Santiago Gomez Ruiz, Prof. Roger Narayan, Prof. Hanafi Ismail, Prof. Yuichi Sato. We would like to extend our gratitude to all reviewers and editors: Rosid Eka Mustofa, Windy Ayu Lestari and Yohan Aldi Ismoyo for their hard work.

Finally, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to all authors for their latest research findings shared in ICAMBF 2020. We hope for more academic cooperation with all scholars and scientists of the related fields in the next ICAMBF.

Prof. Ir. Ari Handono Ramelan, M.Sc (Hons), Ph.D

Chairman of ICAMBF 2020

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

○ Type of peer review: Double-blind

○ Conference submission management system: ICAMBF Submission System

○ Number of submissions received: 87

○ Number of submissions sent for review: 87

○ Number of submissions accepted: 62

○ Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 71.2%

○ Average number of reviews per paper: 2

○ Total number of reviewers involved: 12

○ Any additional info on review process:

Each paper was reviewed by 2 experts to see if it is relevant to the conference topic, original, free from plagiarism, written in accordance to IOP template and presented clearly. All the revised papers will be sent to the conference committee and then passed to reviewers to see if revision has been made. Acceptance/rejection decision was made by following reviewer suggestions.

Contact person for queries: amarzuki@mipa.uns.ac.id.

Organic clay has low bearing capacity, low shear strength, sensitive to water content, and high compressibility. Therefore, the study about engineering properties improvement of organic clay is continuously in progress. In this research, bagasse ash (BA) and calcium carbide residue (CCR) were used as stabilizing agents to improve engineering properties of organic clay. Preliminary investigation was done to get the physical parameters, especially Atterberg limit of soil samples. To get the optimum water content (OMC), the original soil was compacted according to standard compaction test. The oven dried soil was mixed with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% of binder and cured with 7,21,36 and 56 days curing period. Then, Atterberg limits, unconfined compression strength, and modulus of elasticity of treated soil were investigated. The plasticity index (PI) of stabilized soil decreases proportional to the binder quantity. However, after 10% binder, there was no significant improvement of PI of treated soil. With respect to curing period, PI of stabilized soil decreased, but the decrease of PI was almost constant from 36 to 56 days curing time. Unconfined compression strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity of stabilized organic clay improve proportionally to both binder proportion and curing period. However, the improvement is not significant enough due to organic content in the organic clay.

An Austenitic ODS steel was developed for reactor structural material by dispersed 0.5 wt % of nano powder zirconia (ZrO₂) to the AISI 316L steel. The synthesis was carried out by the powder metallurgy process with high energy milling and cooled compacting process. A new apparatus of APS (Arc Plasma Sintering) was used for consolidation the sample in the sintering process. Characterizations of the microstructure and elemental composition distribution were performed using the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) with X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (EDX) and area mapping. Identification for the change of phasesand hardness were analyzed using the XRD-test and Vickers Hardness measurement. Austenitic phase with relatively equiaxed grain and homogeny distribution of the ZrO₂ dispersoid were identified after the sintering process followed by the improvement of hardness due to the pinning effect of the grain boundaries.

Austenitic ODS (Oxide Dispersion Strengthened) 316L steel was fabricated using 316L SS (Stainless Steel) pre-alloyed powder and yttria powders by mechanical milling with APS (Arc Plasma Sintering) method. The powders were milled in High Milling Shaker at 1000 rpm in rotational speed for 10 hours at 10 BPR (Ball Powder Ratio). As milled powders were pressed at 20 Ton and sintered with APS for 0 to 12 minutes at 70 A. The samples were analysed using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Microscope Optic (MO) with micro-hardness tester and Scanning Electron Microscope – Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscope (SEM-EDS). The results of phase and microstructure showed the austenitic grade of the samples. The sintering time contributed to the microstructure of the samples. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of ODS 316L SS was higher than conventional 316L SS.

Espenson states that many catalyzed reactions can be represented in a unified equation. Based on the basic assumption that the catalyzed reaction occurs in 2 reaction mechanisms (zeroth-order and first-order), he also introduced a time-lag-based equation for determining the fitting-constants, q and κ, using a combination of outset and near-end data. A new method, compiled based on the outset and near-end data separately, has been introduced. This study aims to demonstrate the inaccuracy of Espenson Method. The study was carried out theoretically, and the inaccuracies were tested by applying both methods to the literature data. Assessment is based on the k_obs and κ values. The results showed that Espenson Method does not always use basic assumptions. The average percentage difference in the mean value of k_obs, relative to the new method was 14.24% and for κ was 52.23%. The q value is not constant; q is not the maximum velocity. Doubling [Cat.] will double q, but k_obs and κ are the same. Therefore, q is simply a maximum relative velocity. The real constant is k_obs as the observed catalyst constant.

The maximum-velocity, v_max, and the Michaelis-constant, K_M, are the essence of the Michaelis-Menten equation. The value of v_max is determined when the reaction is in zeroth-order and K_M is in first-order. With a slight change in the notion of v_max concept, both were used as the basis for a new determination method called Separate Rate-law Method (SRlM). As yet, the Lineweaver-Burk and Eadie-methods were the most commonly used. Both combine zeroth-order and first-order data. The purpose of this study was to validate the quality of all methods. The research was carried out theoretically. All were tested by applying them to the same literature data, and the results were compared. The assessment is based on the v_max and K_M values obtained; doubling [E] will double v_max but the same K_M. The results show that the two present methods are inaccurate. Both give v_max and K_M values even if the reaction is always first-order. Based on the integral method, two variants of the new method, SRlM_IM, and initial rate, SRlM_IRM, were also introduced. All new methods give more accuracy, which results in the method accuracy of SRlM ≈ SRlM_IM > SRlM_IRM.

Borate glasses with composition 50B₂O₃ – (25-x) Bi₂O₃ – 25ZnO – xTiO₂ where x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (mol%) were succesfully fabricated using a convensional melt-quenching technique aimed at tailoring glass suitable for a low loss optical fiber fundament. For this purpose, glasses were characterized for their density, refractive index, reflectance, UV-Vis absorption and FTIR spectra. Density measurement was carried out by applying Archimedes principle. Refractive index was measured using Brewster's angle method. UV-Vis spectrum was recorded within the range of 200-1100 nm and FTIR measurement was measured at IR range. Combining the spectra data recorded both from UV-Vis–NIR and FTIR, the theoretical minimum loss of the glass was obtained. In addition, the band gap energy of the present glasses was also calculated. From these data, it can be derived many other glass properties such as Oxygen Packing Density (OPD), ionic radius, and polaron radius.

Due to the colloidal silica has many applications such as coating, a catalyst precursor, a nano-size filler, investment casting, semiconductor wafer polishing, and an inorganic binder, it still attracting to be studied. The colloidal silica layer has been coated on a glass substrate using the spray-coating process. Two kinds of colloidal silica were prepared, i.e., the colloidal silica formed by mixing of nano-silica from Balai Besar Keramik (BKK) and the silane hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), and the colloidal silica polishing Mastermet (0.06 mm) commercial as a comparison. The HMDS percent was varied at 10, 20, and 30 vol.%. The contact angle measurement obtained the hydrophobic properties of the samples, and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer measured the transmittance samples. A water contact angle of 94.9° is achieved at 10% HMDS. For all samples, the transmittance of the before and after coated glass substrate can reach an average of 89% to 90%. From this study, it is concluded that the BBK nano-silica has met the commercial requirements that are the hydrophobic property in the contact angle and the transmittance.

Ozone is one of the reactive oxygen species that can be produced from plasma. In this study, the ozone was generated by using a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma technology. DBD plasma was generated using two electrodes separated by a glass dielectric isolator and an alternating current (AC) voltage source of 5 kV with an airflow rate of 1 L/min at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In this study, the ozone concentration was determined using the titration method. The ozone concentration was measured by varying the titration time between 0-10 minutes. The time dependence of ozone concentration in water tends to follow the polynomial trendline. The longer plasma treatment was performed, the higher ozone concentration was measured. The ozone significantly increased when the treatment was conducted for more than 6 min.

The presence of textile industry color-wastewater in a toxic environment needs to be treated to reduce the toxicity. The wastewater treatment can be performed by the combination technique of photocatalysis and plasma ozonation. The kinetics studies of these techniques are interesting to be studied to investigate which process is more dominant when playing a role in pollutant degradation. In this study, the kinetic study of a combination technique of plasma ozonation and photocatalysis using TiO₂ was analyzed using a methylene blue (MB) dye pollutant model. The study was compared to the kinetic study of the plasma ozonation alone. The plasma ozonation was generated by a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor, which used two electrodes separated by a dielectric barrier of quartz glass, which high voltage 5 kV (AC power supply) and an airflow rate of 1 L/min. The results of the experiment show that MB concentration after DBD treatment decreased. The chemical kinetics test is able to determine the reaction order, in which the treatment process using DBD plasma with photocatalyst TiO₂ follows the second order. In contrast, those using DBD treatment without TiO₂ follows the first order.

TMSR-500 is a type of fourth-generation reactor that is technologically advanced with a full actinide recycling system and produces low fuel waste. This research focuses on calculating and analyzing the temperature reactivity coefficient of fuel and moderator in the TMSR-500 core designed by Martingale, Inc. All calculations performed using the MCNP6 software and the ENDF / B-VII.I continuous energy nuclear data library. The fuel material for TMSR-500 is liquid salt NaF-BeF₂-ThF₄-UF₄ with enrichment of U-235 of 19.75%, and the moderator material is graphite. The variation of temperature increase in fuel and moderator starts from 293.6 K to 2500 K. As the reactor temperature increases, the value of fuel reactivity decreased, the fuel temperature reactivity coefficient is negative (-2.4879 ± 0.42) pcm/K. At the stage of calculating the moderator temperature reactivity coefficient, the calculation results show a positive value (0.0019 ± 0.0016) pcm/K as the moderator temperature increases. Based on the study of the temperature reactivity coefficient of the fuel and the moderator, then the reactor is in a safe state in terms of the overall calculation results, which indicate the total temperature reactivity coefficient is negative (-2.4883 ± 0.42) pcm/K.

The X-ray and neutron beam characteristics of the Varian Clinac 2300EX LINAC were obtained by simulation and computation using the MCNP6 software. An electron source with an energy of 15 MeV is used to produce an X-ray beam which is then directed to the phantom 100 cm distance from the electron source. With an irradiated area (10 × 10) cm², the average X-ray dose on the phantom surface obtained was (2,91 ± 0,47) 10⁻¹⁵ Gy/e. For better isodosis, a triangular prism-shaped within nickel material flattening filter was installed to produce an X-ray beam profile with an average dose of (2,04 ± 0,22) 10⁻¹⁶ Gy/e. During LINAC 15 MV operation, the mean neutron dose was detected (8,57 ± 0,55) 10⁻²⁰ Sv/e. The neutron energy spectrum has been simulated, the distribution of thermal energy intensity is 0,06%, epithermal energy is 0,74%, and the most distribution is fast energy 99,20%. The ratio of neutron equivalent dose to the central axis X-ray dose (ξ) was calculated. The value of ξ meets the allowable limit of < 1/1000 Sv/Gy, recommended by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). The ξ values obtained at several phantom depths in this study indicate the values allowed by the IEC.

Fly ash as residue from coal combustion has potential for environmental applications as an adsorbent for water pollution treatment. Adsorption performance of fly ash depends on fly ash origin and chemical treatment. Modification by the chemical treatment could increase the adsorption capacity. In this paper, fly ash was alkali modified with NaOH solution at various concentrations (2 N, 4 N, 6 N, 10 N) at a temperature of 60 °C. The physical properties and structural characteristics of unmodified fly ash and alkali modified fly ash were studied from Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area and pore size analysis, and also scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The results showed that alkali modification could increase surface area, average pore radius, and total pore volume in fly ash. Unmodified fly ash and alkali modified fly ash could be classified as mesoporous materials and exhibited type IV nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms with H3 hysteresis loop according to the classification of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). SEM observations revealed that modified fly ash had rougher surface and more porous structure than that of unmodified fly ash. Alkali modification had changed the physical properties and structural characteristics of fly ash that supports its application as an adsorbent.

Graphene is a material that has amazing electrical and optical properties. This research will discuss the effect of adding Cobalt Sulfide (CoS) on the reduction of graphene oxide (RGO) by using variations in the CoS ratio to improve the electrochemical properties of RGO. Graphene oxide (GO) is reduced by adding (Co(NO₃)₂.6H₂O, thiourea (CH₄NS) and added with ethylenediamine, then all materials reacted via solvothermal process. RGO that has been successfully synthesized will be characterized to determine the structural and chemical characteristics of the synthetic material by using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopyy (SEM), and Spectrophotometer UV-Vis. According to the results characterizations there are many differences on the optical characteristic and morphology on each phase of GO, RGO and RGO CoS.

In this research, the rGO-CoS composites were successfully synthesized from GO and the Cobalt and Sulfur precursors via solvothermal reaction. The GO material was obtained by Hummer method reaction synthesis. In term of rGO synthesis, reaction time is one of important factors that determine the reduction process and the resulting material properties. Therefore, we studied the influence of reaction time to the chemical properties of the obtained composites by varying i.e 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours of reaction time. The characterizations were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Morphological observation of rGo-CoS shows that rGO-CoS are has many thin layers, rougher, and wider surface. From the XRD result, GO shows shift of peak diffractogram to 2θ 9.56 ° with interplanar space 9.24 Á and rGO-CoS 36 shows several peaks at 2θ 30.84, 35.47, 47.54, 54.94°. The GO spectrum pattern shows specific functional group, OH groups (hydroxyl), carboxyl stretching vibration C=O (-COOH), C=C of unoxidized graphite consisting aromatic rings, and epoxy group vibration C-O(-C), while rGO and rGO-CoS shows decrease in intensity of these bands. It concluded that the rGO-CoS 36 (hours) is considered as the most optimum reduction reaction time.

In this research, the ability of papaya tree trunks as nanocellulose adsorbent for dyes removal was conducted. The synthesis of nanocellulose is carried out in several steps, including isolation of cellulose using the extraction method, immersion with a variety of alkaline bases, namely KOH, KOH+NH₃, and KOH+Na₂CO₃ and synthesis of nanocellulose by hydrolysis reaction. The adsorption process was carried out in batch method, by contacting the nanocellulose adsorbent with the dye, then filtered and observed the change in concentration using UV-Vis. Meanwhile, to observe the functional groups contained in the nanocellulose obtained from synthesis of papaya tree stems FTIR result was evaluated. The results showed that all cellulose-forming groups (CO, CH₂, CH) were present in synthesis nanocellulose in accordance with those of the commercial. The synthesis results with variations in the alkaline base which the closest to commercial yield was the variation with the alkaline KOH base. In addition, determination of adsorption performance of ones is compared with performance of commercial nanocellulose.

Synthesis of silver-alginate nanocomposite colloidal as an antibacterial material has been done. The colloidal is prepared through a chemical reduction method assisted by microwave irradiation with alginat as a reducing agent and stabilizer. Silver nitrate is used as a precursor and NaOH as an accelerator. The formation of silver-nanoparticles was indicated using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer based on localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon. The shape and size of silver nanoparticles were characterized using TEM. Effect of storage in ambient temperature of silver-alginate nanocomposites colloidal was carried out during 14 weeks. Investigation of antibacterial activity of silver-alginate nanocomposite was carried out using diffusion method. The results showed that, the concentration of NaOH, irradiation time, AgNO₃ concentration affect to the absorption band of the LSPR which related with the number of nanoparticles produced. Based on the TEM images, the size of silver nanoparticles increased with increasing concentration of AgNO₃. Silver-alginate nanocomposites was stable for 12 weeks based on the absorption band of the LSPR. The greater the concentration of silver nanoparticles in silver-alginate nanocomposites, tends to the higher their antibacterial properties.

Cassava waste pulp (onggok) based hydrogels were synthesis with added of acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm). The used of onggok promises superior properties such as eco-friendly, lower prices because the raw materials are available naturally in abundant quantities compared to synthetic polymers, and biodegradable. Gamma irradiation method at doses of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kGy was carried out to produced cross-linked structures. Swelling, gel fraction, physical strength, and morphology were parameters of the hydrogels. The most optimum result was obtained from the addition of 25% acrylic acid and irradiation dose of 10 kGy, with swelling of 9423%, diffusion coefficient of 0.2393, gel fraction of 75.98%, the hardness of 8.53 mJ, and elasticity modulus of 7.01 kPa.

Poliblend edible coating of suweg starch-chitosan (SSC) was prepared as a package with the addition of essential oil from sweet orange peel as antibacterial because of the high limonene content (95%) to increase the shelf life of malang's apples. There are 6 variations formulation of the suweg starch: chitosan, namely 10: 0, 9: 1, 8: 2, 7: 3, 6: 4 and 5: 5 in total volume 60 mL. Essential oil of sweet orange peel was added with variations in the concentration of essential oil is 0%; 2%; 4%, and 6%.). Furthermore, characterization was carried out by mechanical testing, Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR), solubility, and swelling of the SSC polyblend edible film and the antibacterial activity test of the SSCO polyblend edible coating on Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria before it was applied on malang's apples. Organoleptic tests and physical observations of malang's apples were carried out after the application of edible coating SSCO. The result characterization of the functional groups of polyblend edible film SSCO showed the absorption of the wave number 3373.64 cm⁻¹; 1646.32 cm⁻¹; 1570.12 cm⁻¹; 1416.78 cm⁻¹ and 1337.69 cm⁻¹; and 1040.64 cm⁻¹ with functional groups-OH, N-H, C=C, CH₃, and C-O. The variation composition affects on the physical properties of edible film SSC in the mechanical test, WVTR, and WVP with the optimum concentration edible film SSC 7: 3, while the solubility and swelling reach the optimum concentration edible film SSC of 5: 5. The addition of sweet orange peel as essential oil had an effect on the antibacterial activity of polyblend edible film SSCO with a maximum inhibition zone 16.55 mm on concentration 6% for S. aureus bacteria. Based on organoleptic test, consumers prefer edible coating SSC with the lowest essential oil content and malang's apples can last 22 days on physical performance observations.

Edible coating is one of the strategies to preserve food because it provides protection by covering the food with its coating. Pectin is one of the sources of edible coating which can be obtained from biomass. This research aims to (1) investigate the potential banana peel as the source edible coating, (2) characterize the characteristics of pectin obtained, and (3) evaluate the edible coating effect on tomato in different temperatures storage. This research used the experimental method in the laboratory. The making of edible coating solution used banana peel pectin was varied with concentration of 2% and 10% added the following additives, namely: CMC, glycerol, potassium sorbate, and stearate fatty acids. The edible coating solution was applied to tomatoes with variations of temperature storage. The results showed that: (1) banana peel has potential as source edible coating, (2) the characterizations of pectin are in accordance with standard of international pectin quality, and (3) in the room and cold temperature storage, the coating tomato is 10% better than that of 2% and without treatment seen from the shrinkage value of weight.

Recently, there has been a lot of research on the synthesis of hematite nanoparticles, due to its properties and application in renewable energy and environmental remediation. Hematite is suitable for photocatalyst material since the advantages of its properties which is stable under ambient conditions, resistance to corrosion, cheapest and have narrow band gap. However, the potential raw material which rich of iron oxide can be supplied from waste magnetic filter in ceramic tile industries. In this paper, synthetize nano particles hematite was studied using calcination method. Raw materials originated from waste magnetic filter one of ceramic manufacturer in West Java. Raw material was calcined at temperature 800 °C and 900 °C then applied as photodegradation of methylene blue. The XRD analysis showed that nanoparticles hematite was formed gradually according to calcination temperature. The best photodegradation results were obtained by 0,11 g mass nanoparticles hematite, during 3 hours under irradiation visible light.

Microfluidic chamber or channel is one important tool in the lab-on-a-chip (LoC) technology, which usually serves as a platform to contain liquid analytes. The conventional method to fabricate microfluidic chamber is based on photolithography technique. However, it is a high-cost process and requires special equipment, such as mask aligners and expensive photosensitive resist material. In this work, we fabricated the microfluidic chamber and channel using a much simpler and lower-cost technique that is using PDMS as the main material and polyimide tape as the mold. Using this method, the diameter of the microfluidic pattern (channel/chamber) could be made up to as small as 1 mm and the height of the flow channel was down to tens or hundreds of μm scale-depending on the thickness of the tape. The flow test results showed that low cost and simple microfluidic fabrication method had a good performance and could potentially be further used for real analyte flow test.

In lab-on-chip development, screen printed electrode (SPE) method is usually utilized as an electrochemical sensor. As a basic conductive material, carbon has several advantages compared to other conductive materials. SPE performance can be enhanced by using a nanomaterial due to its unique properties, such as its small size particle and large surface area that can accelerate the electron transfer on the surface of the electrode. Graphene as a carbon-based nanomaterial is an extraordinary material to work with because of its good electrical conductivity and large specific surface area. In this work, we developed a graphene paste from the water-based graphene ink with the addition of polyurethane binder material to realize a nanocarbon conductive paste, which insoluble in water and other electrolytes. Our graphene paste was deposited on the working electrode area of SPE and the performance was tested using cyclic voltammetry method. The result showed that the optimal ratio for the graphene carbon paste, polyurethane to graphene ink, was 1:15 %vol. With this ratio, the performance of the modified SPE could successfully be increased and it also showed a stable sensing performance by having a low error value, below 3%, for 7 times of repeated measurements.

Plasma Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) can be applied to degrade textile wastewater. In this study, a DBD plasma reactor was composed of two electrodes of stainless-steel mesh as the outer electrode and Cu wire as the inner electrode with pyrex glass as the dielectric barrier. The electrodes were connected to an AC voltage of 3.07 kV. As much as 1500 ml of textile wastewater has flowed continuously into the system. Variations time of treatment were 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Physical parameters of textile wastewater such as pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), and absorbance were measured before and after treatment to determine the effect of plasma. As a result, the highest degradation efficiency of 54.29% was obtained after treating the textile wastewater for 120 min.

Converting the waste cooking oil into the ozonated oil is one way to reduce environmental pollution. The synthesis of ozonized oil can be done with plasma technology using the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma method. This research aims to synthesize the ozonized waste cooking oil using DBD plasma and determine the ozone levels therein. Plasma was generated using argon and oxygen gas at a flow rate ratio of 0.6 L/min:0.4 L/min that connected to an AC voltage of 5 kV. The treatment was done with time variations of 15, 30, 45, and 60 min. The results of the treatment were investigated with UV-Vis spectrophotometer and ozonation titration. Furthermore, the reactive species present in plasma were analyzed with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). After the treatment, the waste cooking oil has a clearer color than before treatment. The absorption peaks of waste cooking oil and treatment oil were observed at 240 and 273 nm. Meanwhile, the highest ozone concentration of 0.197 ppm was achieved for 30 min plasma treatment. The results conclude that the waste cooking oil is able to be converted to the ozonated oil by DBD plasma generated in this study with high efficiency.

The increase of populatioin in the world will be accompanied by the increase of energy need. The energy is not available in all time, sometime we lack of energy and also sometime the energy is available in abundant and in turn the energy wasted to nature. Therefore efforts have to be conducted to solve the problem. One of those is to make a cell which can store the excessive energy so called a supercapacitor. The supercapacitor in this research was fabricated using an activated carbon from the palm kernel shell (PKS). The performace of biomass-based activated carbon as an electrode for Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) was investigated using the cyclic voltammetry method. The test of EDLC was conducted using three electrode system, with carbon as the working electrode, Ag/AgCl as the reference electrode, Pt as the auxiliary electrode and 0.5 M H₂SO₄ solution as the electrolyte. The carbon tested was activated carbon pyrolysis at temperature 700°C, 800°C, and 900°C. Testing was carried out by varying the scanning rate in 5 and 100 mV s⁻¹. The test was carried out using a potentiostat by settling the potential value between −0.2 V to 0.7 V. The results showed that activated carbon at 5 mV s⁻¹ has the highest capacitance value of 49.76 F/g. It is also noted that the specific capacitance decreased by increasing scanning rates.

Borotellurite glasses with composition (in mol%): 57B₂O₃–20TeO₂–15Bi₂O₃–3TiO₂–(4-x)Na₂O–1Tm₂O₃-xHo₂O₃ (where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5) have been fabricated and characterized aims at studying their density, molar volume and refractive index. Glasses were fabricated by melt quenching method. Density measurements were carried at room temperature using picnometer while their refractive indices were determined by applying Brewster angle method. It is observed that both density and molar volume tend to increase with increasing Ho³⁺ ions concentration. The density, molar volume as well as refractive index of the reported glass increases from 4.72 to 4.91 g/cm³, 31.80 – 32.18 cm³/mol, 1.4906 to 1.7253, respectively, with increasing holmium oxide (Ho2O3) concentration. Other properties characterized the glasses were also derived, including oxygen packing density, field strength and polaron radius.

Gas emission of the motor vehicle is a major contributor to climate change, with a total of 14% emission annually, and the best potential option for reducing pollution is using the adsorption method. Magnesium oxide (MgO) has been proven as an effective adsorbent for liquid and gases. The impregnation of MgO on porous structure increases the affinity toward nonpolar gases, which is one of the purposes of this study. The crystallite structure is also a key factor that determines the adsorption capacity of activated carbon (AC). However, deeper analysis is needed in the activated carbon crystallite structure represented by d₀₀₂ (aromatic layer), Lc (crystallite height), and La (crystallite diameter) on the adsorption of motor vehicle gas emissions. Three types of palm shell-based activated carbon were tested in this experiment. The results showed that activated carbon made using the two-step method and the AC/MgO produced surface structure with a d₀₀₂ value of 0.33 nm and 0.32 nm, respectively. The impregnation of MgO on AC showed changes in surface structure and affected its crystallinity. The ability to adsorb CO₂ and CO by AC/MgO increase up to 80% and 88%, respectively.

The preparation of graphene material is possibly conducted using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using hydrogen, argon, and acetylene gases using a copper substrate. The use of different substrates, especially glass-based substrates, has not been widely studied. Therefore, in the present study, we analyzed the chemical and physical characteristics of the carbon materials grown in CVD on a different substrate, i.e., copper foil and quartz substrate. The XRD analysis of the carbon materials produced shows a definitive peak for carbon which is in broad feature and left-shifted to 2θ around 23°. Raman spectroscopy's characterization shows that the material grown on copper foil revealed a 2D band, appearing around 2600 cm⁻¹, which was absent for the carbon material deposited on the quartz substrate. Physically, the carbon powder produced is hydrophobic, light, and black. The structural character of the graphene material observed by using the electron microscope consists of overlapped layers. The FTIR analysis shows that the material growth on copper foil and quartz substrate has C=C bond, concluded that the material produced as graphene-like nanomaterials.

The Cu(II)-phenylhydrazine complex was synthesized and characterized by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry, molar conductivity, infrared spectroscopy and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The metal complex was prepared through reaction of 1:4 mole ratio of CuSO₄5H₂O to phenylhydrazine ligand in methanol at room temperature for 15 minutes. The peak shifting in the electronic spectra to the smaller maximum wavelength than copper salt from 815 nm to 518 nm indicated the formation of the complex. The copper content in the complex was 13.93% which was according to the empirical formula of Cu(phenylhydrazine)₂(SO₄)(H₂O)n (n= 4,5, or 6). Thermal analysis showed the release of five water molecules as hydrate and the electrical conductivity showed that the complex was nonelectrolyte. The complex was paramagnetic with an effective magnetic moment of 1.93 BM. The broadness band peak of the electronic spectra at 19531 cm⁻¹ showed the d-d transition. The studies confirmed that the ligand is monodentate and the proposed formula of the complex was [Cu(phenylhydrazine)₂(SO₄)]·5H₂O with square planar geometry.

Complexes of copper(II) with aminobenzothiazole are synthesized by mixing CuSO₄.5H₂O with aminobenzothiazole in 1:4 mole ratio of metal to ligan in methanol and stirres for three hours. The forming of complex was indicated by the shift of maximum wavelength to the shorter wavelength (823 nm to 731 nm) show transition ²B1_g → ²A_1g. The formula of complexes are predicted from analysis metal in complexes by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) and cooper content is 9.54%. Electrical conductivity measurements resulted in non-electrolite. Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analyzer (TG/DTA) showed that the complex contained two H2O molecules. The IR spectral data showed a shift in the absorption of the NH2 functional group indicating that the functional group is coordinated to the Cu(II) monodentately. The nature of the magnetic complex was determined by Magnetic Susceptibility Balance (MSB) which results in μ_eff was 1.83 ± 0.04 BM indicating that the complex was paramagnetic.

The focus of this research is to conduct techno-economic analysis for investment on purification system of transformer oil in offshore oil and gas industry. The challenges of the purification system are the design shall be appropriate for limited space area, no production disruption (works online), and conducted without discharging from the pipe / transformer system in accordance with regulations. The methodology of this research is conducting literature study and review to previous researches and using existing contract data and manufacturer's offering which applied in oil & gas industry of Indonesia. The result is the most appropriate purification system is the combination of filtration – degassing & dehydration – filtration methods, 70 cm x 70 cm x 125 cm in dimension. The investment is good in economic value which indicated by IRR value 25.24%, NPV IDR 2,425,529,703, and payback period 4.35 years.

Three catalysts were synthesized by the impregnation method using copper as an active metal and mordenite as a support material. The metal loading was set at 0, 4 and 8 %wt, respectively. The used copper salt solutions were collected as filtrate and analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) to predict the metal content was successfully loaded onto mordenite. For a further step, catalysts are activated through the calcination and reduction process. The metal content was further confirmed by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and the results were not much different compared to AAS analysis. It was obtained that copper metals were successfully impregnated on the catalyst as 3.74 %wt for Cu/MOR 4 and 5.52 %wt for Cu/MOR 8. Meanwhile, the catalysts were also characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and then followed by match with a mordenite standard diffractogram. Further diffractogram analysis was carried out by the Le Bail method to get semi-quantitative data of metal phases on catalysts. Mordenite phase was consistently obtained as the main content of all catalysts, over 99%. The copper phase at Cu/MOR 4 catalyst was consisted of Cu, Cu(OH)₂ and Cu₂O. In contrast, Cu/MOR 8 catalysts showed no Cu(OH)₂ phase on it, but Cu and Cu₂O still found.

The formation of Fe-Cr alloy phase was analyzed using X_Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique to improve the synthesis process of the Oxide Dispersion Strengthened (ODS) steel. Synthesis of the ODS steel was performed using powder metallurgy method with a difference milling time of 3 hours, 5 hours and 7 hours. The phase composition and structure parameters of the Fe-Cr phase was analyzed by processing the diffraction data using the software of Rietveld refinement HighScore Plus. The crystallite size and microstrain of the alloy was calculated by the Williamson-Hall equation plot method. Results of the refinement analysis showed that the Fe-Cr alloying process has been successful for samples with milling time of 3 and 7 minutes. The milling time in the synthesis process change the crystallite size and micro-strain of the Fe-Cr alloys formed.

One of the most important things to use UAV is navigation control. Navigation control is a way to adjust the direction of the quadcopter movements according to the command of the pilot. Natural User Interface (NUI) is a new way to interact with a system as navigation control. In this study, a wearable device was made that can detect hand gestures and gives instructions to the Dji Tello drone. The MPU6050 sensor is used to provide response in two dimensional axes. The complementary filter implements low pass filter on the accelerometer and integrates the value of the gyroscope with the previous angle output. After that, the value will be fed to the high pass filter. The results of the two filters will obtain stable angle, by adjusting the filter coefficient and the sampling time. The aim of complementary filter method is to reduce noise in angular transformation when the pilot makes hand gestures. Based on the experiments, the results show that hand gestures could give command for Dji Tello drone movements successfully. Therefore, it has been proven that the hand gesture can be used for the navigation control system on the Dji Tello drone.

In this study, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fibre membrane was modified by adding TiO₂. TiO₂ presence affects the membrane structure becomes more less hydrophobic which makes the membrane less fouling. Membranes were made via dry-wet spinning method and calcined under vacuum condition by furnace (100, 300, and 500 °C). Besides, PVDF-TiO₂ uncalcined membrane were also prepared as comparison to investigated the effect of calcination on hollow fibre membrane's functional groups. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra indicated that all PVDF-TiO₂ membranes have bands of OH in the TiO₂ at ∼1600 cm⁻¹. Peaks of α-phase PVDF crystals appeared at ∼876, ∼876, and ∼872 cm⁻¹ for uncalcined, 100 and 300 °C, while for 500 °C the PVDF peak only shows at 874 cm⁻¹. The peaks at ∼1200 cm⁻¹ represent CF₂ groups. Peaks at ∼1400 cm⁻¹ assigned to CH₂ groups, but it does not observed for 500 °C. Deconvolution by Fityk software that shows calcination using vacuum condition gives the compounds gradually decomposes. At high temperature calcination lead the CH₂ peak extremely lost.

Nanocomposites are commonly used as fillers with size at the nanoscale and have low loading, have the potential to match or significantly improve performance to supply conventional composites. Graphene oxide (GO), an oxidative exfoliating product of natural graphite, has attracted much attention due to its excellent strengthening effect on polymers. Young modifications of the GO sheet and the strong interaction interface between GO and the matrix polymer. Therefore, graphene oxide is expected to offer a promising nanoscale for the next generation of nanocomposite materials. Besides that, silica precipitate a critical materials used in many applications worlwide. Silica Precipitates have become key fillers in nanocomposites due to their properties which can improve mechanical properties. In this study, Chitosan-based Nanocomposite Films have been made by casting methods. The effect of graphene oxide and silica precipitates on the chitosan film and their properties were investigated. Graphene oxide used in this study was synthesized with chemicals from pure graphite using the Hummer Method. Graphene oxide produced from the hummer method was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope. Silica precipitates in this study uses cristobalite phase of silica. The measurement results of the mechanical properties of nanocomposite films show that adding christobalite phase of silica precipitate content in composites increases the tensile strengh of 21.3 Mpa and higher than addition of GO in the chitosan films. Meanwile, addition of GO in chitosan film increases the young modulus up to 2.73 Gpa.

High purity Silica precipitate is very potential materials which can be utilized for many applications for high grade silicon, filler, photovoltaic, catalytic chemical, etc. Indonesia has abundant natural resources including quartz sand as raw materials for making high purity silica precipitate. Silica precipitate is made by roasting quartz sand forming sodium silicate solution. In order to obtain high purity silica precipitate, purification of sodium silicate solution is needed. In this study, purification of sodium silicate solution is performed by adsorption process of metal ion manganese (Mn) using chitosan as adsorbent. The experiment was done using batch technique. The variation of adsorption process was performed to get optimum conditions such as sample concentration, adsorbent mass, contact time, pH and temperature. The adsorption of metal ions of Mn was analyzed by atomic adsorption spectroscopy. The result of experiment shows that the best mass of chitosan for Mn adsorption process is 0.2 grams which gives percentage adsorption of 56.63%. The optimum contact time is 30 minutes, it results percentage adsorption of 52.5%. The optimum pH 3 gives adsorption percentage of 58.67%. And the best temperature for adsorption is at 60 °C with the percentage adsorption of 65.72%. Adsorption mechanism of metal ion Mn follow the isotherm model of langmuir and freundlich with the linearity value of R² = 0.99 and 0.98 respectively.

Er³+-doped tellurite glasses with chemical compositions (in mol%): 55TeO2-35ZnO-(5+x)PbO-2Bi2O3-(2-x)Na2O-Er2O3 with x = 0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5 and 2.0) were synthesized and explored their physical and optical properties. Density and refractive index were measured at room temperature and other physical properties such as ionic packing ratio, field strength, polaron radius, internuclear distance and molar refraction were derived. It was found that Na₂O substitution by PbO causes both refractive index and glass density increase.

This research aims to determine the ability of andisol which is composited with TiO₂ as a degrading agent of Rhodamine B dye. The composite was made by sonication and calcination. Each material was characterized by FTIR and XRD. Photodegradation was carried out under a UV lamp with variation of the degradation time for 1, 2, and 3 hours. While the pH variation was carried out at 3, 5, 7, and 9. The photodegradation results were tested using UV Vis spectrophotometer at wavelength of 552 nm. Based on these results, the optimum conditions for photodegradation at pH 5 with irradiation time of 2 hours was 39.55%.

Chromium (VI) is major heavy metal found in textile industry wastewater that cause environmental pollution. Biosorption of heavy metals by using algae biomass has emerged as a cost-effective and efficient alternative technology. This study aims to develop algae (Chara fragilis sp) biomass as adsorbent for Cr (VI) metal ion in aqueous solution.

In this study, the optimum conditions of the absorption of biomass Chara fragilis sp. to Cr (VI) ions was determined on the parameters of the optimum contact time and adsorbent mass. Cr (IV) was analyzed by using AAS and the pattern of adsorption isotherms was determined. The results showed that Chara fragilis sp biomass has clear ability in adsorbing Cr (VI) ion in aquoeus solution with optimum contact time was 40 min and the adsorbent mass was 1 g. Under those optimum conditions, the percentage of absorption of Cr (VI) were 24% and 27%, respectively. The adsorption isotherm of Chara fragilis followed the Freundlich pattern, which showed that adsorption mechanism occured physically.

Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate has the ability to moisturize the skin, regenerate cells, increase skin elasticity, and hide fine lines. This research aims to discover the stability and effectiveness of anti-aging cream made from Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate in regenerating and hydrating skin. The anti-aging cream formulation was made by varying the concentration of Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate (0%,3%,5%,7%) and then the physical properties stability was evaluated. The best formula was going to be tested for its ability to regenerate the mouse's skin cells that had erythema, and hydrated the respondent's skin. In addition, an antioxidant activity was tested on pure Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate and Vitamin C as the positive control. The results showed that the F2 Cream had the best physical properties stability evaluation results. The F2 Cream had the better ability to regenerate the mouse's skin cells than the positive and negative control groups (the erythema diameter was 4.33 ± 4.04 mm), and was also able to increase the skin moisture of 12 respondents who participated in the research. The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that Potassium Azeloyl Diglycinate belonged to the very weak antioxidant group (IC₅₀:83.946.587 ppm), while Vitamin C belonged to the very strong antioxidant group (IC₅₀:1.684 ppm).

Inulin is one of fiber and carbohydrates sources derived from plants. In the medical fields, inulin is used for prebiotic and antibacterial agent. Inulin is generally supplied by importing from America and England. Gembili is an Indonesia local tuber that is reported to have potential as a high source of inulin. In this study, the biosynthesis process was carried out using silver nitrate to produce a better properties and more effective than starting material. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of biosynthesis nanosilver using inulin gembili in variational solubility temperature of inulin at 25 °C and 60 °C to produce the expected particle size and antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli bacterias. The results of this study are biosynthesis nanosilver using inulin gembili that dissolved at temperature of 25 °C produce particle size of 29.8 nm, whereas at temperature of 60 °C produces 35.4 nm. Meanwhile, variations in temperature of inulin solubility did not show any significant difference towards silver nitrate control in the antibacterial activity test against S.aureus and E.coli, even though the FTIR spectra showed that interaction between functional groups of silver nitrate and inulin gembili. Therefore, in this study, inulin function as a capping agent and did not induce the antibacterial activity of silver nitrate.

The present study aimed to investigate mountain papaya fruit extract (MFE) and bitter melon fruit extract (BFE) supplementation on aspartate transaminase enzyme in diabetic rat models. Aspartate transaminase (AST) is one of the enzymes produced when liver damage occurs by free radicals. MFE and BFE contain flavonoids that have antioxidant activity to neutralize free radicals. Forty rats were divided into 8 groups (n=5) such as normal control, 0.25 % CMC-Na as negative control, silymarin at dose 100 mg/kg body weight (b.w) as positive control, and treatment groups by 174 mg/kg b.w MFE, 380 mg/kg b.w BFE, MFE:BFE (75:25)%, MFE:BFE (50:50)%, MFE:BFE (25:75)% orally. Alloxan at dose 150 mg/kg b.w used intraperitoneally for induction. AST level measured before the induction of alloxan (pretest), on day 7^th, 14^th, and 21^st after treatment. The data of AST levels were analyzed statistically using One Way ANOVA and Post Hoc LSD. The results showed that all combined extract and single-dose could significantly reduce AST levels (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control group. The effect of a single extract dose was not significantly different (p > 0.05) with combination to reduce AST levels.

Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) gene variants (rs1057910) cause inter-individual drug dose variability. Polymerase chain reaction confronting two-pair primers (PCR-CTPP) is cost effective and time-saving method. Before genotyping a large number of samples, the PCR-CTPP need to be optimized. This research aimed to optimize PCR CTPP in order to identify rs1057910 CYP2C9 gene variant in Surakarta. Forty deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) samples were obtained from Universitas Sebelas Maret Hospital. The optimization steps were determining of two-pair primer ratio and the optimum PCR annealing temperature (Ta). The PCR-CTPP results were analyzed directly by agarose gel electrophoresis. The optimum Ta was at C using outer (Foward1-Reverse2) and inner (Foward2-Reverse1) primer ratio of 1:2. From 40 DNA samples, CYP2C9*1/*1 (92.5%) and CYP2C9*1/*3 (7.5%) were observed based on PCR-CTPP and sequencing results. The PCR-CTPP optimization method successfully identified the rs1057910 CYP2C9 gene variants. The results were consistent with validation using DNA sequencing.

One of the potential candidates as a drug delivery agent that has been widely developed is mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN), which has several unique features. The high surface area and pore volume, tunable size particle, biocompatibility, and non-toxic are great features promising drug delivery carriers. The optimum condition to load the drug onto MSN is needed to maximize the loading of drugs. The drug loading is influenced by factors, such as silica to drug ratio, time, and pH condition. In this study, we had conducted the optimization of drug loading into MSN by implemented the Box-Behnken design of experiments. Also, the influence of each factor can be obtained through statistical calculation. The results showed that silica to drug ratio and pH condition significantly affect the loading capacity of MSN. The optimum condition obtained at silica to drug ratio, time, and pH conditions is 1, 48, and 3, respectively.

The present research aimed to investigate the acute toxicity effects of eel (Anguilla bicolor bicolor) oil on liver and kidney function after oral administration in mice. Eel is one of marine biodiversity and fish consumed in many countries, especially Japan, China, and Indonesia. Toxic effect symptoms were observed for 14 days. On the 15th day, the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), histology profile of liver, creatinine, and histology profile of kidney were measured. The current result showed the LD50 value of eel oil was > 15 g/kg b.w, which categorized practically nontoxic. Eel oil didn't affect the toxic effect symptoms on ALT level, lever histology profile, and creatinine level. Histology profile observation showed that eel oil effects on the histological profile of mice kidney with moderate injury level (26-50%).

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a protein transporter as an active efflux pump of many xenobiotics. P-gp plays an important role in the pharmacokinetic process that it will affect the bioavailability of the drug. Secondary metabolites of alkaloids are known to be P-gp inhibitors which can modulate P-gp expression so it will increase the bioavailability of various drugs. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of alkaloid administration as a P-gp inhibitor on the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). This research is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR). Articles were retrieved from the Science Direct and Pubmed databases from 2000 to 2020 with the inclusion criteria are P-gp substrate used as a synthetic drug also has a pharmacokinetic profile measurement and exclusion criteria are articles in English and there were no duplication of articles. SLR research results show that secondary metabolites of alkaloids can significantly change the pharmacokinetic parameters of P-gp substrate such as the area under curve (AUC), peak plasma concentrations (C_max) and time to reach Cmax (T_max), clearance (Cl), distribution volume (Vd) and half-life (T_1/2) in white rats (Rattus norvegicus). Therefore, it shows that alkaloids can act as P-gp inhibitors.

Cisplatin is a chemotherapy agent in the treatment of cervical cancer. However, due to drug resistance and its side effects are much needed an agent that can be combined with cisplatin. Parijoto fruit (Medinilla speciosa Reinw.ex.Bl) have potential cytotoxic effect derived from natural ingredients. The study aims to determine the potential cytotoxic effects of ethyl acetate and n-hexane extract from Parijoto fruit calculated from the value of IC₅₀ and the profile of these extract on normal cell. The determination of the cytotoxic effect of Parijoto fruit extract using MTT assay that the results can be read absorption by using ELISA reader. Data analysis is calculated by linear regression methods by using Microsoft Excel software. Results showed that ethyl acetate and n-hexane of parijoto fruit performed cytotoxic effect on HeLa cell line with IC₅₀ respectively, 352,9 μg/mL; 904,7 μg/mL while the value of ethyl acetate and n-hexane of parijoto fruit performed cytotoxic effect on WiDr cell line with IC₅₀ respectively, 554,9 μg/mL; 434,4 μg/mL. Data analysis showed that the cytotoxicity effect of nonpolar extract from parijoto fruit is include in the moderate cytotoxic category.

Rhodamine B is a coloring agent which is prohibited to add in food. Rhodamine B often used to color food product, beverage, and cosmetics. Rhodamine B is a synthetic coloring agent used in the textile and paper industry, this synthetic coloring agent is dangerous when inhaled, affects the eyes and skin, and is swallowed. The purpose of this study was to identify and know the levels of rhodamine B in geplak samples circulating in the city of Yogyakarta. Geplak samples studied amounted to 5 samples taken from souvenir shops in the city of Yogyakarta. The method used to identify rhodamine B in geplak was soaking the samples in ammonia to pull out rhodamine B dyes using wool yarn, followed by identification using thin layer chromatography with the mobile phase of n-butanol: ethyl acetate: ammonia (10: 4: 5). Then it was detected with UV light of 254 nm and 366 nm. The analysis of rhodamine B levels and the maximum wavelength of the sample was carried out using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the 5 samples examined by thin layer chromatography or UV-Vis spectrophotometry were not identified as containing rhodamine B.

Eugenol is a phenolic compound that has hydroxy and allyl groups in its structure. Eugenol can be transformed into its derivative through esterification and addition reactions. Esters can be synthesized through Fischer esterification reactions using concentrated HCl as catalyst. The use of HCl as catalyst in esterification of eugenol may form 4-(2-chloropropyl)-2-methoxyphenol from hydrohalogenation reaction between the allyl eugenol and HCl. The purpose of this study was to determine the formation of a 4-(2-chloropropyl) 2-methoxyphenol compound as a result of hydrohalogenation reaction eugenol and ketoprofen using HCl as catalyst and to find out the identification of the compound. The results showed that synthesis of 4-(2-chloropropyl)-2-methoxyphenol compound as eugenol derivative was formed by hydrohalogenation reactions. The compound was identified based on the results of the analysis using FTIR, GC-MS, and HPLC instruments.

UV light and air pollution are sources of free radicals that can trigger skin problems. Skin problems can be overcome by using skin treatments that contain antioxidant compounds so that oxidation reactions derived from free radicals can be inhibited (Halliwell and Gutteridge, 2000). Skin care that can overcome skin problems is body scrub preparation. Body scrub cream-based preparations consists of oil and water phase, emulgator, and abrasives. Oilseed press cake or residual product of nyamplung (tamanu) oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.) has characteristics as an abrasiver and reported degree of hydrolysis that can counteract free radicals using the DPPH method through a % RSA value of 39.82%. Oilseed press cake of nyamplung will be developed as a raw material for the formulation of body scrub that have added value. Body scrub formulation was done by optimizing the emulgator material (stearic acid and triethanolamine) using Expert Design software D-Optimal and the optimal emulgator concentration was obtained (stearic acid 3% and triethanolamine 1%) and physical in stability of the optimum formulation is tested in 28 days in 1,2,3 and 4 week at room temperature by looking at the parameters of organoleptic physical properties, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion test. Based on physicaly examination, it showed that the formula of oilseed press cake of nyamplung body scrub for 28 days at room temperature is a semi-solid, brown color and smells of apple, pH value is 7,647 ± 0.128; the viscosity value is 3.633.33 ± 152.75 dPas; spreadability is 3,87 ± 0.20 cm, and adhesiveness is 2,3 ± 0,04 second.

Crumb rubber is tire retreading waste which is classified as a hazardous material because it can pollute the environment. In an effort to create an environment free of pollution, one of the efforts is to reuse it as building material. In this research, crumb rubber will be used to modify the 60/70 penetration bitumen to have a better performance as crack filler on roads that are damaged in the form of cracks. As crack filler the material must have resistance to softening at high pavement temperatures during the day. In this study, crack filler was examined in the form of penetrating asphalt with the addition of additives, namely Crumb Rubber. The result parameters are based on ASTM D5078 standards and testing procedures based on ASTM D5329, where tests include softening point, cone penetration, resilience and asphalt compatibility testing. The results show that the addition of 27 % CR to 60/70 penetration asphalt can increase the hardness of the asphalt, the softening point value, the resilience or recovery value which means reduced vulnerability to temperature.

Slurry seal is a mixture of asphalt emulsion, fine aggregate, mineral filler, water, and other added ingredients are mixed evenly without heating and is spread over the surface of the pavement with a maximum thickness of 10 mm. This study was conducted to determine the relationship of the depth texture and skid resistance resulting from the modification of the aggregate and filler slurry seal based texture depth test of sand patches. Slurry seal is made using basalt stone aggregate filler Ordinary Protland Cement (OPC), limestone filler aggregate OPC and aggregate rock with filler standard OPC composition: High Calcium Fly Ash 50%: 50%. Increasing the texture depth will add road surface roughness. Slurry seal with basalt stone aggregate having the largest texture depth is 1.837 mm so as to provide the greatest improvement of skid resistance. Texture depth slurry seal with limestone aggregate is 1,767 mm that mean increasing skid resistance. Slurry seal standard aggregate has a depth of 1,673 mm texture which represents an increase skid resistance smallest slurry seal between basalt stone aggregate and limestone. Slurry seal with cheapest price is limestone slurry seal aggregate Rp. 44,817.00 / m2 compared basalt aggregate Rp. 45,085.00 / m2 and a standard stone mixture of cement and fly ash filler Rp. 44,914.00 / m².

Porous concrete design with selected gradation and the developed method is proven to be able to withstand light traffic loads and pass water so that rainwater can be used optimally and keep the ground surface remains a green open area. Porous Concrete is a special concrete material produced with aggregate, cement and water with high porosity, which is between 15 to 30 %, so that water can be easily to pass. The main function of porous concrete is as a concrete pavement covering the soil surface with the aim that water can easily flow under the concrete layer, and thus the excess surface water will be reabsorbed into the ground, rather than just being wasted into the sea, the method of producing porous concrete has been patented. The mixture creates an open cell structure, allowing rainwater to penetrate the underlying land. It can be used for low-traffic areas. Porous concrete that uses one size aggregate or uniform aggregate has low compressive strength but good permeability. Porous concrete at 28 days age has a compressive strength between 3 to 28 MPa with a porosity of 14 to 31 % and a permeability ranging from 0.25 to 6.1 mm / second.

The Kamijoro Dam is very useful to support increased agricultural production, especially to strengthen food self-sufficiency and supply of raw water. The authors redesigned the Kamijoro dam. Based on observations, there is a dam potential to increase its capacity and function by first redesigning the initial planning. In order to redesign the Kamijoro dam, value engineering analysis was applied. The value engineering results are compared with the initial design to obtain a better, more effective and efficient dam design. The way to compare it is to use the evaluation matrix method. From the planned peak length of the dam 161 meters, dam discharge of 13.171 m³ / sec / m1, the fulfillment of raw water is 500 l / s with a project value of Rp. 188.799.932.000,-. Based on the analysis of technical values, by reducing the width of the dam, we obtained several performance optimizations. Among them are the dam spanning 125 peaks, flow rate of 17.90 m³ / second / meter, raw water requirement of 600 liters / second and the project value of Rp. 183.229.730.000,-With a slight cost efficiency of the project value of about 2.95%, a more optimal dam function and performance were obtained.

Longsegment is a road maintenance system on a contract basis to service providers throughout the fiscal year. In implementing longsegment contracts, service providers are required to have good quality materials so that road maintenance is maintained in quality, this causes the costs incurred to be efficient. This research will discuss how effective the longsegment road maintenance system is so that it can achieve a more efficient implementation cost for road maintenance. This research method is to measure the performance of roads handled by conventional contracts and longsegment contracts in terms of the final results of road conditions as assessed by the International Roughness Index (IRI) and Surface Distress Index (SDI) methods, then analyze the effectiveness of the contract system on the costs incurred by the user. The results showed that road performance carried out in 2016 by conventional contracting resulted in road stability of 88.79% at a cost of Rp. 87,912,696,000.00 while road performance using the longsegment contract system implemented since 2017 resulted in road stability. 95.29% with a fee of Rp. 75,312,723,000.00; road stability is 95.97% at a cost of Rp.70.026300.000.00; road stability is 90.42% at a cost of Rp. 24,014,464,000.00. From the results of road conditions and costs incurred for road preservation, it can be concluded that longsegment road maintenance is more effective than conventional contracts.

Most local governments in Indonesia experienced problems in developing pavements on expansive soil as observed in the damages to the road segment due to the conditions of the soil and excessive traffic loads. This has led to the rehabilitation of the road pavement by designing a continuous rigid structure without reinforcement. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse and evaluate the condition of a jointed plain concrete pavement (JPCP) structure without reinforcement based on the results of deflection and tensile stress. The process involved the application of Manual Road Pavement method to determine the pavement thickness as well as the use of analytical and numerical analysis to produce tensile and deflection values at CBR variations of 2% to 6%. Moreover, loads were applied at the edge and centre of the concrete plates and the results from the two methods of analysis were compared to determine the usefulness of different types of reinforced rigid pavement on the conditions of expansive soil subgrade. Meanwhile, the jointed plain concrete pavement analysis without reinforcement produced a 25 cm thick concrete plate and the thickness was further analysed analytically and numerically using variations in CBR values from 2% to 6%. The deflection and tensile stress values, however, met the maximum limit required.

A masonry wall can withstand the compressive, tensile, and shear forces, besides that, a masonry wall can add rigidity to the building structure. The stiffness contributed by the masonry wall can influence the stiffness of the global structure. The contribution of stiffness to masonry walls is linear until the walls are damaged. The linear limit of the behaviour of masonry infill reinforced concrete portal can be used as the first criterion of damage (damage state). This study aims to determine the limit criteria for damage to reinforced concrete masonry wall buildings. The types of bricks used are normal bricks, Z bricks, Z hook bricks. The portal structure of masonry infill reinforced concrete was analyzed using the stiffness approach in the matrix formulation, where the wall stiffness was assumed to be a strut. The strut stiffness is determined based on the masonry panel shear test. The amount of lateral deformation on the portal when the internal shear force on the strut element reaches the wall shear strength limit is used as a limit for the linear behaviour of the masonry-filled reinforced concrete portal.

The purpose of this research is to calculate the price of basic production mixed asphalt with fuel shells palm oil and diesel fuel in blow dryer asphalt mixing plant. The research is quantitative descriptive that focuses on the subject of study by decomposing, analyzes, and collect data the subject of study by a process of interviews and data collection secondary to Asphalt Mixing Plant (AMP). The process of data analysis to determine prices basic production uses the activity based costing who reckoning based on activity his job. The result of this research is the price basic the production of mixed asphalt Rp 916.821,10 per 1000 kg mixed asphalt. While the difference between the price production basic mixed asphalt with fuel shell palm oil with diesel fuel is Rp 66.837,44 or the cost of goods production mixed asphalt with fuel palm shell 6, 8 % for cheaper production of mixed asphalt use diesel fuel.

Asphalt mixing plant (AMP) is a set of tools used to produce hot mix asphalt (HMA) in a location/place. This study is intended to determine the energy use of diesel fuel sets in the production process by measuring the energy use of both types of fuel including fuel consumption and energy, temperature, and the quantity of production from HMA in the AMP. The conclusion of this research is that changes in temperature and length of time of production will affect the use of diesel fuel and energy use, with the longer the production time and the temperature instability to heat the aggregate in the dryer, it will consume huge fuel and energy usage and the results of the calculation analysis were also obtained by producing a HMA weighing 130.640 tons requires consumption of diesel fuel of 1,477.25 liters which is equivalent to the fuel consumption of oil palm shell waste of 6.01 ton and also which is equivalent to energy use of 52,280.99 MJ, for each production of 1 ton of HMA required consumption of diesel fuel of 11.31 liters. Meanwhile, to increase 1°C requires 8.09 liters of diesel fuel consumption which is equivalent to energy use of 290.16 MJ.

The polymer is the type of additional material which has high adhesion and is deformable. This study aims to determine the effect of additional polymer against the value of the compressive creep, as well as to predict the long-term creep value based on existing short-term data and the possible error value. The method used in this research is to experiment in the laboratory. The object used in the study is a cylinder with a diameter of 75 mm and a height of 275 mm. The variations in polymer content that are used were 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% of the cement weight. The data obtained on the creep values that occurred during the 84-day test The data analysis showed that the addition of polymer content in the repair mortar tended to decrease the creep value. The greater the polymer content, the smaller the creep value that will decrease. In the calculation of the obtained creep prediction, it showed a difference when compared to direct measurement. As the predicted value obtained has a large error value, it is necessary to modify the formula to get a more precise prediction.