Table of contents

EI2E 2019 was held in Yinchuan, China, October 19-21, 2019. EI2E 2019 was organized by Asia Pacific Institute of Science and Engineering. This conference aims to provide a platform for researchers and engineers to share their ideas, recent developments and successful practices in Environmental, Industrial and Energy Engineering. The participants of the conference were from almost every part of the world, with background of either academia or industry, even well-known enterprise. The success and prosperity of the conference is reflected high level of the papers received.

The proceedings are a compilation of the accepted papers and represent an interesting outcome of the conference. This book covers 4 chapters: 1. Technologies of Energy and Industrial Engineering; 2. Waste Management and Pollution Control; 3. Energy and Environmental Studies; 4. Water Quantity and Quality Management.

We would like to acknowledge all of those who supported EI2E 2019. Each individual and institutional help were very important for the success of this conference. Especially we would like to thank the organizing committee for their valuable advices in the organization and helpful peer review of the papers.

We sincerely hope that EI2E 2019 will be a forum for excellent discussions that will put forward new ideas and promote collaborative researches. We are sure that the proceedings will serve as an important research source of references and the knowledge, which will lead to not only scientific and engineering progress but also other new products and processes.

NESIMI ERTUGRUL, University of Adelaide, Australia

Conference Chair

List of Conference Committee Co-Chair, Program Chair, Academic Committe, International Technical Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

With the construction of intelligent power plants and the development of clean energy, the application of external optimized control system of thermal power plant will be more and more common, and its reliability will be more and more important. The mainstream external optimized control systems were investigated, and the reliability of three typical systems were analyzed which including an import system, a redevelop system and a domestic system. Based on the analysis, some technical measures were put forward to improve the reliability of external optimized control system for thermal power unit, which including hardware configuration, communication mode, the way in which signals work, software design, check and test. It has meaningful reference for the selection and optimization of external optimized control system.

In this paper, the cost-based function has been used to study the economy of a DME boiler (operating costs). The contribution of the emissions of major pollutants (CO₂, NO_x and CO) to the external costs are calculated. About 88% external costs is produced by CO₂ emission. In addition, the internal costs and external costs and total operating costs are calculated. Subsequently, the operating costs of DME are used to compared with fuel oil. Clearly, not only the internal costs but the external costs of fuel oil are higher than that of DME. Importantly, the emissions of SO₂ and SO₃ are produced when boiler fueled with fuel oil. The use of DME leads to annual saving 299375.68 US$ (saving efficiency about 41%) comparing with fuel oil.

The SCR honeycomb denitration catalyst will have a "grey core" during the preparation process. In this paper, the same batch of fresh catalyst is used to prepare the "grey core" and the normal "yellow core" catalysts for comparison. Through the catalyst denitration performance evaluation test, when the denitration efficiency is 88.3%, the calculated activities of the two catalysts of "yellow core" and "grey core" are 24.9Nm/h and 25.3Nm/h, respectively; when the denitration efficiency is 85.5%, the calculated activity of the catalysts are both 24.5Nm/h. Through analysis of the physical and chemical properties of the catalyst, it is found that the alkali metal content and the alkaline earth metal content of the two catalysts are basically the same. The specific surface areas of the "yellow core" and "grey core" catalysts are 58.65m²/g and 58.24m²/g, respectively. By infrared spectroscopy, the "grey core" catalyst was produced due to the deposition of carbon, and then through the wear performance test, it is found that the "grey core" catalyst has better wear performance, but the "grey core" catalyst is more brittle, when there is external force. At the time, cracks are easily generated in both the axial direction and the radial direction, which is detrimental to the integrity of the catalyst, and also poses a safety hazard to the use of the regenerated catalyst.

In the process of urbanization, a large number of rural land in suburbs has been converted into urban construction land, and its spatial structure has undergone significant changes. This paper takes Sansheng xiang in the suburbs of Chengdu from 1985 to 2015 as the research object, combined spatial syntactic theory to study the spatial structure evolution characteristics of land in the suburbs during the urbanization. The conclusions are obtained as follows: (1) the spatial accessibility, permeability and utilization rate of the study area have been significantly improved, also the spatial form has evolved from a dendrite to a grid type. The spatial integration degree, connectivity and depth values are optimized to 2.62 times, 3.62 times, 4.52 times compared with the original. (2) The driving factors of spatial evolution mainly include: population mobility, economic scale, building area, and industrial structure, all of which show a good fit to the evolution of spatial structure. (3) In combination with the spatial syntactic theory, the spatial structure optimization micro-intervention method is proposed. By studying the fitting relationship among the spatial integration degree, the connection degree and the axial length, some inefficient space units are found. Besides, the optimization suggestion method is proposed.

Electronic waste (e-waste) is a relatively new issue in Indonesia. Policies and regulations regarding electronic waste in Indonesia are still under development and preparation. Also, the physical presence of electronic waste, except used batteries, is not managed yet, especially in the waste management chain. In some regions, especially in Java, the recovery and the handling of electronic waste such as demolition, separation of parts, old product restoration, and metal recovery are carried out by the informal sector. The informal sector handles almost 90% of the total waste produced, mainly from households, offices, commercial areas, recovery materials, and reconditioned products. Nevertheless, e-waste was not commonly found in public landfills, indicative of its valued nature. Previous studies have figured out that e-waste is flowing through several informal processes with rudimentary technology. This study aimed to understand the role of formal and informal actors in the flow and fate of e-waste in Depok, as well as how various actors interacted and differentially benefited from these flows. The results indicated that informal actors were the predominant force in the collection and sorting of e-waste from households. This research suggests that informal actors, who play such an essential role in the current system, should be incorporated into any new regulatory and management schemes, as is currently being developed by the Indonesian government.

The issue of polluting waste has been addressed over the years by means of several methods: depollution, recovery by reuse and/or energy recycling and/or mechanical and/or chemical recycling. In the integrated plastic waste management concept, along with these methods are included the possibilities of reducing the quantities by using biodegradable polymeric materials. The goal paper is to recover footwear waste after use: polymer and finished leather by making new biodegradable polymeric composites. The waste is ground to 1-5 mm and compounded by melt extrusion-granulation, processable by injection into new products (footwear soles) with pre-established advanced features. Biodegradable polymer composite based on post-consumption thermoplastic polyurethane (WTPU) waste compounded with post-consumption finished leather waste, ground and functionalized. This composite will be made into a low-density product, with low cost, recovery and reuse of waste, containing both polymer and protein, and last but not least, biodegradable. The methodology for making the new materials involves the following steps: sorting waste, grinding, functionalization and compounding. These operations are easy to manage and do not involve new equipment. Compounding, the most important operation, will be carried out on a corotating twin-screw extruder-granulator with the possibility of adapting the length of the screw depending on the material (L/D-35). Waste transformation (ground and functionalized) in new value-added products will lead to remarkable improvements in the life cycle of raw materials and the sustainable use of this waste, contributing to sustainability, improving eco-efficiency and economic efficiency and reducing the "pressure" of waste on the environment.

Thermal decomposition kinetics of cassava rhizome (CR) is an important key in the torrefaction process. Kinetic analysis of the cassava rhizome torrefaction was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyser in which CR weight loss is measured under nitrogen atmosphere from ambient temperature to 973K at 5, 10, 20, and 30 K·min⁻¹. Two model-free iso-conversional methods, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) have been used to determine activation energies as a function of the extent of degradation. In this work, the CR particles were separated into 3 study groups, 0.125-0.425 mm, 0.425-0.850, and 0.850-2 mm. The average activation energies calculated by using the methods are relatively similar for all three-particle size samples. The average activation energy values calculated by FWO method were 170.509, 172.593, and 130.149 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively. These data were comparable to KAS method in which the average activation energy numbers were 170.647, 177.276, and 128.620 kJ·mol⁻¹. Both methods indicated that the activation energy was relatively constant until the conversion of 0.5. The pre-exponential factor values from FWO and KAS ranged 4.87E+17 s⁻¹ and 7.28E+14 s⁻¹, respectively. The experimental results show that kinetic parameters from both methods are suitable and effective to help describe the thermal degradation of the cassava rhizome.

For relieving CO₂ emissions and climate change, carbon sequestration and storage has been paid more attention. Mineral carbonation technology is a process that the calcium and/or magnesium-containing minerals react with CO₂ to form stable carbonate precipitation, which in turn fixes CO₂. It originates from natural rock weathering process that calcium and magnesium-containing rocks react with CO₂ dissolved in rain water to form carbonate minerals. The source of mineral carbonation is the solid containing calcium and magnesium compound. The classification of mineral carbonation including direct and indirect mineral carbonation is indicated, and the descriptions of extraction by different extract agent have been given. The pretreatments, operation conditions and reaction kinetics are also discussed. Furthermore, the different processes by carbonizing from industrial waste are reviewed and the energy loss and cost are also described.

The remediation of chromium smelting slag was investigated by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). This research showed that removal rate of Cr(VI) was 49.78% and 4.21% in remediation group and control group for 60 days, respectively. Analysis of the physiochemical index, chemical speciation and microbial community, the result indicated that redox potential decreased to -246mV and pH value changed to neutral in remediation process. After the remediation of 60 days, chemical fractions of chromium had a noticeable change from dissolved state (water-soluble, exchangeable fraction and carbonate fractions) to stable state, chromium was most in the fraction of organics and residuals, which meant chromium was stable and would not be released into environment; simultaneously, microbial community structure had also significant different between remediation group and control group, sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) increased and became dominant microbial on the ratio of remediation group, therefore, the treatment of chromium contaminated soil by microbial remediation both removed Cr(VI) and decreased its environmental risks.

A total of 30 coal-fired power units in China were assessed with regard to the effects of ultra-low emission retrofitting on pollutant emission and on the consumption of both energy and materials of environmental protection facilities. SO₂, NO_x, and dust emission were compared, together with the energy and material usage of desulfurization and selective catalytic reduction denitrification facilities before and after retrofitting. Following retrofitting, the average SO₂, NO_x, and dust emission performance were 0.042, 0.1, and 0.004 g/(kW·h), respectively, all of which are much lower than the current averages of coal-fired units in the United States. The average station service power consumption rate of desulfurization facilities increased from 1.12 to 1.29% following retrofitting, while limestone usage increased from 112.6 to 155.5 kg/(10⁴ kW·h) and liquid ammonia consumption increased from 4.1 to 4.31 kg/(10⁴ kW·h).

A chemical enterprise in northwest China mainly produces 1, 4-butanediol, PTMEG and other chemical raw materials, with high concentration of waste water pollutants, low biochemical properties, strong biological toxicity and difficult to biodegrade. The pilot system constructed a chemical flocculation precipitation - heterogeneous catalytic oxidation-UASB-multistage aerobic-MBR system for treating BDO and PTMEG wastewater. The pilot system operates stably and efficiently, and the effluent meets the national sewage comprehensive discharge standard (GB8978-2002) grade A standard.

In recent years, the density of both domestic and international routes is generally at a high level. Intensive ship navigation frequency and ship number operations have brought many sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides and other particulate matter to the port, resulting in increasingly serious port pollution, which has become one of the main sources of air pollution, and ship exhaust emissions are causing environmental pollution in coastal areas. As well as the main sources of port pollution, the pollution problem should not be underestimated. "Air pollution from maritime transport causes about 1450 to 37500 premature deaths each year and brings short-term and long-term changes to the climate system," the IMO reiterated in response to the seriousness of the problem that all ship fuels should meet sulfur content below 0.5% starting from January 1,2020[1]. In view of this regulation, this paper systematically analyses three low-sulfur fuel solutions at present, and summarizes the optimal solution from the aspects of economy, feasibility and sustainability, and the comparative study of three different types of the optimal solution is carried out, that is, to refine the optimal solution again and put forward the applicable technology in the optimal solution.

Biomass materials—such as crop and forest residues, dedicated energy crops, and plant oils— are recently receiving much attention due to their carbon-neutral emission. The process of transesterification is used for the conversion of triglycerides (the main component of vegetable oils and animal fats) to engines fuel. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation has emerged as an efficient design tool to analyze engine reacting flow processes and develop next generation engines. The aim of this paper is to investigate the emissions of spark ignition engines running on a spectrum of blends of biofuels. CFD analysis of the combustion of gasoline-biofuel mixtures is implemented using ANSYS 18.2. The effect of blending different types and ratios of biofuels on the combustion characteristics in Spark ignition (SI) engine is investigated. The fuel considered for the study is pure gasoline mixed with 5%, 10%, 15% and 25% by volume with ethanol, methanol and propanol. The experimental and simulated outcome of performance of spark ignition engine is presented using different blends and percentage of biomass fuels with conventional engine fuel. Results of the study shows that adding additives to the conventional gasoline would augment the reaction rate of the gasoline, reduce the undesired greenhouse gas emission, and improve the temperature distribution in the combustion zone. The analysis also concludes that increasing the volume fraction of the biofuel results in alleviating in the COx and NOx constituents disposing with the exhaust gases.

In the context of reform in the mechanism of ecological civilization in China, delineation and management of ecological redlines is of great significance to maintaining the ecological security of the cities. The geographical focus of this study is Shenzhen – a city with obvious disparity between the state of development and level of ecological protection as well as a strong demand for ecological products. Considering having an accurate boundary of ecological redline, building an operability management system, and shaping measures for implementation and operation, this study uses ArcGIS, a tool of spatial analysis, to study the indicators, methods, and technical processes of ecological redline delineation on the city and county levels. It adopts an integrated assessment approach encompassing multiple ecological indicators and key technologies to explore the scope of ecological redline delineation. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Land delineated within the scope of ecological redline management is spread over a total of 557.47km², accounting for 28.53% of the city area, which mainly features low mountains and hills covered with vegetation in southeastern and central Shenzhen. It effectively connects with the ecological control line. (2) Some important ecological areas are not covered within this ecological redline delineation due to relatively scattered distribution. However, these areas are a part of the system comprising a pattern of urban ecological security, ecological redline, ecological land outside the delineated redline, and greenbelts within the construction lands. (3) Within the delineated ecological redline, a total area of 9.25km2 is still allocated as construction land, mainly for linear engineering and civic facilities. Therefore, planning is required for re-greening and ecologically transforming these areas for the sake of maintaining the ecosystem.

Walking is one of the main travel mode for old citizen (over 60 years old) in their daily life, so understanding how the environment characteristics of residential area could effect the old citizen's physical activities could help the designer to work better on old citizen friendly urban plan. This study attempts to comprehensively and objectively research on the relationship between environment characteristics and old citizen's physical activities in Harbin residential areas. Spatial feature and traffic management have been thought as the main determinate of walkability of urban space, however physical features and urban design details have been rarely mentioned. Old citizen's perception has been examined in this study: 15 environment characteristics problems have been identified in the studied residential areas based on the understanding of pervious researches. Through observations and questionnaire surveys, the environment characteristics of each case study were evaluated and the physical problems were discovered. Additionally, old citizen's perception on the identified problems and their effects on their physical activities of the studied areas were found and defined, in both high and low walkability residential area.

The construction of environmental governance system is attracting more attention. Using game-based learning theory for reference, this paper builds an evolutionary model among central government, local government and enterprises in the context of fiscal decentralization system. The findings suggest that three parties reach an effective and stable solution under the scenario of low fiscal decentralization, active governance, and up-to-standard pollution control. Furthermore, suggestions such as a combination between governments, the increase of environmental protection expenditure and strengthening political constraints are recommended.

The continuous development of modern industry has potential hazard, of which domino effect is a major threat that could result in catastrophe. Moreover, domino accidents will endanger the environment and human health. Some decision support systems for preventing the domino effect have been developed, while most of them are too theoretical and have obvious limitations, such as ignoring the influence of personnel, operational, and other real factors in the actual industrial production process. This paper emphasizes the causes of potential domino accidents and the construction of the accident chain. A system called DOMIRISK is designed which can: 1) quantify the domino effect of the entire plant; 2) identify the root cause of potential domino accidents; 3) build the accident chain of domino effect; 4) assess the environmental risk of the domino accident. A chemical plant is used as an example to illustrate how the system provides practical decision support for controlling the occurrence and spread of domino accidents and protecting environment.

The study starts with a logical reasoning: if the network is composed of individuals and their relations, the network externality should also have a micro foundation. However, the traditional network externality or network effects theory does not indicate the specific meaning of individual nor relation externalities. Therefore, the study first defines the relation and its decisive characteristic: the interaction of interest flow. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the asymmetric interest flow is the essential feature of externality. Then, with the help of flow analysis in graph theory, the mathematical models of potential relation, relation and relation externality are given. Based on the definition of individual externality on the net, a new interpretation of network externality compared with traditional one is given, which is the state set of individual externalities on the net. Finally, we use these definitions to give a new explanation to a specific case in energy and environmental field and supply a new framework to solve general or concrete externality problems.

Due to the influence of climate change and human activities, stationarity of hydrologic time series is being challenged. The Yangtze Estuary is a region with highly developed hydraulic structures and shipping. Stationarity analysis of water level in the Yangtze Estuary is of great significance. In this study, the return period of low tide level in the Yangtze Estuary is estimated with nonstationarity considered. Conventional frequency analysis and the time-varying moment method are used to analyze the annual minimum tide level (AMTL) records of Wusongkou Station and Baozhen Station on the basis of temporal change analysis. Abrupt changes are detected at 1996 and 1990 for Wusongkou Station and Baozhen Station separately. The GEV distribution with linear time-varying parameter fits best for Wusongkou Station and Baozhen Station. The AMTL series of both stations reveal a slight increasing trend. The 100-year low tide level of Wusongkou Station is approximately 0.261 meters, which is about -0.041 meters for Baozhen Station. The corresponding return period is 150 years and 119 years respectively, which indicates the existing channel standard more secure and the recalculation of design water level necessary in the Yangtze Estuary.

Vertical greening has many advantages, such as saving energy, relieving heat island effect, increasing green vision rate and beautifying the environment. Vertical greening of high-rise buildings requires more consideration in plant selection, irrigation, storage and drainage and safety. This paper introduces the classification and method of vertical greening of high-rise buildings with climbing plants, emphatically introduces the support system of vertical greening, selection principle and greening effect, and makes a comparison. It is pointed out that vertical greening with climbing plants is economical, simple and feasible.

The Yangtze River Delta is the region with the strongest comprehensive strength in China. Taihu Basin is the economic core region in the Yangtze River Delta, and it plays a significant role in the economic development of the Yangtze River Delta, as well as in China. The basin is characterized by rapid urbanization, exploitation of natural resources and environmental pollution. After several decades of governance, the flood control system in the Taihu Basin has been significantly improved. Owing to exceptional weather conditions, geographical location and topographical features; the basin is extremely vulnerable to flood hazard. It presents a significant challenge for flood risk management when combined with global developments such as sea level rise. A comprehensive overview of flood management systems and considerations are of great value. In this paper, the characteristics of flood risk are summarized after the basin experienced dramatic development of urbanization over the last twenty years, and the existing problems and potential threats to the basin flood control system are analyzed. In view of a strategic perspective of disaster prevention, this paper presents various countermeasures to deal with the challenging situation in the Taihu Basin, including the structural systems and non-structural measures.

Low impact development is an important means of Sponge City Construction, an effective measure to reduce a series of severe ecological problems such as frequent water logging, loss of water, serious runoff pollution, urban ecological environment damage and so on in the process of decreasing urbanization development, and an ecological technical system for the safety and security of water. By discussing the practical significance of low impact development, this paper reviews the practical cases of typical low impact development—GuiYang. Finally, puts forward the path of making full use of low impact development in urban planning.

In recent years, with the acceleration of urbanization construction, the "seeing the sea" of the city that is raining and flooding has been solved in the "sponge city" strategy of "breathing". Guizhou Province actively develops the strategic arrangement of sponge city, Put forward taking the harmonious symbiosis of the public fitness and ecological environment as the carrier. Integrating sports competition and tourism, the "sponge type" ecological sports park is planned and built with "sports" to promote "tourism". This paper uses literature, field research and other research methods, combined with the topographical characteristics of "mountain, water, forest" in Guizhou Province, taking ecological sports park as the research object, in order to provide advice and suggestions for the scientific and rational construction of green ecological sports park.

China is a developing country suffering from severe water shortage. Although the total fresh water resources account for 6% of the total national water resources, China's per capita water resources are only 25% of the world's average. As a result, China is now one of the most water-scarce countries in the world. In this context, China's urbanization level is constantly improving, and in the process of urbanization and urbanization, human social practice has an increasingly greater impact on water resources and the environment. At the same time, urban water logging and other disasters have led to a large number of loss of life and property, which has caused a series of water resources and environmental problems, causing widespread social concern. Sponge city construction is achieved through low-impact development technology. In the design, construction and management of the development process, low-impact development seeks to minimize the impact on water resources, especially to maximize the utilization and control of rain-flood resources. In order to achieve "low impact", urban development and planning must follow the principle of respecting water resources. The core meaning of the proposal and use of Low Impact Development technology is to respect nature.

Based on the actual situation of the river basin in Jiangxi Province and the related literature, we construct an estimation model for the ecological compensation standards of the Fiver Major River Basins in Jiangxi Province, and have measured the ecological compensation standard of each research area. We use ArcGis and Geoda software to analyze spatial autocorrelation and hotspots of ecological compensation standards. The above research results are used as the basis for spatial optimization of watershed ecological compensation standards, contributing to the further improvement of ecological compensation ofthe Five Major River Basins in Jiangxi Province.

Wetland environment plays an essential role in integrated watershed management and has been studied from different perspectives ranging from ecology to tourism. However, there is still little research on the relationship between wetland environmental characteristics and music works. On the belief that music works can be part of wetland environment conservation, the present research explored the possibility to characterize wetland environments with music works. It was focus on the perception of local residents towards to a wetland in terms of music works. It was a case study in Gaomei Wetland, Taiwan, which is a coastal wetland. There are 3 hypotheses in this work: (1) there is a significant difference in the music types selected for the image of the wetland by the locals in different ages and living with different distances from the wetland; (2) there a significant difference in the music speed and rhythm selected by the locals in different ages and living with different distances from the wetland; (3) there is a preference on the music segments by the locals who are older and living closer to the wetland. Through survey conducted on-site, some interesting findings were obtained and presented in this paper.