Table of contents

'International Conference on Research Frontiers in Sciences' (ICRFS-2021) is an inaugural conference hosted by G H Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India which is sponsored by GHR Labs & Research Center, in association with Materials Research Society of India (MRSI), Luminescence Society of India (LSI), The Indian Society of Analytical Scientists (ISAS), Nagpur Chapter and Forum for Interdisciplinary Research in Mathematical Sciences (FIRMS). It was held on 5th & 6th February 2021 and due to COVID pandemic was conducted online via WebEx platform. Besides the regular papers and interactive presentations, the conference also featured plenary talk, keynotes addresses and Invited talks. Thirteen renowned speakers across the globe presented their talks on cutting-edge research in their disciplines to researchers who are from interdisciplinary fields and addressed questions that deal with major research problems and distinctive tools of different fields.

The goal of this conference is to bring together some of the best budding researchers for deliberating exciting advances and opportunities in their respective fields. Such platforms encourage participants to have a learning experience through sessions and discussions. The papers submitted to ICRFS-2021 Conference were single-blind peer-reviewed, at least by two independent referees mainly consists of researchers and academicians and passed through several stages of editing procedure. Out of 167 submissions received, 157 were accepted and 144 delegates from 6 countries (United States, India, Ethiopia, Israel, Saudi Arabia and Oman) from sciences and various field of engineering and technology presented their papers in 16 parallel technical sessions. Based on the technical, quality and presentation, best papers were selected from each technical session and were awarded during valedictory function. A compendium of submitted research papers that represents the significant results of this conference has been selected to publish in this volume.

The theme of the conference is related to basic and advanced sciences. The track-wise themes are as follows which is not only limited to the given areas.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind

• Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions?

The opportunity to resubmit the papers post corrections were executed upon thorough reviews.

• Conference submission management system: Easychair.org

• Number of submissions received: 167

• Number of submissions sent for review: 157

• Number of submissions accepted:154

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 94.01 %

• Average number of reviews per paper: 02

• Total number of reviewers involved: 61

• Any additional info on review process (i.e. plagiarism check system): For each paper the similarity index was determined by the organisers using Turn it in software. Papers with less than 15 % plagiarism were considered for review process. The reviewers thoroughly examined allotted papers in line with the laid down criteria to maintain good quality, presentation and technical standards. They provided remarks for upgradation of quality of papers allotted to them and also provided an overall evaluation (strong accept, accept, weak accept, borderline paper, weak reject, reject, strong reject), and specified their confidence (expert, high, medium, low, none) regarding their competency as a reviewer.

• Contact person for queries: Dr. Bhavana Butey; butey.bhavana@raisoni.net

Nonlinear maps are often used to model dynamical systems in engineering and sciences. In some cases, the entire memory dictates the time evolution of the system. Fractional-order maps have been proposed to model such situations. In a spatially extended system, different parts of the system may respond to memory differently. We propose a mixed order system where one variable has a fractional-order evolution while the other variable has integer-order evolution. It models an inhomogeneous system where certain variables retain memory while certain others do not. It is also relevant to control problems where fractional or integer-order control may be useful for achieving the desired state. In two coupled gauss maps, we consider unidirectional as well as bidirectional coupling. Bifurcation diagram of the system has been studied for various values of fractional-order parameter α. In particular, we study synchronization in these systems.

In aluminium industry, it is very important to know the type or grade of aluminium metals and its composition present within the aluminium metals using non-destructive testing (NDT). A method is required which is unique and help to know the type of the aluminium material in order to characterize the aluminium samples. Ultrasonic testing is one of the best NDT techniques which are used for characterization of properties of the material. Recently it is observed that ultrasonic testing parameters are significantly depends on microstructural or mechanical properties of materials and the parameters are affected by change in structural properties of materials. To extract the more information from ultrasonic signals, signal processing techniques are the best tools which are using now days. In this paper new technique is introduced to obtain the concentration of aluminium in aluminium material in terms of ultrasonic parameters hardness, velocity, attenuation & modulus of elasticity by using linear regression analysis using Statistical package for Social Sciences i.e., SPSS statistics. The regression equation which is obtained to calculate aluminium percentage is compared with the experimental value of aluminium percentage in the materials. In the present paper the accuracy or reliability of the mathematical model has been estimated. To estimate the aluminium percentage in aluminium this type of model will be very helpful.

Tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are applied in various high rise buildings to reduce wind induced and seismic vibration response of the structures. This paper reviews various techniques to optimize design variables of TMDs i.e. damping ratio, period and mass. The optimization problem of TMD deals with TMD frequency tuning to different frequency modes of vibration of structures. The application of novel optimization approaches such as genetic algorithm and modified bat algorithms are reviewed in this paper.

We study a strongly Non-Markovian variant of random walk in which the probability of visiting a given site i is a function f of number of previous visits v(i) to the site. If the probability is inversely proportional to number of visits to the site, say f(i)=1/(v(i)+1)^α the probability distribution of visited sites tends to be flat for α>0 compared to simple random walk. For f(i)=exp(-v(i)), we observe a distribution with two peaks. The origin is no longer the most probable site. The probability is maximum at site k(t) which increases in time. For f(i)=exp(-v(i)) and for α>0 the properties do not change as the walk ages. However, for α<0, the properties are similar to simple random walk asymptotically. We study lattice covering time for these functions. The lattice covering time scales as N^z, with z=2, for α ≤ 0, z>2 for a >0 and z<2 for f(i)=exp(-v(i)).

This is an extended work of the authors on coupled logistic maps with delayed linear, or non-linear nearest neighbor coupling. Here we investigate the effect of positive feedback in the coupled map lattices with update rules on (i) the phase diagrams showing non-zero persistence in the μ-ε parameter space, and (ii) on power law exponents of decay of persistence. We find that while feedback is increased the increased non-zero persistence regions in the phase diagram has no noticeable effect on the power law exponents. We also find that the role played by time lag in the absence of feedback, discussed in our previous work, remains intact even with the introduction of feedback. We offer an extensive comparison of without feedback and with feedback plots.

In the present study, density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity have been measured for ternary liquid system of Riboflavin with water and methanol at 288 K in the concentration range 0.00 to 0.1 M. These measured values and derived parameters were used to performed molecular interaction study at 2 MHz using ultrasonic interferometer technique. The results of reported study have been thoroughly analysed and eventually interpreted at the possible molecular interaction such as structure making, solute-solvent and hydrogen bonding effect in the liquid solution of Riboflavin with water and methanol.

L-Alanine (ALA) in water spontaneously forms stable zwitterions. It is observed in a present work that the stimulation to revert can be done by ultrasonic waves. It's molecular interaction in aqueous system can be found from the Gibb's free energy. It has been examined experimentally by estimating the Gibb's free energy using the ultrasonic method for the verification of theoretical result. The theoretical work performed within the computational DFT framework for the different solvation models. This paper deals with two different solvation models, the CPCM and the SMD, which are implemented in a Density Functional Theory preferred with non-hybrid functional and analyzed interaction perspective. The weak interactions by NCI also analyzed for difference. Further, BP86 reported difference in both model. The SMD model is also tested by using B3LYP and PBEh-3 to compare ΔG.

In this present study, the bio-polymer material starch was used to understand the behaviour of bio-polymer material under ultrasonic investigation at different temperatures. In our regular foods, Starch is also found there and it is a bio-polymer which is produced by plants. For the starch soluble bio-polymer with double distilled water at 303K, 308K, 313K, 318K, 323K, 328K & 333K over the entire range the ultrasonic velocity and also the other acoustical properties have also been studied and with these useful data related with sound's speed, viscosity, free volume and internal pressure the Auerbach surface tension were calculated. From 303K to 333K, the Thermodynamic interaction of starch solution was studied experimentally by using the ultra-sonic interferometer at 2MHz. For the different temperature regions, the other parameters such as density, viscosity were also measured. In addition to this, adiabatic compressibility (β_a), free volume (V_f), Acoustic Impedance (Z), Intermolecular free length (L_f), Internal Pressure (π_i) and Enthalpy (H) were calculated. Based on these values, the variations of interactions in aqueous starch solution have been analyzed. The analysis of the experimental results suggests the weak existence of intermolecular interactions between the components of molecules. It is concluded that the concentration of the solute and the nature of the solvent play an important role in determining such molecular interactions. This study also highlights the factor involved in solute-solvent interactions and opens up a new method of investigation for the biomedical applications of starch. This conclusion highlights the importance of the ultrasonic velocity measurement in the given medium for detecting the molecular interactions and also for characterizing the thermo-acoustical properties of the medium.

In the present work, positional Isomerism is studied in the binary mixtures of n-propyl alcohol and Iso-propyl alcohol in nitrobenzene as the common solvent. Ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements using pulse–echo technique operated at 10 MHz have been taken at various concentrations of both alcohols in nitrobenzene, from 283.15K - 293.15K. It is observed that both the systems exhibit critical nature and show non-linear variation both in ultrasonic velocity of propagation and attenuation. Ultrasonic attenuation at lower concentrations of n-propyl alcohol in nitrobenzene reveals the dominant structural relaxation as compared to that of Iso-propyl alcohol in nitrobenzene.

A trivalent rare earth ion Sm³⁺ (1-5 mol %) doped Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) complex polymer blends were synthesized by using solution casting technique. The spectroscopic characteristics behaviour and Judd-Ofelt (J-O) intensity parameters, oscillatory strengths and radiative properties of the prepared polymer blends were investigated with the help of optical absorption and photoluminescence spectral studies. Well defined UV-VIS-NIR optical absorption bands pertaining Sm³⁺ ions are observed in optical absorption spectrum and these bands has been assigned to their respective electronic transitions. The theoretical oscillatory strengths (f_cal) and Judd-Ofelt (J-O) network framing theory were adopted to evaluate J-O intensity parameters Ω_{λ (λ=2,4,6)} from the experimental oscillatory strengths (f_exp). The covalent characteristic nature of the Sm³⁺ ions with surrounding ligands within the host polymer matrix was confirmed through bonding parameter (δ). The coordinated environment of Sm³⁺ ions and the key significant J-O intensity parameters are used for calculation of spectroscopic radiative properties. Photoluminescence spectrum is obtained and the highly intensified emission peak is observed for the transition ⁴G_5/2→⁶H_7/2 at 595 nm under 401 nm excitation wavelengths. The CIE colour coordinate diagram shows that the present complex polymer films incorporated with Sm³⁺ ions are acting as perfect and highly stable material for active reddish-orange emissions.

A series of trivalent europium (Eu³⁺) ions doped zinc sodium strontium activated bismuth phosphate (P₂O₅-Bi₂O₃-Na₂CO₃-SrCO₃-ZnF₂-Eu₂O₃) glasses of different dopant ion compositions have been prepared by conventional melt quenching technique. Physical and optical parameters of the prepared glasses such as density (ρ), molecular weight (M_i), molar volume (V_M), rare-earth ion concentration (N_RE), polaron radius (r_p), inter nuclear distance (r_i) field strength (F), oxygen to phosphorus (O/P) ratio, refractive index (n), dielectric constant (), reflection losses (R), molar refractivity (R_M), electron polarizability (α_M), susceptibility (χ) oxygen packing density (OPD), metallization (M) and reflection factor (P) have been evaluated using the standard formulae. The amorphous/glassy nature was confirmed by the XRD pattern showing the broad hump cantered at 2θ=28° Surface morphological studies have been carried out using SEM analysis and EDS spectra reveal the successful incorporation of Eu³⁺ ions into the host matrix. Structural information was obtained from FT-IR spectra, recorded in 4000-400 cm⁻¹ spectral region which consists of symmetrical, asymmetrical stretching and bending P=O, P-O-P, O-P-O and P-O-H vibrations along with OH^- groups. Furthermore, all the prepared glasses were subjected to study for their optical and luminescence properties in detailed.

The series of Nd_2–xSr_xFeO_4+δ (x = 0.1 - 0.4) single phase compound is prepared with crystallite size in submicron range using combustion synthesis technique. The agglomeration of the submicron sized crystallites resulted into formation of porous electrode layer is realized from scanning electron microscopy. The dcconductivity results showed maximum σ for x = 0.2, which also exhibited minimum activation energy. The comparative low dc conductivity with literature reports is due to high porosity as obtained from agglomerated submicron crystallites. Variation in conductivity in Nd_2–xSr_xFeO_4+δ is Sr-dependent and understood f rom defect chemistry. The complex impedance plots of the symmetric cell showed decrease in the real axis intercept with increased temperature in turn reduced area specific resistance (ASR). Nd_1.8Sr_0.2FeO_4+δ cathode exhibits lowest ASR (= 1.92±0.015 Ohm cm²) at 973 K. The oxygen partial pressure dependent ASR indicated that the charge transfer at electrode-electrolyte interface is the rate limiting factor while oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

The Glass configuration of 40 ZnO + 25 H₃BO₃ + (x-30) P₂O₅ + (5) Al₂O₃: x CuO (0<x< 0.8) have been prepared and investigated by XRD, EPR, Optical absorption and FTIR techniques. Zincaluminoborophosphate (ZnAlBP) glasses doped with Cu²⁺ ions are prepared using melt quenching technique at 1250 °C for 2h. The obtained glasses are blue in colour with good transparent nature. The XRD result shows that the prepared glasses are amorphous in nature. The UV-Vis spectra of Cu²⁺ doped titled glasses show a strong broad band at 800 nm which is due to ²B_1g→²B_2g transition. The room temperature EPR spectra exhibits four weak parallel and one perpendicular component of Cu²⁺ ions. The g and A values are calculated for all the concentrations of Cu²⁺ ions and are reported. The number of spins shows the non-monotonic behaviour. The FTIR spectra shows different modes of P-OH, P=O, Zn-O and BO vibrations.

Lithium barium borate glasses of composition defined as series I : 30 Li₂O - X BaO - (70 – X) B₂O₃ (where X = 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 mol %) and series II : (30 – X) Li₂O - X BaO - 70 B₂O₃ (where X = 0, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 mol %) have been studied for their density, the coefficient of thermal expansion, CTE, glass transition temperature, Tg and electrical conductivity. An attempt is made to correlate the observed variations in these properties with the Li+ ion content, mass and the field strength of the Ba²⁺ cations and corresponding changes in the network. The studied glasses offer a very good range of CTE (72 - 112 x 10⁻⁷ / K) and could be developed as electrical insulators on account of their poor electrical conductivity..

Quaternary glasses with composition (40-x) Li2O:30B2O3:30Bi2O3: x ZnO have been prepared with x varying from 0 to 6 mol%. The structural investigation of these glasses has been carried out by infrared (IR) absorption spectra. Addition of ZnO in the glass is favorable for the creation of BiO₆ units on account of the substitution of B-O bond by Bi-O bond. Changes in density and molar volume in glasses have been studied. Molar volume reduces which is ascribed to the decrease in boron-boron spacing, d_<B-B>. Increment in cut off wave length and decrement in. optical band gap energy is observed in Optical absorption spectra with increase in ZnO on account of rise in Non-Bridging Oxygens Electronic polarizability and optical basicity was also studied.

In this paper, a series of Sm activated Ba₃Y(BO₃)₃ phosphors are synthesized byhigh-temperature solution combustion method. The concentration of Sm ions is changed from 1 to 5 mol% in the host lattice of BYB crystal. The crystal structure, phase of formation, particle size, elemental analysis, photoluminescence study of synthesized phosphors aredone using X-ray diffraction, FE-SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photo luminescent (PL) techniques. The excitation spectra consisted of strong bands in the NUV and blue region. The phosphors on excitation at 449 nm exhibited a strong emission peak in the region 630-660 nm, which corresponds to the absorption spectra of PR phytochrome. The obtained photometric results show that these can be used for the design of light-emitting diodes for indoor plant applications, houseplants gardening and in horticultural fixtures.

Currently, white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs) are emerging lighting techniques and are highly desirable. These are one of the world's highest lighting technologies. LEDs have attracted special attention of research society, scholars and society through their benefits and applications. Phosphor-converting light-emitting diodes (PC-LEDs) show immense potential for the future and, in the coming years, it is expected that LEDs will be easily available at a cheaper price with lower energy consumption. Rare earth activated phosphors are an integral and important part of white light generation. In this review, we have studied numerous research papers about phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes (pc-LED). The main objective of this review paper is to analyze inorganic materials that have been synthesized by various methods and are suitable for eco-friendly lighting applications. In this review, we propose the plan and discovery of new LED phosphors from two alternate points of view, i.e., basic crystal structure in various host systems and co-doped activators through energy transfer. The color-tunable properties of rare-earth activated phosphors explain in detail. Numerous color-tunable phosphor materials have been studied and discussed in this review. In addition, utilizations, difficulties and development or improvement of pc-WLEDs will be discussed.

In the present scenario, rare earth activated phosphor materials are important families in luminescent materials, which is useful in various applications. Over the past few years, rare earth activated phosphor has gained a lot of attention from the society and research community due to its exceptional properties such as low cost, eco-friendly behavior, solution process ability, better PL properties, wider range of color tunability, color purity and defects tolerance etc. In this review, we first discuss energy saving lighting devices, after that, we have discussed those methods which are used to synthesize rare earth activated phosphors. We have been focusing on the modification and tailoring of the photoluminescence of phosphors, which may lead to the acquisition of new phosphors with tunable emission colors. In this review, we are discussed recently reported color tunable phosphors. At the end of the review, scope in lighting field, energy saving devices, and future scope also discussed.

Widely used as a medicinal plant in Ayurveda black pepper is also a main content of spices. Easily available of such kind of herb is studied the first time as a luminescence point of view. In this paper, we have studied luminescence characteristics of black pepper samples and check their properties for LED applications which are synthesized in four parts 1) Pure powder of black pepper 2) Black Pepper Solution by ethanol 3) Europium (Eu) doped black pepper solution and 4) Black Pepper thin film. The synthesized samples were characterized by Photoluminescence (PL) techniques. The PL characteristics for all four samples showed interesting results. Pure black pepper powder showed PL emission at 471nm under 421nm excitation wavelength. Black pepper solution shows an emission band around 430nm under 397nm excitation. Europium doped black pepper solution shows two emission peaks at 516nm and 658nm under 440nm excitation wavelength. Thin-film of pure black pepper shows an emission band around 454nm under 390nm excitation wavelength. The CIE Chromaticity Coordinates of the Black Pepper and other synthesized samples shows color co-ordinates near the blue and white region in the visible spectrum. These CIE chromaticity co-ordinates demonstrate high spectral characterization of developed materials such as high color purity and excellent chromaticity co-ordinates. The entire photoluminescence results indicated that synthesized samples have promising potential for LED applications.

The europium ion (Eu³⁺) is well acknowledged and more popular for its strong luminescence when it is compared with other RE ions. Here we report the comparative study of electrospun polymer nanofibers by using europium and europium complex Eu(TTA)3phen by electrospinning technique. Electrospun fibers of Europium chloride and Europium complex Eu(TTA)3phen were prepared by using polymer PVDF to study the photoluminescence properties. Photoluminescence spectra of these electrospun nanofibers show very high intense red emission because of the strong hypersensitive behaviour of the ⁵D₀ → ⁷F₂ transition. These electrospun nanofibers are very much useful in the latest technology of Smart Textiles, for developing protective fabrics with thermal comfort. These fabrics also used to defend from wide variety of environmental hazards. This paper highlights the promising applications of electrospinning for developing protective fabrics and also shows the potential application in various polymer optoelectronic devices.

In this work, we synthesized the Tb³⁺ and Eu³⁺ doped α-Ba₃Y(BO₃)₃ phosphor using the solution combustion method. Using the powder XRD pattern and FTIR low-temperature phase of α-Ba₃Y_1-X(BO₃): xTb³⁺& Eu³⁺ was confirmed. Element composition with percentage was verified by FE-SEM-EDS. Stoke's shift values were calculated which confirms the high thermal stability of the phosphor& its use in high power WLED. Photoluminescence study at room temperature was done. Intrinsic absorption due to the 4f-4f transition of Eu³⁺ results intense red emission from α-Ba₃Y_1-X(BO₃): xEu³⁺ makes it suitable for pc-WLED and confirms the Centro-inversion symmetry site of Eu3+ in the host. Green emission at NUV excitation from Ba₃Y_1-X(BO₃): xTb³⁺ results from cross-relaxation of Tb³⁺ in a host. The concentration quenching reason for both activators was investigated by calculating and comparing critical distance. The purity of luminescence color was confirmed by plotting CIE-chromaticity co-ordinates on CIE-Color gamut. The entire work confirms the importance of synthesized phosphor along with previously reported same host materials. The reported phosphor may be suitable for NUV converted WLED, wavelength conversion devices, and high power RGB –WLED.

This paper includes the synthesis of bluish-green light emitting metal based hydroxyl quinoline complexes namely, Mgq2, Baq2 and MgxBa(1-x)q2 (Mg: Magnesium, Ba: Barium, q: 8-hydroxy quinoline, x = 0.1, 0.2,....0.9) by simple precipitation method at different values of pH and stoichiometry. It's noteworthy to state that we are the first one to report novel complexes based on Ba (Baq2 and Mg0.5Ba0.5q2). The inquisition of these complexes was carried out to probe structural, photo physical and photometric parameters by FTIR, photoluminescence (PL) spectra and 1931 CIE colour calculator, respectively. These investigations reveal that pH value and stoichiometry have feeble effects on the emission wavelength and intensity. Investigations further reveal that among all the synthesized complexes, Baq2 (at pH 6.5) emits intense blue light in various environments. Thus, barium based quinoline complexes have the potential to sustain their emission features in solid state as well as in acidic and basic medium-one of the characteristic features which are highly essential for the fabrication of OLEDs by vacuum as well as solution techniques.

Thermoluminescence (TL) materials display a wide scope of uses in various zones, for example, personnel dosimetry, natural dosimetry, medical research and so forth Doping of various rare earth impurities in various hosts is liable for changing the properties of materials valuable for different applications in various fields. These materials can be lighted by various kinds of bars, for example, γ-rays, X-rays, electrons, neutrons and so on. Different radiation systems, just as their portion reaction range, assume a significant function in thermoluminescence dosimetry. In the proposed article, initially we momentarily illustrate several delegate families of TLD phosphors. Secondly, we suggest the plan system focused on revelation of novel phosphors with center around the crystal structural deliberation. Finally, we overlook the results of other researcher on the current progresses in innovation and structural design of TLD phosphors that demonstrate the accepted approaches, together with ((1) investigation of emerging phosphors from the auxiliary models, (2) preparation of new emerging phosphor materials of crystalline properties by doping and (3) basic change of the known phosphors. The crystalline properties of new emerging phosphor shows interest in crystal chemistry analysis for the development of new thermoluminescent dosimetric phosphors with the different properties like co-substitution and single particle analytical advances are also described in this literature.

The uses of phosphate based luminescent materials are presented in this study in different fields of luminescence. There are different types of luminescent phosphors are available in the field of luminescence such as borates, sulphates, fluorides, sulphides, phosphates etc. From all these phosphors, phosphate-based phosphors shows their potential in almost every field of luminescence in last few years and it becomes a key material in the luminescence especially in photoluminescence, thermoluminescence and mechanoluminescence. These rare earths activated phosphate-based luminescence materials are synthesized with different techniques by means of wet chemical method, combustion technique, sol gel analysis and solid-state diffusion technique etc. which are described in the present article. Consequently, this article chiefly dealing the overview of different phosphate based luminescent materials and modern development and progression in the field of luminescence.

In this study, we are successfully synthesized terbium and samarium (Tb³⁺/Sm³⁺) doped K₃Ca₂(SO₄)₃Cl phosphors by wet chemical method, and synthesized phosphors were characterized by XRD, SEM, and Photoluminescence (PL) techniques, and studied in detail. Photoluminescence analysis, we can see that under the Near-UV (NUV) excitation of 380nm, the Tb³⁺ activated samples showed a prominent green emission peak at 546nm attributed to the ⁵D₄→⁷F₅ transition of Tb³⁺ions. While the PL emission spectra of 404 nm light excited K₃Ca₂(SO₄)₃Cl:Sm³⁺phosphorshowedthree emission lines at 565nm, 598nm and 645nm attributed to ⁴G_5/2→⁶H_5/2,⁴G_5/2→⁶H_7/2, and⁴G_5/2→⁶H_9/2 transitions of Sm³⁺ ions, respectively. The CIE coordinates were calculated to be (0.263, 0.515) for K₃Ca₂(SO₄)₃Cl:Tb³⁺and (0.532, 0.462) for K₃Ca₂(SO₄)₃Cl: 1.5mol%Sm³⁺, which liedin the green and orange regions, respectively. The entire photoluminescence results indicated that phosphor K₃Ca₂(SO₄)₃Cl doped with Tb³⁺ and Sm ³⁺may turn out to be an important component of pc-white LEDs and display devices.

There are several methods are developed for the synthesis of phosphor materials with different advantages like short reaction time and crystal lattice parameters. Solution combustion synthesis is one of the novel method for the synthesis of phosphor materials. In past few years, Solution combustion method has been used to develop novel nanostructured phosphor materials although there is special attention has been given to the morphological studies of the luminescent phosphors. Different kinds of fuels were employed for the synthesis of luminescent phosphor using fues like triethylamine, analine, urea, citric acid and hydrazine. This review focuses on the recent work on the phosphors prepared by solution combustion using different types of fuels.

A series of KAl(SO₄)₂ phosphors with different Eu³⁺ doping concentrations have been synthesized by solid-state reaction method. In the present work, the properties of synthesized Eu³⁺ doped KAl(SO₄)₂ phosphors have been examined by XRD, Photoluminescence (PL), and photometric characterization techniques. Under Near Ultraviolet (NUV) and blue excitation at 395nm and 466nm, PL emission spectra observed at 593nm and 614nm, which are ascribed due to ⁵D₀→⁷F₁ and ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺ ions. The emission band of 614 nm indicates the highest emission intensity compared to the 593 nm emission band. The PL emission spectra depict maximum intensity at 0.7mol% doping of Eu³⁺ ions. In addition, the synthesized Eu³⁺ activated KAl(SO₄)₂ phosphors show good color chromaticity coordinates, which is lies in the orange-red region. All these results indicated that the synthesized Eu³⁺ activated KAl(SO₄)₂ phosphors have potential results for future work in the field of solid state lighting.

Ammonium Dihydrogen Phosphate crystals doped with Glycine (GADP) has been grown by slow evaporation method, Rotation method and Sankaranarayanan - Ramasamy (SR) methods with different molar concentration. The Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) studies have been investigated on the as grown GADP crystals. The FTIR spectrum shows the interaction between ADP and the dopant by the additional peaks which corresponds to the functional groups of Glycine. The standard spectrum statistics of FTIR confirms the presence of all the functional groups. The spectrum for ADP crystals doped with Glycine grown by Rotation and SR methods have similar peaks with slight variation as that of conventional slow evaporation method grown Glycine doped ADP crystals.

The phosphor converted w-LEDs gaincrucial attention in solid state lighting (SSL) for generation of illumination owing to their numerous meritorious advantages such as superior life time, excellent efficiency, compactness, reliability and power saving consumption as well as environmental friendly. The quality of w-LEDs in lighting and display is influence by host phosphorand the choice of activator. So greatlyattemptwere dedicated to developed inventiveuni-nucleiluminescent phosphor materials compose of chromatic stability, optimum CRI and low correlated color temperature. This review elaborate theintroduction ofEu3+rare earth activated red emitting phosphor assigned to 5D0→7FJ (J= 1,2,3,4) energy levelsand its fundamental merit for w-LEDs. This article represent the analyseofcombination of different types of Eu3+ activated luminescent materials by traditional and novel methods and its impact on photoluminescence for SSL.

Broad range of phosphors has been utilized for LEDs in past few years, subsequently, encourages the phosphor-converted LEDs (pc-LEDs). Proposed article gives an idea about the different color tunable phosphors used in solid state lighting. Different properties of different color emitting phosphors have been done with the mixing of rare earths in the host lattice of luminescent centered materials which shows color emission in the visible range. There is a concise approach toward the different characteristics and records related with the color quality and execution of pc-LEDs. So this article mainly deals with role lanthanides in LED phosphors and their characteristics in the field of luminescence.

In this review paper, we discuss about photoluminescence emission of Gd³⁺ in various inorganic phosphors. Narrow band UVB (NB-UVB) emission of Gd ³⁺ in 312-315 nm is well sought after in medical field to treat photo-responsive diseases like atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, psoriasis, etc. However, this 4f-4f, ⁶P_j → ⁸S_7/2 intra-configurational transition of Gd³⁺ is weak and hence needs to be sensitized. Suitable sensitizers like Bi³⁺, Pr³⁺ are found to enhance the PL emission of Gd³⁺. Such phosphors with sensitized Gd³⁺ emission is highly suitable for phototherapy lamps.

The trivalent Eu³⁺ activated KMg₄(PO₄)₃ phosphor has been successfully prepared via solid state diffusion technique. The phase formation and structural morphological studies carried out by XRD pattern and SEM analysis. The photoluminescence excitation spectra centred at 395 nm attributed to ⁷F₀→⁵L₆ energy transition levels. PL emission spectra centred at 593 nm and 613 nm corresponds to ⁵D₀→⁷F_J( J=1,2) transitions of Eu³⁺ in the host respectively. The experimental results showed that Eu³⁺ singly doped KMg₄(PO₄)₃ phosphor under UV excitation gives intense red emissions. The critical Eu³⁺ quenching concentration (QC) was determined to be 1.0 mol% along with excellent CIE coordinates of (0.6326, 0.3670). All the above results exhibits, the prepared phosphor is promising material as UV excitable red emitting phosphor for w-LED.

In the present work, a series of Ba_2-xZn₇F₁₈:xmol%Eu³⁺ (x =0.1,0.5,0.7,1.0,15) phosphors were synthesized by combustion method. The spectroscopic properties of synthesized phosphor were observed by photoluminescence and photometric characterization technique. The obsearved excitation spectra revealed two bands around 395nm and 466nm that was attributed to the ⁷F₀→⁵L₆, and ⁷F₀→⁵D₂, transition oftrivalent europium ions, respectively. Under 395nm and 466nm excitation, the PL emission spectra shows several emission bands around at 580nm, 593nm and 613nm, which are ascribed due to ⁵D₀→⁷F₂, ⁵D₀→⁷F₁, and ⁵D₀→⁷F₂ transition of Eu³⁺ ions, respectively. The emission band of 613nm indicates the highest emission intensity compared to the other emission bands. The emission band revealed the highest emission intensity at 1mol% concentration of Eu³⁺ ions. Further, a CIE chromaticity diagram was obtained, which is confirmed that red emission. The entire investigation and their outcomes revealed that the synthesized phosphors exhibit strong red emission, which can be applied in the lighting industry and display applications.

The codoped YbF₃ / ErF₃ with the optimum composition of TeO₂-Li₂O-WO₃ (TWLEYF) oxyfluoride glasses in which minimizing the fluoride contain were synthesized by melt quenching technique. UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the sample was measured for identification of the absorption levels of Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ ions in the glass. Photoluminescence of glass sample produced the intense broad blue emission of Er³⁺(2mol%) under UV excitation at 380nm. The intense green upconversion at 535nm and weak green at 550nm under 800nm excitation has been measured. Also, a weak blue and red upconversion emission band of Er³⁺ ions was observed. Further for 2 mol% of YbF₃ in TWLEYF samples is attributed to enhance 535nm emission due to energy-transfer process while the red emission is based on non-resonant energy transfer performs. At room temperature green fluorescence decay times of ⁴S_11/2 level of Er³⁺ ions under 488nm pulse excitation duration at rate < 10ns have been measured. Moreover, 530nm upconversion emission process of tungsten tellurite oxyfluoride glasses were discussed which would be useful for optical devices.

The photoluminescence analytical study of Ce³⁺ doped Ca₁₄Al₁₀Zn₆O₃₅ phosphors is done in this research work. Powder X-ray diffraction technique (XRD) along with scanning electron microscope i.e. (SEM), CIE colour coordinates including their PL properties with emission intensity effect too were analyzed for the characteristics of prepared phosphors. In the instance of Ca₁₄Al₁₀Zn₆O₃₅:Ce³⁺, the emission spectra demonstrates an exclusive 442 nm centered band corresponding to Ce³⁺'s 4f–5d transition. The result specifies that the Ce³⁺ activated Ca₁₄Al₁₀Zn₆O₃₅ phosphor could find out applications in the light phosphor production.

Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Li3ScBr6:Ce phosphor are described. The phosphor was synthesized by a simple wet-chemical method. Lithium carbonate and Scandium oxide in stoichiometric proportions were dissolved in HBr. Activator was added in form of oxalate salt. After evaporating the solution to dryness the phosphor powder was obtained. Strong ultraviolet emission was observed for this phosphor. The UV emission is typical of Ce³⁺. It consists of a 359 nm band having a component at about 340 nm. The excitation spectrum has the most intense band at 314 nm besides smaller bands/shoulders around 255, 280 and 335 nm.

Different synthesis techniques for BaAl₂S₄ have been described in literature. Conventionally thioaluminates (BaAl₂S₄) were prepared by solid state reaction. BaAl₂S₄ was prepared by using BaS and Al₂S₃ in H₂S atmosphere [1, 2]. Sulfurization reduction of multi component oxide precursor was used to prepare BaAl2S4 in CS₂ atmosphere at 1050°C. [2, 3]. Oh et al. [4] prepared MgAl₂S₄ doped with Co²⁺ by the chemical transport reaction method. All these methods require proper apparatus and they are difficult to handle.

The synthesis method and photoluminescence properties of MgAl₂S₄:Eu2+ and BaAl₂S₄:Ce³⁺ phosphors are reported. In this paper wet chemical co-precipitation method is described for synthesis of magnesium and barium aluminates. BaAl₂S₄ and MgAl₂S₄ phosphors doped with Eu²⁺ and Ce³⁺ shows strong excitation in nUV region. This method is very simple and does not require H₂S gas flow [2]. We successfully prepared MgAl₂S₄:Eu2+ and BaAl₂S₄:Ce³⁺ powders by this method. MgAl₂S₄ doped with Eu²⁺ act as blue component in display application.

The Tb³⁺-doped Y₄Al₂O₉ powders were synthesized by combustion technique employing dual (Glycine +Urea) fuel. Formation of the compound was confirmed by xRd technique. Photoluminescence (PL) properties of Tb³⁺ ions doped Y₄Al₂O₉ (with Tb³⁺concentration = 0.5,1,1.5,2, 2.5 mol%) were investigated. It was found that Y_4(1-x)Tb₄xAl₂O₉ phosphor exhibits green emission under 251 nm excitation. The emission intensity is found to be maximum at 2 mol % of Tb³⁺ activation further increase in Tb³⁺ incorporation deceases the emission intensity exhibiting concentration quenching.

Herein, CTAB surfactant aided hydrothermal reaction was carried for preparing Cr³⁺ doped ZnGa₂O₄. Urea was used as fuel to continue the reaction. By fixing Cr³⁺ ions conc. to 0.5 mol%, the molar ratio of CTAB was varied. We used XRD, TEM, FTIR, PL, UV-VIS spectroscopy, decay kinetics, and afterglow decay experiments to characterize the samples. XRD data suggested a cubic phase matching with JCPDS card no. 00-038-1240. TEM images confirmed the formation of nanoparticles within the range 20-80 nm. The estimated band gap was around 4.8 eV. Excited by 227 nm UV lights elaborated a wide emission band extended from 600 to 800 nm and peaking at 696 nm. The afterglow decay curve showed a long persistent signal up to 1 hour after ceasing offthe excitation source.

In this context dosimetric properties of submicron BaSO₄: Eu phosphor have been studied. To reduce the grain size of the material to submicron level, top-down approach (ball billing) has been adopted. The phosphor showed good optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties. The OSL properties of the phosphor were altered due to the particle size reduction on ball milling. Ball milling affected the kinetics of OSL Processes. OSL dose response of the phosphor has been increased up to 13 kGy on ball milling which makes it useful in high dose dosimetric applications.

Diodes with light emitting materials fetch the attention with different emerging trends such as Optoelectronic devices, Solar cells, etc. are very crucial, revolutionary and fascinating from the research point of view. The main focus of this review is to explore conducting polymer such as Polyacetylene, which plays vital role in electroluminescent devices. In this case, an optical and electrical characteristics of light emitting diode with Al is used for the contacts of electron injection which upgrade the performance of light emitting diode in terms of quantum efficiency.

Green energy source has a vital role for production of electricity. Since present day, conventional fuel was considered as the core sources of electricity. In this paper, source of green energy discussed is very rare. Solar and wind power have been considered as inherent energy sources of electricity through solar cells and wind mill. Sound energy in the form of noise is comparatively unexplored source around us for generation of electricity. This noise can be successfully converted into electricity by using suitable transducer. Piezoelectric transducers has major role for noise to electricity. Multiple transducers can be used to produce electricity which can be stored and utilized further. The present object of this paper can offer renewable green energy source which can be beneficial in worldwide search of nonconventional source of energy.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles have been synthesized by a simple green synthesis route using soluble starch as a capping agent in an aqueous medium. The results of structural investigation of ZnO nanoparticles using various techniques such as X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and Fourier transforms spectroscopy have been presented. XRD confirms the formation of c-axis orientated hexagonal wurtzite crystalline structure of ZnO with average particle size in the range of 21 nm to 25 nm. The morphology of the ZnO samples were determined by SEM images, indicating nano rod like structure with hexagonal phase for starch capped ZnO nanoparticles. Further, the presence of starch and different functional group in synthesized ZnO nanoparticles have been studied by Fourier transform spectroscopy approve the different bonding between starch with Zn.

The present study deals with natural stilbite zeolite commonly named as Ca-stilbite. Ion exchange process is carried out for partial exchange of calcium ions by copper ions. Ion exchanged stilbite is characterized by different spectroscopic techniques as XRD, FTIR and EDS techniques. Thick films are deposited on pre-cleaned glass substrates using screen printing technique. The sintered films are finally used for ethanol detecting. The Ca-stilbite zeolite structure is confirmed by the characterization techniques XRD and FTIR. Incorporation of copper ions in stilbite structure can be confirmed by EDS data. The Cu-stilbite films showed good ethanol detectors. The operating temperature, ethanol response, response/recovery nature are observed to be the functions of concentration of copper ions. Higher the copper concentration (0.2M) lower is the operating temperature (90°C) and higher is the ethanol sensitivity (233). It can be concluded that partial replacement of calcium by copper ions in stilbite leads to change in operating temperature and sensitivity.

Quantum devices exhibiting optical non-reciprocity are indispensable for quantum information processing and communication technology. In this paper we propose a double cavity optomechanical system where the movable mirror of the cavity is linearly coupled with a qubit placed inside the cavity. We study the effect of this mechanical mode - qubit linear interaction on time reversal symmetry i.e, optical non-reciprocity and prove that mechanical mode - qubit interaction can be used as a new tool to control optical non-reciprocity.

Flexible Electronics is an emerging technology in the fields of electronics. These are electronic circuits made on substrates which can be modified into various shapes. It can be rolled or twisted with minimal or no effect on its electronics components and its function. Flexible electronic components are usually made of a bi-layer of thin substrate which can be either plastic, metal or textile or any other suitable material with a second layer of active electronic component. Wide range of its application in solar cells, aerospace and medical fields have increased its demand by many folds. Flexible electronic circuits play a major role in components where density, availability of space, and weight of the material has to be taken into consideration. The following is the review of the current status of it the modern electronic industries, its manufacturing process, its application in various technological fields, and the role it will play in the future

Domain study is a very useful tool to explain ferroelectric materials for its PotassiumNiobate (KNbO₃) crystal were doped with Aluminum (Al). This Al-doped KNbO₃ ferroelectric crystal further chemically etched using the etchant methyl alcohol. Trino cular m icro scopy m ethod was u sed to verify the ob servation s. In this study 60° domains domain walls and domain boundaries observed. Brief mechanism offorming 60° domain structure and domain wall discussed.

The present study discusses the applicability of density functional theory to investigate the vibrational spectroscopy of some bioactive natural products implementing variety of functional-basis set combination to find out suitable theoretical model. The DFT at B3LYP/6-31+G (d, p) and at higher level functional-basis set combination have been obtained to be feasible for this purpose. The IR & Raman active vibrations at the normal modes have been obtained by the theoretical computation in the selected natural product namely Isodihydroaminocadambine. The vibrations in the various domains have been ascertained due to C-H stretching, C-H in plane bending, C–H out of plane bending, C–C stretching and other low domain frequencies calculated through the said theoretical approach. The theoretical IR spectra exhibit at most intensity at 3 88 cm⁻¹. The strongest Raman activity has been observed at 3202 cm⁻¹ which is the characteristics of this molecule. The spectroscopic characteristics reported in the present study may be applicable for characterizing the title molecule for exploring its different applications.

Dielectric dispersion and loss dispersion for pure and lanthanum doped lead germanate (Pb₅Ge₃O₁₁) single crystals were studied in the frequency region 100 Hz to 100 KHz. The measurements were taken at room temperature, 100 °C and 200 °C. The observed dielectric and loss dispersion is discussed.

Efficiency of optoelectronic devices can be enhanced by using Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR). Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) is a multipair layered structure of high and low refractive indices. High reflectivity of DBR is due to constructive interference of reflected light from interfacial layers of DBR. In the present paper, reflectivity of DBR composed of II-VI compound semiconductor is simulated using Transfer Matrix Method (TMM). In this paper, reflectivity of 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 periods for the incidence angle of 45+ is simulated. Also, the effect of interchange of constituent layers in DBR stack, on reflectivity is simulated.

Nanotechnology is concerned with the production and use of nano-sized materials. In the development of nanotechnology, the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is a reliable and environmental friendly step. At the present time, the use of the biosynthesis method in the development of metal nanoparticles has been developed as an alternative synthesis route, removing the limitations of traditional synthesis methods such as physical and chemical methods. In the biosynthesis process, researchers are facing challenges to synthesize stable and geometrically controlled Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs). In the past few years, the plant-mediated synthesis method has proved to be important in the development of stable, low cost and environment-friendly AgNPs and has been described by many researchers. In the past decade, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are the most studied and used nanoparticles due to their unique properties. In this review, we have discussed the eco-friendly synthesis route for the development of AgNPs and its application in various fields.

The Sun is source of abundant energy. We are getting large amount of energy from the Sun out of which only a small portion is utilized. Sunlight reaching to Earth's surface has potential to fulfill all our ever increasing energy demands. Solar Photovoltaic technology deals with conversion of incident sunlight energy into electrical energy. Solar cells fabricated from Silicon aie the first generation solar cells. It was studied that more improvement is needed for large absorption of incident sunlight and increase in efficiency of solar cells. Thin film technology and amorphous Silicon solar cells were further developed to meet these conditions. In this review, we have studied a progressive advancement in Solar cell technology from first generation solar cells to Dye sensitized solar cells, Quantum dot solar cells and some recent technologies. This article also discuss about future trends of these different generation solar cell technologies and their scope to establish Solar cell technology.

Carbon is always a fascinating material, the allotropes of carbon family like fullerenes, graphite, graphene, carbon nanotubes and various fillers that improves the Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is of large interest in various frequency band. In the present work, initially Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) and Graphene (GNS) were functionalized to improve the interaction of conducting polymer. Polyaniline (PANI)/(MWCNT) and Polyaniline (PANI)/(GNS) were synthesized by in situ oxidative polymerization method and then characterized by SEM analysis. The electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites increases with increase in weight percent of CNT or GNS as compared to pure polyaniline. The carbon based conducting polymer nanocomposites showed semiconducting nature with enhanced EMI shielding effectiveness. The EMI Shielding effectiveness (SE) of carbon based conducting polymer nanocomposites increases with increase in weight percent of CNT or GNS. For both the nanocomposites PANI/MWCNT and PANI/GNS absorption is the mechanism which is dominant which can be used as an Electromagnetic Interference Shielding material.

The X-ray imaging is a powerful tool used in medical diagnostics, non-destructive material inspection, security checks, nuclear plants and research field. Perovskites is considered as a promising candidate for X-ray detection owning to its remarkably improved sensitivity, low-cost synthesis, detection limit, response time and better special resolution. In this review paper the challenges and future scope of the reported work in the lead based and lead free single and polycrystalline perovskites is studied. Most of the reported results are based on single pixel detection. Hence, it is proposed that an interdisciplinary collaborative work will only facilitate its practical implementation in state-of-the-art X-ray imaging technology.

The Samples of Cobalt-Zirconium doped Barium nano-hexagonal ferrites of chemical formula BaFe_12-2x(Zr-Co)_xO₁₉ (x = 0.5, 0.9) are prepared employing Microwave assisted Sol-gel auto-combustion Route, in which the ferrite materials were generated by providing continuous heat in microwave woven. The precursors in the form of nitrates are taken accompanied with urea as a fuel, supply energy to initiate exothermic reaction during the formation of materials. Uniform heating in the microwave leads to the ultrafast morphological transformations giving rise to a nano-scale particle size of the synthesized samples. The derived ferrites powders being analyzed for their structural and morphological characteristics with the help of X-ray diffraction techniques (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Lattice constants 'a' and 'c', porosity (p) of the prepared materials were determined. Their d-values are counter checked and (h k l) planes were specified. TEM analysis confirmed the nano-scale particle size of the synthesized samples. The materials have been assessed with Impendence Analyzer for electrical resistivity (ρ). The obtained results suggest that the synthesized samples belong to the family of hexagonal M-type ferrites. A structural observation has verified that the space group symmetry of the prepared materials is P6₃/mmc. The ferrites samples show high resistivity of the order 107 (Ω-m). Such types of nano-sized ferrite materials with high resistivity are helpful especially for various microwave absorbing applications.

In this work, the electrical properties of ferroelectric compounds have been reviewed. But the main focus is on dielectric properties of ferroelectrics. Though ferroelectrics are well-known for ferroelectric devices, it is identified that ferroelectrics also have great diversity as dielectric materials. So we have gathered different published articles, and required information from some internet sources. The main theme of this paper is to report the work done on dielectric materials. The dielectric properties presented include the values of dielectric constant at room temperature, maximum dielectric constant, Curie temperature (T_c), etc. The electrical properties reported include output voltage, short circuit current/current density, power density, etc. Also, a basic understanding on the dielectric behavior of ferroelectrics has been presented.

Water proof fabrics are hydrophobic in nature. Contact angle measurement is a characterization technique used to gauge how well the water proof fabrics designed and developed is useful in preventing seepage of water through fabric surface. The water-proof coated fabric was developed using polyester non-woven fabric made by melt-blown process as base material. Binder made using acrylic polymer was used for preparation of the water-proof coated fabric using layering technique. Different layer configurations like single and double layers was used to develop the non-woven coated fabric. The developed fabrics was subjected to morphological studies using scanning electron microscope. The water proof coated fabrics was also analyzed for its static contact angle measured using rame-hart instrument. The contact angle was measured for both single layer and double layer water proof fabrics at different positions. The contact angle range was reported from 96° - 58° for single layer water proof coated fabrics. However, for double layer water proof coated fabrics the contact angle reported was in the range of 82°-68°. The contact angle changes for different angle of measurements and orientations. The results show that contact angle is not only a function of hydrophobic character of polyester non-woven fabric base material but also depends on the process parameters like number of layers, the thickness of coating, coating technique and the moisture levels that the acrylic polymer binder coating material absorbs the liquid from its surface. The forces acting on the surface of the coating material mainly influences the contact angle of the coated surface. The water repellency increases with the increase in static contact angle.

Ion-exchange resin abbreviated as HBAE-I was synthesized. Abbreviation HBAE-I used for p-hydroxybenzaldehyde-adipic acid-ethylene glycolco-polymer inl:1:3 ratio. The IR, ¹H NMR spectrum areused for characterization. Ion-exchange properties found for Bi³⁺, Sb³⁺, Zn²⁺ and Mg²+ ionsover 4 to 6 pH range. Toxic and heavy metal ions such as Sb³⁺, Bi³⁺, Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ are present in industrial effluent and wastewaters. The HBAE-I terpolymer resin are a selective for Bi³⁺and Zn²⁺ metals ions at pH 4 and 6 respectively.

A copolymer resin was synthesized by condensation polymerization reaction of 2,4-diaminophenol, Oxamide and formaldehyde with 2N NaOH as a catalyst. The purification of copolymer was carried out by precipitation technique and column chromatography. The purified copolymer resins were confirmed by Infra-red, ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectroscopy. Further formation of copolymer has been confirmed by Mass Spectrometry. The surface morphology of copolymers was established by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Degradation of synthesized copolymer were performed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The stability is observed as up to 473 K and complete mass loss was observed up to 1173 K.

In the flow research article, we report the amalgamation of a new natural copolymer of 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulphonic acid, guanidine, and formaldehyde in the molar proportion 1:1:2 inside seeing 2 M hydrochloric corrosive as an impetus by polycondensation strategy. The copolymer 8-HQ-5-SAGF was portrayed by elemental examination, Ultra-Visible, Infrared spectra, ¹H and ¹³C Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Furthermore, we have examined the non isothermal thermogravimetric examination for assurance of relative warm stability and their mode deterioration, Energy of initiation, frequency factor and request of response was measured by Freeman-Carroll (FC) and Sharp- Wentworth (SW) techniques. Energy of enactment controlled by Sharp-Wentworth and Freeman-Carroll strategies are in acceptable concurrence with one another. The surface component of copolymer is inspected by filtering electron microscopy.

Polymer resin-II (2,2'-DBPEDF) synthesized by the condensation polymerization of 2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl (DBP), ethylenediamine (ED) and formaldehyde (F) in acidic medium with molar ratio 2:1:3 of monomer and refluxing in oil bath at 120°C for 5 hr. Synthesized copolymer as a ligand is combined with metal particles such as Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions is in 2:1 molar proportion to get metal complex. The reaction has been finished with refluxed at 60°C for three hour. Composition and structure of organic polymer resin-II have been determined by elemental analysis and molecular weight determination by non-aqueous conductometric titration. The UV-visible, FTIR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and surface feature and crystalline behaviour of ligand and its complexes were analysed by SEM. Newly synthesized copolymer with metal complexes with copper and zinc metal may be used as supporting material for luminescence 2,2'-DBPEDF-Cu show higher photoluminescence than 2,2'-DBPEDF-Zn.

The Copolymer p-HBSF-I resin was synthesized from p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, semicarbazide and formaldehyde with hydrochloric acid as a catalyst in 1:1:2 molar ratio by polycondensation technique. The copoylmer characterization was done with IR and ¹H NMR Spectra. The antibacterial and antifungal screening of copolymer p-HBSF-I was done by using a well-known agar diffusion method. The bacterial strains used were Staphylococcus Aures, Bacillus Subtillus, Escherchia Coli, Salmonella Typhi and the fungal strains used were Aspergillus Niger, Candida Albicans. The present study includes the antimicrobial investigation of copolymer resins in order to know the effectivity of semicarbazide group.

In this work, the research and development of ferroelectric polymers has been reviewed. The main focus is on properties of different types of ferroelectric polymers. Ferroelectrics of ceramic and thin film nature, are widely known for their use in several electronic devices. But the existence of ferroelectricity in polymers has made the ferroelectric polymers to be used in different electrical applications such as sensors, actuators, etc. The main theme of this paper is to report only the existing literature on ferroelectric-polymeric materials.

Energy needs, depleting fossil fuel supplies and demanding sustainable energy alternatives is ever-increasing process. In the future energy network, power storage systems are one of the indispensable devices to buffer the irregular energy generation and renewable energy supplies. Therefore, it is important to design an innovative and efficient modern electrochemical storage system, combine with resource abundance, eco-efficient industrial methods, and life-cycle analysis. These issues are currently being addressed by few existing technologies but there are still theoretical and technical challenges in each case that needs to be talked again. Among these technologies Metal Air Battery (MAB) is a prominent solution and has recently been again into research these days. A metal air battery comprises a metallic anode in an appropriate electrolyte, and an embedded air cathode. The metals that can be used as anode may be first group metals such as sodium lithium, potassium etc. in second group other elements like magnesium, calcium etc. and third group aluminium and a few transition metals like Fe and Zn. Metal-air batteries are actually the combination of the design and working of traditional and fuel cell batteries. These have a high energy efficiency that is 5 to 30 times greater than lithium-ion batteries and are often considered a sustainable alternative. MABs considered are as eco-friendly, non-toxic, low cost and viable alternative as metals are abundant in nature. Metal-air batteries now a days are the most promising power storage systems with high power densities. A metal air battery comprises a metallic anode in an appropriate electrolyte, and an embedded air cathode. Metal-air batteries (MABs) combine the design features of traditional and fuel cell batteries. Some of the most common metal-air batteries include LAB (lithium air battery), SAB (sodium air battery), MABs (magnesium-air battery), AAB (aluminium air battery) and ZAB (zinc-air battery) etc.

In India, the construction activities are increasing day by day and as a result, the natural sand has become scare and costly material. To meet this increase in demand one has to go for excessive mining of river bed and that leads to natural imbalance. Therefore reducing the consumption of natural sand in construction is a major issue considering both the environment and economic issues. To balance the demand one has to go for sustainable unconventional innovative materials and particularly the industrial by products where there mass disposal and solid waste management is the problem. Copper slag is one of the industrial by-product obtained during manufacture of copper. This paper presents the experimental results on concrete made of copper slag. Mechanical properties like compressive strength, abrasion resistance and durability properties like acid resistance were carried out. The test results shows the concrete containing copper slag as fine aggregate has good strength and properties and the copper slag replacement level can be limited to 40-60% (by weight).

Charging of energy storage system using flat plate solar collector (FPSC) is very popular in recent years. FPSC for the thermal energy storage system (TESS) using hybrid nanofluid was discussed in this manuscript. Hybrid nanofluid of CuO+ Al₂O₃/water was used as heat transfer fluid (HTF) for solar collector which is coupled with thermal storage and analysis carried out. To predict the thermal performance of energy storage system using hybrid nanofluid, a stainless steel container was used for thermal storage. CuO+Al₂O₃/water hybrid nanofluid were used to investigate the thermal performance of the solar collector and energy storage system. The FPSC is used for experimental investigation on the stainless steel container TESS. The flat plate solar collector is found more efficient than the other conventional type solar collector using hybrid nanofluid. The temperature of stainless steel container thermal energy storage system was reached to 87°C by using hybrid nanofluid in FPSC.

Tropical country like India can use an alternative disinfection option to utilize solar energy for disinfecting grey before reuse. This study was aimed to conduct experiments to examine the impact of turbidity (75NTU, 50NTU and 30 NTU). This experiments were carried to inactivate EC (Escherichia Coli), FC (Feacal Coliform) and TC (Total Coliform) at different flow-rate (33.4, 44.3, 66.8, 135, 268 and 555 ml/min) by solar radiation intensity. It was observed that as turbidity and flow-rate as goes on decreasing inactivation of bacteria goes on increasing.

Concrete is a powerful industrial substance into construction industry due to the durability and its strength properties. Construction industries have drained natural resources as well as build the poisonous material in the atmosphere by the utilization of raw materials. The substitute items have been found to conserve the natural resources and atmosphere to some degree. Utilization of this atmospheric waste material into the construction industry without much treatment may be a good alternative for natural aggregates. Accordingly, in this paper M30 grade of concrete mix (As per IS 10262:2009) is replaced with natural / industrial wastes like sugarcane bagasse ash and steel fiber. For casting the concrete cube, the replacement dosage of Sugarcane bagasse ash and steel fibre varied from 0% to 20% in the level of 5% and 0% to 1.5% in a level of 0.5% respectively by cement weight. Concrete cube having above ingredient of the mixes was cured for 7, 28 and 90 days. The impact of the mixture of sugarcane bagasse ash and steel fibre on different mechanical properties like compressive/flexural/split tensile strength was examined. It was observed that addition of 10 % of sugarcane bagasse ash and 1% of steel fibre into cement is a promising combination that provides optimum mechanical properties.

This article describes the effects of different proportions of metakaolin and steel fiber on the stress-strain behavior of concrete. Concrete has become an important part of infrastructure development due to its wide and wide application. However, its brittleness can cause cracking, and cause some deterioration problems and infrastructure failures. Considering the problem of cracking performance, researchers around the world have conducted various studies to develop concrete with higher performance, longer life, and minimized destructive effects on nature. In order to obtain such characteristics, researchers only focus on the improvement of strength. It is observed that the higher compressive strength can make the substitution rate of metakaolin 16% and that of steel fiber 1.5%. Although the published literature provides some theoretical models and a large amount of experimental data on the compressive performance of fiber-reinforced concrete, there are still considerable reservations about the applicability of these models in design. Stress-strain curve is required for correct design and repair. This article introduces the results of compression tests of steel fiber reinforced concrete carried out in accordance with standard procedures, and rigorously evaluates the proposed model to define compressive stress-strain behavior. The reported test was performed on cylindrical specimens of plain and steel fiber reinforced metakaolin with fiber content of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%. The concrete grade considered in this study is M40.

Stepped spillway designs are popularly adopted in dam systems due to their distinct advantage of enhanced energy dissipation of flow. Several references and literature are available for the design of stepped chute with straight side walls. For spillway modification works or due to site-specific situations, spillways may sometimes be provided with convergent training walls. But very few literature references are available on spillways having stepped chute provided with convergent side walls instead of straight side walls. The outcome of comprehensive experimental investigations carried out on spillway experimental set up with 0.7H:1V (i.e. θ = 55°) slope of stepped chute and side walls with 15° convergence on both sides is presented. This paper described expressions for estimation of optimum depth of flow and decide the height of sidewall in spillways having stepped chute required to be provided with symmetrically converging side walls.

Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is widely as a construction material in the entire world. Since silica and lime being the basic components of the ordinary Portland cement therefore many industrial waste materials comprising of these elements are used as supplementary product in OPC. Sugarcane Bagasse ash is one such material which has high silica (SiO2) content that results in formation of C-S-H bond when operated with free lime. The basic idea behind the utilization of industrial waste is to reduce its abundance in nature and also to minimize the cost of concrete. The present study focusses on making a sustainable concrete and assessing its performance by using sugarcane baggase ash (SCBA) as replacement of cement with different percentages (0%,5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). For the same M25 & M30 grade of concrete with water cement ratio of 0.45 was prepared by using this composition cube casted for testing purpose. The curing of these specimen was done in different environments and the strength was analyzed at various concrete ages i.e. 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The study provided the evidence that utilization of SCBA as replacement with cement is highly advantageous up to an optimal limit without causing any reduction in strength. In addition, it revealed that SCBA concrete performs better when subjected to aggressive environment as compared to OPC even at later stage.

A novel method is used for the preparation of new linear polymer from p-substituted phenol with Methylene Bridge like –Cl, -COOH, -NO₂ etc. and these polymers have been characterized by IR, NMR and TGA method. We have studied the thermal analysis from TG thermogram to obtain the activation energy, structural analysis and effect of p-substituted groups on dielectric constant/loss.

A tremendous increase in the carbon dioxide emissions over the last few decades has caused serious environmental concern. The research fraternity is working towards the discovery of novel solvents for carbon dioxide with greater removal efficiency. N, N-Diethyl ethanolamine (DEEA), a tertiary amine which can be prepared from renewable resources, is a potential absorbent for carbon dioxide removal. Determination of the equilibrium characteristics of the system plays a key role in the designing of industrial plants. In this work, the equilibrium solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions of DEEA at different temperatures and CO2 partial pressures has been modeled using the modified Kent-Eisenberg model. The model predicted values were found to be in good agreement with the reported experimental data.

Linear polymer of p – substituted phenol with Methylene Bridge has been prepared by using condensation polymerization. To this homogeneous reaction mixture of p – substituted phenol (Bisphenol-A; p – hydroxyacetophenone and p – chlorophenol ) along with NaOH solution and formaldehyde was added while stirring. 13C – NMR spectroscopy allowed identification of the linkage formed and qualification of the main functional groups in the p – substituted phenol with methylene bridge; which were greatly influenced by the preparation conditions. Methylene bridges in the linear polymers were found to be mainly associated with the para position linkage methylene unit. The linear p–substituted phenol condensed polymer had no free formaldehyde. p – Substituted dimethylol phenol was indulged into the condensed polymers by reacting with phenolic units to results in condensed methylene bridges. The linear polymer with p – substituted phenol having Methylene Bridge possessed relatively high degree of polymerization and very low percentage of unreacted methylene groups. The synthesized polymer samples were characterization by the 13C – NMR technique excellently.

Static-batch experiments are conducted to remove Chromium (VI) from rinse waters of electroplating bath on strong base anion exchanger Tulsion A-62 and results are depicted with respect to Chromium (VI) ions concentration, contact time and solution pH. The equilibrium state is established after 300 minutes of phase contact. As the adsorption process is a pH dependent, indicated the maximal removal of Chromium (VI) in the pH 6.0-7.0. The anion exchange resin is characterized by SEM with EDX and FTIR analysis. The equilibrium data for adsorption of Chromium (VI) was fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption process followed reversible first order kinetics. Reports concluded that such anion exchangers could be used for the systematic removal of Chromium (VI) ions from water and wastewater.

The cyclic tellurium(IV) diiodide, 2-Methyl-1,1-diiodo-1-telluracyclopentane, was prepared in good yields at room temperature by the incorporation of tellurium powder across Carbon–Iodine bond in presence of sodium iodide and acetone. The cyclic tellurium(IV) diiodide compound has been established by proton and ¹³carbon NMR spectroscopy along with elemental analysis. This compound was further characterized by ¹²⁵Te NMR in DMSO. Molecular structures of cyclic tellurium(IV) diiodide was also established by single-crystal X-ray studies. In solid-state, molecular structures of cyclic tellurium(IV) diiodidepossess scarcely observed Te...I secondary bonding interactions (SBIs) and two molecule are co-crystallized. Both molecules are interconnected with each other by Te...I secondary bonding interactions. The five-membered rings acquire a twist-boat shape structure. Observed C–Te–C bond angles for molecule A, and molecule B are 85.0(1)°& 85.4(2)° respectively. Similarly observed, I–Te–I bond angles for both molecule A & B are 174.5(1)°&174.2(1)° respectively.

The reaction of freshly prepared mesityl magnesium bromide with tellurium powder in anhydrous THF provided the dimesityl ditelluride: [2,4,6-Me₃C₆H₂Te]₂. A suitable needle-shaped crystal of dimesityl ditelluride was developed by evaporation of a solution in chloroform. The Te compound was developed with the orthorhombic space group Iba₂ with a = 15.2916(7) Å, b = 15.7225(7) Å, c = 14.5272(7) Å and α,□β,□γ = 90°. The geometry about the central tellurium atoms adopt a bent-shaped geometry with torsion angle C10–Te2–Tel–C1 = 87.0(3)°^□ and this may be considered a cisoid conformation. Intermolecular C–H....Te interactions give rise to a two-dimensional supramolecular synthons in its crystalline state. The crystal packing diagram shows Te....H [Te1....H5A, 3.2557(5) Å & Te1....H8C, 3.2578(5) Å] hydrogen-bonding interactions which are responsible for associative forces.

The samples of Cr³+ substituted Nickel ferrite with composition NiCr_XFe_2-XO₄ were synthesized by employing sol gel auto combustion method. The ferrite powder materials were subjected to X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD) analysis and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis for the study of structural as well as morphological characteristics. The X-ray diffraction pattern at the room temperature showed the formation of a cubic spinel ferrite having a single phase. Moreover, the values of lattice parameters (a) counter verified the same. TEM imaging demonstrated the formation of nanosize particles and the presence of all constituent elements were confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) was used to study the magnetic properties of the samples. The magnetic properties showed low saturation magnetization (Ms), Remnance (Mr) as well as Coercivity (Hc). This confirmed the viability of such materials in the various applications of such as water treatment, microwave device materials, permanent magnets and storage recording devices.

2-aryl/alkyl-3-thio-5-dimethyl amino-7-imino-1,2,4,6-tetra-azepines were synthesized from 1,2,4,6 thiatriazepines by refluxing for 1 hour with 5% ethanolic KOH. The 1,2,4,6 thiatriazepines were obtained by cyclization reaction from medicinally important metformin hydrochloride and RNCSCI2. These 1,2,4,6-tetra-azepines were characterized by spectral and analytical studies. From these synthesized compounds, those with substituents phenyl, p-chlorophenyl and o-anisyl showed high sensitivity towards E.coli when they were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities using E coli, S.aures, A.niger and C albicans

Graphical Abstract

Where R above are in a) p-tolyl, b) o-tolyl, c) phenyl, d) p-chloro phenyl e)o-chloro phenyl, f) m-chloro phenyl, g) p-anisyl, h) o-anisyl, i) t-butyl

Solvent extractions of shade dried seeds of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, Pithecellobium dulce and Coriandrum sativum plants were executed using organic solvents. The obtained extracted crudes were subjected to the chemical analysis followed by instrumental analysis using standard procedures to identify the naturally occurring phytochemicals [1, 2, 3,]. Limonene, Oleanolic acid and Linalool were obtained from ethanol extracts of Cyamopsistetragonoloba, methanol extract of Pithecellobium dulce and acetone extract of Coriandrumsativum respectively. The compound identification were confirmed by ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopy [4]. The anti-cancer activity of the extracted terpenes determined using in-vitro analysis on HeLa-Human cervix cell lines. The obtained IC₅₀ value of Oleanolic acid shows better biological activity against HeLa cell lines. It was also found that there is no cell lysis in HeLa cell lines in case of Limonene with concentration less than 30 μg. However, biological activity of Linalool is better in case of HeLa cell line. This suggests that Oleanolic acid and Linalool is good anti-cancer agent as reported from in vitro studies against Hela-Human cervix cell line.

In pharmacological studies, it is common that drug molecules fail in the final stages of testing. Human, as well as animal trials, have serious regulatory limitations. An alternate option to test energetically suitable binding conformations of synthesized ligands in a dynamic site cavity of a target receptor is to accomplish a molecular docking study. After carrying out the synthesis, characterization, and biological evaluation of molecular properties experimentally, to strengthen and investigate the findings further, we have carried out a molecular docking study to conform binding of ligand N-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylcarbamothioyl)-2/4-substituted benzamides against the protein E. coli dihydroorotase (PDB ID 2eg7). Among the synthesized compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, and 3e are found to have promising antibacterial activity. Moreover, the compound 3a is identified as a potential lead molecule with the lowest binding affinity value.

The catalytic structure of the Wacker process is matter of debate. It is monomer or dimer complex in the Wacker oxidation of ethene. In this paper, we studied catalytic nature of the Wacker oxidation process. We employed rare event technique such as metadynamics simulation. We used Pd-Cu and Pd-Pd dimer complex as the initial structure. Our simulations show that Pd-Cu and Pd-Pd dimer complexes are getting hydrolysed to give monomeric complex. The barriers of Pd-Cu and Pd-Pd dimer complexes to hydrolysis are lower than the reactions with ethene ligand. Hence, the nature of catalytic complex in the Wacker oxidation is the monomeric complex of Pd.

Blooming of industrialization and urbanization are directly corelated with increased solid waste generation. Every year India faces a massive challenge as it deals with municipal solid waste equating to approximately 62 million tonnes including E-waste, plastic and medical waste. This has mounted and stands as a budding hazard to public and environmental health. Within India solid waste management predominantly adheres to sustainable development. The waste management rules are generally framed and handled through the Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoEF); however, compliance varies among states. In this article we are describing the present status, challenges and implementation followed in the waste reduction processes including segregation/collection, recycling, energy recovery (composting, bio methanation, and bioremediation), land filling of household and industrial waste; its impact on the environment. This review concludes with some simple and effective international trends in waste management, with a vision of improving in current Indian systems.

This research paper summaries the research carried by various researcher in the field of Nanofuids and after treatment devices on performance and emission of CI engines. Basically there are two methods of reducing the emission in the engines. First method is completely burn the fuel i.e. converting hydrocarbon and eliminating the emission. Suppose if the fuel is not completely combustible and it produces emission but it can be reduced by treating it before it enter the atmosphere, this is another way of reducing exhaust emission. The major exhaust emission are NOx and PM i.e. particulate matter. It is evident from many research papers that combustion can be improved by adding Nano additives to reduce the emission. Researcher have used various nano particle of various size and material to improve the performance of the engine and reduce emission. Also they have used various after treatment device reduce emission.

Green chemistry approach is supposed to be the best attempt for saving world from the potential dangers which spread from chemistry laboratory to almost all spheres of society. In school days when budding chemists start doing hands on experiments, in most cases first scratch is done with Lassaigne's test. The authenticity of this test in detecting special elements is unquestionable. Does this test cross hurdle, when screened through green chemistry norm? Slow generation of lethal cyanide hardly allows this test under the umbrella of Green chemistry. The current communication coined a green protocol termed Sudhangsu assay which comply with green chemistry norm for detection of special elements. Fusion described herein, takes place at a mild condition and products thereby generated, are environmentally benign molecules. In this article a green prescription for detection of special elements is compiled.

With low running costs, diesel engines have performance, longevity and reliability. In addition to their benefits, they play a very significant role in the degradation of the atmosphere. Hence after treatment technology is adopted to control the emissions caused by these engines to treat the exhaust gas coming from the engine. Selective catalytic reduction is one such method after treatment that is used to treat the NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) content of the engine's exhaust gas. Diesel Exhaust Fluid tank holding bracket supports the (Diesel Exhaust Fluid) tank and its complete assembly. Diesel Exhaust Fluid tank and its assembly is responsible for storage, calculated injection of Aqueous Urea Solution 32. Weight reduction of the Diesel Exhaust Fluid tank holding bracket is a major parameter of concern as it helps us increase the payload capacity of the vehicle and also increase the overall fuel efficiency. This paper presents the steps followed while performing the Finite Element Analysis on the existing Diesel Exhaust Fluid tank holding bracket. Based on the results of the existing dimensions, the new dimensions are designed and analysed.

Globally there is an increasing need for green solutions to environmental challenges. One of the many challenges that plagues our environment is the problem of heavy metals especially those from waste water. Heavy metals are very difficult to remove using simple chemical processes, and when not properly removed during distillation processes it can find its way to drinking water thereby causing serious health challenges like damage of important organs and even cancer. How ubiquitous this problem is and the fact that waste water is part of every thriving urban community calls for very innovative approach to solving this challenge of heavy metals in waste water. This study uses an innovative approach to solving this challenge, by using carbon found in waste tires as an adsorbent for removing heavy metals. Our approach is using a waste material very endemic in our communities to solve another waste material which is causing problem to health and environment. The ripple effect of our approach is that it helps reduce tires waste in our surrounding, while also removing heavy metals from waste water.

Adsorption is a unit process to control pollution in water and wastewater technology. Carbon adsorption is widely used for the removal of refractory organic compounds from wastewater. GAC (Granular Activated Carbon) is used as a adsorbent for heavy metals like Nickel, Copper, Chromium etc. by modifying it in Modified Granular Activated Carbon. In this work, adsorption of Copper on activated carbons is carried out from oxidation treatments with HNO₃ to GAC. The oxidation treatments determined an increase adsorption capacity on the surface by functional groups. By performing Batch experiments the study of Copper ions from synthetic solution on Modified GAC & their recovery was studied at constant temp 28°C±. By varying concentration of Cu ²+ solution. The parameters for the Langmuir and Freundlich parameters has been also studied by showing maximum adsorption capacity of copper by MGAC. The oxidation treatments determined an increase adsorption capacity on the surface by functional groups.

The purpose of the present work is to find out feasibility of the process to remove copper ions from the aqueous solution using powdered orange peel as an adsorbent. Powered activated carbon was also used along with pretreated orange peel to compare the efficiencies. Adsorption is taken into consideration to be one of the most excellent technologies broadly used in international environmental safety regions. Batch adsorption study was conducted to find out the impact related to the numerous strictures like pH, contact period, adsorbent dosage, concentration of preliminary metal Cu(II) ions besides the size of the adsorbent particle on the removal of copper ions from synthetic solutions. The statistics related to the adsorption isotherm which was obtained by carrying out the experiments, performing modeling of such data is very important so that forecasting of adsorption besides knowhow of adsorption. Experimental statistics were investigated with the use of numerous models related to the adsorption and that includes BET model, Freundlich model, Langmuir model as well as Modified Freundlich isotherms model. Equilibrium facts are also evaluated with the use of above-mentioned models related to the process of adsorption.

Heavy metals has wide range of applications including industrial, domestic, medical, agricultural and technological field. Due to industrialization and urbanization variety of heavy metal ions are released in the environment. Toxicity of heavy metal ions depends on the route of exposure, media of exposure and its dose. Some of the metals, due to its high degree of toxicity are incorporated in CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act) priority list of hazardous substances. According to CERCLA, arsenic is the top most toxic metal followed by lead and mercury. These metals are proven to be carcinogens for human beings even at lower concentration. Contamination of water resources by toxic metal ions is a common problem since past years. There exists different methods for removal of toxic metal ions from waste water but adsorption is the most widely used and effective method. There are several adsorbents used for adsorption of toxic metal ions but, adsorbents prepared from low-cost and ecofriendly raw materials like coconut shells, rice husk, sugarcane bagasse, banana peels, potato peels, corncob, wheat straw, neem barks, almond shells and others are capturing researcher's attention due to its easy availability and effective removal efficiency. This review highlights low cost adsorbents used for elimination of heavy metal ions from waste water and its other usage possibilities based on the literature study. This paper also highlights emerging potential bio-adsorbents which can provide maximum removal efficiency.

Heavy metals which are discharged from industries in the environment with wastewater causes serious problems for the living organisms. To save the water bodies from the heavy metal contamination, many treatment processes are there. But most used is Adsorption processes where Activated Carbon is used as Adsorbent. As the activated carbon is costly, the treatment is expensive. So, low-cost alternate adsorbents are to be identified in the present scenario. The locally available agro waste material namely Teak Leaves (botanical name is Tectona Grandis) is used as low-cost adsorbent Teak leaves (TL) with pretreatment have been used to study for their potential use to remove chromium (VI) from wastewater by Adsorption. Contact time, Adsorbent dose, pH, initial Cr (VI) ions concentration and particle size have been studied for batch process. The optimum pH, agitation time, Cr (VI) ions conc. adsorbent dose and particle size were found 2.0, 75 minutes, 175 milligrams/l, 25 gm./l and 150 – 300 microns respectively at the room temperature (30 ± 2° C) and achieved 69.1 % to remove Cr (VI). Whereas, the powdered activated carbon (PAC), the removal was 78% at optimum conditions 2.0, 60 min, 125 mg/l, 15 gm/l and <75 micron respectively. The adsorption equilibrium data was used to fit into, Freundlich, Langmuir and modified Freundlich isotherm. But Freundlich isotherm fitted well compared to other two. A distinct advantage of TL as bio-sorbent is that these are locally and easily available agricultural waste and can be used with minor chemical treatment. This process is cost effective and eco-friendly.

Osmotic dehydration kinetics using parameters moisture loss and solid gain during osmotic dehydration of carrot strips were studied. Carrot strips of 30×10×2 mm size were osmotically dehydrated in sugar syrup of 40°B, 50°B and 60°B. During osmotic dehydration process syrup solution to carrot sample ratio was kept 6:1. The process was carried out at various temperatures 27°C,40°C and 50°C for time period of 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes. Mass transfer kinetics of the two main parameters of process, moisture loss and solid gain data were studied using five different mathematical models. The models used include Azuara, Peleg, Magee, Power and Penetration Model. Amongst the applied model Azuara's and Peleg model were found to be best fitted for moisture loss while for solid gain Power law and Magee's model were found to be best fit.

Bio-mimicry is one of the leading fields of research that has been around since the early ages of science. Aerospace industry, especially, takes most of its design inspiration from the aquatic life. In this paper a breed of flying fish scientifically known as Exocoetidae, Cypselurus Hiraii has been chosen to study. The aerodynamic characteristics of the fish were studied experimentally in a wind tunnel previously, but the plausibility of its design application in the aerospace industry hasn't been explored yet. Therefore, in the present study the cross-section of the fish in the side view has been traced and its aerodynamic performance as a 2D infinite wing has been examined in ANSYS R15 (FLUENT). The performance of this fish inspired shape has been compared to the properties of conventional aerofoils in terms of coefficient of lift and coefficient of drag.

The key exchange protocol (kep) is used to barter whatsoever keys or related information are required, so that no one can replicate it. Conventionally either a reliable courier, diplomatic bags, or some other protected network are needed. The present work put forward, a new technique for designing a foep build on Santilli's isofields of the first kind is to use rings isopolynomials with elements called isonumbers.

Biometrics is one of the fields that are emerging now a days, Iris biometrics was found to yield better consequences on account of persistency, accuracy and security. Iris is a thin, annular arrangement that is existing in the eye, which is colored slice of the eye that controls the extent of the pupil. In this paper we are going to review different techniques that are applied to segment the iris region from the eye along with the available databases using which we will be able to fetch the image of the iris from different categories.

Lexonomy is a platform which is an open source for writing and publishing dictionaries. Pali Lexicography is actually a dictionary created by using Lexonomy, which is a web based tool for creating dictionaries. Since a dictionary is a means of understanding any language and its translation, the present work is about Pali Lexicography. It is a project that has been created using simple XML tags and technical skills without any cost. In this, word mapping is done using selected words that are chosen from the set of Pali Language which are also present in the Marathi Language set having almost similar meaning in Marathi Language. All the Pali words have their English meaning which are automatically sorted generating the Lexicographic order. Pali dictionary is created with a simple user interface and is easily operable.

We come across many disabled people in NGO's and hospitals. These people find difficult to convey message as they cannot make full body movement like normal people. Looking at such condition we tried to make a system which can be used to convey messages on behalf of such people. This system give different messages by simple movement of hand of the person. The device is placed on person's hand so the he can tilt it in particular direction. By tilting the device in different direction in a specified range of angle different messages are displayed. Here an accelerometer is used to measure the tilt. The data from the accelerometer is then passed to the microcontroller. The microcontroller takes the information, process the data and shows the particular message depending on the tilt by the person. The microcontroller send data to a LCD screen and desired message is displayed. On the receiver side along with LCD screen a buzzer is also present and in gets on as soon as it receives signal from the accelerometer. On person's hand the device consists of an RF transmitter which is used to transfer the data signal in encoded form. On the receiving end the RF receiver gets the data from the transmitter and then decodes it and which is then passed to the microcontroller for reading the data, processing the data and responding to it.

There is huge amount of information accessible within the healthcare systems. But there do not exist enough analysis tools to mine uncovered, unusual but useful patterns in data. Data mining has been used successfully in various fields to discover hidden patterns and trends, alerting about the hidden anomalies in the data or simply helping in the decision making process. This paper how classification techniques in data mining can be applied for heart disease prediction. To predict and alert about any future coronary ailment in the patients techniques like Naïve Bayes, and Decision tree are applied and efficiency of these algorithms is compared. The dataset taken is Cleveland dataset with 14 attributes.

Cloud computing offers subscription based storage and resources. Cloud computing provides various services to cloud users. Increased use of information and communication technologies (ICT) has led to increase energy cost as well also increased emission of greenhouse gases like CO2. Since energy is an important asset, green cloud computing comes into picture. Green cloud computing can be achieved by applying various approaches, which uses lesser power as well as emits less CO2 gas, which is hazardous to environment. Energy efficient technologies results in decreased overall energy consumption. There is a need of data centre in almost every field like web applications and businesses which results in producing huge amount of CO2 in environment. To make data centres environmental friendly we need energy efficient approaches which will reduce energy consumption and there hazardous effects on environment. Data is being generated at very high speed so the need of data centres will also increase. Increased data centres will then consume more amount of energy. The main objective of these paper is to reviews various approaches applied by researchers to make energy efficient cloud computing.

In the present review paper, we are presenting comprehensive information about the advances and recent researches made in the field of inventory supply chain for deteriorating items. This paper studied some characteristics which are playing important role in management area of deteriorating inventory supply chains. We have categorize our reviewed papers according to the keywords like demand rate, deterioration rate, two warehouses dispatching policy, green supply chain, permissible delay in payments and some strategies like vendor managed inventory (VMI), Stackelberg Game, sale, discount, effects of dynamic pricing of deteriorating items on income and deterioration, unexpected deterioration identification etc. The research work which is tabulated in this paper offer clear information about the inventory supply chain of deteriorating items. We have also provided future research directions in this area.

A self-balancing scooterate (also"hoverboard", self-balancingsystem on board)is a self-balancing transport system consisting of motorized wheels have pad on which the rider places her or his feet and stands on pad to drive. The driver or a person controls the velocity of Hoverboard by leaning forwards or backwards, and provide direction with a steering command. The study of balancing of a person on Hoverboard can be explained with the help of a complex computer algorithm that stabilizes the under-actuated system. The methodology or The Concepts used for controlling the Hover board mechanism through mathematical modelling can be studied by explaining through kinematic model, the dynamic model (using Lagrange approach) that are presented to control the Two-Wheel personal Balancing Transporter (TWPBT) as follows.

This paper is devoted to study modified Chaplygin gas and cosmological 'constant' as candidates of dark energy in the presence of cosmic viscous fluid with reference to the Bianchi type V space-time geometry. To represent a more viable cosmological model, variation of gravitational 'constant' is also considered. Precise solutions of equations of field have been acquired, where scale factors expand as monomial functions of cosmic time. Further, by use of graphical representation, behaviours of various parameters are also examined.

Let M be a Riemannian manifold of n dimension with the coordinate (x¹, ..., xⁿ). The distance on M are given by first fundamental metrical tensor I = g_ijdx^ldxⁱ, where gij will be assume to be analytic function of x¹,..., xⁿ and let the distance element in this space be given by second fundamental quadratic form II = Ω_ijdx^ldxⁱ, where Ω. will be assume to be analytic function of x¹, ..., xⁿ. In 1929, W.V.D. Hodge introduced the theory of harmonic integral. By using the theory of harmonic integral, he gave the topological definition of geometric genus P_g of a surface. But we have observed that in the theory of harmonic integral, there is no place for second fundamental form of a surface. This motivates us to introduce the new type of differential form by using second fundamental metrical tensor. In this paper, we have introduced the RP-harmonic integral, Modified RP-harmonic integral and Generalized harmonic integral. By using the period matrix corresponding to the RP-harmonic integral, Modified RP-harmonic integral and Generalized harmonic integral, we have studied the numerical invariant of a manifold M. As anologous to geometric genus of a surface, we have defined invariant of a surface, we called as RP-geometric genus P_rp and Generalized geometric genus P_gh.

The future growth of the Internet of Services has fundamentally changed the emergence of cloud computing. Cloud data centres serve multiple tenant demands for cloud applications that discharge vast amounts of electricity, leading to high operating costs and environmental diffusion of carbon dioxide (CO2). To fix this is the need for preservation to enable potential use by building a new structure and measuring the effect in a cloud data centre. Consequently, the use of pruned electricity reduces the cost of processing power. In order to meet energy-efficient data centres in the cloud, adjusting to optimal load balancing processing a good way for energy savings. To minimise the large energy use of cloud data centres herds, this focuses on increasing efficacy by breaking the workload evenly. In this paper, we plan to provide a comprehensive comparative analysis in cloud computing of current load balancing algorithms.

In the present paper we investigate Bianchi type-I Cosmological model with inhomogeneous equation of state (EoS) in the presence of variable bulk viscous fluid(ζ) in the framework of general theory of relativity. In order to find exact solutions of the Einstein's field equations, we have assumed a special law of variation for Hubble parameter H i. e. $H\propto \frac{1}{{R}^{\alpha }}$. The nature of model is discussed for α ≠ 0 and α = 0. Some physical and kinematical aspects of model are also discussed for both the conditions.

In general theory of relativity cosmological model of spherically symmetric string cloud has been investigated with respect to electromagnetic field. In present work conformal motion of one parametric group was used to obtain Einstein field equations solution.

In this paper we studied the analytic invariants of spherically symmetric space-time by considering the various quadruples of orthogonal unit vectors α_i, β_i and then some results have been developed there upon. Further it is noticed that, for K_spsq = K_rprq = K_rsrs = K_pqpq = 0, p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ s and p, q, r, s = 1, 2, 3,4, the quadruple (α_p, α_q, α_r, β_s) and (α_s, β_p, β_q, β_r) of the orthogonal unit vector α_i and β_i yield the flat geometry of the space-time if and only if ρ⁵ = 0. Also for K_rprq = K_spsq = K_pqps = 0 and g_qqK_psps + g_ssK_pqpq = 0; p ≠ q ≠ r ≠ s, p, q, r, s = 1; 2; 3; 4, the quadruple (α_p, α_q, α_r, β_s) and (α_s, β_p, β_q, β_r) of the orthogonal unit vector α_i and β_i yield ρ⁴ = constant, which leads to the well known theorem of Schur concerning the space of constant curvature.

In this present research paper, we considered cosmological model in Saez-Ballester [Phys. LettA 113, 467, 1985] theory of gravitation with stiff matter, thick domain walls. Some physical and geometrical aspects of the models have also been discussed

An infectious disease COVID-19 is caused by virus called coronavirus. The corona virus transmitted from individual to individual through droplets / contact. The first conformed case of India was on 30 January 2020 occurred in Kerala. As still no vaccine is available for controlling it so from initial stage government of India started different initiatives like lockdown, work from home, suspension of train services and international flights, implemented rules and regulation such as limiting the number of passengers in the vehicle, banning on social gathering to control on this virus. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) was launched a nationwide training for front line health worker on COVID19. Hence the implication of the study becomes very crucial. In this paper the special case of India is considered from the initial period to October 2020. Based on available data, the analysis of this viruses is studied also the different cases of stability is checked by considering logistic growth in prey population. The parameter which used to study this case are predators, prey, time, prey's growth rate, attack rate, predator or consumer mortality rate, conversion efficiency and maximum curing capacitive rate.

The risk of cyber-attacks on a country has grown drastically. The cyber security risks against critical power infrastructure seem to be worsening. Obviously, any sort of assault on an atomic plant is very concerning. An attack that allows hackers to manipulate the system that control a nuclear reactor, while very difficult, could have very serious consequences. The main reason for this attack is vulnerabilities in local computer networks in power plants. Which has direct access to the internet without any major protection against cyber-attacks like phishing attacks against power plant employees, virus injection tools etc., As the main defense against this attacks is to make power plant networks and employees anonymous to the internet and making sure that no one is tracking the employees which can lead to loss of sensitive information of the plant. The Tor onion networking protocol is best suitable for these types of attacks on employees and computer networks in the power plant. Since providing Tor network for individual employee in practically impossible. Our projected work aims to establish an onion router which provide overall coverage of computer systems and employees which has access to power plant inside the perimeter of power plant. To simulate the plant local networks we construct an internet router using raspberry pi which is configured with Tor onion routing protocol access the internet by computers connected to our Router.

The aim of this work is to investigate the time fractional thermoelastic state of a thermally sensitive functionally graded thick hollow cylinder subjected to internal heat source. Convection boundary conditions are applied on the curved surface of cylinder also sectional heating is assumed on the lower surface. The material properties except density and Poisson's ratio are assumed to be dependent on temperature. Kirchhoff's variable transformation is used to reduce the nonlinear heat conduction with temperature dependent thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity to linear form. Further the solution of linear form is obtained by using integral transform technique in the form of Bessel's and trigonometric functions. All physical and mechanical quantities are taken as dimensional for the theoretical analysis whereas for numerical computations non-dimensional parameters are assumed. Numerical results of temperature change and stress distribution are illustrated graphically for ceramic-metal-based functionally graded materials and shown in figures with the help of Mathematica software.

Performance of the machining and the efficiency of milling operation depend on several process variables among which hardness of work material is of great significant. In this study, experimentation was carried out to investigate the effect of work hardness on end milling process. Workpiece material hardness is used as a noise factor. Input parameters used are spindle speed, feed; depth of cut and tool diameter.

The experiments performed under wet and minimum Quantity lubrication and results of both compared. further for getting optimal lubricant conditions the experiments performed for various levels of flow rates of minimum quantity lubrication to get the best optimal setting. Output parameters are surface roughness, material removal rate, cutting force and tool wear. Design of Experiment (DOE) with Taguchi L27 Orthogonal Array (OA) has been explored to produce 27 specimens on Al2024 aluminium by end milling operation at three different levels of hardness of material. The experiments performed under wet and minimum quantity lubrication condition and results compared. Further For optimal lubricant condition the experiments performed at various flow rate of Minimum Quantity Lubrication and "best" optimal setting is identified.

For multiple piece bone fractures orthopaedic surgeons often prefer bone drilling. During bone drilling (cortical and cancellous) heat is generated. Heat accumulation above tolerance level of bone biomaterial causes permanent bone injury. This leads to delayed restoration period. This can be avoided by controlling drill tool geometrical aspects and in depth information of bone substructure. Among various angles of drill tool, helix angle is very important as it gives way out to bone chip and thereby heat removal from drilling site. Temperature affects bone up to cellular level and so to identify thermal damage, bone substructure has to study. This paper deals with the study of drill tool geometrical aspects that contributes to temperature rise and its effect on bone substructure.

There are numerous integral transforms which are being extensively usedto solve many of the real life, science and engineering problems. In this paper, two integral transforms namely Kamal transform and very famous Laplace transform are studied comparatively. Application of these transforms to solve linear difference equations is demonstrated. Study shows that these integral transforms are in close connection to each other.

In Recent years, there has been an increasing tendency to build resilience to the impact of civilian and military infrastructure due to the increasing number of attacks or calamities. An alternative solution is to improve the impact resistance of such structures is to incorporate different types and dosages of fibres into the concrete that can greatly reduce the damage of concrete structures due to the impact load. This research work focuses on the experimental setup based on Drop Weight Test-Ac1 544. The objective is to build a model for impact energy using variation in plain concrete and fibre reinforced concrete. Furthermore, this research work investigates and describes the impact resistance of fibre reinforced concrete to calculate the reliability of model. Lastly this analytical study is based on testing an experimental model using various mathematical and statistical methods.

An anti-magic labeling of a finite simple undirected graph G is a bijection from the set of edges to the set of integers {1, 2,..., |E(G)|} such that the vertex sums are pairwise distinct, where the vertex sum at one vertex is the sum of labels of all edges incident to such vertex. A graph is called anti-magic if it admits an anti-magic labeling. In this paper, we established an anti-magic labeling of the cartoon flowers. We further define a new subclass of the cartoon flower called the consecutive wounded cartoon flower and then established an anti-magic labeling of the consecutive wounded cartoon flowers.

An anti-magic labeling of a finite simple undirected graph G is a bijection from the set of edges E(G) to the set of integers {1, 2,..., |E(G)|} such that the vertex sums are pairwise distinct, where the vertex sum at one vertex is the sum of labels of all edges incident to such vertex. A graph is called anti-magic if it admits an anti-magic labeling. In this paper, we established an anti-magic labeling of Card House Graphs.

Gammon India limited is one of the leading tower companies with exposure in extra high voltage transmission line and distribution projects since 1984. They have in-house facility for design, testing and tower manufacturing capacity (110,000 TPA) and have supplied towers/structure over 6, 00,000 metric tons including 87,000 metric tons to different countries. They are ISO certified for design, testing, manufacturing and turnkey projects. The various types of cranes utilized in transmission Tower Company like goliath or gantry crane, electrical overhead travelling crane and hydra (JCB) to shift unprocessed materials, semi-process and end products from one station to another station. The goliath/gantry cranes are placed in unprocessed and processed yard and it is used to transfer unprocessed materials from raw yard to different machine in machine shop-1 and machine shp-2 also it transfer end products from steel yard to different automobile vehicles like box truck, recreational vehicle, camper etc. The high breakdown occurs in goliath/gantry cranes due to breakage of supply current trolley cable, so high maintenance and production cost is involved and after every two years supply current trolley cable is replaced by new one. In this paper an entire though is given as regards how to optimize breakdown and production loss by implementing bus-bar/current collector system on gantry/goliath crane. The current collector or bus-bar system is employed to provide three phase current to different motors of gantry/goliath crane. This paper presents evolving a maintenance optimization of gantry/goliath crane in supply current cable trolley system.

In this paper, the study will be conducted to examine whether there is any communality among the marks obtained by B.Ed. examinees in various papers of this course since there are three major streams into which B.Ed. students are channelized.[1,2] The marks obtained by the examinees in three streams will be studied separately. The three streams are Arts, Commerce and Science even though the B.Ed. courses are open to all University graduates including B.Sc., Agriculture, B.E., B. Tech, M.B.B.S. However, there are few instances all over the country where B.E., B. Tech, M.B.B.S. degree holders seek and get admission in B.Ed. courses. Thus the marks obtained by B.Ed. examinees belonging to the three streams in 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018-19 in R T M Nagpur University were subjected to factor analysis. While discussing the scope of the present work, it is essential to mention that the factor analysis is one of the advanced procedures of statistical analysis of the data. The marks obtained by the examinees in each of the said streams for every year separately are factorially analyzed and interpreted.

In present situations for theory and applications point of view graph theory is useful. Graphs are used as a representative tool for many problems of applied consequence. For illustration, a system of towns, which are considered by vertices, and connections among them make a biased graph. In present work graphical structure of graphene and ferroelectric hysteresis curve is explain.

Aluminium alloy 7075 T6 weld joints having size of plates 125 mm ×100 mm × 10 mm experimented to investigate the effects of process input parameters on the thermal, mechanical properties of GMAW. The process input parameters like current (A), heat flux (Q), flow rate of gas (G), speed of welding (S), wire feed rate (F) & shielding gas are affecting the thermal, metallurgical & mechanical properties of weldment. This experimental study aims at developing mathematical models for bead height (HB), bead width (WB) and bead penetration (PB) and investigating the effects of four process parameters This experimental analysis aims at temperature study for selection of process parameter & prediction of the bead geometry. The heat flows during welding process controls the grain size & material properties. The temperature spread is vital in affecting characteristic of weld joint. Transient thermal analysis gives temperature & residual stress distribution at varied mode of heat transfer phases.

This article shows the outline of successive approximation register-ADC used to convert the signals obtain from the brain into electrical signal. Quaternary capacitive exchangin vitality conspires (QCS) within the execution of (C-DAC) is utilized which makes the vitality utilization in the C-DAC free of the yield advanced output code. This method accomplishes a 50% diminishment within the normal vitality utilization. The design is actualized in 0.25nm technologyusing complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS).

Nowadays, peoples are suffering from different types of diseases and detection tests for these diseases are costly and it is painful for poor people. In Ancient, Nadi Pariksha is the supernatural technique to recognize the health status of the patient and to approximate the quantity of Tridosha i.e. Vata, Pitta and Kapha in the body which are helpful for detection and diagnosis of diseases. The main aim of this paper is to propose IOT-based pulse examination system which is used to oblige doctors in diagnostic practice for prediction of diseases.

Here formulas are formed to calculate rank of matrix. By applying it to the problems we can reduce the steps so it save time for calculations. After reducing the matrix to its upper triangular form, the case may occur that we get, row equivalent matrix / rows in the form of scalar multiple of each other, in such case formula (1) is used to find the rank of matrix. Or it may possible that without reduced the matrix to upper triangular form, we get the matrix whose rows are identical or in form of scalar multiple of each other in such case formula (2) is used. In this paper, the problems are solved for computation of rank by different methods and results were compared.

This paper discusses a web based instant messaging application based on XMPP protocol. This application can be used from any platform to send and receive texts and also be used for push notifications and broadcast news across the clients. The paper discusses the client server architecture in a single server system that can be used in smaller organization for secure message delivery. The clients can also use group chats or multi user chat rooms other than individual chats. The scope of the proposed application can be expanded to and not limited to file sharing system to share files(.pdf, .ppt, .docx) and multimedia files(.jpeg, .jpg). A daily task list or timesheet can also be added so that employees can use this application to add or remove daily work reminders.

In the present paper, we discussed applications of Laplace Transform to solve the equations that occur in mathematical modeling of various engineering problems like simple electric circuit, in analysis and modeling of Mechanical system, in population growth, in conduction of heat equation (with example), in Bessel's function and in economics. We interpreted a relation between beta and gamma function and applications to simultaneous differential equations with suitable example using Laplace Transform Method.

During an oil and gas well drilling the drilling fluids are pumped through the drill string to cool and lubricate the drill bit. This also serves the purpose of bringing the rock cutting back to surface and serves various other purposes also like pressure control and maintain well bore stability. As the well is drilled the casing are lowed from the well from caving in. This results in a situation where there is an annular flow of drilling fluid where the inner pipe is rotating while the outer pipe is stationary. The understanding of fluid dynamics of such situation is extremely important and detailed investigations are required. Though experimental investigation will reflect the actual behavior but with the advancement is the numerical techniques such experimentation can be avoided with the application of computational fluid dynamics. Therefore, the present study employs the homogeneous model to simulate a single-phase fluid flow and predict pressure loss variation in eccentric vertical annuli as a function of varying drilling parameters: fluid velocity, inner pipe rotation speed

Urban population growth in India observes continuous increase since 1901 with 34.03 % in 2018 allowing swelling of urban limits as per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Considering urban growth the Ministry of Transport has been active for developing urban roads increasing road length to 58, 97, 671 km in 2017. Consequent to urban growth and developed roads is observed the raise in vehicle ownership adding on to motorized vehicles adapting modal shifts leading to amassed use of speed moving motorized vehicle/s. The total number of motorized vehicles in 2017 is 253,311 thousands. A research study marks the rate of increase in motorized vehicles as 11.69% against the 1.84% growth of the population in India. These Motorized vehicles are the major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution leading to significant number sharing about 2/3rd of air pollution-related deaths in India. The road side landscape can help in reducing the effect of pollution due to these vehicles if planted appropriately. The use of multimodal integrated transportation is one of the solution to integrate the public transport allowing private transport network with provisions for non-motorized transport. This paper aims to urban transport sustainability assessment for the use of motorized vehicles in road transport India. The objectives of this paper include the study of increasing rate of motorized vehicles as against the urban growth and accidents due to air pollution from these vehicles, and the probable solutions for the reduction of accidents in India with emphasis on study from Maharashtra. Maharashtra being at the top in the vehicle ownership in India it is selected for the case study along with the assessment study on multi modal transport solution at Nagpur.

In this paper, we have developed two-warehouse problem of supply chain system for deteriorating items, where demand is taken as the function of stock with the exponent function of time. The Practical situation of shortage also include due to the shortage of inventory occur so frequently in daily life in the inventory problem of supply chain system. Backlogging case of shortage is also taken into consideration to make the model more concerned with real life situation. Role of inflation cannot be avoided, so we have included an inflation factor in our model too. A sensitivity analysis is given by the suitable example. To justify our result graph between various parameters is also shown in analysis part. Keywords: term, term, term.

Flywheel is a mechanical device which acts as a saving bank account where one can deposit extra money and withdraws whenever required likewise flywheel also store the energy when the demand is less and deliver it when the demand is high. It is mounted in between driver and the follower. It act as a energy store. This paper is focused on the use of mathematical modeling of flywheel and space optimized design for punching press. Flywheel has to be designed for a punch which has to make 20 holes/minute in a plate of thickness 12 mm with constrained of space. 1200mm is the limiting value of diameter of flywheel. The flywheel design is based on the space limitations. The various parameters and stresses induced are determined. At the end it is seen that diameter of the flywheel is less than the permissible value therefore design is safe and optimized for available space.

The postman problem is concern with the choice of root to follow in order that he or she pass each streets at least once and return at starting point with least traveling distance. The Chinese postman problem is transformed as network optimization problem under certain constraint. Stochastic networks are networks of non-binary vertices that differ over time, reflecting the probability of a connection of two nodes. This paper deals with theoretical and mathematical foundation of stochastic networks related to an additional feature of the Chinese postman Problem (CPP) is that postman visited with first priority node as soon as possible. Fleury's and Dijkstra's algorithm have been used with respect to Eulerian path. Finally, this paper also illustrates and justify the implementation of the methodology and algorithms. Consideration of cost factors in the ever network problems gives another scope of research.

The task of assigning particular task to a particular person can be solved using assignment problem. If the problem is considered under fuzzy environment, then uncertainty can be minimized which is usually involved in human complex problem. There are various modelsfor solving fuzzy assignment problem. In this paper, the triangular fuzzy assignment problem is formulated. It is then solved by the fuzzy Hungarian method, Hungarian and direct method. The results are obtained and comparison of optimal solution among these methods is done for the effectiveness of the method. The method is illustrated by numerical example based on real life data.

Typical tasks of vision systems are included in Recognition area of work – object recognition, identification, detection, content-based image retrieval, pose estimation, optical character recognition (OCR), 2-D encoding and decoding, shape recognition technology, facial recognition and many more. The process followed in order to attain these tasks generally follows the same pattern. First step is image acquisition using various types of cameras according to the requirements (light-sensitive cameras, range sensors, ultrasonic cameras and many more) and acquiring pixel intensities corresponding to light intensity or other measures. Followed by preprocessing in order to reduce noise, increase contrast, resample or scaling using filters, histogram equalization, re-sampling algorithms.

To obtain an optimum solution for the fuzzy transportation problem, there is requisite to find an elementary feasible solution. In this paper, a survey is presented on the current methods to get feasible solutions for the fuzzy transportation problems. The methods are also showed with a mathematical example for fuzzy data and a comparative study is also presented.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is imposed to impersonate human cognitive functions. AI Techniques are most popular across healthcare. The motive behind implementing an AI system is to make the system more fast and efficient. Now, AI can assist medical physician for fast and accurate diagnosis of diseases. When the time of deployment of the AI system will come then, systems need to be 'trained' for a huge amount of data will be generated from different clinical performance data. Now a day's data is available in a structured, unstructured and, semi-structured format. For supporting, retrieving results and knowledge from this data, its analysis using different AI techniques are available. This includes machine learning methods for structured data and unsupervised learning for unstructured data which is useful for retrieving features when the outcome for some subjects is missing. In this paper different conventional machine learning techniques used in healthcare, domains is analyzed using different data types. Also, a comparison of different methods used in Artificial intelligence fiction in the healthcare domain is explored. A flow from clinical data creation, through NLP data enhancement and Machine learning data analysis for making clinical diagnosis decisions and its predictions are discussed and implementation using a support vector machine (SVM) on the healthcare dataset consisting of the patient questionnaire isdone.

Now a day's higher education is become more competitive. Students are the main pole of today's education. All educational institutions are focusing on the quality improvement and change in the traditional evaluation methods. Due to the high competition among Private Universities and existing National Universities the scenario of evaluation methods has important role so that the students shall be kept on track as an active learner through their modified methods of evaluation. Consequently, the evaluation of students through traditional methods has limitations as it is based on the crisp boundaries. The students having a very small difference of marks can be placed into different grades. Also the students who have missed the chance of appearing for one of the subject head may be fail due to absolute method of grading. A soft computing model for students' evaluation of student in educational institute using subject wise and other activities performance is developed in this paper. To consider uncertainties occur during the semester fuzzy logic technique is applied.

The construction of timetable with all constrained is very difficult task. Timetable is the problem in which we assign teachers to respective course, time slots and rooms with some constraints. In this paper we apply fuzzy algorithm which satisfy all constrains by using one example.

The Banach Contraction theorem is the basis of the theory of fixed points. Many scholars have been working in different directions on the Banach Theorem. Further theorems on coupled, tripled and quadruple fixed points are established. A quadruple fixed point result was developed in this paper for partial order M-metric space using a monotone property. This theorem is the extension and alteration of literary outcomes. An illustration to verify the outcome has been given.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 46T99, 54H25, 47H10, 54E50

A compartmental SEIR epidemic model with constant latent and recovery periods as delay effects is proposed in this paper. Incidence rate applied in the model is non-monotonic. Basic reproduction number for the model is calculated and the dynamical behavior is analyzed by studying the local & global asymptotic stability of disease free and endemic equilibriums of this model. Numerical simulation of this model is given to illustrate the results.

This article deals with formulating an inverse problem of heat conduction to analyse thermoelastic stress in a thick annular disc due to internal heat generation within the solid. The integral transformation techniques, Marchi-Zgrablich transform and finite MarchiFasulo integral transform, are employed in order to solve governing transient heat conduction equation, under stated thermal boundary conditions. The outcomes obtained from analytical solution are represented in the form of infinite series consisting Bessel's functions. Numerical verification is done for a particular case of a thick annular disc made of aluminummetal and results are depicted graphically.

In this paper, an attempt is made to optimize the turning process by minimizing Surface Roughness and Tool Wear. The independent l factors used are Environmental Condition, Feed Rate, Depth of Cut, Nose Radius and Tool Types. The dependant factors are Surface Roughness and Tool Wear. Experimentations are conducted on CNC Spinner Lathe machine. AISI 4340 steel is selected as workpiece material. Three different types of Cutting tool are considered for the study. Grey Relational Analysis and Taguchi Philosophy together are used to optimize the process. As per the Taguchi method L27, Orthogonal Array (OA) is finalized for the experimentation. For the computation of the response table and ANOVA table, the Taguchi based data Analysis is used. The Variance Analysis (ANOVA) and S/N ratio (SRN) are employed to find the contribution and ranking of contribution parameters to optimize multiple output parameters.

A new sampling point scheme with nine evaluation points were introduced in this research study for twenty noded brick elements. The new sampling points were located inside the brick element at the corners and center point of the 20 node brick element. This integration scheme can be assumed to be an imitation of Gaussian integration scheme. Standard benchmark problems were chosen from the different research works and compared with our proposed scheme. Finally, the proposed integration scheme achieves good results for twenty node brick element on different performance parameters of finite element analysis.

In the present paper we solved heat equation (Partial Differential Equation) by various methods. The methods used here are Laplace Transform method, method of separation of variables, Fourier Transform and MATLAB software. We reached the same solution at the end in Laplace Transform method, method of separation of variables, but by Fourier Transform we reached solution in different form that is in sine and cosine series form.

As a result of the developments made in medical and technical aspects, the healthcare sector has been constantly evolving. Over the decades, healthcare has developed by using the best available PC technology. It has become an in-depth source of valuable analytical and analysis data. The health aspects of the person need to be monitored with the utmost concern and treated with appropriate medications. Proactive monitoring of one's health can cure and prevent several diseases. In recent decades, technology has evolved to its height due to the availability of many wearable devices and health tracking gadgets on the market. Expert doctors also find it difficult to estimate the disease from the symptoms seen from the diseased, but using advanced technical tools such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud/edge computing, machine learning and AI along with Big Data will make it much easier for doctors to dig out and describe the root cause of the disease and predict its severity using modern algorithms. The objective is to be able to extract relevant and important information from the massive data usually produced in IOT devices by the front-end sensor frameworks and few intelligences that could be included in the front-end module itself to allow the front-end to make a decision based on data priority.

In today's world information storing and retrieval plays an important role. Database systems play a key role in the new commercial system for information storage. For accessing the data from database, a person who is not having the knowledge of SQL may find themselves handicapped while dealing with the database. This presents a significant limitation in a developing country such as India, because even today, a very large majority of the population does not have the technical knowledge of how to deal with database systems.

In such a case, Natural language processing (NLP) assumes a significant job. NLP is getting perhaps the most dynamic strategies utilized in Human-PC Interaction. It is a part of AI which is utilized for Information Retrieval, Machine interpretation, and Language Analysis. This paper, proposes a system which allows the user to query the database in a compatible mode language, through a convenient Graphical User Interface which results in the data required by the user.

- Real life problems which can be formulated in differential equations can be solved by different integral transform. In here, we will discuss some formulas and properties of two transform namely Elzaki transform and Laplace transform and will be used to solve the same set of Differential equation and will be compared with each other.

The study is undertaken to find the combined effect of 16% metakaolin (MK) along with steel fiber reinforcement (SFR) on M40 grade of concrete with Portland pozzolana cement (PPC). For this purpose steel fiber of aspect ratio (l/d) as 41.67 and 81.33 were used. Cubes, cylinders and prisms were casted by using different eight concrete mixtures using 0.5% 1% and 1.5% steel fibers by volume of concrete. At 28 days of water curing these casted specimens were subjected to tests like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and ultrasonic pulse speed test. It was located that metallic fiber along with metakaolin mixture has significantly stepped forward these properties. Regression analysis on experimental results generated some statistical model predicting the results in good agreement.

Rapid industrialization in concrete industry dominates the infrastructural development globally. Where, the crowded places, old structures, monuments gets maintain and rehabilitate to strengthen then we use high grade concrete. For this purpose we use reactive powder concrete and without destroying the structure know its strength parameters. This investigation mainly focus on mix proportion of different ingredients of reactive powder concrete and check the freshly prepared specimen for non destructive test as per codal provision. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test gives the idea about the uniformity of material, dense particle and homogeneity.

Higher the pulse velocity or wavelength which passes through specimen higher is the compression strength. In this examination specimen were prepared from silica fumes, silica sand and steel fiber to achieve the durability. Here, RPC M30 and RPC M60 cubes were prepared and tested after 3, 7, 14, 28 and 90days. The specimen was cured and age by accelerated curing and conventional curing to see increment in compression strength. The accelerated curing temperature was kept 600C with relative humidity 60% and conventional curing at 250C i.e. on room temperature ±20C. In reactive powder concrete there is a less cement use because of silica fume which was again by product of SiO2 i.e. silicon dioxide. This is resulting into less significant greenhouse effects to improve sustainable development goal.

This paper gives sufficient idea about the wavelength and its characteristics. Uses of silica sand in study of RPC and structural changes occur in compression strength. In this paper linear relationship was establish with the help of regression analysis for compactness of material and studying the wavelength. The R2 value is ranges 0.8 to 0.99 means the relationship was good and material is homogeneous. Plasticizer and water cement ratio plays an important role in case of workability and cement binder ratio.

The Ranking is one of the big issues in various information retrieval applications (IR). Various approaches to machine learning with various ranking applications have new dimensions in the field of IR. Most work focuses on the various strategies for enhancing the efficiency of the information retrieval system as a result of how related questions and documents also provide a ranking for successful retrieval. By using a machine learning approach, learning to rank is a frequently used ranking mechanism with the purpose of organizing the documents of different types in a specific order consistent with their ranking. An attempt has been made in this paper to position some of the most widely used algorithms in the community. It provides a survey of the methods used to rank the documents collected and their assessment strategies.

For decades, humans have been intrigued by the concept of an intelligent and independent self-learning machine. The idea behind Machine Learning (ML) is to simplify the development of analytical models such that, with the help of available data, algorithms can learn continuously. Internet of Things (IoT) enabled devices are the major sources of data generation with a number of multiple modalities and differing data consistency, defined by velocity in terms of time and position dependence. Intelligent processing and analysis of this generated data (Big Data) is the key to developing smart IoT applications. ML may be used in cases where the desired effect is defined (supervised learning) or where data itself is not defined beforehand (unsupervised learning) or where learning is the outcome of the interaction among the learning model and the environment (reinforcing learning). In this chapter, we present and discuss a taxonomy of machine learning algorithms that can be used with IoT. Furthermore, how different machine learning techniques are used to derive higher-level information from the data is illustrated. Lastly, we investigate, what are the real-world IoT data characteristics that involve an interpretation of the data?