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With an area that comprises 92.4% ocean (658,312 km2) and only 7.6% land (54,168 km2), and one of the longest coastlines in Indonesia, activities in archipelagic Maluku Province have an inevitable, strong focus on marine resources and maritime activities. Indeed, as these sectors are fundamental to livelihoods, they are also central to planning and development from economic, social, environmental, cultural, legal and defence perspectives.

Most (99%) of the 1340 islands in Maluku are small and so the development and management approaches adopted elsewhere in the nation need to be carefully assessed before being implemented here. Interdisciplinary, integrated and comprehensive research on marine ecosystems, and the needs of the population, is required to ensure that the Province's marine resources are managed effectively and sustainably. The intention of the First Maluku International Conference of Marine Science and Technology (MICMST1) was to provide the opportunity for researchers from all over the world to meet in Ambon to share their knowledge of marine science and technology with a view to helping the Province develop a framework for the sustainable management of its marine resources.

As Chairs of the conference we were honoured to welcome over 200 people from 12 countries, and 15 Indonesian Provinces, to Ambon. Delegates enjoyed the hospitality of Ambon and the Santika Hotel with its spectacular views over Inner and Outer Ambon Bay, which also provided the geographical and scientific setting for many of the research presentations during the conference. The conference talks covered a wide range of topics including marine science, marine technology, fishery stocks and fisheries management, marine tourism, and maritime health. In addition, participants were informed about strategic objectives and National priorities by departmental heads from Jakarta.

'Health' was a strong theme emerging from the conference – encompassing pollution resulting from an increasing population and changes in land-use, the status of fisheries resources, essential habitats and stocks, and the welfare of people that make their living from the sea. Importantly, the presentations highlighted the ability of local research institutions and researchers to deliver quality data to support evidence-based decision-making about resource sustainability and the importance of customary law in helping to achieve workable management solutions. However, they also highlighted the need for better integration of these data into decision-support systems and policy development, as well as clearer articulation of how current research activities align with National and provincial priorities.

The meeting provided great opportunities for engagement outside the formal conference setting and participants enjoyed the opportunity to see some of Ambon's best scenery, both above and below the water, and sample some of its legendary food and music.

We sincerely thank all participants for sharing their knowledge, insights and friendship and look forward to welcoming everyone to the next symposium in the series, MICMST2, in Ambon, Indonesia, in 2020.

Cordially yours

Gino V. Limmon and Stephen D. A. Smith

List of International Editorial Board, Local Editor and Organizing Committee are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Fusilier (Pisces: Caesionidae) gillnet, called jaring lalosi, have been used since decades by fishers from Assilulu village, meanwhile its scientific information is limited. The aim of this study is to learn the reef fish species selectivity of jaring lalosi and to assess its bycatch using productivity and susceptibility assessment (PSA). This study was conducted at Pulau Tiga waters, Central Maluku Regency, for 3 months observation: October 2017, February and April 2018. Jaring lalosi which means fusilier gillnet, caught dark-banded fusilier, Pterocaesio tile, 94.4% of the total catch. The rest of the catch we represented as by-catch of jaring lalosi. As a high resilience and low vulnerability species, the sustainability of dark-banded fusilier fisheries is unlikely to be fully concerned. As high mobility schooling species, dark-banded fusilier was caught at different communities of reef fishes. MDS analysis showed discrepancy of species selectivity of fusilier gillnet by monthly catch rate. The PSA for bycatch resulted 2 reef species are least likely to be sustainable, 12 reef species are most likely to be sustainable on the criteria of recovery axis and 3 pelagic species are the most sustainable species. We concluded that the practiced of jaring lalosi has low impacts on reef fish community and tendency to overfishing is almost none as long as there is no increasing on fishing pressure. For the implementation of fisheries management based on ecosystem approach (EAFM), bycatch assessment should be applied to other fishing gears.

Study on the fishery of mud crab Scylla sp. of Portunid crab at Kotania Bay of Western Seram District was conducted between March and August 2018. The objectives of this study were to analyze biological parameters, the potency, stock status, sustainability, and to propose a sustainable management plan for this fishery. A total of 592 individual mud crab sample were collected from local fisher for biological parameters analysis. Historical catch data from local fisher, mud crab collector and fishery enumerator were used to analyze stock biomass, fishing intensity and stock status using Graham-Schaefer dynamic model. Rapfish analysis was used to analyze the sustainability of the stock. The carapace width ranged from 7.80 - 23.50 cm with an average of 13.68 cm (±2.25). There was a strong relationship between carapace width-weight (r = 0.9405) with overall growth pattern of isometric. The estimated stock biomass of mud crab of Kotania Bay was 130,000 t with BMSY of 22,425 t.yr⁻¹, and mud crab fishery was under overfishing status. The overall sustainability was 46.92% and was considered as less sustain according to the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. Most sensitive attributes affecting sustainability were catching before maturity, consumer attitude towards sustainability, gear side effect, just governance, and government quality. Law enforcement, education and training on ecosystem approach to fisheries management, mud crab pot with escape gab, community based fishery management as well as monitoring and reporting should be conducted for mud crab sustainability.

Lagoon ecosystem in Ihamahu has a high potential of biological resources which is utilized by the local community to catch fish in order to fulfill their daily needs. High level of utilization affects coral reef community in the lagoon. This study aims to analyze the survival and growth of life coral transplantation in the lagoon of Ihamahu village. Life corals were transplanted on an artificial substrate of block cement and placed into two lagoons namely Ayao lagoon (Acropora millepora, Porites nigrenscens, and P. cylindrical) and Besar lagoon (Acropora divaricata, A. cardus, Anaropora peurtogelerae, Montipora stelata, and Pavona cactus). The results showed that after three months, all transplanted coral reef in Ayao lagoon survived (100%) whilst only 57% of those in Besar lagoon survived. The results also showed that during the study period, P. nigrenscens grew faster (2.1 cm yr⁻¹) than two other species in Ayao lagoon whereas, in Besar lagoon, A. peurtogelerae showed faster growth (2.70 cm yr⁻¹) compare to the other four species.

Research to study demersal fish in Kotania Bay was conducted from June 2017 to August 2018. The results showed that demersal fish species fished in Kotania Bay consisted of 99 species from 6 families namely Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Scaridae, Lethrinidae, Mullidae and Labridae. The most abundant species groups were species of family Serranidae and Lutjanidae (35 and 25 numbers of species respectively). Demersal fish species are mainly used for human consumption and the caught tend to have high value, therefore, fishers in Kotania Bay exploited the demersal fish intensively. Several important species of family Serranidae and family Lutjanidae are the most abundant fish species in the caught, but some of demersal fish in Kotania Bay are now overexploited, this trend has appeared since the year 2000's. Low fish catch and income of most fishers along coast of Kotania Bay and in addition to their reliance on fishing as a livelihood, has contributed to continued overexploitation. Fishing activities of demersal fish in Kotania Bay depend on monsoon, and the high catch of fish was in January, February, and March (4,560, 4,200 and 3840 kg respectively). Regarding to the overfished of demersal fish in Kotania Bay, therefore, are recommended some forms and regulations of management for demersal fisheries recovery and sustainability, such as restrictions fishing gears, collaboration stakeholders between levels of management, control of demersal fish utilization, alternative livelihood for fishers, protection habitat of fish through conservation and rehabilitation program, and encouraging co-management.

This study was aimed to determine the level of weight gain of adult mud crabs given different doses of feed at the front of the mangrove area in Tuhaha Bay, Central Maluku Indonesia. Mud crabs (Scylla olivacea) with average initial body weight (BW) of 100.36±8.35g g were placed in a plastic basket measuring 50 x 25 x 17 cm³ which hanging on bamboo raft. Prior to measurement, the crabs were acclimatized for one week at the location with 3% feeding/BW. Treatment with three different fish feed doses i.e., 5% trash fish: 5% mashed raw papaya (Treatment A), 7.5% trash fish: 2.5% mashed raw papaya / BW (Treatment B) and trash fish 10%/BW (Treatment C). Each treatment consisted of 6 individuals as replicates. Data collection includes absolute BW and Specific Growth Rate (SGR). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistic and displayed in tables and graphs. The results showed that mud crabs given treatment A, B and C had an average BW of 95.03±2.84g, 100.22±3.81g and 114.83±2.55g, respectively. Relative BW gain and SGR of treatment B was higher than those of treatment A and treatment C. These results indicated that treatment B is quite effective in meeting the energy needs for increasing the body weight of individual crabs at this location.

The research aimed to provide data on taxa composition, density, standing stock and potency of reef fishes at Tuhaha bay waters in 2017. There were 35 families, 105 genera and 243 species of reef fishes found in Tuhaha bay. Four areas of coral reef at good until excellent categories and various habitat had high species richness of reef fishes. Species richness, density and standing stock of major reef fishes species were higher than target and indicator species. Potency (biomass) of economically food fish (target species) ranged from 1.65 - 5.59 tons ha⁻¹ of coral reef (total 2.93 tons ha⁻¹). Total potency, Maximum Sustainable Yield and Allowable Total Catch of economically food fish in 389,70 ha of Tuhaha bay coral reef area were 1,141.82, 590.91 and 456.73 tons, respectively. The status of reef fishes in two coral reef areas belonged to a high category, while the other nine areas had a moderate category.

Halmahera walking shark or Halmahera epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium halmahera) is known as a shallow endemic shark species of the Halmahera island of Indonesia. This research was conducted with the aim to know the composition of H. halmahera food, as part of the parental domestication effort for cultivation and conservation of endemic species. Six individual of H. halmahera were obtained by simple random sampling in waters of Kao Bay threshold, North Maluku in October 2017. The result of gastric contents analysis using frequency occurrence method showed that H. halmahera is classified as benthic coral reef population with varied food composition consisted of small fish scales (96.6%), Annelida (2.1%), fish larvae (0.3%), Mysis (0.2%), Eucalanus sp (0.2%), Pseudeuphausia (0.2%), Hyperia sp, Acrocalanus sp, Copilia sp, and fish bone respectively (0.1%). Type of food that is always present in all stomach samples, namely the Annelida which contains a lot of proteins, vitamins and minerals even iodium that are useful for growth and the immune system.

Until recently live crab business has been proven as a promising fisheries practice in many parts in Indonesia. Mud crab capture based fishery at Sanleko Village has been going for more than 20 years of time. The present study was aimed to examine the status of mangrove ecosystem as main mud crab habitat and mud crab fishery at Sanleko Village of Buru District. Mud crab fishery status was considered less sustain with an average sustainable scale of 47.36% whilst mangrove ecosystem sustainability status was considered sustain (60.29) according to the ecosystem approach to fisheries management. The economic analysis shows the NPV of 17.05 with average B/R of 2.47. The IRR of this fishery was 23.2% which is bigger than the interest rate of 15% and the payback period of 0.6. In general, the fishery of mud crab at Sanleko Village is still feasible with steadily decreasing economic sustainability.

The increase in CO₂ in the air has caused global warming, the impact of which is felt by everyone in the world. One way to control climate change is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by maintaining the integrity of natural forests and increasing the density of trees outside the forest. Mangrove forests have a role as absorbers of CO₂ from the air, and save more carbon than most tropical rainforests. The purpose of this study was to determine the biomass, stock carbon and CO₂ uptake of mangrove Sonneratia alba in the Passo coastal waters, Inner Ambon Bay. Sampling of mangrove S. albaby belt transect method with a belt width of 10 m. Data collected included the number of trees, diameter (DBH) and area of observation. Biomass analysis and carbon content of S. albatrees were carried out in a nondestructive way (without damaging plants), which was using biomass estimation allometric equations. Carbon (CO₂) uptakein S. alba is 564.48 tons.ha⁻¹ which is stored on above of the ground at 111.50 tons.ha⁻¹ and below the ground at 42.31 tons.ha⁻¹. Total stock carbon of 153.81 tons.ha⁻¹ were converted from total biomass of 327.26 tons.ha⁻¹. High carbon sequestration and storage is supported by high biomass and high biomass is supported by a high number and diameter of trees.

Most of the coastal community depend heavily on the natural resources found in the coastal area, but at the same time, the way they used the resources also deteriorate those resources. In some area in Maluku Province, sasi as indigenous knowledge has been used for hundreds of years as a tool in the management of natural resources like fish, molluscs, crustacean, etc. This study was conducted at Rutong and Leahari village of South-Leitimur Sub-district, Ambon city to find out the implementation of sasi in the management of mangrove ecosystem. The result shows that there is a positive relationship between community attitude towards the implementation of sasi in the management of mangrove ecosystem with strong correlation (r = 0.815). More than 60% of the community support the implementation of sasi in the management of the mangrove ecosystem to maintain the sustainability of that ecosystem.

Seagrass bed is one of important ecosystems usually located adjacent to coral reefs and serves several important ecological roles such as feeding and nursery ground for several marine biotas. Physically, seagrass bed protects the reef from inland sedimentation. The status of seagrass beds, therefore, becomes an important thing in protecting the coral reef ecosystem. The study was conducted on July 2018 with the objective to analyze the current status of seagrass bed at Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Program (COREMAP) site in Ternate Island. Ten stations were chosen for this study and linear transect method was used to analyze species composition and canopy coverage. The result showed that there are 8 species found in this area with 5-7 species commonly found at each station. Among 8 species found, Thalassia hemprichii being the most common species inhabiting all of the sites. Average canopy coverage in seven stations was below 59.9% which considered as less healthy, whilst at other three locations was below 29.9% which considered as poor status. Overall, the status of seagrass beds in this area is less healthy with moderate canopy cover. This status has remained the same since 2015 to the present time.

This research was conducted in Pasar Mardika-Ambon, on June to July 2018. Five of the ten brokers in that market were taken as samples and observed as well as interviewed in depth. The results show that the role of the Brokers in the fresh fish marketing process, especially in that market, which is known as the main traditional market in Ambon is very large. It can be seen from the percentage of fish passing through them. Approximately 90% of the fishermen's catch (especially purse seine) must pass the brokers for further distribution to consumers through retailers. For this job, they will earn 10% of fishermen's sale, both those distributed to retailers and those sold to Cold Storage. Some fishermen argue that the existence of broker is very helpful in the marketing process, but some fishermen also complain about their presence in the market. When fishermen experience problems and need assistance (money), the broker will immediately reach out to help. The assistance must still be returned by the fishermen but the return time is flexible.

Sasi system is one of the customary practices in Maluku that are seen by locals and outsiders as a culturally appropriate means of regulating terrestrial as well as marine resources. This paper examines the recent buka sasi (open season) practices for lompa fish (Trisina baelama) in Haruku village from the point of view of its effectiveness as ecological management techniques and as local knowledge. Particular attention is paid to the gears and techniques used to catch the fish and to the local responses in harvesting. Findings show the changes on ways of harvesting that may lead to shifting of the spirit and meaning of sasi lompa, especially in the context of sustainability issue.

Bengkulu Province is located on the west coast of Sumatra, part of Fisheries Management Area of Indonesia Republic (WPP-RI) 752 based on the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 1 of 2009. The population living in this region consists of various tribes, both native and immigrants. Communities living in the coastal areas have a maritime culture characteristic which exists for a long time. At the era of globalization, these socio-cultural values are still a guide for some coastal communities. However, some people in certain regions is no longer pay attention and even ignore these social values. Therefore, with the socio-legal research method, this research attempts to examine the problem of how to strengthen and sustain the socio-cultural values as a legal culture of coastal communities in supporting the sustainable fisheries resources in the era of globalization. This paper is the result of research that shows how to support the sustainability of fisheries resources in the era of globalization. The result shows that it is necessary to strengthen the social values of marine culture as the legal culture of the people of the west coast of Sumatera. This can be done by giving recognition to the existence of the community legal culture through the establishment of legal regulation in the area concerned.

Study on community structure of target reef fish at four tiny islands coral reefs in inner Kotania bay was conducted from September 2017 to February 2018. Underwater Visual Census method was used to collect and examine data concerning several parameters of target reef fish community structure. At least 18 families of target reef fish which consist of 37 genera and 105 species were found during the study. Good and excellent categories of coral reefs condition had higher species richness and individual abundance of target reef fish, while lower in fair category. Seven target reef fish species have a wide distribution, while other 15 species were limited. In general, target reef fish community at four tiny islands coral reefs had high species diversity and evenness indexes with low species dominance value. It can be concluded that target reef fish community in the area in stable or in steady state condition.

In responsible and sustainable fisheries, marine resources should be exploited at optimum level in which potency, production and utilization level is known. This research was conducted to analysed potency, production and utilization level of pelagic fish in Ambon Island waters. Data for the analysis was obtained from the secondary data of Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan Maluku province in the form of catch and effort for period 2005–2015 and then analysed by using Schaefer model. Estimated Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) was 103,513 tons with Total Allowable Catch (TAC) was 82,811 tons. Production of pelagic fish fluctuated but tended to increase due to increasing of fishing vessels and fishing gears. Catch per unit effort of purse seine and pole and line contributed more for the pelagic fish production than five other fishing gears. The utilization of pelagic fish resources in Ambon tended to increase with annual average 61.7% from TAC or 49.40% of MSY during the period of 2005-2015. In the last three years (2013-2015) the level of utilization increased significantly and has reached 98.31% from TAC or 78.65% of MSY which leads to fully exploitation. These results indicated that fishing effort should be maintained and monitored strictly to prevent over exploitation of pelagic fish resource.

Sea turtles are one of those protected animals according to government regulation no. 7 1999. Living turtle migrates along area the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia Ocean including Sea of Halmahera. In Indonesia, there are 6 species of 7 species of sea turtle in the world and 3 of them are in The Meti Island namely the green sea turtles (Chelonian mydas), hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidocheys olivacea). All species of sea turtles in Indonesia categorized as a protected animal, but until now the exploitation of sea turtle still widely practiced by the community of The Meti Island. The objective of this study, therefore, was to analyze the knowledge and community understanding of existence and the utilization of the sea turtle. The data was taken through observation of sea turtle existence and interview with The Meti Island community. The result showed as 68.15 % of respondents knows about the existence of sea turtle, 37.5 % know about the impact of utilization to its sustainability but 43 % still harvesting and using sea turtle as a consumption and trade. This shows the lack of awareness in the community about the sustainability of sea turtle around The Meti Island. The high level of utilization of sea turtle shows the weakness of the function in the monitoring and supervision by the regional government against the utilization of an animal that should have to be protected.

Rana Lake is located in the middle of Buru Island, Maluku Province Indonesia. One of the organisms which inhabit Rana Lake is eel (Anguilla marmorata) or locally known as mloko. Eels are exploited by indigenous community or Bupolo people for long time by using traditional gear during their annual migration through Wainibe River to reproduce somewhere in Pacific on December. This paper examines ecology of Rana Lake related to the population of ells (A. marmorata). Socio-economic of local indigenous community or Bupolo people is also discussed including their culture and possibility to improve their livelihood through innovation of eels processing and seeking for their market.

Coral reef ecosystems around the planet are threatened by an onslaught of anthropogenic stressors, most notably global climate change (GCC); indeed, no regions have been spared from our wide-ranging human impact. Consequently, there has been an urgent push to 1) model how marine organisms will respond to future changes in their environments and 2) make data-driven predictions as to which populations are most stress sensitive. Given our recently elevated level of understanding of the responses of reef-building corals to environmental change and GCC, we are now in a position in which it may be possible to make projections as to which corals are most susceptible to GCC, as well as which will likely demonstrate resilience. Herein I explore the potential for data-trained predictive modeling approaches based on artificial intelligence to generate models that can accurately predict coral stress susceptibility (CSS). Specifically, I advocate that coral reef-focused partial least squares and neural networking algorithms (trained with either molecular or environmental data) should be developed, with their prognostic capability then field-tested at sites that span a gradient of human impact and ecological resilience in the high-biodiversity "Coral Triangle." If the developed predictive models are characterized by the analytical capacity to forecast CSS, we will possess one means of identifying reefs that should be prioritized for conservation in this era of rapidly changing global climate.

Abstract; Generally in Inner Ambon Bay (IAB) the sedimentation problem generate revamp of waters base configuration that influence IAB circulation process. We use model tool of MIKE 3 FM in this research to modeling three-dimensional hydrodynamics of process circulation and modeling of particle tracking. The purposes of the research are to analysis pattern of water mass circulation which is considering the baroclinic mode, to estimate the movement and pattern of cohesive sediment from every river inflow and to estimate the flushing as well as residence time of IAB. Simulation result of models is to represent circulation and particle movement in rainy season and dry season in IAB. In baroclinic mode the vertical eddy dominant happen in middle of IAB and in front of Poka-Galala sill. This vertical eddy is influenced by topography configuration and stratification water mass due to the rivers inflow. In model simulation of particle tracking the pattern of particle movement is dominant in middle of bay and along coastal of Lateri and Halong. The average of residence time and flushing time are 5 days and 9 days in rainy season, respectively while those in dry season are 2 days and 5 days respectively.

Tidal bore is a very rare natural phenomenon, in which the flow of the river goes upstream. It usually happens close to the estuary. In Indonesia, it happens at Kampar river, Riau province. Some factors that cause this phenomena are tides waves and water bottom topography. In this paper, we simulated the propagation of tidal bore in the Kampar river based on shallow water equations (SWE). We used the staggered grid conservative scheme to discretize the SWE. Next, we apply bottom topography of Kampar river and tides elevation profile there into our scheme. Finally, we present numerical simulation of tidal bore propagation along the Kampar river. The result shows that the river discharges have a quite significant effect on increasing bore elevations. The friction coefficient has an important role on wave attenuation of tidal bore propagation.

To get a conclusion from a data matrix consisting of 3 individuals and 2 variables is relatively easy. However, it is very difficult to understand the large amount of data. Therefore, it requires data analysis methods for an easier representation. Based on sea water quality data in Jakarta Bay from BPLHD DKI Jakarta (Jakarta Environmental Management Board), there are 24 biological, physical, and chemical parameters in 23 stations. Based on the quality and quantitative of data, we use only one set data on October 2012 as representative of the Second Transition monsoon. Analysing was conducted for 10 parameters namely turbidity, total suspended solid (TSS), temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), methylene blue active substances, phenol, and zinc (Zn) at 23 stations. Consequently, in this paper, we get a conclusion from the data using principal component analysis (PCA) method for its application in data analysis. The method of PCA is used to analyse the data matrix from a similarity point of view between stations and correlation between parameters. The result of PCA is four principal components i.e. PC 1 (27.73% of the variance) is mainly related to TSS, temperature, salinity, and DO. PC 2 (16.33% of the variance) is mainly related to BOD. PC 3 (12.39% of variance) is mainly related to MBAS, phenol, and zinc. PC 4 explains 11.09% of variances related mainly to turbidity.

The Banda Sea experiences a strong upwelling between April and November associated with the seasonal strengthening of the trade winds. Data of surface wind, sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity in the period of 1990-2008 were used to further study the response of upwelling to the local and remote forcing in the Banda Sea. A local forcing (Ekman Pumping) during Southeast Monsoon plays role in contributing the upwelling intensity indicated by shallower thermocline and colder SST. In addition, this study exhibits that the upwelling strength is controlled remotely by El Ñino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) where during El Niño (La Niña) periods in Southeast Monsoon, the upwelling weakens (strengthens) in the Banda Sea.

Start Nickel (Ni) is common marine pollutant and derived from discharge of industries, mining and agriculture. Elevated Ni concentrations, could be harmful the organisms in marine environment such as corals reef. The sea anemones Exaiptasia pallida has been widely used for toxicity tests in the laboratory because it is easy to maintain and culture in contained aquarium conditions. To understand the pathway of uptake and storage of elevated Ni between the sea anemone host and symbiotic algae, and the model sea anemone E. pallida was exposed to three different Ni concentrations (500 xg/L, 1000 xg/L, 2000 xg/L) and control treatment over 9 days and 18 days. Ni accumulation was assessed in both the host anemone tissues and the Symbiodinium spp. The concentration of Ni was measured using Perkin Elmer NexION 300D ICPMS (Inductively Couple Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry) after sampel digestion. The statistical analysis was completed using R version 3.5.0 (R core team 2013) R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienne, Austria. The model was chosen by Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) after to comparing between model options. Shapiro-Wilks test was used to verify the normal distribution of the date set to be analysed.The overall result showed the accumulation of nickel was highest in Symbiodinium spp. (212.62 + 50.12 mg/Kg) after a 9 days exposure period in concentration 2000 xg/L while 18 days exposure period was less ( 129.66 + 31,94 mg/Kg) in concentration 2000 xg/L. The lower uptake of Ni in Symbiodinium spp. in the longer exposure time of 18 days compare to 9 days exposure might be due to the ability of Symbiodinium spp. to release the Ni through their metabolism or the Ni dose may have inhibited normal function of the algae, although the accumulation of both times period was significantly higher than the control treatments. Meanwhile, host anemones accumulated 77.43 + 6.28 mg/Kg Ni over 9 days exposure period and the 2000 xg/L treatment and increased after 18 days exposure in concentration 2000 xg/L (45.54 + 4.12 mg/Kg).The result of these finding highlight the importance of understanding the metal accumulation in host and cnidarian. This is particularly important if these species are used in biomonitoring studies where bleaching may occur due to stress, but may in effect be a depuration pathway for metal load, masking the biological uptake and interaction between metal and organisms.

Study on imposex of Thais aculeata was conducted in September to October 2016 in Talake Shipyard, Ambon Bay. The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the imposex insidence in muricids T. aculeata. Level of imposex was calculated using some indices i.e. RPLI (Relative Penis Length Index), RPSI (Relative Penis Size Index) and PI (Percentage of Imposex). A total of 110 individuals T. aculeata consisted of eight size classes were found, which 39 females individuals were identified to be exposed of imposex. Females with imposex were characterized by the presence of pseudopenis in the form of a small bulge on the top right of the tentacles. Pseudopenis relatively smaller than that of male penis size i.e. 2.13 mm while male penis size was 4.95 mm. Percentage of imposex of T. aculeata was 41.05%, RPSI was 7.97; RPSI was 49.58, and sex ratio of male and female individuals was 1:6.3 The correlation between class size shell with imposex was moderate relationship (R = 0.44). Ratio between number of male individuals and female with imposex was significantly different, but ratio between normal females and females with imposex; and shell length average between normal females and females with imposex was not significantly different, respectively.

This study aims to analyze correlation of waters quality and phytoplacton that it can be used as the basic for the utilization and management of the Haruku Village waters. This study was conducted in the Haruku Village waters in July to December 2017 at five sites. Water quality parameters analyzed are temperature, salinity, pH, DO, BOD₅, nutrient (nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, silicate), and phytoplankton. The correlation analyzed using Primary Component Analyzes (PCA). The results obtained are Water quality parameters of Haruku Village waters have a different correlation depending on the Musoon.

A seasonal study of zooplankton was conducted to understand the abundance and diversity of zooplankton in related to oceanographic condition in Ambon Bay, Maluku. The research was conducted in four months (March, April, July, and October) which represented the various seasons in Ambon Bay in the year of 2016. The abundance of zooplankton was determined from NORPAC net (mesh size 0.33 mm) with depth varied from 10m to surface. The samples were taken in 18 stations which 7 stations located in Inner Ambon Bay, 1 station in the sill, and 8 stations in Outer Ambon Bay. All samples were preserved in bottle containing 4% formaldehyde and then analyzed using microscope. We also used CTD equipment to measure the vertical and horizontal distribution of temperature and salinity from the surface into 10m depths. The result showed that the distribution of temperature and salinity in Ambon Bay were varied following the season. The total abundance of zooplankton in Ambon Bay was fluctuated between 403-42097 ind./m³ following the season. The highest average abundance of zooplankton occurred in March (northwest monsoon) where the temperature was higher than other season. The lowest average abundance occurred in April (transition) where the salinity was lower than other season. The number of Copepods from genus Acrocalanus and Eucalanus were presented in all season. In southwest monsoon, spawning of Annelida and Echinoderm larvae were the most indicated larvae. Meanwhile, in southeast monsoon we indicated that the Copepod eggs and larvae as the most abundance in the waters.

Kelvin wave propagation along the southern coasts of Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Islands generated by the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) phase 3 (April 28 – May 6, 2004) has been studied by using sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) data simulated by a 1/8° global version of the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM), satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data, and zonal wind data. In order to investigate the influences of MJO known as the intraseasonal oscillation (30–90 days), analysis of the data was carried out after 10–100 days band-pass filtering. The analysis results show that the intraseasonal oscillation SSHA along the coasts of Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Islands generally have a spectral peak at 91 days associated with the spectral peak of the MJO, except for Sunda Strait (61 days), southern coast of West Java (55 days), Sawu Sea (58 days), and Ombai Strait (100 days). Further analysis suggests that the MJO phase 3 generates Kelvin waves propagating eastward along the coasts of Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Islands with phase speed ranging from 2.56 to 3.85 m/s.

The deviation of the sea surface from the geoid reference surface is known as the Sea Surafce Topography (SST). SST is caused by several physical phenomena such as ocean wave, tides, current and atmospheric pressure loading, and the main application of SST is to determine ocean circulation. To get the SST, we use Sea Surface Height (SSH) and Mean Dynamic Topography (MDT) based on 30 years of sea-level data derived from multi-mission of satellite Altimetry and geoid height (Undulation) from Global Gravitation Model EGM-2008. Indonesia is an archipelagic country in the equatorial region that lies between Indian and Pacific oceans. Its geographical setting will affect variability of Sea Surface Topography (SST) in the Indonesian Sea. The anomaly from SST is one of the oceanic parameters that play a crucial role in the ocean dynamic and its possible hazards. We found that the characteristics differ considerably from one place to another, depending on the bathymetric depth and type of sea. The mean SSH varies from about 40 meters and rises to the east up to a height of 80 meters. Likewise, the MDT value increased from 0.5 meters to the east to a height of 1.2 meters. In closed, narrow and shallow seas, the long time-series of those surfaces are less sensitive to the effects of El Niño and La Niña as well as global sea level rise. On the other hand, global sea level rise significantly affects the characteristic of both surfaces over open and deep seas. We hope by using more spatially dense data from multi-mission satellite altimetry, we can see more detail about the local phenomena that influence SST. By studying the variability of SST from more than one cycle (18.6 years) it is expected that it can be used to understand the dynamics of the coastal area in Indonesia.

The Holothurian is one of the echinoderms which has well known as the sea cucumber. The coastal communities in Maluku often harvest the sea cucumber for their livelihoods both for consumed and sold them. Recently, the number of sea cucumber has been decreased due to anthropogenic and environmental degradation. Therefore, the data of bio-ecology of the resources are needed to manage the resources for its sustainability. The objective of the study was to analyze the biodiversity of holothurians. Data were collected by purposive random sampling. The research was carried out from October 2017 to October 2018. The results showed that there were five species of holothurians found during this study. The abundance of holothurians ranged from 18 to 173 individuals which the highest abundance was found in March 2018 whereas the lowest abundance was found in November 2017. The diversity of species differed each month. The study indicated that there were temporal changes in diversity. The diversity index (H') ranged from 0.733-1.346, meaning low species diversity. The evenness index showed that the abundance of each species had almost similar. So, that there were no predominance species. Nevertheless, three species have a high number or tend to be dominant later namely Bohadschia similis, Holothuria scabra and H. atra.

Sea cucumber (Holothuroidea) is one of the marine resources that play an important ecology and economy roles. Sea cucumber has been reported to have high abundance in the seagrass ecosystem at Suli Village, however, its population has been reported to decline quite recently. It is speculated that this problem caused by environmental pressure due to human activity in form of marine tourism and also the change of physical properties of the coast due to abrasion. The aims of this study were to analyze the diversity and abundance of sea cucumber in the seagrass ecosystem of Suli Village. The study was conducted from September to October 2017. A sample of sea cucumber was collected through linear transect quadrate and identified down to species level through microscopic analysis of sea cucumber spicula shape. The number of species found then used to calculate some population ecology parameters. Our result showed that there are 14 species of sea cucumber found in the seagrass ecosystem of Suli Village that belong to 5 genera and 3 families. Holothuria scabra being the species with the highest density (0.0347 ind m⁻²) whereas Stichopus chloronotus has the lowest density (0.0004 ind m⁻²). Species with the highest abundance is Holothuria scabra (4,164 individuals) while the lowest abundance belongs to Stichopus chloronotus (53 individuals). In conclusion, the diversity of sea cucumber in Suli Village was considered high but its level of dominance was considered low.

Strombus luhuanus is a marine mesogastropod known as strawberry conch belongs to the Strombidae family. This species is consumed by the coastal community in Maluku province and collected by people at various shell size. The objective of this research was to determine the temporal size distribution and the size difference between its sexes. Sampling was conducted in Oma coastal water, Central Maluku, Eastern Indonesia. A specimen of S. luhuanus collected randomly during low tide from April to July 2018. Some characters of S. luhuanus were measured including shell length, shell width, spire height, and lip thickness. The result of this research showed that shell length of this species varied between 30.81 mm and 55.20 mm; the shell width varied from 16.33 mm to 32.25 mm; its spire height varied between 5.00 mm and 15.20 mm, while the lip thickness varied from 0.10 mm to 5.54 mm. The average of shell length, shell width and spire height of S. luhuanus were high in June sampling period compared to another sampling periods, whereas lip thickness of this species was high in July sampling. Based on its sex, the shell size parameters measured in our study were higher in female specimen than the male one. The size groups of this gastropods were dominated by 38.79-47.39 mm in shell length. Lip thickness of the shell showed that S. luhuanus was in developing stage of growth in this study and S. luhuanus showed sexual dimorphism.

Sea turtles are large, air-breathing reptiles that inhabit tropical and subtropical seas throughout the world. With long lifetimes and wide-ranging migration patterns, sea turtles are exposed to many sources of danger both in coastal area and in the open sea, including environmental accidents. Sea turtles are most endanger and threaten with extinction, many are listed in the IUCN Red List or at CITES list. The objective of this study was to identify sea turtles species in Meti Island, their nesting area and its characteristics. Data on nesting area obtained from direct observation and interview with the local community. The result showed that there are three species of sea turtles found in Meti Island i.e. Chelonian mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, and Lepidocheys olivacea. There are two locations of nesting area i.e. the coastal area of Meti Island and Pasir Timbul Island The characteristic of the substrate at nesting area was medium sand, fine sand, and coarse sand. The slope of the coast of nesting area is approximately 35⁰ at Meti Island while the upper side at Timbul Island was steeper with approximately 40⁰. Marine flora at the nesting site is dominated by seagrass and sargassum which is suitable for nesting area for sea turtle. Shore vegetation at Meti Island consist of Hernandia nymphaeifolia, Scaevola taccada, Thespesia populnea, Pandanus sp, Guettarda speciosa, Terminalia catappa, Crinum asiaticum, Millettia pinnata, Cycas circinalis, Thuarea involute, Cardia subcordata while shore vegetation of Pasir Timbul Island consist of Ipomoea pes-caprae, Wedelia biflora, Spinifex littoreus, Scaevola taccada, Argusia argentea, Terminalia catappa, Pandanus sp, Hernandia nymphaeifolia, and Cocos nucifera.

Sedimentation is one of the limiting factors for coral life. Suspended and deposited sediment have negative effects on the coral community. The rate of sedimentation can lead to low coral cover, low growth rate and low recruitment. Sediment that enters inner Ambon bay comes from 8 rivers around the bay. In this research, we assess coral reefs condition, calculate the rate of sedimentation, analyze effects of sedimentation on the coral reefs, and observe the change of coral reefs condition in inner Ambon Bay. Distribution and general condition of coral reefs was observed using manta tow method. Three places were then chosen to be surveyed in detail using line intercept transect to determine the percentage of coral cover. Resuspendedsedimet were measured by using sediment traps placed on coral reefs for 3 days. Sea water was collected with Niskin bottle, filtered and analyzed in laboratory to determine suspended particulate matter. The results showed that percentage of coral cover in Hunut, Kate-Kate and Halong are 5.62%, 5.26%, and 8.92% respectively and fall into the category of poor coral reef condition. The percentage of coral cover decreased progressively since 1985. The suspended particulate matter in three locations is more than 20 mg/l and resuspension sediment at Kate-kate is 18.39 mg/cm²/day, Hunut 16.29 mg/cm²/day, and Halong 10.12 mg/cm²/day. The degree of sedimentation in inner Ambon Bay is at the level of moderate to severe.

Ship engine power is estimated at initial design process to satisfy the required speed. This ship parameter is determined by computation of ship resistance and propulsion parameter from any existing methods or executing ship model test. In fact, the results of ship model tests do not satisfy those of the existing methods. However, for initial design approach this may be used to estimate the engine power. This approach is used in design process for many ships but some methods are not suitable for certain type of ships. Three type of ships were developed and evaluated to prove this issue. They were fishing ship, passenger-cargo coaster and semi-displacement ship. The resistance and propulsion parameters of those ships were determined by the existing methods. Three models of those ships were tested in the towing tank to validate the results of the resistance from existing methods. The results of computation and model test were presented and analyzed. It was found that there were difference between the results of computations and those from model tests for three ships. Some recommendations were stated at this paper concerning the application of the results for such ships.

This article will look into to the environmental and economic issues in the maritime sector that arise due to biofouling. For the shipping industry, biofouling is known to increase hull roughness that would lead to an increase in friction resistance and fuel consumption. Here we present a short review regarding ship-hull roughness due to biofouling and its associated increase in skin friction drag, and analysis of fuel consumption from an operating ship with two different anti-fouling coating. The data shows that a higher quality antifouling would result in a low biofouling attachment on the hull surface, resulting in a lower fuel consumption.

The One piece of the wooden beam has different vibration characteristics compared to the two pieces of wood with a joint. One of the parameters measured is the dynamic stiffness of wood. The method used is a technique in which the vibration excitation test using a hammer with a rubber head. The wood used in this study is Gofasa (vitex cofassus). The Properties of wood was using the data from previous studies. Vibration characteristic of a piece of wood was used for comparison purposes. Two pieces of wood have joined and secured by bolts. Cantilever beam model has used with the knock in a perpendicular direction to the wood fibres. The joints model used to excitation test is the plain scarf, hooked scarf, half lap splice, and tabled splice. All of these models were tested to determine the characteristics of vibration. The results showed the different vibration characteristics for each model. The results are used as a recommendation of the best models in distributing the vibration from the vibration source.

As one of longest coastlines countries in the world where located in the tropical region, Indonesia has a prestigious potency of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC). In this paper, a study on working fluid of power plant generation based OTEC concept will be presented. Currently, ammonia is well known working fluid for OTEC applications. However, in this study it will be verified that the thermal efficiency of the OTEC can be improved significantly by adopting the Butene as the working fluid. Moreover, in term of mass flow rate, it needs only 4.21 kg/s of Butene to generate 100 kW output power.

The application of solid boxes to prevent the sinking of small boats had been executed by the authors with small tuna-long boats. This concept was continued to be applied on small passenger speed-boats to find the possibility of application of solid boxes. This is due to some restrictions of spaces inside small passenger boats. The purpose of application of solid boxes on board is to reduce the incoming water and to prevent the boat from sinking. The data of full-scale boats were collected and developed into Maxsurf software. A scale boat model was developed by this software in order to compute and analyze the boat parameters as well as to construct the real boat model. The boat model was arranged for the details of weight components and their centers. The incoming water was filled into the model and tested for its sinkage. The results showed that the boat was sink. Therefore for future work, other method should be considered on the model in order to prevent it from sinking.

Breath-hold diving is a traditional method used by fishermen to catch fish or other marine organisms. When humans hold their breath during diving, generally their body will develop physiological changes, and with regular exercise, this can improve the lung function. Based on many studies reported, there is an increase in lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen. The objective of this study was to analyze the comparison of pulmonary function between breath-hold diving fishermen and non-divers fishermen in Ambon. This study uses analytical methods with a cross-sectional approach using primary data of 15 breath-hold divers and 15 non-divers fishermen sample with same background of healthy behavior. The pulmonary function differences between breath-hold diving fishermen and non-diving fishermen were analyzed using t-student test. Pulmonary function parameters i.e. VC, FVC, and FEV1% was measured using spirometer. The results of this study showed that mean value of lung function comparison between breath-hold diving fishermen and non-breath lung function fishermen in vital capacity (VC) ratio was 3.48 ± 0.5 vs. 3.01 ± 0.63 (t_α(2)0.05:P = 0'03), forced vital capacity (FVC) was 2.19 ± 0.45 vs. 1.84 ± 0.46 (t_α(2)0.05:P = 0.045), and forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1%) was 91.46 ± 9.12 vs. 83.44 ± 10.3 (t_α(2)0.05:P = 0.03). The lung function comparison in breath-hold diving fishermen and non-diver fishermen showed that there is a significant difference in lung function between breath-hold fishermen and non-diver fishermen. The conclusion of the research is, with the same background of life behavior, the lung function of breath-hold diving fishermen is better than non-diver fishermen.

Hypertension is a chronic medical condition due to the increased blood pressure. Uncontrolled hypertension might cause several complications, including stroke, heart and kidney disease. More complex problems for patients and families emerge when complications occur. The 2014 Health Profile of Maluku Province reported that the prevalence of hypertension in population aged 18 years or above was 457,152 people and only 50.74% had their blood pressure measured. This prevalence rate was low compared to the prevalence reported by The 2013 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas). The low prevalence rate was due to the shortage of facilities and medical personnel to conduct hypertension examinations, in addition to the low motivation of the community to have a regular blood pressure check. In 2014, the number of non-communicable diseases in Central Maluku was considered high but the incidence rate of hypertension was low. However, most of the non-communicable diseases were associated with hypertension. This study was aimed to develop a monitoring system in dealing with hypertension patients of Itawaka and Nolloth village. From secondary data obtained in 2015, there were 4.2% of 8.660 individuals from East Saparua who suffer from hypertension. It was also found that regular checkup of patients and their compliance on taking hypertension drug was low. We propose a monitoring mechanism as follows: screening patients with hypertension, mapping their location, develop patient forms on application in smartphone, filling out patients' record according to their residence, assigning health workers responsible in the specified area and on a weekly basis monitor blood pressure and their compliance with taking anti hypertensive drugs.

The development of the global and regional strategic environment has an impact on the development of the national strategic environment. The Territory of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI) region which is a world crossing position is the world's maritime axis where the flow of world transportation and world telecommunications is passed. The negative impact that is felt at this time is the tip of increasing the number of transnational organized crime (TNOC) that occurred in the NKRI. So it is necessary to do research on how the implementation of handling transnational crime at this time, especially in locations that are factual or potential occur such as in the waters of Nunukan-North Kalimantan Province, Indonesia which is directly adjacent to the City of Tawau-District Sabah, Malaysia. From the conditions of implementation of the handling it can be found the root of the problem so that a strategy can be formulated to improve the handling of transnational crime in the territorial waters of the Republic of Indonesia with other countries.

The Indonesian maritime security agency called Bakamla is an institution that has the duty to carry out safeguards, oversight, prevention and prosecution of violations of law in the territorial waters and jurisdictions of Indonesia by synergizing and monitoring the implementation of patrols in the waters by relevant agencies. Bakamla is a manifestation of the realization of Indonesia's concept as a maritime axis, as the newly established institution Bakamla must be able to regulate and manage institutions that have authority in the sea. The problem with Bakamla is that it does not have an integrated system that is able to manage resources in several institutions, especially institutions that have legal authority at sea. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is a system that can overcome the problem of resource management in several institutions, ERP is a system that integrates several institutional tasks so that it can streamline institutional activities, facilitate interaction between institutional units and provide easy access to information. This study aims to develop an ERP application for the planning, assignment, supervision and control processes in each of Indonesia's marine security areas. This ERP is developed with the Waterfall method which is a sequential process design which in the process looks like a waterfall flow from the concept design process, project identification, analysis, design, coding, testing, implementation and maintenance. The results of this study have been able to regulate all supervisory activities, control and assignment of resources of each institution under the coordination of Bakamla so as to improve marine security in Indonesia.

Abstract— Based on the geographical conditions of Indonesia, especially the eastern region of Indonesia, a national sea transportation system is needed that can be a bridge for remote, isolated and undeveloped islands using pioneering sea transportation. The problem is when the pioneer ships carry out maintenance and repairs, where the pioneer ship population of 82% operates in the eastern part of Indonesia and 18% operates in the western region of Indonesia, while 70% of shipyards are located in Western Indonesia and the remaining 30% are located in Eastern Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the appropriate type of shipyard. The methods used in this study were the fishbone and SWOT methods. As many as 11 locations in Indonesia are selected for surveys. Construction of shipyards for pioneer ships takes into account shipyard availability in the area of operation, the number and type of vessels operating. The results show that the best shipyard location to support the operation of pioneer ships is located in the Bitung Region or in the Sorong Region with the type of shipyard in the form of a slip way.

Maluku Province is an archipelagic province consist of 1,340 islands mostly classified as small island and has the total area of 712,479.69 km2 of which 658,331.52 km2 (92.4%) are marine and only 54.15 km2 (7.6%) are terrestrial. This geographic condition causes high insularity and approximately 34% of villages in Maluku are without electricity and it is highly impossible to provide every remote small island with the power supply. Solar and wind penetration into existing diesel systems can be considered as a breakthrough to meet the need for power supply for these remote islands. A techno-economic analysis is applied to perform a design of an optimal hybrid solar-wind-diesel power plant to serve the load of the villages at these remote islands. The hybrid plant can reduce cost about 20% as well decrease of greenhouse gas emissions of diesel generator alone. Based on the result obtained, the villages in Maluku Province particularly those at the remote area are the potential candidate for deployment of the proposed hybrid solar wind-diesel power plant for electricity generation.

The present study analyses the main dimension characteristics of the purse seiner in 4 location of artisanal fishery in Ambon Island in 2017. A total of 28 traditional purse seiners were measured for its length, breadth, and depth as well as identified its material, the shape of stern and bow. Those purse seiners are made of fibre and wood and they have raked bow, meier bow, raked stern and straight stern. The purse seiners measured have main dimensions ranging from 14.00 – 24.00 m (length), 1.50 – 3.90 m (breadth) and 1.00 – 3.15 m (depth). The analysis of main dimension ratio showed that only two of the purse seiners do not have the ratio value within the range of reference values. This result indicated that 26 of 28 purse seiners are good in maneuver, speed, longitudinal strength and stability and thus guarantee safety and successful of fishing operation.

The research aims to study Rhizophora mucronata leaves extract to inhibit and protects tiger prawn from pathogens infection. The leaves of R. mucronata were chopped, dried, macerated and extracted in three different solvents, namely ethanol, water and see water. In vitro inhibitory tests were performed using disc diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration methods. The in vivo test on tiger prawn was given by submersion, which then tested with Vibrio harveyi and Saprolegnia sp. The observation and inspection covered clinical symptom, pathological anatomy, total vibrio count, survival rate, and Relative Percentage of Survival. The result showed that mangrove leaves extract can inhibit pathogens on tiger prawn, improve survival rate and relative persentage of survival. The best R. mucronata extract that can inhibit and protect the tiger prawn from pathogen infection is ethanol extract 1,250-1,500 ppm, followed by water extract 1,500 ppm, and sea water extract 1,500 ppm

With the development of research and technology, marine plants can be a bio-prospective for secondary metabolites product. The content of marine plant as a source of secondary metabolites product has an important role as a source of antibacterial pathogen compounds. The study aimed to utilize extracts of Ipomoea pes-caprae, Sonneratia alba, Gracilaria debilis and Dictyoshaeria versluysii on the antibacterial formation of pathogenic bacteria. The research was conducted in laboratory following several steps procedure i.e. extraction of samples with ethyl acetate and alcohol as solvent and then diffusely testing of antibacterial activity. All experiment was done with two replications. Pathogen bacteria used in this experiment are Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, and Pseudomonas. The result showed that extract ethyl acetate performs better than extract of alcohol to inhibit pathogen bacteria. The extract of ethyl acetate created inhibitory zone activity against E. coli was 2.9 ± 0.20 mm (I. pes-caprae), 2.8 ± 0.12 mm (Sonneratia alba), 26.0 ± 0.16 mm (G. debilis), and 32.0 ± 0.08 mm (D. versluysii). Result of inhibitory zone activity against Salmonella were 30.5 ± 0.10 mm (I. pes-caprae), 2.5 ± 0.10 mm (S. alba), 27.5 ± 0.16 mm (G. debilis), and 29.18 ± 0.18 mm (D. versluysii). Inhibitory activity zone for Enterococci were 2.5 ± 0.10 mm (I. pes-caprae), 3.4 ± 0.30 mm (S. alba), 38.0 ± 0.10 mm (G. debilis), and 42.0 ± 0.18 mm (D. versluysii), whilst for S. aureus the inhibitory activity zone were 2.5 ± 0.1 mm, 3.4 ± 0.10 mm, 30.0 ± 0.12 mm, and 31.0 ± 0.1 mm for I. pescaprae, S. alba,, G. debilis and D. versluysii respectively. Results of inhibitory activity zone for C. perfringens were 2.9 ± 0.2 mm, 2.7 ± 0.12 mm, 26.5 ± 0.14 mm and 32.0 ± 0.1 mm for I. pes-caprae, S. alba, G. debilis and D. versluysii while for Pseudomonas were 2.7 ± 0.2 mm, 2.4 ±0.14 mm, 28.0 ± 0.10 mm and 26.0 ± 0.22 mm.

The study on the effect of soaking salt and atung (Parinarium glaberimum, Hassk) has been conducted to investigate the production and quality of dried salted Bony flying fish (Cypselurus oxycephalus). There are two types of soaking salt used in this study i.e. gradual soaking (5 and 10% salt concentration) and single soaking (25% salt concentration). Three types of quality parameter used in this experiment i.e. organoleptic (appearance, smell, taste and texture), chemical (water content, salt content, protein content, peroxide number) and microbial (Total Plate Count). The yield of dried salted bony flying fish (C. oxycephalus) obtained through gradual soaking of salt and atung was 21.85 and 23.00% respectively which is less than the yield obtained through single soaking salt treatment (32.57%). For chemical parameters, the quality of dried salted of bony flying fish obtained through gradual soaking salt and atung were 16.12 – 16.96%, 76.37 – 79.15%, 4.82 – 8.67%, 0.23 – 0.34 mg.ek./g, and 4.03 – 4.56 (Log X)( 1.07×10⁴ – 3.63× 10⁴ colony) respectively which is better than that of single soaking which have chemical parameters of 22.66%, 53.26%, 18.68%, 0.43 mg ek./g and 5.26 (Log X) ( 1.82 x 10⁵ colonies) respectively. For organoleptic analysis, the quality of dry salted flying fish attained from gradual soaking salt and atung were 7.4 – 8.0; 7.3 – 7.6; 6.9 – 7.4; 7.4 – 7.6 respectively whilst from single soaking salt were 7.2; 7.2; 7.2 and 6.5 respectively. Organoleptic results achieved from gradual soaking salt and atung seems to have slightly higher quality compare to single soaking salt.

In the search for new and renewable energy, Gracilaria sp. was studied as the raw material for bioethanol production. This seaweed is available abundantly in the very long Indonesian coastline. This study investigates the effect of several pretreatment methods on the concentration of sugar produced from Gracilaria sp. when hydrolyzed using cellulase or sulphuric acid. Reducing sugar was measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometry using Nelson-Somyogi reagent and the ethanol concentration was measured by using gas chromatography. Cellulase and sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) were used in the hydrolysis. Cellulase concentration used was 200, 400, 600 and 800 units/ml, whereas the concentration of sulphuric acid used was 1%, 3%%, 5%, and 7%. The highest concentration of reducing sugar was produced by hydrolysis using H₂SO₄ 1%.

Lermatang Village is situated at Southwest Maluku Regency and is known as a producer of seaweed. Generally, the seaweed produced in this village belongs to Eucheuma cottonii, which is a source of carrageenan and has high economic value. Carrageenan is known as raw material for the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, food and other industries, as gelling agents, material binders, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. The most common problem faced by the seaweed grower was they haven't been able in optimizing the processing technologies yet. The seaweed farmer is still selling the seaweeds in form of dry seaweed without further processing and this cause a low price. The aim of this research was to study the physicochemical properties of carrageenan of Eucheuma cottonii originated from Lermatang Village fo Southwest Maluku Regency. Seaweed was extracted by using sodium hydroxide then physicochemical properties of carrageenan were observed. The results showed that physicochemical properties of carrageenan were indicated by yield 34.50 – 44.25 g, gel strength 500 - 850 g/cm2, viscosity 35.2- 40.89 cP, water content 14.32-25.73%, ash content 21.34-22.62% and sulphate content 14.85-16.50%.

Along with the development of technology and innovation, information and business competition, home industry from the fishery sector start to improve their product. Renewable fish smoke technic and good quality packaging are some of the technic used in order to increase fish product quality and expire time of the product. Many home industries in the fishery sector, particularly in North Maluku, still lacks behind in fish product quality and cannot meet market demand. The objective of this study is to study the effect of fish product preservation treatment on the microbial quality of the fish. Four preservation treatments with three replicates were used in this experiment i.e. non-vacuum smoke fish treated for 3 days and 7 days and vacuum smoke fish treated for 3 and 7 days. The complete randomized design was used to test the microbial quality of fish product treated. The result showed that there is a difference in microbial quality between non-vacuum and vacuum smoke fish. Fish smoke with non-vacuum and vacuum packing did not meet SNI total plate count standard quality requirement.

Fish is very perishable, soon after caught and death, deterioration took place quickly especially in a high-temperature environment. Quality control is a necessity to keep the freshness of fish and the prime nutritional quality. In this study interview and observation were done on the focus group to investigate quality control activities carried out by the artisanal fisher community. In many places in Maluku, small pelagic fish caught by using purse seine net. The fishing ground is relatively close to the landing site at the coastal area and landed in 1-2 hours after death. Shortly after landed ice treating is applied on the fishes with the ratio of ice to fish roughly 1:2 and also a small amount of clean sea water added onto the fish-ice mixture in order to chilling fish and keep it fresh. Most fish are transported to the central market in town by using cars which takes one to two hours, and the rest taken by the small retailers and distribute to the closest markets in the village. If lots of fish harvested, some retailers will sell it on foot from house to house. The small-scale fishermen and retailers know very well the necessity of maintaining the freshness of fish, so it will be in good quality when delivered the consumer hands and the high price.

Mineral contents in flesh of abalone Haliotis squamata were analyzed by using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer method. Samples of abalone Haliotis squamata used in this research were treated by three types of live feed, i.e. Gracillaria sp., Ulva sp., and mix of Gracillaria sp. and Ulva sp. Flesh of abalone H. squamata contained of some mineral i.e. K, Ca, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Hg, and Mg. In the flesh of abalone H. squamata fed with those feeds, K had the highest value followed by Mg while the lowest was Cu. In food, Ulva sp contain the highest K followed by Ca with the lowest was Cu. In contrast, Ca had the highest value in Gracillaria sp followed by Mg while the lowest was Cu.

Dried anchovy is a prospecting product from Buru Island Maluku which is produced traditionally by spreading on the ground under the sun with a used net as a base. Effort to develop that method is needed to meet the increasingly stringent standard of sanitation and hygiene food products, especially for modern and export markets. Three types of solar drying equipment as the traditional method development were applied to produce dried anchovy and the product characteristic was investigated. The two enclosed solar dryers walled and roofed using plastic with multilevel racks and drying space forms a tunnel dryer system. One of them using transparent plastic and another using blue plastic. The third equipment is "para-para" (local called for bamboo or wood arranged side by side horizontally with an altitude roughly 1.25 meter above the ground) roofed using blue tarpaulin plastic. The characteristics of dried anchovy produced by using solar dryer equipment are better than traditional drying method product, especially organoleptic, insoluble acid ash content and total bacterial. Dried anchovy with the better quality characteristic will be reach the wider distribution and higher segment market.

The search for new antibiotics from a variety of sources that have the potential to produce bioactive metabolite compounds is essential to solve the increasing problem of microbial resistance. Recently, one of the most widely studied for new antimicrobial sources is marine derived fungi. The aims of this study were to isolate endophytic fungi of marine sponges collected from Sekotong Beach Lombok, Indonesia and determine their antimicrobial activity. Fungi isolation were conducted in yeast extract, peptone, and dextrose (YPD) agar medium and each pure fungi was fermented for 21 days in YPD broth medium. Culture media and mycelium were separated by filtration method. The culture media was extracted by liquid liquid extraction and mycelium was extracted by maceration method using ethyl acetate. The dried extracts then tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC8739, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538, and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 using paper disk diffusion method. Extracts which showed antimicrobial activities on 250 ug/disk content were determined their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal or Fungicidal concentration (MBC or MFC). The results of this research were obtained 12 fungi isolates that were coded as FSKT1 until FSKT12. The lowest MIC and MBC value against E. coli was showed by mycelium extract of FSKT10 with concentration of 128 and 256 ug/mL, respectively. The lowest MIC and MBC value against S. aureus was showed by medium extract of FSKT9 with concentration of 64 ug/mL and against C. albicans with concentration of 128 and 512 ug/mL, respectively. The antimicrobial activity observed in this research indicates that the endophytyc fungi of the marine sponge could be considered as new sources of antibiotics.