Urban transport sustainability assessment for the Use of motorized vehicles in road transport india

Urban population growth in India observes continuous increase since 1901 with 34.03 % in 2018 allowing swelling of urban limits as per the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. Considering urban growth the Ministry of Transport has been active for developing urban roads increasing road length to 58, 97, 671 km in 2017. Consequent to urban growth and developed roads is observed the raise in vehicle ownership adding on to motorized vehicles adapting modal shifts leading to amassed use of speed moving motorized vehicle/s. The total number of motorized vehicles in 2017 is 253,311 thousands. A research study marks the rate of increase in motorized vehicles as 11.69% against the 1.84% growth of the population in India. These Motorized vehicles are the major pollution contributor, producing significant amounts of nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and other pollution leading to significant number sharing about 2/3rd of air pollution-related deaths in India. The road side landscape can help in reducing the effect of pollution due to these vehicles if planted appropriately. The use of multimodal integrated transportation is one of the solution to integrate the public transport allowing private transport network with provisions for non-motorized transport. This paper aims to urban transport sustainability assessment for the use of motorized vehicles in road transport India. The objectives of this paper include the study of increasing rate of motorized vehicles as against the urban growth and accidents due to air pollution from these vehicles, and the probable solutions for the reduction of accidents in India with emphasis on study from Maharashtra. Maharashtra being at the top in the vehicle ownership in India it is selected for the case study along with the assessment study on multi modal transport solution at Nagpur.


Introduction
Worldwide, mobility is regarded as an important basic living requirement. Increasing personal mobility offers access to both essential services and leisure activities. At the same time, versatility is part of and extends the option of a modernlifestyle.
Urbanization is a common phenomenon observed in major countries of the world as a consequence of the uplift. As per the UN world population statistics 2018, 4.13 billion of the worlds population sharing about 55% is living in urban areas and it is projected to reach 6.68 billions by 2050. [1]

World' Scenario
The US ranks first for having the highest number of road injuries, as per the WHO Global Road Safety Report 2018. In the199 countries published in World Road Statistics, India ranks3rd in road accidents and 1st in the number of road accident fatalit ies, led byChina and the US in 2018. India accounts fornearly 11 percent of the world's accidentrelateddeaths, with a high percentage of road accidental deaths in lowincome countries of up to 27 percent and a low percentage in highincome countries of 9.3 %. [2] Figure 1. Share of the road accidental deaths by Low and High Income countries [2].    Year Road Length in '000s.

Share of Road Accidents related to NMT:
The Share of road Categories in Road accidents, number of persons killed and injured during 2008-18 have been studied from the report and the analysis is drawn with the % share on NHs, SHs and other roads for the road accidents, Fatalities due to road accidents and the persons injured.    Table 3. Category wise total road length, accidents, persons killed and injuries in 2018 (compiled from the Transport, 2018).   Table 6. Accidents, Fatalities and Injuries based on the collission type [8] The accidents share on National highways is increasing whereas on state highways it is constant and percentage share of accidents on other roads is reducing gradually.
When calculated the clashes between the vehicle to NMV, pedestrians and animals, it adds to 22.93% of the total road accidents, 22.24% is the fatality and 19.17% persons are injuried. It marks that 1/5th is the risk in using NMT while on road which is continued regularly as seen from the table below 2017 -18 the percentage change in persons killed is 20% total for NMT & related traffic.

Oil consumption and Pollution due to motorized vehicles:
As estimated by the Center for Science & Environment, New Delhi and India's overall transport sector emit about 15% of CO2 emissions, while the country's total oil consum ption accounts for 57% of CO2. And CO2 emissions from transport are that at the fast est rate, at more than 6 percent per year, of all oil-consuming industries. [9] [10] Energy statistics 2018 for India states the growth rate of oil and gas required for motorized transportation is very low to negative value. [11] It alarms us for the alternate energy source for transportation. World Research studies mark the need for energy savings through transport modes for the clean environment. [12] One of the research analysis reveals the merits and demerits of fuel cell vehicles against fuel cell vehicle. [13]

Landscaping to reduce issues related to traffic:
Landscaping is the solution along road sides and at the dividers to reduce the pollution effects. [14]In hot climates, trees do have a cooling effect. The roadsideplantation acts a s a buffer for noise.Sunken roads may be built for this reason, as the psychological effe ct of noise often decreases as the noise source disappears.

Analysis of Road Accidents in India:
As per the research study [17] and survey there is observed a significant relation between the Per capita income and increase in the number of vehicles. Urbanization increases with the increase in per capita income and further adding on vehicular ownership. Increasing vehicle density on roads is inviting for the accidents leading to unwilling deaths of the users due to various road traffic challenges and issues. [18] [19]

Study of Road Accidents in Maharashtra:
Maharashtra is the Indian state with the increasing number of newly registered motorized vehicles.
[22] It marks the reduction in road accidents since 2014-2018 and ranking at 6th in the road accidents in India [8] which used to be at the 2nd and 4th rank earlier.

Analytical Study of Road accidents and Mobility Proposal for Nagpur city:
In Maharashtra state, Nagpur is the third largest urban agglomeration. It is the second c apital of Maharashtra with its winter assembly hub, having an Indian zero mile. As per t he 2011Census, 6 percent of the state's total urban population and 52 percent of the total district population live within the limits of the Nagpur Municipal Co rporation (NMC). The population of the Nagpur Metropolitan Area (NMA) consists of 24.1Lakh and 6.6 Lakh NMC areas from other areas, including Kamptee, Kalmeshwar, Hingna and surrounding villages. The population distribution in NMA has a highly unequal density ranging from 700to85 0 people per hectare in the middle and low along national highways to around 10to150 people per hectare in peripheral areas aspercensus1991figures. The city of Nagpur has roads in the studyarea spread over 2201.19km. The length of the roads within the munic ipal boundaries is1,907 km of which 1,150 km of roads are under the control of the NMC with 500 km of main roads, which means that the city has a density of roads as 6.66 kms per sq. km of surface area. The city of Nagpur has a separate radial pattern and has two ring roads. Two national hi ghways (NH44 and NH53) establish the road network in Nagpur, four state highways ( SH246, 248, 255, 260 and MSH 9) and other internal roads in the northsouth and eastw est direction, along with radial patterns formulated by two ring roads. It is a major inte rsection between thetwomain national highways of India and the Asian Highways (AH4 3andAH46). An Integrated Road Development Plan (IRDP)has been initiated by the Na gpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) to improve the transportation system within the city limits. [24] The total 14,75,217 number of vehicles are registered in Nagpur city till 2017. It shows addition of 78413 new vehicles in 2017-18. The average trip length in Nagpur is 7.6 kms (including walking trips).and 8.2 kms (excluding walk trips). The average trip length for NMT modes such as walking, riding and cycling rickshaws is 2 km, 3.3 km and 2.5 km respectively. The study of journey lengths in various modes rep orts that the average train journey length is 23 km, while the average train journey lengt h is 10.8 km and 8.6 km respectively for cars and 2 wheelers.In Nagpur city, the avera ge trip rate is estimated at 1.26, while for total daily trips in 201718, the motorised trip r ate was observed at 0.95, which is around 5120650. It notes that 15.54 % of total trips a re NMT base trips with 9.53%,6.01 % and 0.36 % trips, including walking, cycling and rickshaw, with the rest being motorized basetrips, respectively. (CMP report 2018) The average trip length (ATL) for car was observed as 6.87 km, for two wheelers 5.50 km and for auto 4.52 km and for public transport mode 9,40 km. Under Mode Share, it can be noted that the 2wheeler share is the highest at 42.6 %, followed by 19.8% auto rickshaws and 15.6 percent bus. Whereas cars have a 5.7 % share in the lowest mode. For two wheelers,the motorized proportion was 65%, followe d by cars with 13% and cars with 12%. 10 %of total motorized passenger trips were fou nd to be the Public Transport share.   Figure 16. Registered vehicles in Nagpur [23] [25] As per the Times of India data in 2019 September Nagpur has witnessed 1,007 road accidents including 250 dead and 1,042 persons injured. It shows decline in road accidents by almost 110, as against 1,117 in 2018. Nagpur city traffic police data says the Road accidents in Nagpur have declined by 9.84% in 2019 but saw a 4.8% rise in fatalities. Accidents total in Nagpur city in 2017 and 2018 gives it a ranking at 26 and 28 whereas Fatalities ranking is 30, 33 and injuries ranking is at 22 and 23. (Nagpur police data) Most of the accidents occur at the intersections along the main roads within the areas cl ose to the city centre and with high population densities, it is noted from the research st udy survey by Nagpur local authority. It was also found that most of the collisions invol ved motor vehicles for pedestrians and cyclists. On the basis of extensive accident data obtained from the Nagpur Traffic Police Department, 35 accident black spots have been reported (refer Figure 18). Thus Multimodal public transport with the feeder level public private transport planning along with the non-motorized transport network will definitely help in reducing the  16 private motorized vehicular traffic and the issues related to it viz. congestion, pollution and accidents further allowing employment opportunities to the poorer. This will make it possible to achieve the accessibility to work trips in short time possible ie. 50% and 100% target in walkability & cyclability respectively. [28][27]

Conclusion
i.Urbanization is a continuous process encouraging socio-physio-economic growth of population and modal shift to motorized vehicle particularly owning car is its outcome increasing congestion, pollution and accidents on roads. ii.Reducing motorized vehicular trips and promoting use of Non Motorized Transport for the short trips (upto 5 kms) is a sustainable solution over increasing vehicles density and road accidents. This reduces the clashes between NMT & MVs and help promote social sustainability. iii.In case of the longer trips promoting multimodal integrated public transport gives solution for the faster connectivity of distant areas for all traffic users at affordable rates especially for regular trips. Here pedestrianization is compulsary mode and the NMT is being casually used to reach at intermediate travel point. This reduces the use of private motorized vehicles. It leads to socio-economic sustainability. iv.E vehicles is an alternative is also seen as an alternative for reducing environmental issues. v.The Intelligent Transport system help detecting the problems and resolving it. vi.The plantation along road side act as buffer and help reducing the effect of environmental pollution due to motorized vehicles if planned appropriately. vii.For all the above mentioned points an upkeep and maintainance of NMT route becomes our responsibility as a citizen and local authority for achieving socially, economically and environmentally sustainable solution. viii.Thus reducing unnecessary use of motorized vehicles and use of NMT integrated with Public transport for rapid transit reducing MV use can be seen as the sustainable transportation solution for the urban centres.

Recommendations
• Urban transport sustainability can be achieved by integration of Non Motorized Transport with public transport system reducing use of private Motorized vehicles. Infrastructure provisioning & promoting NMT use for short/intermediate trips can reduce urban transport issues viz. congestion, air pollution, accidents and cost of travel etc.
• Therefore author would like to recommend for rapid transit developments supported by the mandatory provisions of infrastructure for NMT users on all roads in urban areas avoiding unnecessary use of motorized vehicles to have sustainable transport leading to sustainable city.