Table of contents

The 10^th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Science and Its Application (10^th ISNPINSA)

"Developing Innovations and Challenges in Science And Technology For Better Living"

September 24-25, 2020

The International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation of Natural Sciences and its Application (ISNPINSA) is an annual conference organized by the Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics (FSM), Diponegoro University (UNDIP), Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. This seminar has been successfully conducted since 2011 and therefore becoming an annual event since then. This annual ISNPINSA has been intensively achieved high level improvement in strengthening the collaboration between scientists either from Indonesia or other countries, stimulating a new research partnership, and contributing to formulating policies to increase the important roles of science for the community.

The 10th ISNPINSA was held on September 24-25, 2020 with the theme of "DEVELOPING INNOVATIONS AND CHALLENGES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR BETTER LIVING". Due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the conference process was carried out virtually using licensed Zoom media. The presentations were categorized into two terms, which were plenary presentation and parallel presentation. Keynote speakers were invited to deliver their expertise and research findings at the plenary presentation and each had given 1 hour of speech. While invited speakers together with all parallel presenters delivered their presentation in parallel session with time of speech including Q&A for each of 15 minutes.

The number of participants of the seminar were 313 including 7 keynote speakers, 5 invited speakers, presenters and non-presenters coming from various institutions of various countries consist of researchers, lecturers, postgraduate and undergraduate students from various universities. There were 263 papers presented in this seminar and after the review process, there are 199 articles to be published in the present conference proceeding. All published articles remain the sole responsibility of the author for the content of the paper.

List of STEERING COMMITTEE & ADVISORY BOARD, ORGANIZING COMMITTEE, REFEREES AND EDITORS, SPEAKER and this titles are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single blind

• Conference submission management system: via conference website and conference email

• Number of submissions received: 263

• Number of submissions sent for review: 233

• Number of submissions accepted: 185

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 70%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 1

• Total number of reviewers involved: 39

• Any additional info on review process:

1. The review process was according to the guidelines given by JPCS.

2. Plagiarism is prohibited.

3. Reviews have been conducted by expert referees, who have been requested to provide unbiased and constructive comments aimed, whenever possible, at improving the work.

4. In all cases at least minor revisions were required.

• Contact person for queries:

Name : Nor Basid Adiwibawa Prasetya, S.Si., M.Sc., Ph.D.

Affiliation : Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Indonesia

Email : nor.basid.prasetya@live.undip.ac.id

The study was conducted in the District of Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang Regency, West Java Province from November to December 2019. The purpose of this study was to analyze the carrying capacity of tourism in mangrove tourism areas. Based on the results in the field, the carrying capacity of tourism is only found in Sukakerta Village with the wide area that can be used as tourism and there is a visit by tourists, precisely in the Tangkolak Maritime Center which is able to accommodate as many as 1.345 person with the time provided in the development of the area by tour manager, that is for 24 hours/day. Tourist activities based on interviews include sitting relaxed, taking photo, walking down the road, enjoying the scenery, and planting mangrove seedlings scattered in Sukakerta Village.

Industry and society utilize groundwater to meet their daily needs. The study area is located in Demak Regency, which is located in the northern part of Java Island. Administratively, Demak Regency covers 14 districts with a total population of up to 1.16 million inhabitants. The utilization of unconfined groundwater is an alternative to meet the needs of the community. The condition of the unconfined aquifer, which is the source of fresh water for the community, must meet the standards for public health. Thus, it needs a fundamental assessment of the condition of the unconfined aquifer in Demak Regency. The evaluation of unconfined aquifer is focused on physical and hydrogeochemical analysis. The method used was a field campaign by measuring the groundwater depth and analyzing 30 groundwater samples for physical and chemical analysis. The results of measurements of pH values in groundwater samples in the study area are between 6.68-7.84. The high pH is in the Districts of Mranggen and Kebonagung. Furthermore, the value of electrical conductivity (EC) is between 678-3,130 µS/cm. The samples that are close to the Java Sea conduct a higher EC value, which is located in the Sayung, Karangengah, Bonang, and Wedung Districts.

Sumowono groundwater basin is an inter-regency groundwater basin located in Central Java Province. The administrative areas are Semarang Regency, Temanggung Regency, and Kendal Regency. Hilly regions dominate the study area. This study aims to identify the subsurface lithology and analysis of the water type of groundwater samples. The methods were geoelectrical survey using Schlumberger array and physical and chemical of groundwater samples analyses from dug wells and springs. The results of the geoelectrical survey conduct five types of lithology with the resistivity value from 0 to more than 190 Ωm. They are claystone, tuff, tuffaceous sandstone, sandstone, and breccia. The chemical properties of groundwater samples indicate that the pH has a range from 6.4 to 7.27 with electrical conductivity (EC) from 71.6 to 511 µS/cm. Moreover, the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) start from 45.8 to 327 mg/L. The water types are Mg²⁺-Ca²⁺-HCO₃⁻Cl^-, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃^--Cl^-, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃^-, Ca²⁺-HCO₃^--Cl^-, Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-HCO₃^--SO₄²-, and Ca²⁺-HCO₃^--SO₄²-.

The Kaligarang River heading North-South divides the region of Semarang. The Dutch Colonial Government recorded the territory of Semarang on January 19, 1856, shaken by an earthquake on the mainland epicenter with the strength of the V-VI MMI. Fault Kaligarang has a sliding rate of slip (slip rate) of 4.5 mm per year. The value of rock slip rate is relatively very small, but if accumulated over a long period, its value can increase and it will form an earthquake when energy is released. Kaligarang fault is still active and can cause another earthquake. Estimates of active Kaligarang fault are analyzed using different analytical methods by combining 3 methods (magnetic, gravity, and geological). Preliminary studies were conducted using the gravity method used satellite data. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of satellite data to be used as supporting data for preliminary research and also as complementary data. There are similarities in the results of inversion modeling with using GgmPlus data and geological data in the field. This result cannot prove the kaligarang fault because kaligarang fault is a transform fault. The distribution of subsurface mass can prove the existence of faults in the Semarang area but not at all, so that terrestrial data are still needed to obtain a more complete subsurface geological structure. Others method are needed to complete and prove the Kaligarang fault is active.

Merapi is the most active volcano in Central Java and even in Indonesia. Previous research in 1988,1998,2011 by using the gravity method shows an increasing amount of magmas, which are observed from changes in the dimensions of the magma chamber. The aim of this research is to observed the gravity changes nearby summit area after big eruption in 2010. In this research the summit area was close because of the activity of Merapi. The results of further studies in 2019 showed a large anomaly increase of 2 to 5 mGal in the southeast to the southwest. Gravity data in the peak area has not yet been acquired due to the high activity of Merapi. The subsurface interpretation related to changes in the dimensions of the magma reservoir cannot be done, but it can be expected increasing of mass at the southeast of Merapi towards the peak. The increasing amount of mass cause Merapi eruption in 2020.

Coal quality, which eventually controlling coal's behavior during preservation, combustion, and other forms of utilization, are defined by the depositional environment in which the peat was formed. Batu Ayau Formation is a well-known coal-bearing formation of Barito Basin and has been thoroughly explored. The aim of this study, which differs from previous studies, is to figure out the correlation of depositional environment to the coal quality of Batu Ayau Formation and anticipate the less desired coal quality from being mined. The depositional environment is determined through the stratigraphic section compared to Horne model, supported by coal facies determination using Tissue Preservation Index (TPI) vs Gelification Index diagram. Ash and sulphur content (weight %) data from 4 seams are integrated to the lithostratigraphic column. The coal quality distribution is defined from good correlation. The coal-bearing depositional environment of the studied area is transitional – upper delta plain. The ash content is ranging in 5.20-8.64wt% and total sulphur is ranging in 0.34-1.28%. The position of depositional environment that is closer to open marine, which is dipping westward, is preferable in terms of quality. Hence, coal on the center part of the research has preferable coal quality to be mined.

The mangrove ecosystem is one of the ecosystems that are very important for the life of flora, fauna as well as the people around it. The development of mangrove ecosystems into ecotourism is one way to the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems so that have a negative impact on the lives of their creatures. The development of ecotourism needs to be supported by tourist attractiveness as well as learning to tourists to care about their environment in accordance with the principles of ecotourism namely responsible travel to natural areas, conserving the environment and improving the well-being of local people. This paper focuses on the potential attractiveness of ecotourism development in Karawang Regency. The method used in this research is to do calculations using weights and scoring. The results showed that Sukakerta Village has a potential attractive attraction for mangrove ecotourism development in Karawang Regency, while Rawagempol Kulon and Tambaksari Village have an unattractive potential for mangrove ecotourism development and other villages have the attractive potential for mangrove ecotourism development due to inadequate facilities and accessibility.

Capture fisheries are one form of fishery resource utilization by fisher in the waters. With open access, fishers are free to catch fish in the waters. Yogyakarta waters are one of the waters with capture fisheries activities that continue to develop until now, especially on Bantul Regency. Fishers on Depok Beach are the largest and most developed communities in Bantul Regency. Sustainable fisheries resource management is formed in Yogyakarta waters by analyzing fishers' behavior on Depok Beach in fishing activities. Survey methods and participatory mapping were carried out to obtain fisher's characteristics, water conditions, fishing grounds locations, and fish catch variation. Statistical descriptive analysis, map overlays, and correlations are used in this study. The fishing community on Depok Beach is dominated by migrant fisher who come from Cilacap. Fishing activities are still very dependent on water conditions both during high and low seasons. Fishing grounds can be up to 10 miles in the high season, while the low season tends to be closer to land. The type of fish catch varies each month, dominated by demersal fish. Beltfish (Trichiurus lepturus) is a fish caught commodity during high and low seasons. Meanwhile, white pomfret (Pampus argenteus), banana prawn (Penaeus merguiensis), scalloped spiny lobster (Panulirus homorus) are mostly found in the high season, and mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) in the low season.

Karawang Regency is one of the districts in Indonesia which has the longest coastal area, with a length of 76.42 km and an area of around 1,168.85 km² of coast. The dominant process that occurs on the coast of Karawang Regency is abrasion and the coastline retreating between 50-300 meters in a direction. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of shoreline changes that occurred in Karawang Regency using multi-time Landsat imagery with a tidal approach. The result Changes in the shoreline were more dynamic during the period 1999 - 2009 with an abrasion area of 8611954m² and an accretion of 5471645m². This is because during that period, there were two different types of tides, where in 1999 there was a mixed-semidiurnal (Double Leaning), while in 2009 the tide was mixed-diurnal (Leaning Tunggal). Then for the period 2009 - 2019, there was the same type of tide, namely the mixed-diurnal type tide (Leaning Tunggal), which caused the detected coastline to experience slight changes. Each segment experienced different line changes in each study period due to variations in slope, land cover, and river estuary morphology.

In this paper, we discuss the optical properties of a bilayer ferroelectrics structure comprised of two different types of ferroelectric materials. The interface interaction between these two ferroelectric materials is considered. This interaction requires the entire-cell effective medium treatment where each layer of ferroelectric is sliced into several latticed. Then, by applying Landau-Khalatnikov (LKh) equation of motion in each lattice and solving it simultaneously, the dynamic susceptibility of the bilayer system can be determined. By employing Maxwell equations, we derive the dispersion relation, which can be solved numerically using the root-finding technique. Since here we use two ferroelectric with different resonant frequencies, then the polaritons can also be found around these two frequencies. Hence, there are two leading bulk bands in the dispersion relation. The existence of polarization coupling between two ferroelectrics at the interface generates the narrow additional bulk bands in the dispersion relation. We found that these additional bulk bands are affected by the strength of interface coupling and the number of lattices in each involved layer. We also found that the increase of the thickness of the layers weaken the additional bulk bands.

The W-type Barium hexaferrite particle have been successfully synthesized by mechanical milling route. The formation of phase BaFe₁₆Co₂O₂₇ through two-stage mechanism which starts with the formation of BaFe₁₉O₁₉. The synthetic result is tested by X-ray Diffraction (Cu(Kα) to determine a structure and formation phase. The magnetic characteristic is tested by permeagraph in saturating field up to 1.5 Tesla. The synthetic result shows that the partial substitution of Fe²⁺ ions with Co²⁺ ions influence the change in magnetic properties particularly coercivity. W-hexaferrite has a promising potential in microwave absorption application in the future especially in the range at 8 Ghz to 9,0 GHz.

Currently, antibiotics waste produced by hospitals and pharmacies is increasing, increasing demand and public consumption. Tetracyclines are a popular type of antibiotic that can pollute the environment even in low concentrations. This study aimed to detect tetracyclines in an aqueous environment using C-dots/Ag. C-dots material was synthesized by microwave radiation method with the addition of Ag 0-4 %. C-dots/Ag is produced in the form of a brown-black powder that glows green. FTIR testing shows that C-dots/Ag contains various functional groups O-H, N-H, C-H, C=O, and C=C. The surface morphology of the C-dots based on SEM testing is round and rough. Ag's addition causes C-dots' surface morphology to agglomerate, shifting the C-dots' absorbance peaks towards a larger wavelength and decreasing the energy bandgap. C-dots/Ag 2% has the best optical properties based on the intensity of the resulting fluency. In general, C-dots/Ag has excellent potential to be a susceptible, selective, and effective tetracycline detection agent.

This study aims to synthesize Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles from natural iron sand as a starting material. The synthesis process was carried out by the coprecipitation method at a synthesis stirring rate of 270 rpm. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticle samples' characterization process was carried out using scanning electron microscopy - energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), which produced a particle size of 10.76nm, and the Fe content of the sample was 60.96%. Characterization using X-ray diffraction resulted in a crystal size of 12.49 nm and a magnetite phase (Fe₃O₄) content of 48%. XRD characterization also showed the presence of another phase peak of NH₄Cl. NH₄Cl contaminants can be degraded by repeated washing using distilled water. This study proves that this synthesis can degrade other elements in natural iron sand to produce Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles.

Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) from natural iron sand with PEG-4000 have been successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation method. Natural iron sand was from Kulon Progo beach. Extraction of natural iron sand was separated with a magnet permanent as a precursor. The result of extraction was dissolved by acid chloride (HCl) solution. Precipitation process has been finished after added ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) solution and added polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4000. This solution was dried until it formed a black precipitate. Magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). The quantitative and qualitative analyzes on XRD were using the Profex 4.2.0 application and Joint Committee Powder on Diffraction Standards (JCPDS) No. 19-0629, respectively. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were successfully formed as indicated by the bonding of Fe-O. The results obtained in this study were the crystalline size of 11-13 nm with lattice parameters of 8.3758 Å for Fe₃O₄ and 8.3589 Å for Fe₃O₄ added with PEG. Fe nanoparticles were more dominant with wt% above 65%, which was confirmed by the EDX results. The addition of PEG mass resulted in the smaller crystallite size of the nanoparticles.

In this research, ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄) from natural iron sand have been synthesized by co-precipitation technique with varying stirring time and sonification process. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 6 hours of synthesized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) on the resulting crystal size. The different structures and properties of the synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were investigated using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), and Energy Dispersion X-ray (EDX), respectively. XRD and SEM produced mean crystal sizes over the range of 13.93 nm and particle sizes of 14.8 nm. The EDX test explained that the Fe₃O₄ compound was successfully formed at 6.00 KeV. FTIR showed the element content of Fe-O at 555 cm-1. This study's results indicate the MNPs synthesis process at 6 hours and the sonification process can produce Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles with a minimum size at the optimal time compared to synthesis at 8 hours, 7 hours, and 5 hours.

In the case of water pollution, including the sea, rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, usually when measuring the parameter of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) values exceeds the pollution level. Online and continuous monitoring is essential to monitor water conditions so that if there is pollution, it can be immediate handling. Wireless sensor network technology becomes part of the Internet of Things makes it possible for online data acquisition from several node stations that are spread in monitoring locations. This paper purpose the online BOD dan DO data acquisition continuously builds with combine the wireless sensor system and database replication concept. From implementing a database replication method for online monitoring of water pollution level, database replication continuously ensures consistency and prevents redundant data between node sensor station and server database, and provides reliable information on the www website.

This research aims to analyze the effect of ozone exposure time and lard mixture on the polarization angle of transmission of olive oil. The study uses a transmission polarization method with a laser (λ = 532 nm) as a light source. The research sample in the form of olive oil mixed with lard at a concentration of 10, 20, 40, and 80%, with an ozone exposure time of 0-30 minutes. The sample is subjected to external electric fields with variations from 0-4.5 x 10² kV/m to increase the change's polarization angle. The results showed that the change in polarization angle would change linearly with the increase in lard concentration with olive oil. Olive oil with a low concentration of lard (10%) experienced an increase in the change in polarization angle with a value of 0.31 ° due to the effect of 90 minutes of ozone exposure. In general, the results of the study showed that increased concentrations of lard, ozone exposure time, electric field strengths caused an increase in changes in the polarization angle in a mixture of olive oil and lard.

The importance of cooking oil for human consumption makes cooking oil needs to be aware of its quality. This research aims to design electrooptic devices by making modifications to the analyzer. The results of the ink design are used to test the quality of cooking oil. The method used in this tool is based on the electrooptical properties of cooking oil. Because the optical properties or the polarization angle used as an indicator of the quality of cooking oil is relatively very small, it is necessary to modify the analyzer on the existing electrooptics to avoid parallax errors and increase the effectiveness in measurement. Modifications were made by adding a stepper motor as an actuator, gears that intersect with certain radius ratios, and an ATMega 328P microcontroller for data controller and processing. in the cooking oil quality test, it can be distinguished oil that has expired and is still suitable for consumption based on the average value of the change in the polarization angle.

The problem of the need for clean water is very important. The several diseases triggered by poor water quality reach more than 200 cases each year and cause more than 5 million deaths worldwide. Thus, monitoring water quality becomes important for the availability of safe and clean water. Wireless sensor networks have become a promising alternative to adopted for supplementing the conventional monitoring process. This network allows measurements from the remote location in real-time and with little human intervention. Wireless sensor network topology performance will support the stability of real-time data transmission. The difference in network topology between each router-node station affects the disruption of data distribution. Quality of Services (QoS) measurement is based on wireless sensor connectivity in transmit sensor data from several parameters, including temperature, total dissolved solids, and pH in the node station to the website service. The delay in transmitting data affects the performance of the measurement of the water pollution monitoring system.

Cerium doped Zinc Oxide (ZnO:Ce) nanocrystals were synthesized through precipitation of nitrate solution by employing ultrasound irradiation. The precipitate products were calcinated at various temperature. The calcination temperature is an important key on the formation and properties of nanocrystal. This paper studied influence of calcination temperature on the formation and optical properties of ZnO:Ce nanocrystal. ZnO:Ce nanocrystals were characterized by x-ray diffractometer and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The x-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure for ZnO:Ce nanocrystals. The increase in calcination temperature improved crystallinity and reduced the band gap energy of ZnO:Ce. The result showed that the calcination temperature strongly influenced ZnO:Ce nanocrystals formation. The optical properties of ZnO:Ce nanocrystal can be modified by varying calcination temperature.

The electro-optics effect is a potential tool to observe and evaluate different oil quality. In this research, we study relative dissociation energy through the electro-optics effect to evaluate vegetable oil quality. Some vegetable cooking oil samples with different quality were placed in an external potential difference between parallel plates to obtain the electro-optical characteristics by measuring the polarization change using red pointer laser (650 nm). The empirical values of dissociation energy was obtained by fitting experimental data of the average polarization changes per unit potential difference with Lenard-Jones potential formula under the assumption that the interaction between molecules is a Vander Waals interaction. The results show that the average change in polarization is proportional to Lenard-Jones potential energy. An important result showed that a good oil quality is indicated by relatively high dissociation energy. Reducing the oil quality leads to increasing relative dissociation energy. This provides electro-optics as a very potential method in differentiating various cooking oil qualities and new perspective of interacting linear polarized light with oil molecules.

Developing countries such as Indonesia are currently continuously conducting development activities in the economic sector. The role of transportation facilities is very important. The reason is that economic movement is not only centered on one particular area but also reaches out and involves other regions. Distribution of goods and services requires safe and convenient transportation and good road infrastructure. In practice, many heavy vehicles carry a very excessive transport load. This is due to the large distribution needs of goods to minimize operational costs. The negative impacts of overloading include the risk of accidents and road damage. This study aims to use a prototype method by utilizing the implementation of a load control system using a proximity sensor run by Arduino Uno. This concept utilizes proximity sensors to regulate transportation loads according to the standards of the Republic of Indonesia and monitor violations in real-time. The results of the study resulted in a prototype capable of detecting overload based on load height and suspension changes for loads.

This study aims to examine the acceleration of water absorption time in natural silk fabric irradiated with negative and positive corona plasma discharge generation at atmospheric pressure. The point-to-plane electrode configuration is made by one hundred point electrodes, equally distributed, in a 10 x 10 square plane and a plane electrode made of copper. The positive plasma discharge is generated by connecting the point electrodes to a high voltage power supply. In contrast, the negative plasma discharge is generated by connecting the power supply to the plane electrode. During the plasma discharge irradiation, the dyeing natural silk (Bombyx Mori) samples are placed on the plane electrode with varying irradiation duration and electrode spacing. Identification of irradiation effects on the fabrics was made using water drop test and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). Increasing the electrode's gap improves the stability of the corona discharge by reducing the discharge current. Moreover, longer irradiation time results in faster water absorption due to a significant interaction between the torn fabrics and water, especially at a broader electrode gap. In conclusion, both positive and negative corona plasma discharges irradiation alters water absorption time, with longer irradiation time results in faster water absorption by samples.

Biochar is a renewable and abundant carbon source and is useful for increasing food security and plant diversity in areas with poor soil conditions, lack of organic matter, lack of water availability and chemical fertilizers. Biochar micro porous structure can be produced from corncob material which inherits the architecture of raw materials. To increase the surface area of the biochar material, high energy milling treatment was carried out in this study by varying the speed of milling in the same milling time. Milling time is carried out at 3 hours with milling speeds varying of 300, 500 and 700 rpm. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope (SEM), particle size analyser (PSA), and surface area analysis - Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (SAA-BET). The test results show that at speed of 300, 500 and 700 rpm it has produced biochar with a particle size of 947,9; 868,5 and 799,2 nm, respectively. While the SAA-BET test has produced a surface area of 10.115; 15.889 and 18.303 m²/g. This study describes an increase of surface area when compared without milling treatment which has a surface area of 7917 m²/g.

A photovoltaic/thermal solar collector operates efficiently if the surrounding conditions are in a favorable state; where the factors or parameters such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, photovoltaic collector temperature and air mass flow rates are taken into consideration to ensure the performance of the collector achieves optimum level. Dependency on surrounding conditions limited the width of analysis that could be done on the factors affecting the performance of the solar collector. This study aims to generate fuzzy rules for solar collector performance evaluation. Experiments on the performance of a single passage air photovoltaic/thermal solar collector have been carried out, and a set of membership functions representing all significant factors has been generated. Then fuzzy rules of forecasting were developed using a weighted subsethood-based algorithm to predict the efficiency of the photovoltaic/thermal solar collector. In this fuzzy time series application, the concept of fuzzy rule-based systems was embedded to generate fuzzy if-then rules. The results showed that the PV/T solar collector performance with changes in parameters could be predicted based on the fuzzy rules that have been generated, and thus further could be used to determine the optimum factors conditions required to achieve optimum collector performance without having to carry out experiments.

The morphology of the Jabungan Village area has relatively steep land conditions. In lithology, this area has a layer of soil composed of sandstone, claystone, and limestone. Based on direct observations in the field, it was found difficult to obtain clean water that could be used for consumption. The water available and used by the majority of residents is shallow well water, which is not of very good quality. There is only one deep well with a depth of 68 meters but according to residents, the water that is channeled to these houses smells unpleasant and feels oily. To detect the potential of ground water in this area, the geoelectric method is integrated using the microtremor method. Geoelectric measurements were made at 3 location points while microtremor measurements were carried out at 9 location points. Based on geoelectric resistivity and microtremor measurements, it can be concluded that the potential of subsurface water sources is below the JAB3 path or near Point 9 microtremor with soil layers composed of sand layers with resistivity values of 0.43-4.64 ohm-meter at depth > 70 meters with V_s value of 840 m/s with a Poisson's ratio value > 0.3, the more eastward the greater the value.

In Bungkah, Sepakung, Banyubiru there was a landslide several times Monday to Thursday, 17 to 20 October 2017 which occurred due to the high intensity of rain in the region within 2 consecutive days. The landslide material was able to close the road that became access to local residents' settlements. Besides that, in Bungkah, there is a resident's house made of permanent walls that are curved on the wall due to ground movement while the house next to it does not occur. To analyze these phenomena, a single station microtremor method is used, namely the HVSR analysis with amplification values and dominant ground frequency of the curves obtained can be used to determine the peak ground acceleration and seismic vulnerability index which can then be used to analyze ground shear strain value or the ability of the soil layer to stretch and shift when receiving elastic wave propagation. Based on the ground shear strain value, Bungkah has values ranging from 10⁻³ to 10⁻¹, the phenomenon that will occur is landslides with the dynamic nature of the soil included in the category of soil or rock collapse. Based on the results of frequency and amplitude inversion, the profile of Vs is obtained to the depth that can accurately image the shape of the slip surface from landslide that occurred in October 2017. The sensitivity of Vs to the presence of fluid imaged an accumulation of water below the landslide limit. The mechanism of land movement in the Bungkah hamlet is a rotational slide avalanche type. The movement of the soil which causes the curvature of the walls of one of the permanent houses in Bungkah due to the existence of a vertical soil layer with very low Vs which is directly bordered by massive Vs. The boundary of this layer may be cavity or cavity. The existence of a massive layer in the east of the area makes no continuity of soil movement to the east.

Jetak Sub-Village, Getasan Sub-District, Semarang Regency, was an area that had found difficulty in getting clean water because it was not located in the groundwater basin area. The correlation between the Horizontal to Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) and the Resistivity method could be used to determine the estimation of the aquifer's presence. Based on the interpretation of the correlation results of the HVSR model using the Vp/Vs ratio against the rock resistivity value showed the presence of shallow aquifers at a depth of between 20-50 m below the earth's surface in the sandstone layer. Sandstone based on HVSR at a location that has a Vp/Vs ratio of 1.8-2.3 and in resistivity modeling had a value of 21.1ohm-m. These results indicated that the aquifer is not a groundwater aquifer that can be used for needs during the dry season.

Natural disaster nowadays often occur in Indonesia due to climate change, especially those related to atmospheric dynamics anomalies. The statutory event of atmospheric turbulence statistically is quite significant in its improvement. This is an important issue to conduct research both in the analysis of atmospheric dynamics and early detection solutions for these events. The Windshear phenomenon is an atmospheric turbulence disaster that occurs below an altitude of 3000 feet, often known as low level windshear (LLWS), which is very dangerous for planes taking take-off or landing. Its effect on the aircraft will result in increased airflow on the wings, so this increased airflow will result in a sudden increase in aircraft speed. If the pilot is not aware of the indication of the windshear, he will instinctively throttle back to reduce/compensate for the aircraft's speed. However, once the plane passes through the wind shear zone, the wind suddenly turns into a downdraft. The design of windshear early detection devices have been developed to complement research on the dynamics of the atmosphere. The results obtained are anomalous changes in temperature and atmospheric pressure at this time, and the windshear sensor can detect it well.

This study aims to identify hydrocarbon by evaluating anisotropy parameters estimated from corsswell seismic data. Several approaches were performed in this study included shear wave splitting (SWS) and angle-based velocity variation (VVA) methods. Anisotropy coefficient K was estimated by SWS method and anisotropy parameters ε, δ, and γ were estimated using modified Thomsen's equations in Vertically Transverse Isotropy (VTI) medium applied to Crosswell seismic geometry. The velocity variation was observed when pressure (P) wave propagated through a layered media containing hydrocarbon. The P-wave velocity was decreasing along with the increasing of the incidence angle and the calculated values of anisotropy (ε, δ, γ, and K) on the target zone within interval 1390 m to 1820 m depth were relatively high compared to the zone does not contain hydrocarbon. The evaluation was verified with Poisson's, pressure wave velocity (V_P) and shear wave velocity (V_S) ratio analyses and validated to the existing petrophysics data. In conclusion, anisotropy values (ε, δ, γ and K) and velocity variation with angle of incidence have a positive relationship with hydrocarbon and applicable as a tool for identifying the presence of hydrocarbon in layered media.

Geothermal system requires specific geological condition that allow deep circulation of ground water to extract heat from the heat source. Faults and fractures play a major role in the localization and evolution of hydrothermal flow on several scales. The research aim was to obtain the permeability pattern of hydrothermal fluid base on response of micro seismic waves to subsurface structures. In one dimensional structure, average Horizontal to Vertical (H/V) spectral ratios can be assumed to measure the ellipticity of fundamental mode Rayleigh wave. Hence the shape of H/V ratios can be used to estimate the shear-wave velocity profile. The poisson's ratio value of the hot spring corresponds to the physical properties of rock containing fluids. The thickness of the sand deposit and the soft layer indicated in the hot spring zone. We interpreted that we have warm springs in the research area comes up by the fracture or fault zone and permeable zone of sand soil. The mixing waters flow to the earth's surface through the structure.

Morphologically the City of Semarang consists of Downtown and Uptown Semarang. Downtown Semarang which is composed of alluvial deposits and sandstone of the Damar Formation. Uptown Semarang composed of conglomerate of the Damar Formation, claystone of the Kalibiuk Formation, volcanic breccia of the Kaligetas Formation, volcanic breccia of Ungaran Volcano, Andesite igneous rock, and Basalt igneous rocks. Upper Semarang is hilly, some of which have steep slopes, especially on the Semarang Fault Zone. This condition makes the area frequent landslides. To find out the zone that is prone to landslides in the area around the Semarang Fault, slope stability analysis and microtremor measurements were performed. Slope stability analysis was carried out at 7 points using the bishop method based on slope, specific gravity, internal shear angle and soil cohesion. The acquisition by microtremor method was carried out at 9 trajectories that were estimated to pass through the Semarang Fault, then from the Horizontal to Vertival Spectral Ratio (HVSR) curves obtained was carried out an inversion to obtain the shear wave velocity profile on the trajectory. From the two methods of analysis found several locations with potential landslides, namely in the area of Mangun Harjo in the east of the study area, Karangrejo in the middle of the study area and Sadeng in the west of the study area.

The study was conducted to determine the response of the Semarang Coastal area to eartquakes by measuring the micro tremor response with 3 component seismographs at 110 locations on the Semarang coastal region that were distributed almost evenly. From the micro tremor data, it is processed using Gyopsy software to get the dominant frequency and amplification values. The dominant frequency value and its amplification are then made a map with surfer 13, and the results are then overlaid on the RBI map for qualitative interpretation. The results of this study are dominant frequency and their amplification in the Semarang coastal region maps. The dominant frequency values range from 0.5 Hz - 10 Hz. Based on the dominant frequency values, can be grouped into three categories, namely low frequency values that are less than 2.5 Hz associated with sediment thickness values of more than 30 m and areas with moderate frequencies with values between 2.5 - 4 Hz associated with sediment thickness 10 - 30 m, and high frequency indigo between 4 Hz - 10 Hz is associated with a sediment thickness of 5-10 m. Areas with low frequencies dominate the study area. Areas with medium and high frequency values are only a small part of the study area. The amplification values vary between 0.5 - 8.5. While the amplification value can also be grouped into 3 parts, namely the amplification of less than 2.75 associated with hard rocks almost dominates the central part of the study area, the amplification value between 2.75 - 5.15 associated rocks or soil with moderate violence is only a small part as between low and high values in the study area, and values of more than 5.15 associated with soft soils that dominate the northern and the southern part of the study area.. If the area around Semarang has an earthquake, the location with a large amplification will be more prone to earthquake disasters.

Mount Lawu is in the transition zone among Western and Eastern Java. Gunung Lawu consists of two volcanic systems separated by the East-West trending Cemorosewu Fault. The geology of Mount Lawu is dominated by Andesite Lava. Mount Lawu area has a geothermal energy prospect with indications of the appearance of hot springs and fumaroles. 2D modeling of subsurface structure of Mount Lawu's manifestation area has been carried out using gravity method. The aims of study to investigate the appearance of hot springsis related with fault structure. Data used using GGMplus (Gravity model plus) satellite image data in the form of gravity disturbance or anomaly free air with spaces each points is 200 meter respectively. GGMplus gravity anomaly data are performed bouger correction and field correction to produce a complete bouger anomaly (ABL). The ABL results present that the anomaly corresponds to the geological map, otherwise the higher topography correlated with with the smaller value of the gravity anomaly. 2D modelling and interpretation has done based on ABL results. Based on 2D modeling the appearance of hot springs is controlled by the presence of faults, moreover Mount Lawu consists of three layers of rock, namely Tuff with a density of 1.27-2.66 gr / cm³, andesite lava 2.90 gr / cm³, and basalt lava 2.99 gr / cm³.The results of study are expected be used as a reference and policy decision in geothermal development of Mount. Lawu.

Spintronic THz emission from Ni/Pt bilayer grown on MgO is reported based on the novel THz emitter using metallic structures. The Ni metal was deposited first on a MgO substrate and capped with a thin Pt metal via electron beam deposition. The THz emission data was obtained using a standard terahertz time-domain spectroscopy setup using a Ti: sapphire laser excitation source. Initial measurements were done using 800nm excitation with 7 mW and 185 mW pump powers under upward and downward magnetic field orientations. Polarity reversal of the terahertz signal was observed upon changing the orientation of the magnetic field. Maximum amplitude was found at 0.5 THz with bandwidth up to ~6 THz. A saturation fluence of 85.04 mJ/cm² was calculated from the pump fluence-dependence plot of the THz peak-to-peak signal. The results are consistent with the spintronic THz emission due to the inverse spin-Hall effect and provide insights for future development and optimizations.

The assessment of the anatomical radiography course is to measure the student's ability to identify anatomy on radiographic images. Conventional paper tests have used radiographic images. The limitations of this method are the number of radiographic films and the time-consuming assessment process. This study aimed to develop a computer-based test (CBT) to multiply the instruments, store pictures, and speed up the assessment time. The CBT software can reproduce radiographic images using digital files and a feature to add overlay markers. The placement of markers is done intuitively via a user interface with drag and drop motion recognition. The CBT software also provides features for instrument bank, instrument selection and management for exams, a relational database for examinee identities and exam entries, and automatic grading. CBT development uses the Waterfall Software Life Cycle (SDLC), with black-box testing using the normal value equivalent partition method. The CBT usability test was carried out by measuring user perceptions (5 administrators and 60 students) and comparing them with conventional methods at the 95% significance level. Research time decreased significantly during instrument preparation and the assessment process. User perceptions show that 76% of students and 85% of managers give positive assessments. There is no difference between conventional and CBT assessments with a p-value = 0.067 (p-value > 0.05) so that CBT is very potential to be used as a substitute for conventional paper-based tests in examining anatomical radiography courses.

Neonatal jaundice often occurs in newborns characterized by a yellow discoloration of the sclera and baby's skin due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood. The occurrence of jaundice needs done identified to the development of hyperbilirubinemia which has the potential to become a toxic that can cause kernicterus. Detection of jaundice by manual (visual) is still often done by parents and health workers, so that the results of the diagnosis obtained are less accurate. This study proposes an innovative used of information systems in detecting jaundice using the SDLC (Systems Development Life Cycle) method with a waterfall model. Retrieval of data in this study with a quasi experiment using non-probability sampling with consecutive sampling on 48 newborn respondents. The result of this study indicate that the information system that has been built can detect jaundice faster as much as 2.1 minutes with an accuracy rate of 91.7%, can provide appropriate solutions and an effective level of use of information systems of 90.5% which can be used as an innovation in helping overcome jaundice problems.

The condition of Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) has become one of the causes of high maternal mortality. Improper handling of CED will have an impact on the health problems of both mother and baby. This is because when the diagnosis is still using conventional methods, so it takes a long time or is not time efficient, an alternative is needed to improve the quality of information system-based services in diagnosing mothers with CED. In this research, an information system design was carried out using the SDLC (System Development Life Cylce) method with the waterfall model which includes: needs analysis, design, implementation, and offer. Analysis of speed data using respondents 15 chronic energy deficiency pregnant and static test using Mann Whitney obtained p-value 0.000 p <0.05, meaning that the information system built has a significant effect on the difference in speed in making diagnoses. This information system can be applied in health facilities.

Fluids of gastrointestinal system produce a high signal in 2D T2 Half-Fourier Acquisition Single-shot Turbo Spin Echo (HASTE) thick-slab MRCP which can overlap the biliary system image. This is the first experimental study use jasmine tea as oral contrast agent and aimed to evaluate it in improving the image quality of MRCP. This study was tested by phantom and healthy volunteers. Different types of tea phantom were tested which then calculated its signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) value and analyzed the manganese content. 15 healthy volunteers performed 2D T2 HASTE thick-slab MRCP scanning before and after administration of jasmine tea with a variation of 3 minutes, 6 minutes and 9 minutes scanning time. Qualitative analysis was carried out by MRCP questionnaire which was examined by radiologist and quantitative analysis was conducted by measuring the contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) values. After jasmine tea administration, the image information was significantly different and CNR MRCP was increased compared to before giving negative oral contrast agent. The most optimal time to start scanning was 3 minutes after administration of jasmine tea with a volume of 300 ml (0.648 mg/dl manganese). Jasmine tea can be used as an alternative safe natural negative oral contrast agent and can improve MRCP image quality and reduce the intensity of gastrointestinal signals.

Exposure to radiation can be dangerous for the body. Hence why we need an effort to minimalize the effects of radiation received, especially for students and lectures during practicum that uses source of radiation. One of the efforts that can be done is to use phantom radiology so that there is no need to expose living things. Previous research has done to make phantom radiology by using gypsum instead of human bones and acrylic as a substitute for soft tissue (human flesh). However, this research still has a shortage which is trabeculae cannot be formed in the phantom produced. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the surfactant solution could be used to form trabeculae in phantom genu by using in the concentration of surfactants with a ratio of 2: 1. The research was conducted in three stages, namely designing the genu phantom and trabecular phantom, printing genu phantoms and trabeculae, and conducting radiographic quality tests of genu phantom. Trabeculae in phantom genu have been successfully made with a water and surfactant ratio of 2:1. Radiographic quality tests showed good detail, sharpness and contrast. The presence of trabeculae and soft tissue is apparent. Surfactants with a ratio of 2:1 can be used to form trabeculae on phantom genu with good quality in radiographic test results.

Urolithiasis is a stone in the urinary tract area. In previous studies, the use of reconstructed tracking on Multislice Computed Tomography (MSCT) non-contrast urography was able to produce an image of the urinary tract. Intravenous Urography (IVU) examination is a radiographic examination of the urinary system using positive contrast media that is inserted intravenously. This study aims to optimization of information on the anatomy of the urinary tract is needed to help diagnose urolithiasis. This type of research is an experimental observational approach with a comparison of the MSCT anatomical information tracking technique with an IVU examination. The subjects of this study were patients who performed an MSCT and IVU examination with 3 respondents from Radiology Specialists. The data collected is from April to November 2019. The sample used was 60 samples. Non-contrast urography MSCT with tracking technique obtained more optimal results in assessing each anatomy compared to IVU. The overall value of anatomical image non contrast urographic MSCT images with tracking techniques obtained a total value of 2179, While the overall value of the anatomical image on the IVU examination was 1977. MSCT non-contrast urography with tracking is more optimal in establishing the diagnosis in cases of urolithiasis, but IVU examination excels in assessing the function of the urinary tract.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is one of the modalities that can be used to diagnose stroke ischemic using the Diffusion Weighted Image (DWI) sequence. However, DWI sequence has a weakness. It is the presence of low signal levels which will result an image bluring. One way to reduce the bluring is by adding Propeller technique. Yet, the disadvantage of using this technique is that it takes longer time to do it. The unsharp mask technique is a post processing technique that is used to improve an edge information on the image and reduce bluring from the image. The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in image information after the unsharp mask technique is performed on the Ischemic Brain Stroke MRI Examination on DWI Sequences. This research is a quasi experimental with a Pre Post Test Only Group Design. The resulting image is given unsharp mask techniques with matrix variations 3x3, 5x5, and 7x7. The Friedman statistical test results for image information obtained p-value <0,05 which means that there is a difference in image information between before and after unsharp mask technique with increase the detail and edge on digital image and produces image information optimally by giving a 3x3 matrix.

MRI examination of extremities with soft tissue tumors are constrained in insufficient coils with enlarged objects. Recently the solution used with a larger coil such as the abdominal coil. The use of inappropriate coils will have an impact on the deterioration of image quality. The way to improve image quality is to increase Number of Exitation (NEX), but it will increase scan time and have an impact on patient comfort. Patients who are uncomfortable during the examination will make movements that can cause artifacts. Intensity Transfer Functin (ITF) is carried out to help improve image quality without increasing NEX. The purpose was to improve the image quality of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR). This research is a quasi experimental with a Pre Post Test Only Group Design. MRI image of the extremity obtained with the specified inclusion criteria and then the ITF is implemented. Data were analyzed by statistical tests Paired T Test. The results of the application of ITF on MRI Extremities can improve the SNR with p-value <0,001, and CNR with p-value <0,047.

To visualize the existence of micro-calcifications in mammography there are a number of ways carried out including by the magnification technique. This study evaluates the effect of magnification technique on optical density (OD) and size of the objects of the image produced on mammography. The objects used were three circular coins. Source to image distance (SID) was 65 cm, with a focal spot size of 0.1 cm, a combination of targets/filters was Mo/Mo with a filter's thickness of 30 µm. The tube loading was 100 mAs, the tube voltage was 27 kVp, and the magnification was in the range of 1.00 - 2.00 times with an increase of 0.25. Measurement of OD and size of the objects was using an ImageJ software. The results of this study revealed that the OD value decreases proportional to the magnification. The OD values calculated on the 2x magnification were 13.74, 14.26, and 13.44% lower than 1.0 magnification (without magnification), while the resulting image will be oval in proportion to the position of the coin from the chest wall and the magnification. An implementation of the magnification method in the mammography must be carried out with caution. In addition to a benefit to larger appear of micro-calcification, it also causes a decrease in OD and distortion of objects in the image.

In this paper we present a tomography system for transparent objects using visible light radiation sources. Transparent objects are used so that visible light can penetrate objects. Objects are rotated by moving angle of 2 ° per step to get a full rotation or 360 °. Each object moves by 2 ° then the detector will capture images that have been irradiated by visible light and obtain an original image of 180 images. Of the 180 images, a cross-sectional sinogram image is made in the center of the object. The synogram is then reconstructed using the backprojection method to produce tomographic images. The results of this research are a tomographic system consisting of light sources, cameras and reconstruction software. This system succeeded in making a tomographic image in the form of a cross-sectional image from a glass bottle.

Treatment planning aimed to provide the maximum dose to target tumor and minimize doses received by healthy tissue. Dose-volume histograms contain essential information about the dose distribution that radiation oncologists use in considering a treatment planning. In breast cancer mastectomy, the thickness of the thorax wall has decreased because of surgery. Therefore it is necessary to analyze the dose received by healthy tissue around the tumor. This study analyzes the doses distribution in breast cancer mastectomy using SlicerRT and compares it with treatment planning from the hospital. The study used three data patients from MRCCC Siloam Hospitals Jakarta. The simulation results were analyzed based on the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report's 83 for target tumor and tolerance limits of healthy tissue according to limitations from various references. Although the target tumor's homogeneity does not qualify, the healthy tissue around the tumor is still within tolerance. It is not a problem in intensity-modulated radiation therapy if avoidance of healthy tissue is more important than homogeneity. For the comparison result, the percentage acceptance of SlicerRT simulation is quite good, above 90%.

Lung cancer has decreased mortality rates each year that can treat with radiotherapy. The radiotherapy module is own by 3D Slicer that is open-source software. The purpose is to determine the distribution of doses on the dose-volume histogram (DVH) and the percentage of the suitability of the 3D Slicer simulation results with the Treatment Planning System (TPS) at MRCCC Siloam Hospital. The data used were three Computed Tomographic images of lung cancer patients obtained from the MRCCC Siloam Hospital. The parameters analyzed included volume, the dose of the target volume, and organ at risk (OAR). Analytical studies were carried out by comparing the target volume with The International Commission on Radiation Unit (ICRU) Report 83 and comparing the OAR regarding dose tolerance. The dose distribution of all patients from the simulated 3D slicer for OAR met the tolerance limit reference recommendations. The Planning Target Volume (PTV) of all patients also matched the evaluation recommended by the ICRU Report 83. The percentage value of the suitability between the 3D Slicer and TPS results for all patients was above 95%. It shows that 3D Slicer can use as a recommendation software for initial radiotherapy planning studies.

Dose and image quality are two important parameters in CT Scan examination. The radiation dose produced at the CT scan is far greater than the radiation dose of the conventional radiological examination, so the utilization must be as good as possible. On Siemens CT Scan there is an automatic exposure control software, with expectations that the radiation dose received by the patient can be reduced because the software is an auto mA that is adjusted to the thickness of the object, but the impact of using the software causes a decrease in image quality, so it needs to be done image improvement using a back projection filter (BPF). Experimental research by applying a back projection filter to the Scan Head image on axial sections. Image assessment using 2 radiologists with data analysis using statistical processing and image post processing. CT Scan image information Head axial pieces experience differences in image information between before and after the back projection, with the mean value in each group experiencing an increase in image quality in the group after a back projection filter. Where the image after the back projection filter by applying automatic exposure control with kV 110 is the most optimal kV.

Using of r-factor which is higher can speed up the scanning time in parallel imaging techniques but causes a decrease in contrast to noise ratio (CNR), thus causing image quality not optimal in the MRI Lumbar examination of the T2WI turbo spin echo (TSE) generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acqusitions (GRAPPA) herniated nucleus pulposus case. Fast scanning time is needed by using a higher r-factor to get the optimal image with improved CNR. Spectral subtraction denoising (SSD) is one of filter technique that can be used to improve image quality, CNR is one of the parameters used in determine image quality, SSD is expected to be able improved CNR to have good image quality. The purpose was to measure changes of image quality CNR. This type of research is a pre-experimental research with a one group pretest-posttest design to determine the differences in CNR quality by applying SSD to the r-factor variations in the lumbar MRI image of T2WI TSE GRAPPA sagital. Data were analyzed by statistical tests, friedman. There is a difference in image quality in variations acceleration factor with increase CNR in GRAPPA parallel imaging technique with a value of p <0.05, obtained r-factor 3 as the optimal r-factor the highest mean rank value with the application of SSD.

One method of therapy in cancer is Brachytherapy. which is by implanting radioactive radiation that emits gamma into the target organ. Because brachytherpy will also provide radiation doses to healthy organs around it so before doing therapy it is better to do the simulation first so that the dose received is the maximum target and the dose received by healthy organs in the vicinity (organ at risk) is minimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of the absorption dose in liver cancer with radiation source γ 103 Pd using MCNPX. In this study the target organ used was liver (liver cancer). Organs at Risk in liver cancer are the right lung, kidney and pancreas. One way to simulate this is to use Monte Carlo N Particles eXtended (MCNPX). In this study used ¹⁰³Pd radioactive. the variation in the number of seeds used is from 10 to 70 seeds with an increase of 10. The ¹⁰³Pd activity used is 2x10⁻³Ci. The results of the MCNPX simulation show that the effective dose is directly proportional to the number of seeds used. Effective doses in the liver are 0.101 to 0.699 Sv. in the right lung 0.032 to 0.229 Sv. in the kidney 0.0005 to 0.0039 Sv and in the pancreas 0.0001 to 0.0149 Sv. If in the liver the percentage of effective dose is 100%.then the distribution of effective dose percentage in the right lung is 34.67%.kidney 0.63% and pancreas 1.06%. The percentage of the effective dose distribution is relatively safe because it is still below 75%.

Observation of the T2W TSE Cartesian sequence of Axial Cervical MRI Examinations still lacks a blurring on the image. One solution to overcome the blurring problem is using the BLADE trajectory. According to Finkenzeller (2014) states that TSE BLADE is significantly superior with optimum sharpness, depiction of cerebral spinal fluid, and detection of all lesions. In addition, TSE BLADE can suppress motion artifacts. The purpose of this study was to determine differences in anatomic information and artifacts between the T2W TSE Cartesian and BLADE on axial MRI cervical examination and which sequences were more optimal in terms of anatomic information and artifacts. This type of research is a quantitative study with an experimental approach involving 10 volunteers and 2 respondents specializing in radiology. Each voluntary MRI cervical examination was performed using axes T2W TSE Cartesian and BLADE sequences. Image results were examined by respondents to obtain anatomical information and artifact. The data were processed and analyzed using Cohen's Kappa test and Wilcoxon test. The results showed that there were differences in anatomic information and artifacts between the T2W TSE Cartesian and BLADE on axial MRI cervical examinations with p-values of 0.038 or p <0.05 for differences in anatomic information, and p-values of 0.024 or p <0.05 for differences in artifacts. Sequence test results indicate that the TSE BLADE is more optimal than the TSE Cartesian, using the TSE BLADE sequence can suppress blurring artifacts so as to improve anatomical information. Conlusion: There is a difference in anatomical and artifact information between T2W TSE Cartesian and T2W TSE BLADE on Axial Cervical MRI examination. T2W TSE BLADE is superior compared to T2W TSE Cartesian

In general, head MRI examinations are performed using the T1-weighted and T2-weighted sequence techniques. T1-weighted is used to see the anatomy of the brain while T2-weighted aims to see the pathology or abnormalities that occur in the brain. Some of the clinics that are often found in head MRI include tumors, meningitis, epilepsy, intracranial lesions, metastases and others. The use of T1-weighted FLAIR sequences has a long duration of time, but produces a good image and by adding contrast media can show more sensitive abnormalities and minor abnormalities. The aim of the study was to analyze the application of the T1-weighted FLAIR Contrast Enhancement sequence to be more informative than the T1-weighted Contrast Enhancement sequence. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. There are 80 literatures that have been selected in the initial stage. It was then followed by an extraction process, which produced 10 selected references. There are three stages of extraction, namely looking at the abstract title, identifying inclusion criteria, and identifying exclusion criteria. The results of this study indicate that the T1-weighted FLAIR Contrast Enhancement sequence is more sensitive to minor lesion abnormalities such as clinical parenchymal lesions, meningitis and leptomeningeal inflammatory disease than T1-weighted Contrast Enhancement.

Cervical spine radiographic examination with 45⁰ oblique projection can be performed using anteroposterior (AP) oblique or posteroanterior (PA) oblique. There are radiosensitive organs that are exposed to radiation during the examination. This study aims to determine the radiation dose (Entrance Surface Dose) received by thyroid, eye, and breast on radiographic examination in AP oblique and PA oblique projections. Radiographic phantom with equivalent structure to human body was positioned in AP oblique and PA oblique. A modificated protractor was used to maintain the positioning precision. The optimum exposure factors (confirmed by Exposure Index) were used. Radiation dose on the thyroid, the eye, and the breast were measured 9 times using Termoluminisence Dosemeter for each positioning techniques. Data were analyzed by independent t-test. The average radiation dose received by the thyroid, the breast, and the eye between AP oblique and PA oblique projections were (0.915 and 0.174), (0.059 and 0.025), and (0.234 and 0.079), respectively. There were significant differences in the radiation dose received by the thyroid (p value <0.05), the breast (p value <0.05), and the eye (p value <0.05). The radiation dose were lower (81% on thyroid), (58% on breast), (66% on eye) by using PA oblique projection.

The sagital T2* W MERGE sequence is a sequence in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination of the knee joint in the radiology department of Panti Rapih Hospital Yogyakarta. The value of Flip Angle (FA) on the T2 * W MERGE sequence will affect to anatomical information. The right FA can produce good image contrast of fluid and tissue. This study aims to find out the relationship between FA variations toward anatomical information and to determine the the optimum FA. Ten patients with Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Tear were scaned by 1.5 Tesla MRI using Sagittal T2 * W MERGE with five flip angle variations: 15⁰, 20⁰, 25⁰, 30⁰, and 35⁰. The anatomical informations were assesed by two qualified radiologists in ACL Tear, Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL), Quadriceps Tendon, Joint Effusion, and Hoffa Fat Pad. Data were analyzed by Cross Tabulation, Spearman Rank test and Freadman test. Result showed that there was a significant correlation (p-value < 0,05) between flip angle value to anatomical information (correlation value was -0.55), increasing the FA will reduce the clarity of the anatomical image. Based on Freadman test results, the highest mean rank of image information was 3.89 obtained by FA 20⁰.

The scattering radiation of radiation workers especially the eyes on fluoroscopy examination relatively large. Therefore, the potential for receiving radiation exposure for radiation workers needs further evaluation and analysis. This study aims to evaluate the potential of scattering radiation received by radiation workers on the eye. The method was placing the surveyor with a variation of height 150, 160, 170 cm from the floor in a position representing such a doctor (radiation worker) when performing catheter surgery. Irradiation includes 3 modes namely cine, 1-minute, and 4-minutes fluoroscopy. The results of scattering radiation exposure at an altitude of 150 cm at 10-seconds mode cine, 1-minute, and 4-minutes mode fluoroscopy is 6.18-18.96 µSv, 1.10-16.73 µSv, 6.03-15.12 µSv, respectively. The results of scattering radiation exposure at an altitude of 160 cm at 10-seconds mode cine, 1-minute, and 4-minutes mode fluoroscopy is 1.52-69.18 µSv, 2.97-58.49 µSv, 11.23-14.36 µSv, respectively. The results of scattering radiation exposure at an altitude of 170 cm at 10-seconds mode cine, 1-minute, and 4-minutes mode fluoroscopy is 0.91-1.06 µSv, 2.97-58.49 µSv, 7.28-68.14 µSv, respectively. In conclusion, the use of cine mode at 160 cm height from the floor was the best setting for radiation workers (doctors).

Newborns and children are more sensitive to radiation and have a longer life expectancy than adults. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce unnecessary exposure by optimizing the dose when conducting radiological examinations. In order to optimize the dose in neonatal X-ray examinations, we studied a method to create inexpensive and precise neonatal chest heterogeneous anthropomorphic phantoms using a 3 dimensional (3D) printer. Phantoms were created by constructing segments of computed tomography (CT) volume data acquired from the chest of a 6-month-old, excluding the bone and lung tissue, using 3D image analysis software. The material used for 3D printing was polylactic acid; multiple printing densities were investigated. Gypsum and urethane foam were used as bone- and lung-equivalent substances. The CT values of the lung tissue in the phantom were almost the same as those of the air, and those of the bone tissue showed a range of CT values dependent on the print density. By visual evaluation, it was established that the shapes of the original lungs and heart were reproduced in the images of the phantom. The creation of an inexpensive and precise neonatal chest phantom using a 3D printer is useful.

Radiation protection education is difficult for some radiological workers to taking because they are busy with medical work. In radiation protection, understanding the behaviour of scattered radiation is important for reducing exposure. Although applications that visualize the behaviour of scattered radiation using augmented reality or virtual reality have been developed, such applications are limited by the need to download the application and the performance of the device. We have developed a system that can be used in a web browser to visualize the behaviour of scattered radiation more easily. Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the behaviour of scattered radiation during radiography using a portable X-ray machine. An augmented reality (AR) system was developed using A-Frame, an open-source web framework, and AR.js, which adds the AR function. Finally, the behaviour of scattered radiation was observed using various devices. With AR, the behaviour of scattered radiation was visualized in three dimensions. The newly developed AR system can be used with web browsers to easily learn the behaviour of scattered rays without the need for special devices.

Evaluation of dose distribution in a phantom is effective for quality control of radiation diagnostic equipment and evaluation of exposure. However, measurements at multiple points using a dosimeter is complicated. An alternative is to combine a plastic scintillator (PS) plate and digital camera to obtain the dose distribution of the entire phantom. In this study, the basic characteristics of this system were examined. A PS was sandwiched between Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) disk phantoms, and irradiation was performed while the tube current was changed from one direction. The tube voltage was set to two values, specifically 60 and 120 kV. During irradiation, the entire phantom was recorded at 0.1 s intervals using a digital Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) camera. The lowest dose rate where luminescence could be detected was approximately 1 mGy per 0.1 s. The amount of luminescence increased linearly with the dose rate. The proportional relationship that was confirmed between dose rate and luminescence suggests the possibility of using the system for dose estimation. This proposed dose-evaluation method can enable the dose distribution to be evaluated with a time resolution of 0.1 s and a high spatial resolution.

Inulinolytic yeast is a yeast that produces inulinase enzyme (E.C.3.2.1.7). Inulinase has an important role to hydrolyze inulin into simpler molecules that are widely used in industry. Previous research has obtained K4 inulinolytic yeast from cherry fruit (Muntingia calabura L.) which has not been identified yet. This study aims to molecularly identify and phylogenetic analysis of K4 inulinolytic yeast isolated from cherry fruit (M. calabura L.) based on the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) sequence. Research stages consist of DNA isolation, amplification of the ITS rDNA sequence, electrophoresis of PCR product, analysis of sequence data, and phylogenetic analysis using MEGA X. The results showed that yeast DNA was successfully obtained with a concentration of 807.1 ng/µL and had a purity value of 2.12. Amplification of the ITS rDNA sequence produced amplicon with length ±250 bp. Molecular identification based on homology analysis with database of The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and phylogenetic analysis indicated that K4 isolate was the most closely related to Diutina rugosa isolate S217 (MF797783).

Inulinase (E.C. 3.2.1.7) is an enzyme capable hydrolyze inulin to be a fructose monomer, which is widely used in various fields, especially the food industry. This enzyme can be found in various plant species and can be produced by microorganisms such as bacteria, yeast, and fungi. Previous research has succeeded in isolating the potential yeast of inulinase from nira siwalan (Borassus flabellifer), named N1. This research purpose to identify molecularly the yeast inulinolytic N1 and its kinship with other species based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequences. The stages in this research are yeast DNA extraction using the chelex method, DNA amplification with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, electrophoresis, sequencing analysis, and construction of the phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic trees are reconstructed using the neighbor-joining method based on their evolutionary relationship. The results of DNA isolation showed that the concentration of yeast DNA was 495.8 ng/ μl and purity of 2,12. The PCR product from the ITS fragment amplification produced a band size of ± 510 bp. The results of molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis showed that the N1 yeast isolate was closely related to Candida parapsilosis (MK638869.1) originating from India with a homology of 99.45%.

The mangrove forest in Indonesia have transformed into conservation area, tourist objects, and fishponds, causing the environmental changing. The purposes of this research are to find out the condition of the environment, the varieties of the species and the anatomy of the leaves. The locations of this research are determined based on the Karimun Java in December 2019. The locations are conservation area in Menjangan Besar Island, fishpond area in Kemujan Island and Mangrove Tracking area. The environment parameters such as temperature, pH, DO, TDS, and salinity. Photomicrograph is used to check stomata. The data are analyzed descriptively. The environmental conditions in those three locations have different condition, except temperature. The species found in Menjangan Island are A.marina and R.stylosa, the species found in Kemujan fishpond are C.tagal, R.apiculata and E.agallocha meanwhile the species found in tracking Kemujan are C.tagal, R.apiculata, R.stylosa and L.racemosa. The result of the observation towards the anatomy of the leaves in those three locations has not showed responses to the environment stress, but the condition of the environment in the fishpond showed the rising in salinity level. Therefore, it is suggested to grow Avicennia because it is more adaptable towards high level of salinity.

The cultivation plays an important role in determining the quality of salak pondoh (Sallaca. L), for instance, the planting methods. There are various methods of planting salak pondoh (Sallaca. L), monoculture (only salak pondoh) and polyculture (salak pondoh is cultivated with other plants). The goal of this research is to analyze the development and the growth of stamens on salak pondoh (Sallaca. L) using different patterns of cultivating. The plot for this research is a garden only for salak pondoh plants (monoculture) and for salak pondoh plants cultivated with other plants (polyculture). The parameters to observe are the morphology of plants, size of stamens, and environmental factors such as temperature, pH, and moist of soil. The result shows that different patterns of cultivating affect the development and the growth of stamens on salak pondoh with polyculture system. The soil temperature in monoculture system is higher than polyculture and the morphology observation towards salak pondoh plant also shows the difference between polyculture and monoculture system.

Diatoms have been used as a bioindicator of water quality since 1990s. Digestion methods are a fundamental process prior to paleolimnological analysis with the aim to remove organic material from diatom cells which makes it easier for the identification process. This research objective was to evaluate different methods for digestion diatoms that suitable for samples from tropical sediment, especially from Pengilon Lake Dieng, Central Java, Indonesia. Pengilon Lake was formed by eruption of Mount Prahu with clear water and used as an irrigation source. This research was compared Battarbee and Ruhland methods. In the Battarbee method, the samples were freeze-dried, and approximately 1 gram of each sample was measured and used HCl-H₂O₂ for extraction of the diatom. In the Ruhland method, the samples were freeze-dried, and approximately 1 gram was digested in 10 ml of concentrated HNO₃-H₂SO₄. Under the Battarbee method, at least 21 diatom species were identified, and under the Ruhland method, 23 diatom species were identified. Ruhland method is less time consuming around 33 hours, where the Battarbee method around 73 hours. From the visibility Battarbee method, striae are clear, but some undigested material disturbing identification process. The different results of diatom caused by the imperfect digestion of the organic material, which is influenced by chemical components for extracts organic. As far as the Ruhland method are an appropriate digestion method in a tropical area such as Pengilon Lake.

Ina sua is a salted-fermented fish made traditionally by the Teon-Nila-Serua community in the Maluku islands, Indonesia. In addition to salt, 'sageru' (coconut sap) is often added in Ina sua production. This study aims to find out the effect of coconut sap amount and salt texture on the protein content and the number of bacteria in the skipjack-Ina sua. This study used a complete randomized design with 3 treatments and 3 replications for each experiment. For coconut sap effect experiment, the amount of coconut sap used were 10 ml/100g fish, 30 ml/100g fish, and 50 ml/100g fish with 30% salt (a mixture of fine and coarse salt). For the salt texture experiment, 30 % coarse salt, 30% fine salt, and a mixture of fine salt (15%) and coarse salt (15%) with 30 ml coconut sap /100g fish were used. The mixtures were incubated at room temperature for two weeks. Analysis of variance and Tuckey test were used to analyse the data. The results show that the amount of coconut sap has a significant effect on the protein content, total bacterial number, and pH in Ina sua, while salt texture has significant effect only on the protein content in Ina sua.

This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles using leaf extract of Graptophyllum pictum and to characterize their properties, starting from localized surface plasmon resonance, functional groups and the particle size distribution, to their antibacterial activity. The measurement of the wavelength of localized surface plasmon resonance was conducted using UV-VIS spectroscopy, while FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the chemical bonds of organic compounds in the particle. The particle size distribution was analyzed using TEM. The spectrophotometric method was used to assess the antimicrobial properties of the particles against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. For this purpose, OD-620 of the bacterial sample was compared to OD-620 of the bacterial sample mixed with the silver nanoparticles, where the data was taken in 24 hours. The wavelength of localized surface plasmon resonance was found to be 455 nm, while FTIR spectrum showed the chemical bonds of organic compounds, denoting the presence of the extract on the particle. The particles were mostly spherical with diameters varying from 5.4 nm to 50.6 nm and the mean diameter was found to be 21.5±9.9 nm. The results from the antimicrobial assessment show that Graptophyllum pictum silver nanoparticles inhibit the growth of both S. aureus and E. coli, where during 24 hours of observation time, the particles affected E. coli, faster than the particles affected S. aureus.

Pogostemon cablin is the medicinal plants that produces patchouli essential oils as secondary metabolites which has multiple functions including antibacterial ability. The secondary metabolites in plants mostly associated with their endophytic fungi. In this study we isolated endophytic fungi from Pogostemon cablin's leaves and examined antibacterial activity of the endophytic fungi against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, as well as find out the identity of most potential isolate based on Internal Transcribe Spacer (ITS) region. The isolation of endophytic fungi was performed using surface sterilization method on Malt Extract Agar (MEA) medium. The antibacterial activity was tested using paper disc on Muller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium and molecular identification was amplified using ITS 4 and ITS 5 primers. The isolation process resulted in 5 isolates of endophytic fungi. The antibacterial assay indicated one potential isolate with the highest antibacterial activity when tested against E. coli and S. Aureus, exhibited 20.9 mm and 19 mm clear zone respectively. Molecular identification from ITS region database depicted that the potential isolate has high homology with Nigrospora sp. by 99% similarity. This result suggested that the antibacterial ability of essential oils from the Pogostemon cablin's leaves might has high correlation with the occurrence of endophytic fungi.

The side effect of Diabetes mellitus is the decrease in the reproductive function which could be observed by the Gonadosomatic Index. Gonadosomatic index is a value that expresses the proportion of testis weight to body weight. Pineapple peel vinegar is a diabetic therapy that has been proved in decreasing the blood sugar levels in diabetic rats, but the effect in restoring GSI has not been evaluated yet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pineapple peel vinegar in GSI in diabetic rats. Eighteen male rats were divided into 6 groups, i.e., control (C); negative control (Cn), diabetic rats treated with water; positive control (Cp), diabetic rats treated with 0.4 ml apple vinegar; P1, P2, and P3 (diabetic rats s treated with 0,2 ml, 0,4 and 0,8 ml of pineapple peel vinegar). They were treated for 21 days. The day after the last treatment, rats were sacrificed, and testes were isolated and weighted. The GSI was determined by calculated the proportion of the gonad mass to the total body mass. The result showed there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in GSI between treated Cn (0,59 ± 0,05), P1 group (0,62 ± 0,06), P3 (0,70 ± 0,04) when compared to C (0,52 ± 0,03) and Cp (0,36 ± 0,24) groups. The P2 group (0,53 ± 0,08) showed has no significant difference (p>0.05) when compared to C (0,52 ± 0,03) and Cp (0,36 ± 0,24). It could be concluded that pineapple peel vinegar has high potency in restoring the GSI on diabetic rats.

One of the threats to the natural ecosystem is urbanization. The deforestation and development of settlements have caused fragmented natural habitat, vegetation cover reduction, and decline of biodiversity. In urban, one of the mammalian groups that can adapt to the presence of settlement is the Chiroptera group or commonly known as bats. One of the areas that have experienced rapid urbanization was located in West Java. Considering this condition, this study aims to study the impact of urbanization and the potential use of Chiroptera as an urbanization bioindicator. The method used was line transect across the landscape mosaic located in 2 urbanized areas in West Java, i.e., Bekasi and Depok. There was 3 line transects in each area. Three locations were selected from each transect and sampled with 3 replications. The density of Chiroptera and the percentage of vegetation covers were observed along transects. In total, there were 18 observations. The study confirms the presence of fragmented landscape with vegetation cover mean ranged from 39.8%/100 m² (95% CI: 20.4% to 59.2%). to 65.3%/100 m² (95% CI: 52.5% to 78.1%). While the density of Chiroptera mean ranges were 2.18 inds. /100 m² (95% CI: 1.44 to 2.92)-2.85 inds./100 m² (95% CI: 0.98 to 4.72). There was a significant positive correlation (p = 0.004, r= 0.630) between vegetation cover and Chiroptera abundance. Based on the correlation, the less fragmented landscape was indicated by high Chiroptera abundance.

The relationship between phytoplankton composition and environmental conditions in their habitat provides an important role for their as an assessment of the status and quality of river waters and the management of these waters. The aim of this research was studied of composition and abundance of phytoplankton communities in Citanduy River, particularly in middle stream. The study has conducted in April, July, and October 2018. The study location consists of 4 stations. The research has measured the abundance index, diversity index, and dominance index of plankton. The physic-chemical waters parameters which was measured consist of temperature, pH, DO, depth, transparency, nitrite, ammoniac, nitrate, total phosphate, and chlorophyll-a. Phytoplankton of Citanduy River consists of 4 classes. The abundance index of phytoplankton was around 2,578-7,366 cells/L; diversity index of phytoplankton is around 0.48-2.57, while the highest dominance index was Pediastrum sp with 0.56. Based on multiple regression analysis, the abundance of phytoplankton in April was influenced by nitrates and temperature. The abundance of phytoplankton in July is influenced by nitrite and ammonia. Meanwhile, in October, phosphate and oxygen parameters affect the abundance of phytoplankton. The Citanduy River is still in the stable category because the water quality is still in a sufficient condition for aquatic biota, especially phytoplankton. The ammonium and total phosphate of BBWS station in October were higher than standard. The high concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients is the results from the surrounding land for rice fields, plantations, fish farming, and waste disposal.

Probiotics from lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used in the livestock industry to replace the use of Antibiotics Growth Promoters (AGPs). LAB is a culture starter that is widely used in fermented foods. LAB has the ability to adapt to different substrates, resulting in its wide use in the fermentation of various food products. MRS (De Man Rogosa Sharpe) medium is a growth medium for LAB, but for the industrial-scale requires a high cost, therefore innovation is needed to find alternative culture media using local raw material. Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) can be used as a growth medium for probiotic bacteria because it still contains enough nutrients source for growth. This study aims to determine the formulation and optimization of culture media for LAB isolates using tofu liquid waste. Six Lab isolates from chickens gastrointestinal tract were used in experiments to determine the ability to grow on TLW culture media. The growth assays are conducted by inoculating LAB isolates in the culture media formulation that divided into 4 groups, consisting of medium A (TLW+molasses 1,5%+skim milk 5%), B (TLW+molasses 1,5%+skim milk 2,5%), C (TLW+molasses 3%+skim milk 5%), and D (TLW+molasses 3%+skim milk 2,5%). The best LAB isolate to grow on TLW medium was Lactobacillus paracasei. The best TLW modification medium for Lactobacillus paracasei growth is D media. Modified media consisting of TLW, molasses and skim milk can be used as an alternative medium for LAB growth.

Gracilaria sp. and Sargassum sp. contain growth hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. A combination of them is expected to complement each other as raw material for organic fertilizers to improve soil structure and help plant growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of organic fertilizer from different seaweed composition. Reduction the size of sample and soaking with 1% phosphoric acid solution to soften the seaweed. Homogenization and heating with the addition of molasses 3% as microbial nutrition and KOH 1% to maximalize mineral content. The fermentation process is carried out for 14 days as microbial exponential phase of Azospirilum sp as nitrogen fixation also phytohormones producer and Trichoderma sp. as an organic material decomposer. The results of ANOVA analysis and Tukey test showed that the treatment of raw material composition using different types of seaweed gives significantly different in C-Organic, nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, pH, color, and aroma. The composition of Gracilaria sp. and Sargassum sp. give the highest value for C-Organic (1.15%) and Nitrogen (0.67), as well as phosphorus (0.45%), potassium (0.48%), and pH (4.48). Color and aroma are maturity indicators of organic fertilizers. This composition of liquid fertilizer has a pungent aroma and a dark brown color.

Feed is a major factor in determining the success of aquaculture business. The quality and quantity of feeding properly will maximize the growth of fish. Various research and application of technology has been made to obtain alternative feed source so as to reduce the level of dependence on the food production industry. The eutrophication condition of Rawapening Lake has triggered the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) to grow out of control. It speeds up the loss of water weeds, cover the surface of the water into the fishing area and degrade water quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of water hyacinth as an alternative fish feed ingredient. In addition, it is also an effort to control the growth of water hyacinth in Rawapening Lake. The descriptive analysis method with a quantitative approach was chosen in this study. After making flour, water hyacinth has a protein content of 12.51%. Water hyacinth fine flour mixed with other ingredients including fish meal and fish feed bisamenghasilkan rice bran protein content of 30.2477%. The results of testing the stability of feed in water (Water Stability Feed) showed that the feed was destroyed after being immersed in cold water for 17 hours. The buoyancy test shows the feed is classified as a submerged type. The feed sinks because it has a specific gravity which is greater than the specific gravity of water. The feed hardness test shows that the feed is not destroyed after being given a load of 500 grams. The heavier the load that the feed can hold, it means the feed is getting harder. Protein content of 30.2477% indicates that alternative fish feed has competitive quality because it is able to meet the protein needs of cultivated fish. Especially fish cultivated in tropical areas which have lower protein requirements (20-30%).

Stunting is a delay in growth that in children under 5 years. The incidence of stunting around 22% in the world in 2017. Macro nutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats affect growth in toddlers. The cause of decreased albumin levels in blood plasma occurs due to low protein intake and inadequate protein absorption. The aim of the study is to identify the effect of Moringa Oleifera leaf nanoparticles in albumin levels. This study was a quasi experimental with pretest and posttest control group design. Twenty toddlers in the treatment group was given Moringa Oleifera leaf nanoparticles with a dose of 65 mg/day and supplementary feeding. While twenthy stunting toddlers in the control group comsumed supplementary feeding only. The interventions was given for 21 days. The instrument used to measure albumin levels is Bromcresol Green (BCG). Data analysis used paired T Test and Mann Whitney. Most toddlers are female at the intervention group. On the other hand, more fale at control group. The intervention group was younger than in the control group (28 and 37 months, respectively). Moringa Oleifera leaf nanoparticles increased significantly albumin levels 0,278 g/dL (p=0,001). While in the control group albumin levels increased slightly 0,028 g/dL (p=0,150). Moringa Oleifera leaf nanoparticles proved to improve albumin levels greater than the control group in stunting toddlers.

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) or imperfect formation of bone, is a disorder that affects the bone genetically. The range of clinical presentation of osteogenesis imperfecta lies widely from first trimester intrauterine day to later in life. Depends on the clinical features, it's hard to distinguish OI fractures from other causes of fractures, like genetic, non-genetic, and non-accidental injury. OI is a group of genetically heterogeneous bone-related genetic disorders, characterized, by bone fragility, frequent fractures, deformities of the spine and limbs, with just minimal trauma, this disease is also known as "brittle bone disease". Many recent studies identified molecular genetic defects underlying Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Osteogenesis imperfecta has a prevalence of 1 in 15-20,000 newborns. Gene signaling events of osteogenesis or collagenases pathobiology will give use another approach for the treatment of Osteogenesis Imperfecta in recent days. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a disorder related to the bone with a broad description of characteristics. Most of the individuals with Osteogenesis Imperfecta are caused by correlating gene mutation in collagenogenesis encoding gene, which is COLIA1 and COL1A2, but in recent years, many other genetic causes have been known as the lead of this disease, such as mutation of such genes, LEPRE, SERPIN, WNT, BMP, IFITM. These genes are known as the correlated gene in the collagenogenesis and the other correlates to bone formation and maturation.

The genus Rubus has highly morphological diversity. We had examined the seed variation of Rubus spp. collected in Cibodas Botanical Garden. The observation was conducted on 12 different species of Cibodas Botanical Garden's collections. The variation of seed's size was observed based on length, width, and sculpture of seed's surface area. The results showed that R. pyrifolius seed was larger among others species, and the smaller one was R. fraxinifolius. Moreover, based on seed morphology, three morphological types of seed coats were identified, which are seeds with prominent reticulate sculpture and sharp back ridge (R. accuminatissimus, R. alpestris, R. ellipticus, R. lineatus, R. niveus, R. pyrifolius, R. rosifolius); seeds with prominent reticulate sculpture and broad back ridge (R. alceifolius, R. moluccanus, R. glomeratus); seeds with least prominent sculpture and blunt back ridge (R. chrysophyllus and R. fraxinifolius).

Turkey berry (Solanum torvum Sw.) plant is originated from America, then spread widely to Asian regions. They used as food and pharmaceutical. The differences of latitude affecting morphological variations of Turkey berry since it affecting the physicochemical condition of their habitat, namely temperature and pH. Environmental temperature is one of important factor since it influencing the interaction process, while pH determines the growth and formation of chlorophyll. Morphological variations in turkey berry plant cause a similarity relationship that can examined using phenetic analysis. Currently, studies of turkey berry phenetic analysis based on morphological characters have not been done yet. This study examines the morphological variations of turkey berry that grow in different altitude specifically in the Semarang area. The sampling method which used in this study is the purposive sampling method. Turkey berry samples were obtained from altitude of 300, 600 and 900 above sea level respectively. Data analysis was performed using MVSP (MultiVariate Statistical Package) application. The algorithm used in the MVSP application is UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmatic Mean) with the Simple Matching Coefficient method, or grouping method with the complaints of paired pairs by analysis of the distance between pairs. The Operations Taxonomic Units (OTUs) analyzes 27 individuals, with 33 different morphological characters. Phenetic analysis shows the coefficient corelation between OTUs reaches 0.81 which is divided into 2 main clusters and 11 sub-clusters. This shows that turkey berry does not form subspecies to grow in different inner regions.

The aim of this study was to determine the dominance and species diversity of oligochaeta were studied incopper and cadmium polluted soil. This location is used for the garbage disposal of Jatibarang Landfill Semarang City residents, Central Java. Oligochaeta were collected from 5 research sites. The research method used is field experiment. Oligochaeta sampling was carried out based on a random sampling method. Oligochaeta sampling in Jatibarang Landfill was carried out at a depth of 25 cm. Analysis of oligochaeta diversity includes species diversity using the index formula Shannon-Wienner and dominance with the index formula Simpson. The species diversity (Shannon-Weiner Index) showed value of 0.191 (site 1), 0.411 (site 2), 0.539 (site 3), 0.137 (site 4), 0.443 (site 5) and the dominance calculated was 0.207 (site 1), 0.024 (site 2), 0.279 (site 3), 0.045 (site 4), 0.031 (site 5) which indicates that the diversity and the dominance were inversely related. The population density (individuals/m2) of the Oligochaeta species at 5 research sites showed variations. The total density of L. terrestris recorded was 280.66 (site 1), 59.66 (site 2), 130.33 (site 3), 136.66 (site 4), 62 (site 5), and the total density of Pheretrima sp 14 (site 1), 10 (site 2), 39 (site 3), 4.33 (site 4), 12 (site 5). Two species of Oligochaeta showed high richness whereas some were sparsely populated.

Tawes fish or Java barb (Puntiusjavanicus Bleeker, 1855) as the one of the endogenous species in Indonesia has specific reproductive roles that its cycle still depends on local environment. It makes limited frequency of spawning in nature that has been decreasing seeds production either domestication or cultivation. As a seasonal spawner, it needs long time for gonadal development. Gonadal development of endogenous species broodstock by hormone is needed to improve bio-reproductive capacity and it will cause faster gonadal maturity of Java Barb. One of exogenous hormones that could trigger gonadotropin hormone (GtH) is the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone and it will accelerate the maturity level of the gonad by periodically injection. The aim of research is to determine the effect and the best dosage of hCG hormone for the gonadal development of Java barb. This study used an experimental method with a completely randomized design, with 4 treatments and 3 repetitions in 30 days observed. 48 broodstock with 200 gram average weight were used and induced by hCG. The doses of hCG are 0, 100, 200 and 300 IU/kg. The parameters observed include the level of gonad maturity, gonado somatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI). After statistical analysis, result showed that dose of 200 IU could improve the best development of gonad in Java barb base on 3rd maturity level achieved, gonado somatic index (10.11 ± 0.74%) and the hepatosomatic index at (1.99 ± 0.06%) respectively. The observation which used hCG hormone can improve gonadal development and one step closer to reproduce domesticated and cultived of Java Barb.

Various species of the genus Citrus have grown naturally and were cultivated in Indonesia as a mega-biodiversity country. In recent years, the nutritional content and antioxidant activity of citrus fruits has been used to prevent of the various chronic and degenerative human diseases including potential as an antidote to viruses. Development of the potential and superiority of Indonesian oranges including Pomelo yellow orange (Citrus maxima Merr), lime orange (C. limon) and Sunkist orange (C. sinensis) are needed to be done with molecular characterization that begins with DNA isolation. The study was conducted with the aim of applying the Doyle and Doyle method for DNA isolation to all of the three types of oranges. The method for isolate DNA from plant usually use Cethyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) and Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS). The aim of this study is to isolate DNA from the orange leaves of Pomelo Yellow Orange, Lime Orange and Sunkist Orange with the Doyle & Doyle method. The results of the isolation of orange DNA were measured using NanoDrop. The results showed that the DNA of the three oranges had purity of pomelo yellow oranges 1,83, limes 1.8 and sunkist oranges 1,51. The concentrations obtained from each of the oranges were Yellow Bali Citrus 532 ng / µl, Lime Citrus 664.5 ng / µl and Sunkist Orange 888.6 ng / µl.

Nannochloropsis and Chaetoceros are microalgae that commonly used as natural feed for aquaculture animals. These microalgae are able to produce secondary metabolites that is used as an antioxidant. The objective of the study was to analyze the antioxidant activity from both microalgae using the DPPH method in relation with their DNA quality and quantity. The method for DNA isolation optimation was Doyle and Doyle method with slight modification. The results of this research showed the percentage of inhibition of Nannochloropsis and Chaetoceros were 9.72 % and 5.78%, respectively. While optimization of DNA isolation exhibited that Nannochloropsis was 193,5 ng/ul with a purity of 1,99 while Chaetoceros was 93.9 ng / µl with a purity of 2.00.

Clove (Syzigium aromaticum) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon winterianus) are essential oil-producing plants that are widely available in Indonesia and have high economic value for medicinal and industrial needs because of their antioxidant activity. However, the information about the relationship between antioxidant activity and the DNA content in these plants was very limited. Especially because DNA isolation of aromatic plants is also not easy to do with methods that are widely used. Therefore, this study aims to isolate DNA from clove and lemongrass using a modified Doyle and Doyle method and to find the relationship between the quality and quantity of DNA with their antioxidant activity. The method used was the use of PVP, isopropanol and sodium acetate for the modification of the Doyle and Doyle method in DNA isolation followed by antioxidant analysis using DPPH. The results showed that the modification to the Doyle and Doyle method had obtained high concentrations of DNA. Besides that, the clove DNA content is higher than lemongrass which is supported by the antioxidant activity of both plants.

Inulinase (EC. 3.2.1.7) is a hydrolytic enzyme that hydrolyze inulin into fructose. This enzyme was very important in the high fructose syrup industry. Microbes producing inulinase can be isolated from various sources, among others from various types of tuber that contain inulin. The isolation of inulinolytic yeast from yum (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) obtained two potential isolates. Research on the growth rate of the two potential yeast isolates in producing inulinase is necessary to understand the pattern of the yeast growth and its ability to produce inulinase. The parameters observed in this study were specific growth rate (µ), generation time (g) and inulinase activity of two selected yeast isolates B2 and B3. The results showed that the specific growth rate (µ) of B2 isolate was 0.11 hours with generation time (g) 6.12 hours, whereas for B3 isolates the specific growth rate (µ ) was 0.21 hour and generation time 3.29 hours. The inulinase activity from yeast isolates B2 and B3 were 0.294 IU and 0.235 IU, respectively.

Herb/plant can act as a prebiotic. Red ginger has long known as an anti-inflamation and anti-oxidant. Similarly, moringa leaf is also known as herbal antibiotic. In the recent years, the use of natural ingredients to stimulate immune system and to combat fish disease in aquaculture becoming a favourable choice. The aims of this research was to observe the red ginger and moringa leaf extractin the diet to the performance of catfish infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. Experimental laboratory using a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 3 replication used in this study. The treatments were mixture of (A) 500 ppm and 0 ppm, (B) 375 ppm and 150 ppm, (C) 250 ppm and 300 ppm, (D) 125 ppm and 450 ppm, (E) 0 ppm and 600 ppm, (F) 0 ppm and 0 ppm mixture of red ginger and moringa leaf extract respectively. One hundred and eighty catfish juvenile were reared in 18 aquarium. They were fed with various concentration of prebiotic mixture for 14 days. They were infected with 1 mL A. hydrophila at 1.2 10⁵cell/cc intramuscularly and observed for 10 days for their survival and immune response. Results showed that addition of red ginger and moringa leaf extract significantly improve the immunity of catfish. The addition of moringa leaf extract at 600 ppm was significantly improved survival rate, phagocytosis activities, leucocyte, lymphocytes count compared to other prebiotic mixtures. Thus, the usage of 600 ppm moringa leaf extract in the diet provided the best performance to catfish.

Proper anamnesis of clinical practice in giving clear diagnosis is important for specific possible dental care. Disturbance in tooth development by any aetiological factors result in dental anomalies. The variation aetiologies of the dental anomaly are diverse but mainly caused by three main factors which are genetic, epigenetic, and environmental. From genetic mechanisms, where parents or siblings have a specific pattern of tooth, a bigger probability for an individual to have the same tooth pattern with his relatives, included gender differences. Based on epigenetic mechanisms, environmental chemicals, pharmaceuticals, aging, and dietary intake are a few factors that made up a tooth pattern. Repeated signaling molecules which received by protein receptor and induced by transcription factors between epithelial and mesenchyme in tooth development stages are relayed to transcript continued process of tooth development and become tooth anomalies. Orthodontists can be the ones to first diagnose and aware of the etiology and related characteristics with dental anomalies and further can cause malocclusion. An optimal and efficient integrated treatment plan of these anomalies should include the genetic profile of an individual to understand the developmental process and the aetiological factors for specific possible dental care. This paper aims to inform about the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that involve in dental abnormalities development.

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) has an important role in stomatognathic system. Its role during function is facilitated from rotation and translation movement. Any deviation from TMJ normal anatomy and movement could lead into either clicking, crepitus, or pain in preauricular area. These sign and symptoms, which are widely referred as TMJ Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD), extremely common in world population. Several genes have been identified contribute in susceptibility towards TMD. Genetic polymorphism are a form of gene sequences variance that is found in more than 1% of world population. Epigenetics is an interaction between internal and external environments that leads to a change in chromatin structures that switches the gene expression on and off. There are several factors that posibly affect the genetic polymorphisms in TMD such as; serotonin, cathecolamine, estrogen, folate, human leukocyte antigen (HLA), extracellular matrix, transcription factors, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), epithelial growth factor, β-catenin, and discoidin. Epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA are found in chondrocyte of TMD patients. In a temporomandibular joint, miRNA-140 controls bone homeostasis especially on the articular remodeling. Genetic molecular and epigenetic study will benefit in diagnosis and treatment of TMD patient. The aim of this paper is author want to inform about molecular genetics and epigenetics of TMD.

Forensic odontology is one branch of forensic science that plays a role in the process of individual identification. Cases that often require a review from the perspective of forensic odontology are bitemark cases. Bitemark cases are often found in acts of violence or sexual violence, both to the victim and to the suspect. However, today bitemark analysis often experiences problems due to the many distortions that can occur. For this reason, it is important to know the pathobiology of bitemark in the healing process because by doing this analysis, it can be estimated when the bitemark is carried out, so that it can lead to an adequate identification process. This manuscript is a preliminary text for research on the pathobiology of post-bite tissue carried out.

Nitric Oxide (NO) is an important mediator in the inflammatory and immune systems. The eNOS gene is one of the three isoforms of Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS), which is responsible for synthesizing NO. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease in periodontal tissue with genetic involvement. Polymorphism in eNOS gene changes the functional aspect of this gene and is associated with several inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. Aim: To detect EndothelialNitric Oxide Synthase intron 4 gene polymorphism in Indonesian population with periodontitis. Analysis of the EndothelialNitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) intron 4 gene polymorphism was observed by carrying out PCR method followed by electrophoresis for the analysis, without the usage of restriction enzyme. The chi-square test and odds ratio were performed for statistical analysis. In this study, there were 34 samples with AA genotype, 3 samples with AB genotype, and 13 samples with BB genotype in periodontitis group. Whereas in the control group, there were 41 samples with AA genotype and 9 samples with BB genotype. AB genotype was absent in the control group. In periodontitis group, there were 71 A alleles and 29 B alleles, and in the control group, 82 A alleles and 18 B alleles were found. Polymorphic genotypes and alleles were found higher in periodontitis sample (32% and 29%) than healthy controls (18%). The polymorphism of eNOS intron 4 was found in periodontitis patients. There is no significant distribution difference was found between the periodontitis patients and the control group. ENOS intron 4 gene polymorphism does not affect the risk of periodontitis.

Pain is the common reason why patient seeking for medical help. Recent studies, shows that there are various type of genes that have a role in pain perception. Genetic's role include pain sensation Genome Wide Association Study, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism, and epigenetic in pain modulation. Recent studies shows that epigenetic mechanism can alter the expression of pronSetyaociceptive or antinociceptive gene that useful in managing pain from now on. In genes there are one or more polymorphisms that effect the expression of the protein products that later affect the pain response. Ion Channel is a protein membrrane that transporting ion in and out of a cell. This ion channel can change depends on the genes that made the protein. Recent studies shown that there's more than 450 ion channel genes. From all of those ion channels, voltage gated sodium channel (Na_v) tend to be investigated more deeply because Na_v is the most common and widely distributed in human cell. Changes on those channels can cause neuropathic pain. Small Fibre Neuropathy caused by defect of fiber myelinated A-delta and unmyelinated C. Substitution of a single aminoalkanoic acid in gene SCN9A, a gene that encoding for Na⁺ channel Na_v1.7, can cause changes in channel Na_v1.7. Study shows that Small Fibre Neuropathy lesion in gene SCN9A has decreased after surgical pain sensitivity in cohort patients. There's two types of inherited traits of pain sensation which is Mendellian and Non-Mendellian. Mendellian Inherited Traits show a relation between gene and a specific pain sensation that in recent studies show mutation in Na_v1.7 ion channel. However, the Non Mendellian Inherited Traits said that Catechol O Methyltrasnferase, Guanosin Trifosfat, Cyclo Hydrolase and Na_v1.9 have a very important role in pain sensation. This gene mutation information can help the clinician to give a better treatment strategies for patients.

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common craniofacial birth defect in all populations worldwide and include cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate alone (CP). Approximately 70% of OFC are non syndromic while 30 % are syndromic. Syndromic OFCs are often caused by structural chromosomal anomalies or by coding mutations in a single gene. The most common OFC syndrome is Van der Woude syndrome (VWS, MIM #119300) which has 2% of all OFCs with an overall prevalence of 1/35,000-1/100,000 live births. The characteristic features of Van der Woude syndrome are orofacial clefts and congenital lower lip pits. IRF6 or GRHL3 plays an important role in VWS mutations. Van der Woude syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, mostly an affected person has one parent with the condition. Patients with Van der Woude Syndrome who has OFCs increased the risk of delayed language development, learning disabilities, or other mild cognitive problems. The average IQ of individuals with van der Woude syndrome is not significantly different. IRF6 or GRHL3 plays an important role in VWS mutations. The IRF6 protein is active in cells that give rise to tissues in the head and face. A shortage of the IRF6 protein affects the development and maturation of tissues in the face, resulting in the signs and symptoms of van der Woude syndrome such as OFCs. GRHL3 were shown to be required for the development of the periderm, and an important player in the IRF6 dependent pathway of periderm development. In this review, author will explain further about Van der Woude Syndrome and review the literature available on recent studies toward the caused of Van der Woude Syndrome whether it is developed from IRF6 genes.

Non-syndromic orofacial cleft, including cleft lip with or without cleft on palate (CB +/- CL NS) is the most common disorder resulting from craniofacial development disorder during pregnancy. These developmental abnormalities occur due to interference during the fusion stage or time and position disturbance of the processes and/or palatal shelves. The prevalence of orofacial cleft is around 1:500 - 1:2000 in the world. Wnt3a, which is the genes belonging to the Wnt gene family controls craniofacial development during pregnancy. It involves regulating the development of the middle face and upper lip fusion. Therefore this gene plays an important role as a cause in non-syndromic cleft lip/palate. The relationship of Wnt3a gene polymorphism to the orofacial cleft occurrence in Indonesia remains unclear. To examine the relationship of polymorphism of Wnt3a Rs 752107 genes in orofacial cleft patients in Indonesia. The study samples are raw material stored in the Oral Biology Laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, the University of Indonesia in the form of DNA from cleft lip patients. Study on the distribution of genetic variation of wnt3a rs 752107 in 30 samples of CB +/- CL NS patients and 170 control samples without orofacial cleft using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR-RFLP) examination with Alu1 enzyme. Significance of variation difference test using Chi-square test on SPSS 22. Frequency of CC were dominant in both samples (>90%). There was no significant difference between gene polymorphisms of wnt3a rs 752107 in orofacial cleft with control (p>0.05)

Malocclusion is the major diagnosis in orthodontic field. According to Angle's classification, malocclusion is divided into Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion. All of these classifications have etiologic factors that establish every specific characteristic of malocclusion. Genetic, is one of the most important etiology in malocclusion since it can be inherited congenitally, for instance many variations in transcription and translation of multifarious genes occurred in masseter muscles, which is the main mastication muscle in human. MYH/MyH-C, MMPs and IGF genes are frequently used to determine the expression of genes in masseter muscle using RT-PCR or cRT-PCR. On the other hand, polymorphism of ACTN3, which can influence fibre type proportions and also muscle performance is found in muscle and skeletal type of Class II malocclusion. MATN1, HSPG2, ALPL, and EPB41 genes are found linked to lp36 related to Class III malocclusion. However, genetic factor does not usually stand alone. It can be influenced by environment which called epigenetic factors. Increasing acetylation activity will initiate a chromatin domain formation that consists of genes for MyH-C fast type gene expression. In contrast, increased of deacetylation activity resulting in closed chromatin confirmation on the chromatin area to limit the access into transcription complexes for MyHC type I gene expression in malocclusion cases. Recently, the most common way to study about heritability in malocclusion is using masseter muscles by analyzing their types of fibers related to every malocclusion's phenotype. In this review, writer will explain more about genetic study in masseter, histone modification, and also genetic and epigenetic factors of Class II and Class III malocclusions, which involve gene mutation and polymorphism for genetic factors and histone acetylation and deacetylation for epigenetic factors.

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a genetic condition characterized characterized by join hypermobility, skin hyperextension, and tissue fragility that affects the connective tissue and collagen structures in the human body. The prevalence has been reported as in 1 in 5000 births and affects equally in both sexes. EDS has no racial proportions. There are several types of EDS, that are based on the 2017 International Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Classification. Thin and fragile mucosa, bleeding tendency, periodontal tissue injuries, and also tongue ghorlin syndrome has been reported as the intraoral manifestations in EDS. Another manifestation is hypermobile temporomandibular joint with high incidence of subluxation and dislocation. The mechanism of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome is connected to collagen biosyhntesis, originating with nucleus transcription to aggregate collagen heterotrimers into large fibrils. Mutations have been found in collagen-encoding genes for several of these forms, or in genes encoding collagen-modifying enzymes. One of the most common type of EDS is classical EDS which is having type V collagen deficiency. This is caused by mutation in type V collagen-encoding gene, COL5A1 dan COL5A2. Type V collagen is a regulatory collagen fibril that forms the basis of the fibrils in bony, cartilaginous, fibrous, and tubular structures. The majority of mutations have been reported are nonsense mutations; splice site mutations leading to exon skips, missense mutations causing glycine substitutions, and frameshift mutation. As a clinician, the knowledge about the etiology, clinical sign, oral manifestation, and the genetic aspect of this syndrome is crucial for making correct diagnoses and proper treatment planning. In this review, the author will explain further about the genetic aspects of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome.

Vitamin D receptor (VDR) is included in the type of protein that serves as the biological function regulator of vitamin D. Tooth formation, especially in enamel and dentin calcification, as well as maintaining the balance of phosphate and calcium ions which is an important factor in protecting teeth requires support from vitamin D. The VDR gene will regulate the activity of VDR proteins. Caries is a multifactorial disease in which genetic factors can affect the host susceptibility to caries. Polymorphism in the VDR gene is suspected to affect the host susceptibility to caries through changes in calcium metabolism. This study aims to discover the VDR gene polymorphism and its association with caries patients in Indonesia. 100 DNA samples from 100 blood samples, including 50 dental caries patients and 50 healthy controls, were analyzed using PCR-RFLP technique. PCR products were digested with the TaqI restrictive enzyme, then assessed with statistical analysis using Fisher's exact test and Continuity correction test. In the caries group, there were no samples with CC genotype, 4 samples with CT genotype, and 46 samples with TT genotype. There were also 4 C alleles and 96 T alleles. Polymorphic genotypes and alleles were found higher in the caries group (100% and 96%) than healthy controls (88% and 84%). These results conclude that the polymorphism of VDR TaqI (rs731236) gene was found in patients with dental caries. The distribution of genotypes and allele distributions of VDR TaqI (rs731236) gene between caries and healthy controls significantly differs noticeable (p <0.05).

Campomelic dysplasia (CD) is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder and severe skeletal dysplasia. It is characterized by a variable relationship between skeletal and extra-skeletal abnormalities: congenital tightness and long bone arches, pelvic and chest abnormalities, eleven pairs of ribs instead of the usual twelve, facial deformities, cracks and sexual ambiguity. The appearance of pelvic joints, horseshoe inversion, pulmonary hypoplasia, abnormalities of the neck and cervical spine, as well as heart and kidney abnormalities also indicate this syndrome. Other findings of the CD include sexual reversals, in which males have chromosomes, but in some individuals have female genitalia and reproductive systems. The CD is caused by a de novo mutation in the SRY box containing gene 9 (SOX9), which is the main regulator of the development of the cartilage skeleton. It plays an important role in the selection and differentiation of mesenic cells of the chondrocyte lineage of all components of the cartilage skeleton. Most affected individuals have recognizable mutations. It has been reported that heterozigosity involves mutations involving missene, meaningless mutations, deletions in the coding area, and mutations that sometimes interfere with the reorganity of chromosomes in the SOX9 regulatory area. Loss or loss of control over this regulatory area around SOX9 may explain the level of craniophaasial defects described in CD syndrome. We outline the clinical picture, treatment and spectrum of mutations involved in CD syndrome. However, more research is needed to determine the effects of SOX9 on the binding of other genes that function well or are unknown on cartilage.

The human head consist of numerous bones. The bones of the face are suspended from the anterior portion of the cranium. These bones are responsible for the face and head form. The facial surface is immediately recognizable and seen which has a close association to the skeletal and cartilaginous structures. The diversity in shape, relative size, and spatial arrangement (vertical, horizontal and depth) between the assorted facial features such as nose, eyes. lips. etc., make individual human face unique, respectively. In recent years, study of various number of genes that contribute to craniofacial growth continuous to evolve, while the impact of individual genes on normal craniofacial variation is few established. Genes such as Homeobox. Sonic Hedgehog, transcription factor and IHH take important roles in craniofacial growth. In the other hand, it is also known that the genetic disorder of these signalling pathways may result abnormalities in the growth or fusion of the craniofacial processes and numerous anomalies. Genes may therefore take part in the development of craniofacial complex. Furthermore, clinicians need to be knowledgeable the combination and interaction of genetic and environmental factors of growth potential to perform an appropriate diagnose and treatment planning. In this review, the function of various individual genes involved in growth of facial region are discussed.

Nutmeg oil has an important function as natural tropical biomedicine activity which commonly found in Batang region. This essential oil is one of the dominant traditional export product from Batang instead of patchouli oil, Clove oil, and lemongrass oil. The objective of the research was to analyze chemical compound of essential oil of nutmeg leaves from Batang region produced by traditional destillation. Research methods was conducted by GCMS method. The biomedical activity against some tropical diseases was analysed in-silico. The results showed that essential oil from nutmeg leaves showed potential antimicroabial activities in silico againts several tropical diseases in skin. The GCMS result showed 2-.BETA.-PINENE and .gamma.-Terpinene as the major compound with values 34,46% and 30,28%.

Thermophilic bacteria from litter deposited at Cipanas hot spring of mount Galunggung, Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia, were isolated using a culture-dependent approach. Medium International Streptomyces Project (ISP) 1 solidified with gellan gum was used as an isolation medium. Isolation plates were incubated at 50°C for three weeks. The physicochemical analysis showed that the hot spring has a neutral pH and temperatures ranging from 50−56°C. A total of 16 bacterial isolates were obtained and purified. The analysis of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences data and phylogenetic analyses showed that they belong to Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla. The majority of bacterial isolates are spore-forming bacteria. The molecular identification based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence data showed that they belong to Aneurinibacillus thermoaerophilus (1); Brevibacillus gelatini (7); Bacillus licheniformis (1); Chelatococcus composti (1); Laceyella sacchari (2); Paenibacillus barengoltzii (1); and Pseudoxanthomonas taiwanensis (3). Percentage sequence similarities to their closest taxa were 91 to 99%. Phylogenetic analysis shed a light to the detection of candidates of novel taxa from litter of mount Galunggung hot spring.

Angkak is a rice fermented product that has red colour because of the presence of Monascus sp. This product has long been used as a food colouring and traditional medicine, especially in Asian countries including Indonesia. Angkak is also commercialized in Semarang and used as a medicine for dengue fever. Monascus purpureus is a common mold obtained from Angkak marketed in Semarang. In addition to producing pigments for food, Monascus sp. can synthesize lovastatin or monacolin-K which could reduce blood cholesterol levels also produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) which has physiological functions, such as neurotransmitters. This study aimed to determine the production of GABA produced by Monascus purpureus isolated from commercial Angkak in Semarang. M. purpureus was grown in broth medium (Potato Dextrose Broth) for 14 days in 28°C, and regularly measured the pigment concentration and GABA content every 6 days. The mould was also cultivated in rice solid medium (IR42) for 30 days to measure GABA concentration. The result showed that extracellular pigments were yellow and red with concentration for about 37,358 U/g and 2.6545 U/g, respectively. While intracellular pigment stored in mycelia, the yellow pigment had the highest concentration (30.176 U/g) followed by yellow pigment (7.1475 U/g). GABA content obtained from a broth culture of M. purpureus, Angkak from M. purpureus and commercial Angkak were 0.0796 mg/mL, 0.0332 mg/mL and 0.0203 mg/mL, respectively.

Thermophilic Actinobacteria are known as potential producers of novel antimicrobial compounds. However, the optimum growth medium for antibacterial activity assessment of thermophilic Actinobacteria has rarely been reported. This study demonstrated the effects of nine different microbial growth media on antibacterial activity assessment of a thermophilic actinobacterium from the soil in Cisolok geysers, Sukabumi, West Java (Indonesia). The strain SL2-2-R-9 was identified as Streptomyces cellulosae based on 16S rRNA gene data (100% similarity). The antibacterial activity was examined by the agar plug diffusion method against five bacterial test strains. The result of antibacterial activity screening showed that SL2-2-R-9 grown on ISP 7 agar and Bennett's gellan gum inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Kocuria rhizophila. Strain grown on ISP 3 gellan gum inhibited the growth of B. subtilis andS. aureus, while on 301 agar and TSA, inhibited only K. rhizophila. Strain grown on ISP 6 agar and modified Bennett's gellan gum, inhibited onlyS. aureus. Strain grown on ISP 3 agar and SFM agar showed no inhibition zone against all tested bacteria. There was no inhibition observed against Gram-negative bacteria when the strain was grown on all media.

Paleolimnology had increased sharply as an approach for lake management, but most of the paleontological studies have been carried out in temperate and high-latitude regions. 40% of lakes lie within tropical areas, which represent 32% of surface global water bodies. Paleolimnology is a study of the physical, chemical, and biological features of the lakes in the past. Find the future from the past, prediction of the future condition can be developed from the reconstruction of past condition, based on the fossil preserved in the sediment. Ecosystem services of the lakes are hydroelectricity power, source of drinking water, irrigation, fisheries, tourism, socio-economic religious activities. Those functions have been deteriorated due to sedimentation, pollution, and eutrophication. Water security becomes a problem. Lake sediments as archives that record the climatic and environmental changes in the catchment area. VosViewer had been applied to construct and visualize bibliometric publications indexing by Scopus with the keywords paleolimnology, water resource, renewable energy, climate change, and food security. The result shows that there is a strong relationship between paleolimnology, climate change, and food security. Paleolimnology contributed to SDGs number 6(water security and sanitation) has an important role in the achievement of SDGs number 2 of food security through adaptation and mitigation of climate change (SDGs number 13), and terrestrial ecosystem, including lakes. This paper will discuss a paleolimnological approach to reconstruct past environmental changes and their challenges in Indonesia.

Universities in developing countries must have innovative ways of educating students to anticipate higher education costs. Computer network courses require server and client computers that are not cheap in terms of hardware and software. The most vulnerable computer hardware is the Hard Disk Drive (HDD), while the very expensive operating system license cost often forces universities to keep using outdated operating systems. This study aims to build open source network boot server by using PXE, DNSMASQ, TFTP, Casper and NFS. The PXE, DNSMASQ, TFTP, Casper and NFS will work together to become Open Source Network Boot Server (OSNBS). We conducted a simulation to measure the client boot speed from the network by using five clients and two versions of the uBuntu operating system image that have the capability of being a tool for computer networking courses. In addition, the processor server and hard disk server will be further monitored and analyzed. The simulation were carried out using virtualization on a desktop computer. We found that all clients successfully booted from the network. The latest uBuntu operating system image can efficiently improve the use of server resources for the processor and hard drive. In addition, the use of open source operating systems and existing hardware have also significantly reduced IT expenditure. This finding reinforces that OSNBS is suitable for low-cost computer network learning.

Local Water Company is a government-owned business entity that has a business scope in the management of drinking water and water facilities to improve the welfare of the community, which includes social, health, and public service aspects and has a very important role for the community in terms of supporting the smooth development of the region so that the company's success must always be sought. This effort certainly needs to be supported also in terms of setting revenue targets at the company. Determination of revenue targets in local water companies is currently using manual calculation methods so that the accuracy and effectiveness of setting revenue targets is less accurate. Forecasting models with mathematical methods are needed to predict future revenue targets so that monitoring of the success of regional development and consideration in decision making can be monitored. Forecasting this revenue target is based on actual data within the previous 5 (five) years, namely from January 2014 until December 2018, by comparing the two forecasting methods, namely the Double Exponential Smoothing (DES) and Triple Exponential Smoothing (TES) methods. The forecasting accuracy method is used the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) method to measure the accuracy of the forecasting results from the two forecasting methods used. Forecasting test results are performed using alpha constant values of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 as trial data. Based on the trials conducted, the forecasting results presented show that forecasting results with the Double Exponential Smoothing method provide a more optimal forecasting result at alpha 0.7 with a MAPE value of 9.54%, so that the use of the Double Exponential Smoothing method is recommended in forecasting revenue targets in the Local Water Company because it has an error value under 10%.

Requirement Engineering (RE) aims to provide assurance that a software product can meet user needs. The RE phase is a stage that is carried out early in the software development phase of the System Development Life Cycles (SDLC). The main problem in software development is the accuracy of the requirements specifications generated in the RE phase. Problems due to non-conforming specifications can result in software become of poor quality, development time become longer, and development costs become high. To minimize the obstacles that occur, in this article will be given about the techniques carried out in the RE process including elicitation, analysis, documentation, validation, and management. The techniques are given focus more on the implementation of technical activities and artifacts that are used (if any) in each RE process. Artifacts in the RE process can be used as a tool to simplify the verification process and validation of conformity between the requirements specifications produced with the expectations desired by the user. The resulting artifacts are using UML notation which consists of flow modelling using activity diagrams and prototype modelling using use case diagrams. Based on the proposed technical activities, the RE process can improve the quality of the software, the development time is according to the planned schedule, and the development costs according to the budgeted.

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm has a good ability in route search, ACO's ability to leave traces on routes that have been traced and find the nearest route to reach the destination location, but now the nearest distance search is not only about distance problems but many things must be considered, like travel time and others, especially in emergency conditions require the fastest route to provide help when an accident, disaster, etc. AHP-TOPSIS method is used to support the ACO in finding the best route based on the criteria. The purpose of this research is to implement the ACO algorithm supported with AHP-TOPSIS to find the quickest path on the search for emergency services. ACO supported with Google Maps will provide a route from the emergency service location to the user location, that the value will be put to TOPSIS as a value to increase the decision based on the ranking. AHP is used as the basis of the priority values of each attribute such as time, distance, health facilities, and the nearest ambulance. This value will be inserted into TOPSIS as a priority value. TOPSIS provides emergency services by condition and provides the fastest emergency service route recommendations

Savings dan Payment unit is one of the units of the Koperasi Pegawai Republik Indonesia Diponegoro University (KPRI). In the development of these units already have information systems infrastructure, namely the Cooperative Information Systems (SIMASPRI) and KPRI website. However, data processing on the system has not been integrated also not all business processes can be handled through the information system. SIMASPRI does not have features that allow members to carry out registration processes, loan applications, deposit payments, and installments online. So, members must come to the cooperative every time they want to carry out a registration or transaction process. Meanwhile, KPRI has a target for members to be able to process registration, deposit payments, apply for loans, and pay installments online using a website or mobile application. So it is necessary to improve the features and functions of the Cooperative Information Systems and KPRI website, as well as the design in the mobile version with the aim to offer convenience to members in accessing. Therefore, an analysis of business architecture and information system architecture design as a basic framework of business solutions to solve problems in optimizing the use of information technology. This study uses the TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework) framework with the stages passed, namely preliminary, vision architecture, requirements management, business architecture and information system architecture consisting of data architecture and application architecture. From the analysis of the architectural design and approval of KPRI Diponegoro University manager, the proposed blueprint business architecture, data architecture and application architecture as the basic foundation needed to support business activities in the Saving dan Payment unit KPRI Diponegoro University.

Batik Industry of Indonesia is one of the creative economies that is currently being increased. Batik is one of Indonesia's cultural heritage that has been recognized by UNESCO, and it is interested in all levels of society. Lasem is one of the producers of Batik in Indonesia, which has coastal characteristics named Batik Tulis Lasem. Batik entrepreneurs in Lasem have a passion for developing their businesses. The main problem is when the entrepreneur does not have an information platform that can provide knowledge about business feasibility analysis. The purpose of this research is to build a decision support system that will help decision makers when developing their business. Using AHP Method, the result of this research is the criteria as a factor that influences the determination of Batik Tulis Lasem production. It states that the marketing criteria for product results are the main priority used as a determining factor. Then, it is analyzed based on the actors who play a role in product development efforts, investors, downstream industries, and financial institutions are the top priority. And it is seen based on the results of the analysis of product development goals, the main priority is to maximize profits. It is viewed based on alternative Batik products, Fabric occupies top priority.

Speech recognition of continuous speech will be greatly influenced by the word segmentation process of the speech input. Proper segmentation will result in better speech recognition. This study proposed automatic speech recognition by applying local adaptive thresholding in the segmentation process. The segmentation method used is an enhanced blocking block area method whose input is a spectrogram image of the speech signal. While the locally adaptive thresholding method used is the Niblack method which is the best method compared to other methods, namely Sauvola, Bradley, Guanglei Xiong, and Bernsen when applied to the enhanced blocking block area method. For the speech recognition process, using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) as a feature extraction method and Hidden Markov Model (HMM) as speech recognition. The experimental results show that by using 400 sentences consisting of 80 testing data and 320 as training data and using K-fold cross-validation, the highest accuracy is 60,8%. This result has no significant difference with the use of global thresholding in the segmentation process.

The attendance system is an educational management tool at Diponegoro University used for attendance activities using technology. The attendance system is implemented in the "Sistem Informasi Akademik, Penelitian dan Pengabdian" (SIAP) application and can be accessed by students through Single Sign On (SSO). Students can do it using the smartphone they have. This research is analyzed through the factors that affect students' satisfaction and usefulness after using the attendance system. The analysis will be performed using the Delone & McLean model and additional usefulness variables from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) model. A total of 506 respondents participated in this research. Respondent data is then processed using smartPLS 3.0 software. Based on the research, some indicators do not meet the measurement criteria. The attendance information on the attendance system can be accessed using various types of smartphones, so the indicators must be removed from the model. The research results have found that system quality affects usefulness, service quality effect on usefulness, information quality effect on usefulness, system quality effect user satisfaction, service quality effect on user satisfaction, information quality affect on user satisfaction, and usefulness effect on user satisfaction.

Child Growth and Development Information System (Sistem Informasi Tumbuh Kembang Anak/ SITUKA) is intended to help mothers and health officers easily and completely monitor child growth and development. This study aims to evaluate the level of acceptance of the use of SITUKA. This research method uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study was taken by non-probability sampling. Respondents in this study were data managers of the health department (4 people), data managers at the puskesmas (3 people), midwives at the puskesmas (3 people), and 30 mothers who had children under five. In this study, respondents were trained and then asked to provide opinions about the application of SITUKA. To assess the system usability, the PSSUQ (Post Study System Usability Questionnaire) questionnaire was used consisting of 19 questions, consisting of items of use (sysuse), items of quality of information (infoqual), items of quality of interface (interqual) and items of overall satisfaction (overall). SITUKA features include charts, Data Register menus, Child Services, Mother Services, Child Cohort Reports, Mother Cohort Reports, Cadre Data and Posyandu Data. The results of PSSUQ measurements have been carried out to produce the following scores, namely the sysuse aspect of 75.94%, 76.7% infoqual, 70% interqual, 77.50% overall. The SITUKA system acceptance assessment results can be categorized as "Eligible" for further development and use in implementing health programs.

Stunting is a condition of failure to thrive in children under five caused by lack of nutritional intake for a long time and the occurrence of repeated infections. The causative factor is influenced by inadequate parenting, especially in the first 1,000 days of life. This study applies a decision support system with an expert system as an intervention for handling stunting by providing solutions using the Certainty Factor method. This expert system is implemented using the PHP programming language, and the use of expert systems will be easier when implemented into web-based applications. The test results are acceleration in reducing the number of stunting cases, thus providing the right percentage and solution in handling and increasing supervision of government efforts to combat stunting. Stunting intervention research can see the results of the percentage value of sensitive and specific interventions for pregnant women, nursing mothers, and adolescent girls. Testing uses black-box validation and accuracy. The validation results are in the form of 100%, which shows the system functionality can run well and according to the list of requirements. The accuracy result is 83% which shows that the expert system can function quite well according to the Certainty Factor method.

The advancement of information technology development makes it researchers easier to read papers shortly after they are published online. A paper will be cited, usually within one to two years after the paper is published. The number of citations of a researcher's papers is currently an indicator of his/her scholarly impact. The measurement widely used is the H-index. The calculation of the impact of the researcher using the H-index method does not calculate the weighted classification of the author's position on each paper. The main author or co-authors score have the same weighted citation weighted of an article cited. The weighting of the number of citations obtained by the author has begun to get attention by Scientometricians in recent years. This is done to differentiate the value of the impact obtained by the main author and co-author. Since 2015, the Government of Indonesia has awarded a number of awards to Indonesian researchers who have the greatest impact value. Assessment of the impact value of researchers in Indonesia uses the Sinta Index version 1 (SI-1) which is based on the researcher's H-index value in Scopus, GS, and WoS. Problems arise when a researcher with most of his papers as a co-author gets an award, while another researcher who has a position as the main author does not get the award, even though the number of papers and the number of citations obtained are relatively similar. In 2020, we found that Sinta Index was upgraded, namely Sinta Index version 2 (SI-2). There are some differences between versions 1 and 2. This paper will propose a mechanism for calculating the impact of researchers using the weighting of the investigator's position based on the percent-contribution-indicated (PCI) method. The data source used was the Scopus database. To get and classified the source data, we developed a tool using API. For the rank of the researcher, we used data from the Sinta Index website. Collection software design created using PHP and Mysql. From the research results, it was found that the correlation test by Pearson's Method of the H-index values of APW and Scopus is 0,44; APW vs GS (0,39) and GS vs Scopus is 0.95. This means that APW method has a weak correlation with the H-index values of GS and Scopus. APW is independent of the two h-index calculations.

It is currently thought that university websites play important roles in maintaining communication with stakeholders. The evidence shows that the usability aspect of the website positively correlates with governance support. This paper presents a new approach to identify, assess and evaluate usability aspect base on ten Heuristic Evaluation principles by implementing the ANP method. This method works by determining the weight of the best site criteria according to Webometric version ranking. The initial questionnaire was tested for validity and reliability using total item correlation analysis, the r-value was obtained in the range 0.706-0.919 (valid) and the reliability value in the range 0.861-0.939 (reliable). It was also found that by implementing expert judgment tests, some questionnaires are required more editorial adjustment. Interestingly, the layout of the websites hit the usability criteria. Another ten HE aspects run well while some light improvements were required for error prevention, recognition rather than recall, help users recognize, diagnose, and recover from errors aspects. The most remarkable result to emerge from the data was that visibility of system status, match between system and the real world, and consistency standards shown good result.

Cancer causes many deaths in the world. One of the most dangerous types of cancer is skin cancer caused by cancer cells that grow and spread uncontrollably in the skin layers. There are an estimated that 100,000 new cases of skin cancer will occur in the United States, which will cause around 6000 deaths by 2020. The survival rate of people with skin cancer can increase if successfully treated at an early stage. Examination of the lesion or dermoscopy images takes a long time and is prone to errors due to differences of opinion by doctors. A computer program for image processing was developed to improve accuracy and efficiency that helps doctors diagnose and evaluate. The most crucial stage in the diagnosis process is the segmentation of skin lesions. Wrong segmentation results will affect accuracy at the classification stage. This study developed a segmentation model for a skin cancer image that uses the MobileNet model as an encoder block and Linknet model for a decoder block by selecting the best hyper-parameter value from several training scenarios. MobileNet encoder and Linknet as a decoder are known to have the same ability, which is to overcome the problem of computational efficiency without compromising accuracy. Four hyper-parameters used are learning rate, the number of epochs, image size, and using pre-trained or not. Besides, there is a performance comparison scenario between the MobileNetV1 and MobileNetV2 encoder blocks. The model trained using the 2017 ISIC Challenge dataset consisting of 2000 training data, 150 validation data, and 600 test data. The Intersection over Union score obtained was 71.5% from models trained with a hyper-parameter learning rate of 0.001, 50 epochs, with an image size of 256 × 256 × 3, using a pre-trained model, and using a MobileNetV1 encoder block. The mask image that is the result of the segmentation of skin cancer images using the MobileNet encoder model and Linknet decoder is accurate enough to be used in the process at a later stage.

Residual waste processing is an alternative to enhance coastal communities capabilities. This is one of the blue growth initiative programs. Fisheries waste forms are heads, bones, scales, fish entrails, or shells. The purposes of this observation are to provide an alternative way to handling waste produced by scallops to reduce waste, calculate waste treatment product, processing waste shell value and estimate waste processing revenue. The research method uses quantitative descriptive method with a case approach to the management of scallops waste shells in Batang District in Central Java Province. Production of scallop shells in Batang District which can be processed into Ca flour is estimated as much as 9.17 tons per year. Gross income approximately IDR 45,788,080.00 per year. It is an alternative product as a community side job around the shellfish waste landfill area and resolves the problem of shell waste in Batang District.

We first present two classes ${\zeta }_{q}^{n}(\alpha ,\eta )$ and ${\Im }_{q}^{n}(\alpha ,\eta )$ of complex order bounded q − starlike and q − convex univalent functions using the salagean q − derivative operator ${D}_{q}^{n}f(z)$ that is defined in ${\rm{\nabla }}=\{z\in {\rm{C}}:|z|\lt 1\}$. In such classes, we also analyze the convolution properties, inclusion properties, and estimates of coefficients.

This paper explains that a symmetrical element on a ring having a Moore Penrose general inverse is commutative with a Generalized Moore Penrose inverse. This is due to the properties of the involution in the ring. By using these results and the main properties of Generalized Moore Penrose invers obtained directly from definition Generalized Moore Penrose invers, several theorems that discuss the necessary and sufficient of an element in a ring that has Generalized Moore Penrose invers and also symmetric had been found.

This paper describes the ship convoys intended for mathematically modelling. The phenomenon essentially imitates the behaviour of a shoal of fish for several advantages. However, a control design is investigated to ascertain the factors influencing the fleet to navigate jointly without diversion or collision. Furthermore, the vessels are assumed to function independently, but are only assigned a common task of delivering goods. The control design process employs an optimal method known as the Pontryagin Maximum Principle, and the model implemented is generally applied to marine vessels. Meanwhile, the control equation utilizes the Nomoto's model. In addition, the ship model supports the rudder input responsible for the change in the direction of motion. Also, this study exposes a functional cost pattern describing the joint tasks and further models the ship convoys for optimum control. The numerical simulation provides a detailed summary of the applied optimal process to solve the problems encountered in deliveries.

We present a tuberculosis epidemic model with nonlinear incidence rates. The mathematical model consists of five variables that are susceptible, exposed, infectious, and recovered. Where infectious is divided into two categories, the first is latent infectious and the second categories is MDR (Resistant). The parameters on infectious describe the level of tuberculosis's treatments are the treatment for the prevention of epidemic tuberculosis is by chemoprohylaxis for the the exposed individuals. Whereas treatment for infected individuals uses anti-tuberculosis drug theraphy with the directly observed treatment short course strategy(DOTS). The research method uses analytical (using the MAPLE) and numerical (using the MATLAB application) analysis. The steps in the analytical analysis include making a tuberculosis disease model, determining the point of equilibrium, and analyzing stability. Meanwhile, numerical analysis is used to explain the dynamic simulation of the spread of tuberculosis and the effectiveness of the treatment. The results of this research obtained are two equilibrium points (endemic and non-endemic) with a condition of conditional stability for each point. The stability will apply if the conditions proposed are met, namely local stability at a point of non-endemic equilibrium (ε₀) is stable if ℜ₀ less than 1 and endemic equilibrium point (ε^*) will be stable if ℜ₀ more than 1. From the results of analytic calculations and numerical simulations, by using Ruth-Hurwitz Method ℜ₀ = 0.312 at the non-endemic point and Centre Manifold method on endemic point is ℜ₀ = 0.312. So it can be concluded that the treatment on the first stage is more important to protect on TB spread.

Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) has been growing rapidly in recent years. There are many models that were developed. In this paper, we propose a new method to forecast exchange rate data by combining some models. Firstly, we use the average-based interval to make optimal interval numbers. Secondly, we use frequency density-based partitioning for optimal partitioning. In this part, we divide the three highest frequency of intervals into four, three, and two sub-intervals, respectively, and discarding intervals if there is no data distributed. And thirdly, we use k-means clustering to construct the Fuzzy Logical Relationship Group (FLRG). We divide Fuzzy Logical Relationship (FLR) into 16 initial clusters. Then we evaluate model by calculating the error value using MSE (Mean Squared Error) and AFER (Average Forecasting Error Rates). The study case of this paper is daily exchange rate data (USD to IDR) started from January until May with its unstable fluctuation caused by Pandemic Covid-19. The study aims to obtain a forecasting model of exchange rate data as the preparation and evaluation for future conditions.

Tuberculosis has been an endemic disease leading to high level of mortality. A model of TB epidemic incorporating the asymptomatic and symptomatic infection stages of individuals are studied and introducing treatments for these stages. The local behavior of the model is analyzed using linearization for non endemic equilibrium and using bifurcation at R₀ = 1 for endemic equilibrium. Non endemic state and endemic state are proven locally asymptotically stable. Numerical simulations show the effectiveness of treatment in asymptomatic and symptomatic infection stages can reduce the rate of spread of TB.

Method of weather forecasting fuzzy time series has some drawbacks, weather forecasting needs many weather components, big data size and forecaster experience, one of which is very difficult if it is worn on large data whereas weather Forecasting using time series forecast has large data characteristics, high dimensions, and continuous also require many large components and amounts of data, this affects speed and accuracy in weather forecasts, but the science develops in tandem with the development of the fuzzy Forecasting method, the fuzzy forecasting method that can be worn on large data will facilitate the weather forecasting, in this paper will be explained methods of forecasting for large data that is using the Euclid distance to classify data, then using the frequency density partitioning modification method applied to the database that has been grouped. The data used was KW Hipel Al McLeod 1994 using year variables and temperature, data from 1782 to 1988, data covers 206 global average temperature data annually. The final solution of the weather forecasting fuzzy time series problem is to analyze the value of AFER and MSE, the value of this paper is AFER 0.0021 and MSE 0.0025, the smaller the AFER and MSE values indicate that the method is good enough to forecast the weather.

The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China has become expanded globally, the current novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or also called COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, but the global response draws on the lessons learned from other disease outbreaks over the past several decades. WHO (World Health Organisation) said that Person-to-person transmission may occur through droplet or contact transmission and according to early estimates by China's National Commission (NHC) people with high risk for severe disease and death people is an old age and people with pre-existing health conditios (comorbid) as hyertention, diabetes, cardiovasculer disease, chronic respiratory diseas (asthma, lung etc), heart disease, kidney disease, liver disease, immunodeficiency, cancer and other. The fatality cases about 80% were over the age of 60 and 75% of them had pre-existing health conditios (comorbid). The government prevent further spread of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) disease with advice for public on how to keep healthy. In this article we consider a predict recovery risk rate of COVID-19 using fuzzy tsukamoto inference system, representation linguistic variable using linear membership function up and down, use two input, age and comorbid with "IF-THEN" rules, fuzzy logic conjunction connectives. The defuzzification or output mortality rate using centroid triangular fuzzy number.

Depok Coast in Bantul Regency popular for fishing activities. The potential for considerable marine resources in Depok Coast is a major factor in the progress of the fisheries business. The potential of these marine resources can provide a great opportunity for the development of capture fisheries and raise the economy of coastal communities. Sword and white pomfret fish are the main commodities in capture fisheries households in Depok Coast. However, if the occurrence of continuous arrests without further study is feared to cause the end of the sword and white pomfret fish resources in the future. This study aims to determine fisheries resources especially Sword and White Pomfret in Depok coast waters, with dynamic system models up to 2030. The method used in this research is the modeling of dynamic systems, where the sub-systems of the ecological, economic and associated social and serve as a model system dynamic of sword and white pomfret fish resources. Data for the ecological sub-system is an inventory of sword and white pomfret fish and the condition of the waters of Depok Coast. Furthermore, for the economic sub-system interviews were conducted by focus group discussion for the fishermen on Depok Coast and results in quantitative form. Data for the social sub-system is the number of fishermen and the population of Depok Village. The results of this modeling shows that overfishing can reduce sword and white pomfret fish resources if it is not compensated by fish preservation.

This article discusses the convergence theorem of the Dunford integrals. We examine the sufficient conditions so that limit of the sequence of integral value whose Dunford integrable is same as limit of functions sequence. We have obtained that to guarantee a function to be Dunford integrable and its limit of functions sequence are same as value of the functions, then a sequence of Dunford integrable function is uniform convergent or weakly convergent, weakly monoton, and its limit exist. Furthermore, its weakly convergent and bounded.

This paper discusses the properties of matrices, which are elements of a group derived from the application of Kronecker product to the representation of the quaternion group (the author calls this group with Kronecker quaternion group). The properties of the new matrices constructed by matrices from the Kronecker quaternion group as submatrix in a partitioned matrix are discussed based on transpose, determinant, and permutation matrix.

Bounded variation functions of a single variable were first introduced by Camille Jordan (1881). Bounded variation functions or 𝐵𝑉 functions is a function with the total variation is finite. The variation in a function aims to measure how much increase and decline occure in the function. In this paper, we generalize this function in the metric space. Let (𝑋, 𝑑) be a complete metric space and 𝛾: 𝑆 → is a function, where 𝑆 is a closed and bounded subset of 𝑋. The function 𝛾 is of bounded variation on 𝑆 if 𝑉(𝛾, 𝑆) is finite, i.e 𝑉(𝛾, 𝑆) < ∞. The result of this paper is the definition and properties algebraic of bounded variation function on metric spaces. Some properties of this function is multiplication with scalar, sum of two functions, and product of two functions. The function of bounded variation to 𝑆 are also bounded variation to each subspace from 𝑆. If 𝛾 is a bounded variation function on 𝑆 then 𝛾 is bounded on 𝑆. We also consider the related topic it is absolute continuity. If a function 𝛾 is absolutely continuous on 𝑆 then 𝛾 is of bounded variation on 𝑆.

The pandemic caused by the novel corona virus (covid-19) has affected various aspects of life throughout the world. Indonesia is one of the country with a daily high number of Covid-19-19 spread cases. This study aims to obtain a forecasting model of Covid-19 cases that can be used to predict Covid-19 cases daily and it can increase the readiness of Covid-19 health protocols system. In this study, we get a very good model for Covid-19 forecasting in Indonesia obtained by the fuzzy time series method using frequency density-based partitioning. The universe of this method is the percentage of case changes from day to day. The percentage change as a universe in fuzzy time series forecasting method makes the results of comparison of actual data and predictions increasingly similar. We use data of the Covid 19 cases taken from the Nasional Kompas website during June 2020. Forecast results show very good with MSE value of 457,83 and small AFER value of 0,0425138%.

Fuzzy time series theory is a concept of artificial intelligence that can use to conduct forecasting technique.. This paper discusses the fuzzy logic concept to develop the base of the fuzzy time series with time invariant and time variant methods. There are several methods of fuzzy time series, including Markov Chain method and Chen and Hsu method. The Markov Chain method combines between the fuzzy time series and the Markov Chain. This merger goals to finest opportunity of the use matrix probability transitions. Chen and Hsu method is based on the historical data difference in conducting forecasting. By using Markov Chain and Chen & Hsu methods, it may achieve forecasting outcomes with a low mistakes rate. To clarify each technique and for comparison further, it is given an example of the relevant issue to be resolved by both methods. The consequences acquired can be compared, so it can be concluded which method is better.

Stock price in time series data can be analyzed with the clustering method by using the autocorrelation function distance measurement method. The purpose of this study is to cluster stock prices with the same characteristics and analyze companies' financial performance in each cluster and provide a reference to investors in making choices to develop their investments. This study uses time-series data from stock prices in the LQ45 index, which is continuously available and registered from January 2010 to December 2019, as many as 32 companies. The results of this study are obtained 3 clusters, where the first cluster contains 17 stocks, the second cluster contains six stocks, and the third cluster contains nine stocks. After clustering, the financial performance of each cluster is analyzed in 2019. The companies' financial performance in the first cluster shows that the company has proper inventories, total assets, profit for the period, and can get great benefits. The third cluster shows that the company has a relatively good current ratio and demonstrates its ability to generate profits from the high assets and equity used. Meanwhile, the second cluster has quite high receivables.

The government have new program to deal with the pandemic impact of the Coronavirus, which is said with the new normal. The implementation of the new normal itself requires more attention in terms of the readiness of a region to implement the program. Determination of these areas can be done using the Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) and fuzzy technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution(TOPSIS) methods. Fuzzy AHP is used to determine the weight of the existing criteria, while Fuzzy TOPSIS is used to determine the safest area and is ready to implement the new normal. The case study for the problem in this paper is Central Java Province, with alternatives districts and cities. The influencing criterias are the number of People Under Surveillance (PeUS), the number of Patient Under Surveillance (PaUS), the number of patients being treated, the number of positive patients who died, and positive patients who recovered. Triangular fuzzy number approach both methods. The results of this study found that 30% of the total number of districts or cities are ready to implement the New Normal program. This study also explain that the higher of the patient number being treated, the less safe an area will be. While the patients number who recover is increasing, then an area will be ready to implement a New Normal program.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that still exists in a community. A mathematical model incorporating vaccinated treatment and the effect of relapse of the disease is studied. This research is modified with vaccinated to reduce the rate of transmission and relapse condition in a healing period. The model is analysed to verify the dynamical behaviour of the equilibriums. The nonendemic equilibrium (NE) state is determined by Castillo-Chaves theorem for the stability of global and the endemic equilibrium (EE) state using Lyapunov method. The existence of EE is determined by reproductive number (₀) that derived by next generation matrix. When the ₀ less than one, NE state is stable. Then EE is stable if ₀ exceed unity. The simulation result is presented to describe the dynamic of TB spread in a long time.

TB is an infectious disease that attacks parts of the body, one of the lungs. This disease is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium Tuberculosis through the droplet nucleus which spreads when the patient coughs or sneezes. This TB epidemic model is classified into four subpopulations, namely the susceptible subpopulation, the symptomatic infection subpopulation, the asymptomatic infection subpopulation, and the recovered subpopulation, by introducing treatment at each stage of infection and analysing dynamic models. The analysis was carried out to determine the local stability balance point which can be determined through the basic reproduction number (₀) obtained through the Next Generation Matrix (NGM). When the value of ₀ <1, the disease-free equilibrium point will be asymptotically stable using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria, and when ₀> 1, the endemic equilibrium point will be asymptotically stable locally using the Manifold Center. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to investigate the stability of the disease-free equilibrium point if all parts of the real eigenvalues of the jacobian matrix are negative. The manifold center method is used to investigate the stability of the endemic equilibrium point at ₀> 1 which is determined by the number of roots of the characteristic equation with zero root real parts. Numerical simulations are used to make it easier to explain the dynamic behavior of a system and describe its analytical results.

Improvement Performance Appraisal of the Civil Servant (CS) is important in the field of Human Resource Development. Currently, conventional performance appraisal is still used even though it cannot provide an objective assessment. CS performance is important so it needs to be properly assessed. CS performance is influenced by working behavior and competence. Various methods have been carried out to improve the competence of CS. In this case, more directed to a formal way, Self-Development is less emphasized on each individual CS itself. Therefore, in this research, Profile Matching and ELECTRE method is recommended to measure the value of criteria weighting on CS Self-Development. Input from this Profile Matching are questioner data in the form of interest and talent ability from CS. Then the suitable measurement is used to determine the weight criteria using ELECTRE. Thus, the ELECTRE method will be used to calculate the values that have been obtained and adjusted to the existing rules. The output of this information system is a data list of recommendations for field competencies that can be selected by CS.

In this paper, Dunford integrals and their primitive functions are discussed. We discuss its properties related to absolutely continuous, strictly absolutely continuous, bounded variation function, strictly bounded variation function and their generalizations. The result is obtained that for each function which integrated Dunford, then the primitive function is a continuous, absolutely continuous, and bounded variation function. Furthermore, its generalized absolutely continuous and generalized bounded variation function.

Pagar Alam coffee farming is a smallholder plantation, the majority of which is a hereditary business. The success of this coffee farming cannot be separated from existing resources, including land productivity. Land productivity concerns the amount of production, land resources, and land management efforts. This paper discusses the factors that influence the land productivity of coffee farms in Kota Pagar Alam, using binary logistic regression analysis. In general, there are 5 factors discussed, namely the identity of farmers and their internal factors, agricultural land, the performance of farmers in the production process, yields, and external factors on the productivity of Pagar Alam coffee farms. The data used are 191 respondents with 33 independent variables and one dependent variable. Each variable is divided into categories. Land Productivity as the dependent variable is divided into 2 categories, namely low and high. Based on bivariate analysis, variables related to land productivity are land area, number of trees, frequency of fertilizer used, frequency of pesticides used, length of harvest, production, female labor in the family, gross income, net income, and production costs. Furthermore, based on the binary logistic regression model of land productivity probability, variables that significantly affect land productivity of Pagar Alam coffee farms are area, number of trees, crop production, and net income. The accuracy of the model simultaneously was 93.2%. The probability value of the model is predominantly influenced by the harvest production variable with an odds ratio of 49.505. If the category of harvest production and net income increases, the probability for high land productivity will also increase. Conversely, if the area of land and the number of trees increases, the probability of high land productivity will decrease.

Inventory management on manufacturer and retail industries is commonly containing some uncertain parameters like future cost and future demand value where the decision-maker has to execute the optimal decision under these parameter's uncertainty. While the data is available then these uncertain parameters can be assigned as a random variable and a probabilistic approach can be used to solve. But, if there is no data available for these uncertain parameters, then a fuzzy uncertainty approach can be used to solve this problem that is discussed in this paper. We have developed a mathematical model that can be used to calculate the optimal decision under fuzzy uncertainty where the decision is calculated and executed before the uncertain parameters are revealed. Numerical experiment results show that the problem was solved by using the proposed mathematical model, the optimal decision was achieved i.e. the optimal procurement volume product type and the optimal stored product volume in the inventory.

Development of 3-Point Block Method with one off-step point using Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) is presented in this paper to find out the solution for stiff Ordinary Differential Equation (ODEs). By considering the Backward Differentiation Formulas (BBDF), the block method has been derived. It is well known that BBDF is used for solving stiff ODEs. The strategy for the development of this process is to compute three solution values with one off-step point concurrently to each iteration. One off-step point is added in the implicit BBDF method for better accuracy. Derivation of the formulae and consistency properties are generated in this paper. Numerically the proposed method with order five is achieved as a result. Mathematica software has been used for the derivation and consistency of the method.

Hepatitis B is an inflammatory liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus, whose spread can be contagious and becomes a serious world health problem. The spread of hepatitis B can be modeled using the Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered (SIR) model. This paper aims is to reduce individuals infected with hepatitis B virus by applyingoptimal control strategies. The SIR model is given optimal control with three control variables, namely health promotion, treatment, and vaccination. Optimal control form is determined by the Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP) method to minimize the number of infected individuals and the associated costs. The step of PMP method i.e. Identify the Lagrange multipliers, and then minimizea Hamiltonian function, further obtaine stationary conditions, and finally find an optimal control. The results of numerical simulations completed by the Runge-Kutta Order 4 show effectiveness in minimizing infected individuals. In addition, it can also maximize individual recovery by giving the proposed three control variables.

Covid-19 is currently a pandemic that is considered as the biggest global threat that classified as the human-to-human transmissionable disease. This pandemic has affected practically all world countries. The aim of this paper is to construct a mathematical model for the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak and analyze its stability. The proposed mathematical model is STQIR (Susceptible, Traced, Quarantine, Infectious, Recovered) model. The form of the model is a nonlinear differential system with five variables. The step of the method i.e., compute the variables positifity, boundedness of solutions, and the basic reproduction number that computed using next generation matrix. Then the basic reproduction number will be used for testing the local stability of the disease free equilibrium using Routh Hurwitz criteria to examine its epidemiological relevance. This work also investigate the sensivity of the model with respect to the variation of each one of its parameters and is tested in application to the recent data on Covid-19 outbreak in Central Java Province, Indonesia.

The increase in the population of old - age or elderly had become an inevitable thing for both developed and developing countries, Indonesia is one of them. With increasing life expectancy, getting healthier, and the desire to stay active; this encourages old – age individuals to carry out economic activities, one of them by working. This activity is not only to fulfill basic needs but also not all individuals of old – age receive pension social security. This paper aims to examine the determinants of the hours of work for old – age or elderly individuals in Indonesia. The paper findings, for old – age individuals who are under 75 years old, the factors influence the hours of work are economic factors (such as wages and non-labor income), the head of household status, marital status, education, urban rural, and industrial origin. However, the old – age individuals who are above 75 years old, these factors have no real influence. Activities carried out by this elderly group, both economic and non-economic, are more about efforts to maintain their routines so that they still feel healthy, they can meet many people, they do not depend on others, and become independent individuals. The suggestion, the government needs to pay attention to working hours and determine the proper industrial origin for elderly who still want to work; they should encourage the care programs for the elderly who come from their families, this is more beneficial for the elderly because it is expected to minimize the risk of illness and death. Furthermore, for old – age individuals who previously worked in the informal sector, the government needs to improve retirement security.

In this paper, we consider five different generalizations of the well-known Pareto distribution. In literature, different generalizations were used so that the newly generated lifetime distributions were more flexible and can be used to model skewed, symmetric, and monotone data. We consider some important characteristics of the generalized Pareto distributions, such as monotonicity and hazard rate function. Comparisons are performed between the different generalizations of Pareto distribution. Modelling real data examples are done using the different goodness of fit tests. Numerical methods are used to conduct the suggested tests, and resulted with the models that are most suitable for describing the behaviour for these data. Finally, the conclusion is given to illustrate the purpose of this work

Analysis of extreme data containing spatial elements can be used the Spatial Extreme Value method, which is applied with a max-stable process approach. The data preprocessing process begins by identifying the extreme data of each location for each time period or block. This method is also called Block maxima. The data obtained from the Block Maxima process will follow the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution. GEV has three forms of distribution, namely Gumbel, Frechet and Weibull. In this study, the data will be transformed into the frechet distribution margin because the frechet has a heavy tail shape, this is required in MSP modeling. Smith model, Schlater model, and Brown Resnik model are the three main models in MSP. Brown technical model is used in this research because Brown Resnick form is a flexible ta of stationary max stable processes in Gaussian random fields. The best model is selecting based on the smallest TIC value from all combinations of Trend surface models. The selected model is then used to determine the prediction of the extreme wave height for each location with a certain time period. The location used in this study is a point where fishermen are widely used to find fish, namely Semarang, Pekalongan, and Rembang which are in Central Java Province.

This paper analyses a Skewed t Distribution approach to estimate Value at Risk (VaR) as a tool that can measure a risk investment. The method can estimate an investment risk that can overcome the shortcoming of classical VaR, which cannot capture the existence of fat tail and skewness. The application of the method was utilized to evaluate the individual risk of four stocks taken from the NYSE Index, namely Advance Micro Devices Inc (AMD), The Coca-Cola Company (KO), Pfizer Inc. (PFE), and Walmart Inc (WMT). It can be summarized from the result of the analysis that VaR (in several confidence levels) based on the distribution approach is powerful in risk measurement and can give an alternative to the investor for estimating the risk.

The generalized exponential model has a unimodal curve shape, so it can be used as a growth function model. Determination of the supported designs must be run to construct the model is a serious problem. Based on the supported designs are expected to meet the optimal criteria. In this paper, we use the D-optimal criteria, which is minimized the variance of the parameter estimator. The standardized variance function has an important role in the D-optimal design. The D-optimal design is a design with the value of standardized variance at supported designs is equal to the number of parameters. The number of roots of the standardized variance function needs to be find to determine the number of supported designs. Tchebycheff system is a set of continuous functions that can be used to determine the number of roots of a function. A design with the number of supported designs same as the number of roots of the standardized variance function with uniform weight is a minimally supported design.

Nonminimally supported designs is a design that the number of supported design is greater than the number of parameters of the model. We construct nonminimally supported design with the number of the supported designs is the number of parameters plus one and it has uniform weight. We use two methods to construct nonminimally supported design, first we create the formula of determinant information matrix then miximized it, second by adding one supported design from minimally supported design. The formula to determine the supported design is a complicated nonlinear function, so we use numerically approach. Furthermore we conclude the best of nonminimally supported design based on the highest value of determinant information matrix. Efficiency of nonminimally supported design to minimally supported design is ratio of determinant information matrix nonminimally supported design and determinant information matrix minimally supported design.

The Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) model is used widely for model the dynamic of asset price movement. One of the company's assets is a stock. The distribution of stock data that is normally distributed can be modeled using the Geometric Brownian Motion model. However, the distribution of stock data showed excess kurtosis and tail when using the Brown Geometry Motion model was less precise. One model for data showing excess kurtosis and tail was Variance Gamma (VG). In this research, the sample used was the stock data of PT Bank Danamon Indonesia Tbk for the period April 25^th, 2018 to April 24^th, 2020. The data sample was divided into two parts, namely training data and testing data. Based on the result of the stock description statistics, the value of skewness = -2.105417 and kurtosis = 22.16438 was obtained, while hypothesis testing concluded that the stock distribution did not spread normally. The resulting parameters for the VG model were σ = 0.08071, v = 8.00500 and θ = 0.01976. Based on the results of testing on the last 38 observations, the MAPE value was = 6.97560%. These results gave the conclusion that the VG model provided excellent forecasting results.

E-commerce is a business operation model which rapidly growing today. Many business actors and the customer take advantage of E-commerce itself. Thus, it influences people's socially and economically. Traveloka is one of the best e-commerce applications that is often visited in Indonesia. Each application allows users to post an application review. The review aims to evaluate and improve the quality of the future product. For that purpose, analysis sentiment can be used to classify the review into positive or negative sentiment. Sentiment analysis can provide information that can be extracted. From the observed data, it can provide useful information for those who need it. Some sentiment analysis stages contain sentiment data collection, data preprocessing, term weighting using TF-IDF, sentiment labeling using sentiment scoring, review data classification using the Naïve Bayes Classifier method, and text association. The model was evaluated using 10 Fold Cross-Validation. Measurements were made with the Confusion Matrix. The results obtained from the reviews given by Traveloka users on Google Play using the Multinomial Naïve Bayes was obtained overall accuracy in 91.20% and kappa accuracy in 59,56 %. The higher overall accuracy value and kappa accuracy obtained, the better performance of the classification model.

Regression is a method of statistics analysis for modeling between the dependent variable to independent variables. Estimation in the regression model uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. In the regression model, several assumptions are required. One of the reasons for the violation of the assumption is that there are outliers in the data. There are several methods that can be used to overcome outliers, one of which is using the Robust MM-estimator regression. The MM-estimator has high efficiency when the error is normally distributed and also has a high breakdown value. To implement the SDG's program, one program is health. It has objectiveness to reduce maternal mortality rate. Maternal mortality consist of pregnancy, give of birth and postpartum mother. In this study the data used was the number of maternal mortality of pregnancy in Central Java in 2019 as the dependent variable, while the independent variables used included the percentage of pregnant women consuming Fe3 tablet (X₁), percentage of households that have a clean and healthy lifestyle (X₂); percentage of pregnant women who made the first visit (X3); The results obtained in multiple regression modeling produce R square value of 0.222679 and Mean Square Error (MSE) of 6.894871. The assumptions in the regression model unfulfilled, may be caused by outlier in data. In MM robust regression modeling, the R square value is 0.2695, and the MSE value is 4.989. It shows that robust regression modeling with MM estimator is better than multiple regression.

The public service sector is a sector that is engaged to serve the interests of the community. To get to the public service sector that satisfies the public, there needs to be innovation in system renewal. Many factors need to be analyzed in the public service sector to create a satisfying service. One of the factors determining community satisfaction is the queuing system in the public service area. Queue analysis is an analytical method to measure the performance of a queuing system. The system measured in services includes the number of visitors entering the queue system and the time customers start serving. The queuing system follows the Poisson, Exponential, Normal, or General distribution. For general distribution can be studied into Non-Poisson distribution. In this study, an analysis of the queuing system at the Department of Population and Civil Registration in the city of Semarang included 8 counters. From the analysis results obtained, the general distribution determined is the Dagum and Log Normal distribution. While the size of the performance of the queuing system can be said to be good, because the waiting time for customers in the system is very less.

Jamming is one of the serious problems in Indonesia caused by the increase of vehicles. The government has been made solution for this situation for example was public transportation. The train is one of the suitable public transportation because of the ticket price was cheap. Tawang Railway Station Semarang was the biggest railway station in Semarang. In the specific day such long holiday or celebration day, many people have chosen train to take them. This make a queuing situation on the counter of station especially on customer service locket which provide information about the station and more. Queue theory models provide the random of arrival and service time. The Bayesian theory suits to handle the problem of queuing that has been working for several times to repair the prior information with new information of sample and also can make a combination of the distribution after assumption steady state. Based on the analysis of the queue models for customer service are (G/G/c):(GD/∞/∞) from the posterior distribution with combination from prior distribution and likelihood sample. The prior distribution used in this research is Poisson. The likelihood sample used Uniform Discrete and Negative Binomial distribution. The posterior distribution is a combination of Uniform Discrete and Beta distribution. Queue models can be used to count the size of the system performance. Based on the calculations and analysis with RGui, it can be concluded that the queuing system of customer service locket have been good because its steady state and busy probability is higher than jobless probability.

Semarang is the Capital City of Central Java which has a large population. For 2019, the population has increased from the previous year so that it will cause a change in population identity data. Dispendukcapil of Semarang City is one of the executors of public administration services in Central Java whose task is to carry out affairs in the field of population and civil registration. However, the queue has become one of the problems that occur there because of the arrival of many customers at the same time and is random. So one way to reduce queuing is to apply queuing theory to the system. The queue theory was developed to determine the queuing model so that it can be used to calculate system performance. In measuring the performance of the system determined using Graphical User Interface (GUI) R. The queue model that has been obtained at Dispendukcapil counters in Semarang is customer service counter (Geometric/Weibull)/1):(GD//∞/∞) and electronic ID Card recording counter (Geometric/Weibull)/1):(GD//∞/∞).

The relationship between variables can be made a model or function. The use of the function is as a tool for making a prediction of the response, provided the value of the predictor is known. A function has independent variable, dependent variable, and parameter. The function discussed is an exponential function with base number in positive number. Furthermore, it is developed in the form of the exponential function with one parameter, the exponential function with two parameters and the exponential regression model. To create a function required some parameters. We need a certain method to find parameter. The accuracy of obtained function model shows the goodness of the function in approaching the distribution of the data. The method used to find parameter using the sum square error and logarithm function. Using logarithm function produces a linear function. Computation of parameters using R and Matlab programs. To measure the value of model accuracy using the mean square error. The purpose of this study is to find parameter of the exponential function with one parameter, the exponential function with two parameters and the exponential regression model. The presentation of the result of this discussion is in form of table and picture in the hope that it is easy to understand and interesting. The output of the exponential function with one parameter shows that the base value is 1.050021, the parameter value α is 7.969737 and the prediction accuracy value is 99.996%. The exponential function with two parameters shows that the base value is 0.5, the parameter value α is 7.969737, and the parameter value β is - 0.071, while for the base value is 10, the parameter value α is 7.969737, and the parameter value β is 0.02. The prediction accuracy of the exponential function with two parameters is 99.996%. While the exponential regression model shows that the base value is 0.5, the parameter value α is 128.336, and the parameter value β is -55.828. The prediction accuracy of the exponential regression model is 84.8%.

Gender consists of female and male. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood. Glucose is controlled by the hormone insulin which is produced by the pancreas. In diabetics, the pancreas is unable to produce insulin according to the body's needs. Blood sugar tests can be done to find out someone has diabetes. This method by a time blood sugar test and fasting blood sugar test. Stroke is a condition that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or reduced due to a blockage (ischemic stroke) or rupture of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). We can use the proportional hazards regression and the stratified proportional hazards model to determine the factors causing diabetes mellitus and stroke. The significant covariate could be seen as a factor causing disease. Significant covariate also yields hazard ratio. If the event time assumed has loglogistics distribution. Some of the functions discussed in this paper, namely the cumulative distribution function, survival function, hazard rate function, and cumulative hazard function. These functions are useful for prediction tools provided the event time is known. The purpose of this study was to find the factors that cause diabetes mellitus and stroke in the gender strata and making functions of random variables with the logistic distribution. The results obtained from this study are the factors that influence a person at risk of stroke namely the type of stroke, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus. The factors that affect a person at risk of stroke according to gender are the type of stroke, hypertension, systolic blood pressure. If the sample includes all women who have had a stroke, it is primarily affected by the type of stroke. If the sample consists of all men who have had a stroke, it is concluded that the significant covariates are type of stroke, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, and diabetes mellitus. Men have a higher rate of stroke than women.

Today Indonesia is experiencing health problems that are also being faced by all countries in the world, namely Covid-19. Jakarta, the capital of the state of Indonesia, is one of the provinces that has been the epicenter of the Covid-19 cases. Aim of study is to determine dependency between Covid-19 and maximum temperature in Jakarta, Indonesia. Data of Covid-19 cases used are daily cumulative cases, new cases, and deaths. The correlations used are Pearson, Spearman, and Kendall. The correlation coefficient only provides information on the measure of the two variable relationship and does not show the structure of dependency between these variables. One of the methods used to see the dependency structure between variables is copula. One of the copula that is widely used is the clayton copula because of its flexible characteristics. Meanwhile, to see the dependency structure between variables will be used the Copula method from Clayton Copula. The results show that maximum temperature is significantly associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. Based on clayton copula model, the small parameters indicate small dependencies between Covid-19 and maximum temperature.

In regression analysis, the spatial aspects need to be considered because each region has different characteristics as well as the Poisson regression model. In this method, some assumptions must be fulfilled, namely that the variance and the mean of the response variable are equal. However, counted data often have a greater variance than the mean, or what is generally called the over-dispersion phenomenon. If over-dispersion occurs, the Poisson regression is not suitable for modeling data, and that will produce biases in the parameter estimates. One method used to overcome over-dispersion in Poisson regression is negative binomial regression. The negative binomial regression model is more flexible than the Poisson regression model because it assumes that the mean and variance are not necessarily equal. Therefore, if the spatial aspect is considered, the Geographically Weighted Negative Binomial Regression (GWNBR) method is used. This study aims to compile a computational application to model spatial data using GWNBR Model using R-Shiny Web Application. And, the GWNBR model will be applied to modeling the number of dengue cases in Central Java province. The GWNBR model with Adaptive Boxcar weight is the best model because it has the smallest AIC. Using this model, two groups of districts/cities are obtained based on significant variables.

The basic assumptions in six sigma analysis are use data assumptions from the quality characteristic variables in-control and normal distributed. The use of normal distribution assumptions aims to facilitate the computational and analytical processes. In fact, there are many observational data obtained from industry which are uncontrolled and not normally distributed. The aim of the research is to use exponentially weight moving average (EWMA) as statistical transformation to make data uncontrolled and not normally distributed into data in-control and normal distributed. This research uses a case study with empirical data Weibull distributed, and use the statistics of EWMA to the data can be transformed into in-control and normal distributed. Based on the results of the transformation from empirical data, the EWMA control chart were made to determine the data position of in-control and also measured six sigma values.

Kabupaten Pati is located at north coast of java which has abundant fishery potential. This potential is built by too many factors, and one of them is mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove ecosystem are complex and dynamic. The purposes of this study is to analyze the relationship of mangrove ecosystems on ecological between fish production by fish cultivator at Kertomulyo Pati. The research is located at Kertomulyo Village, Pati. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with questionnaire and interview, observation and documentations methods and the target is fisherman who lives near the mangrove ecosystem. The data needed by this research were devided into two sources, primary data and secondary data. Primary data includes the production from fish cultivator and their perception?? about mangrove, secondary data is image from Google Earth and Landsat 8 for vegetation which is needed to know the changes of mangrove's thickness and growth. The next step is running the data using ArcGis. Then the result of this analysis can be associated with fish cultivator's production. So, there will be results which is answering the purposes.

Artificial Neural Network or Neural Network (NN) is an information processing system that has similar characteristics to the neural network in living things. One type of NN that is often used in classification is Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN). BPNN is an NN model that is often used for classification because it does not need to use assumptions and has high accuracy. One of the classification problems that can be solved with BPNN is the classification of breast cancer. The breast cancer data used in this study came from the UCI Machine Learning website. The problem with BPNN is that programming is difficult for users who do not understand the program, especially the R program. Therefore, to make it easier for users to analyze BPNN, an R-Shiny application or interface is created using the RStudio program. The application or R-Shiny interface that has been created has several advantages, namely the application process that is fast in displaying classification results, the use of user-friendly applications and the use of applications that are more comfortable when compared to having to write syntax such as in the R program. BPNN classification results use The R-Shiny interface has a different level of accuracy for each experiment due to the random distribution of training & testing data. The experiments conducted in this study resulted in a range of accuracy values ranging from 58.33% to 91.67% with an average accuracy of 74.17%.

Surfactant modified activated carbon (SMAC) is a product resulting from the modification of activated carbon with surfactants to increase the adsorption ability of activated carbon against ions in water. Carbonization using pyrolysis at 300°C, 350°C, and 400°C. Activation of carbon was carried out in two ways, the first activation using H₃PO₄ activator, followed by heating at 410°C for 1 hour. Second, activation using H₃PO₄ followed by radiation with microwaves. The resulting activated carbon was modified with HDTMA-Br to form SMAC, then SMAC was applied for adsorption of nitrite (NO₂⁻) ions. This study aimed to determine the optimum conditions for carbonization temperature, radiation time, radiation power, adsorption time of HDTMA-Br. The adsorption capacity of SMAC on nitrite ions and the adsorption process of HDTMA-Br were studied (thermodynamic data). Characterization was carried out using FTIR, SEM, and GSA. The optimum carbonization temperature was 300°C; the optimum activation was 5 minutes and 400 watts, the optimum time for HDTMA-Br adsorption was 4 hours with the adsorption capacity was 7.304 mg/g. SMAC is effective in adsorbing nitrite ions where the adsorption capacity was 0.741 mg/g, and the adsorption efficiency is 98.833%. The adsorption of HDTMA-Br on activated carbon was physical adsorption, SMAC has an N-(CH₃)₃ group from HDTMA-Br with a SMAC surface area of 24.173 m²/g.

Shortly after the rain falls to the surface of the soil, the water flows into the water body or seeps into the ground without being optimally utilized. The low chemical and physical components are the main drawbacks of rainwater utilization. The raw material for fertilizer in this research is rainwater, so we call it rain fertilizer (rainfer). The main components of the additive are Bryophyta, sp, monosodium glutamate, hydrated lime, sodium chloride. They are added to enrich the physical and chemical components. The rainfer reactor is cylindrical with a maximum capacity of 70 liters. As much as 35 litres of rainwater plus additive is put into the reactor and stirred using a pump for 15 minutes until homogeneous. Let the mixture sit for 7 x 24 hours. The results showed that the addition of additives succeeded in increasing the parameters of TDS and conductivity respectively by 98.68% and 99.03%. The concentration of nitrate as nitrogen increased by 96.54%, from 1.13 mg/L to 32.67 mg/L. The final pH was 7.78, total P was 78.47 mg/L, total K was 0.03 mg/L, and heavy metal Cu was 0.06 mg/L. The level of toxicity based on the germination index value was 70.16% compared to the control, which is equivalent to mature and stable compost. The addition of additives can improve the quality of rainwater based on physical, chemical, and non-toxic parameters.

Coastal residents have difficulty in fulfilling the needs of clean water due to tidal water and tidal water intrusion. Meanwhile, clean water is a crucial component in carrying out activities of daily life. This initiative aims to provide an alternative solution in the form of technology to treat water polluted by saline water into clean water. This initiative used the method of electrolysis, filtration, and ozonation. Electrolysis has functions to remove salt contained and reduce levels of heavy metals while filtration functions to filter out the impurities in the form of solid particles, and ozonation takes a role to kill bacteria. Moreover, the target output of this work is the creation of a prototype by using this technology as a technology that can treat water polluted by saline water into clean water. The parameters assessed from this initiative are physical, chemical, and biological parameters of clean water. The results of the total test of dissolved solids of water before processing were 7130 ppm while it was 2490 ppm after getting treatment. The decreasing total value of dissolved solids is 65.077%, which indicates that the test was successful. The result of an electrical conductivity test of water before processing is 310 mA while after processing is 88.6 mA. The decrease in the current value of 71.419% indicates that the test was successful. The results of the turbidity test of water before processing are 0 FAU while after getting treatment is 0 FAU. The turbidity value remains 0, which indicates the test was successful. The results of the pH test of water before processing were 5.7 while the result after treatment got 6.1. The increase in pH value towards pH 7 (neutral) indicates that the test was successful. The test results of salt and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cl, Na, and Pb) of water before processing were 0.073 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 0.17 ppm, 0.04 ppm, and 4.24 ppm while after processing was 0 ppm, 0 ppm, 0.07 ppm, 0.03 ppm, and 1.36 ppm. There was a decrease in Fe 100%, Cu 100%, Cl 58,823%, Na 25%, and Pb 67,924% which showed that the test was successful. Test results for fecal coliform and nonfecal coliform bacteria before processing were 43 MPN / 100 ml and 7 MPN / 100 ml while after processing was 23 MPN / 100 ml and 4 MPN / 100 ml. There was a decrease in the value of fecal coliform bacteria 46.511% and nonfecal coliform 42.857% which showed that the test was successful. The use of electrodes needs to be replaced periodically so that the results of clean water production remain optimal.

Geothermal solid waste contains around 80-95% of silica, which can be used for getting valuable materials. Synthetic silica can be produced from sodium silicate with polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a capping agent. The purpose of this research is to obtain silica xerogel from geothermal sludge, determine the effect of concentration variations of PEG to particle size and Si-OH/Si-O-Si groups ratio of silica xerogel on the adsorption ability to Pb (II) ions. The sol-gel method was applied to synthesize the product. The xerogel successfully resulted in deriving from geothermal solid waste with the addition of PEG. FTIR spectra indicated the presence of Si-OH stretching vibration at 954 cm⁻¹ and Si-O-Si asymmetry stretching vibrations at 1089 cm⁻¹. PSA data showed that silica gel with 0%, 2%, 4%, and 5% were 46.63; 197.01; 468.35; and 569.07 µm, respectively, and increase in particles size and the group' ratio of Si-OH to Si-O-Si. The addition gel with a variation of PEG 2% slightly increased the Pb(II) ions adsorption capacity at various concentrations of 80 mg/L.

E-cadherin-derived peptides, which are peptide sequences taken from their binding sites, have been shown to be able to modulate cross-cell junction so as to facilitate drug delivery to their targets. One of the E-cadherin-derived peptides, HAV4 (Ac-SHAVAS-NH₂) previously has been studied by in vitro and in vivo where the activity of the HAV4 peptide is able to modulate the tight junction between E-cadherin cells. The physicochemical properties of macromolecule such as protein or peptide are very important to understand the function of the macromolecule. Computational chemistry method has good advantage for understanding physicochemical properties in studying the structure, dynamic, and interaction of molecules in support of experimental data. The purpose of this study is to prove the inhibitory activity of interaction between E-cadherin cells and the best conformation of HAV4 peptide by its binding energy and active site parameters. This study uses molecular dynamic simulation and molecular docking. The results of research in 27°C temperature at 20000 ps molecular dynamic simulation which prove the HAV4 peptide has the best conformation at the 2508 ps with conformation energy -47704.4 kJ.mol⁻¹. Based on the results of molecular docking simulation, interaction between HAV4 peptide and E-cadherin domain EC1-EC2 show binding energy of -24.393 kJ.mol⁻¹ with the Ki inhibition constant of 53.17 µM. This strong interaction occurs in the adhesion arm-acceptor pocket area with residual active sites Trp2, Ile4, Ile24, Lys25, Ser26, Asn27, Ser78, Glu89, Asp90, Met92.

In this study, chitosan-salicylaldehyde/vanillin was synthesis by reflux method via condensation reaction. The aim of this study was to apply the Schiff base compound to cotton fabrics and test its antibacterial activity. The chitosan-salicylaldehyde/vanillin Schiff base was applied to cotton fabrics using spray method and antibacterial activity tested using turbidimetric method. The Schiff base was achieved with formation of brownish-yellow solids. The characterization of chitosan-salicylaldehyde Schiff base showed C=N vibration at 1649.18 cm⁻¹, the ratio of Schiff base formed was 0.403 in a yield of 56% (b/b). The treated cotton fabrics using chitosan-salicylaldehyde/vanillin Schiff base showed optimum inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus up to 69% at 6 hours and Escherichia coli up to 7% at 18 hours.

Bromelain isolated from pineapple (Ananas comosus) can be an excellent phytotherapeutic agent for cardiovascular treatment as it can inhibit platelet aggregation. However, if it is used orally, it can be easily degraded in an acidic pH environment due to enzymes secreted during the digestion process. Its instability under a certain condition will reduce its pharmacological activity and, as a result, will reduce its health benefit. Therefore bromelain needs to be encapsulated in a matrix such as alginate-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) microsphere cross-linked to Ca²⁺ ion, which will act as a carrier agent. In this research, bromelain encapsulation is done by in situ encapsulation. Particle size analyzer (PSA), Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, and scanning electron microscope are used as characterization instruments to investigate the encapsulation of bromelain into the alginate-CMC microsphere. PSA analysis showed that the molecular size of the alginate-CMC microspheres was in the 496.05±2.72 and 629.65±8.70 nm. Encapsulation study using the Bradford method showed that the highest encapsulation ratio was achieved at alginate-CMC ratio of 1.5:0.5 (% w/v:% w/v). These results demonstrated that the alginate-CMC microsphere had potential to be an effective matrix for bromelain encapsulation.

Waste lubricant oil is mostly produced by its replacement on engines machine, which is frequently discarded into the environment to seawater in particular. Calotropis gigantea and Ceiba pentandra fibres had the potential to be used as a natural oil absorbent material. This study was conducted on these fibres' oil sorption capacity in artificial seawater, using different variations in the thickness of the oil layer, contact time, mass absorbent, and temperature. The highest sorption capacity was obtained by 65,70 g/g for Calotropis gigantea, 79,71 g/g for Ceiba pentandra on fibre weight of 0.3 g, 9 mm oil film thickness, contact time 60 minutes, at room temperature. This report represents that both fibres are highly effective sorption on waste lubricant oil.

Ionic Imprinted Polymer (IIP) with polyeugenoxy acetate (PA) as the base polymer, EGDMA as the crosslinking agent, and AIBN as the initiator have been synthesized to adsorb Fe(III) metal ions. NIP (non-imprinted polymer) was used as a comparison for this study. The produced polymer was characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and SEM-EDX. Adsorption rate and capacity were examined through adsorption isotherm and kinetics studies for all adsorbents. The adsorption selectivity test was done with mixed-metal solutions of Zn(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), and Ag(I). The results of SEM analysis on IIP-PA show a more uniform and regular size than NIP-PA. Adsorption of Fe(III) in IIP-PA and NIP-PA follows pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherm both follow the Langmuir theory. The adsorption capacity of Fe(III) metal ions in IIP-PA is 10.88 mg/g, and the adsorption capacity of NIP-PA is 7.94 mg/g. The mechanism of adsorption of Fe(III) metal ions in IIP-PA and NIP-PA was dominated by hydrogen bonds between the -COOH groups and Fe(III). In binary solutions, IIP-PA adsorption selectivity coefficient is higher than NIP-PA with the order of Fe(III)/Zn (II)>Fe(III)/Cu(II)>Fe(III)/Cd(II)>Fe(III)/Ag(I)

The adsorption of Fe (III) metal ions in water media using the ionic imprinted polymer has been carried out with a polyeugenol base polymer and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) as the crosslinking agent. The adsorbent is in the form of Ionic Imprinted Polymer Fe (IIP-Fe), and Non-Imprinted Polymer (NIP) was also used as a comparison. The polymer results are characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The adsorption test was performed to obtain the adsorption kinetics by varying the contact time. Meanwhile, adsorption isotherm was performed by varying the concentration of adsorbate, and adsorption selectivity between binary metal ions of Fe(III)/Cr(III), F(III)/Zn(II), and Fe(III)/Ag(I). Also, the adsorption mechanism was studied using different solvents such as HCl, Aquadest, KNO₃, and Na₂EDTA. The results of the filtrate in the adsorption test were characterized using AAS. The results showed the optimum time in kinetics was 60 minutes, the adsorption isotherm followed the Langmuir model with a large adsorption capacity of 23.640 mg/g on IIP-Fe and 17.636 mg/g on NIP. Adsorption selectivity towards Fe (III) metal ions in binary metal ions shows results in the order of Fe(III)/Zn(II)>Fe(III)/Cr(II)>Fe(III)/Ag(I), while the adsorption mechanism was dominated by hydrogen bonds.

The high cost, scarce availability, and some extraneous side effects of some pharmaceuticals have diverted the majority's mindset towards the use of nutraceuticals as both prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives. The cancer incidence in the low and middle-income countries has risen due to several factors, but notably, it has been due to poverty and the non-availability of screening centers. The non-toxic nature, high availability, and low cost of food-based nutraceuticals have been a significant advantage to its users. Solanum lycopersicum is well-known to possess excellent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential, and this has been attributed to its potent bioactive compound, lycopene. The presence of β-carotene in Daucus Carota has also contributed immensely to its antioxidant and anticancer properties. Nutraceuticals are considered suitable for anticancer drug development due to their pleiotropic actions on target sites with multiple effects. This short review has explored the dietary characteristics, bioactive components and mild anticancer effects of tomatoes and carrots.

Piles of garbage could an impact on reducing aesthethics, lowering the quality of groundwater and the health of the people who live around the landfill (TPA). The focus of research aims to reduce the content of organic pollutants dissolved in leachate at the Diponegoro University landfill (TPA). There are 2 methods chosen, namely the electrocoagulation method and the Fenton electro method. The electrodes used in these 2 methods are the same, namely aluminum and ferrous metals (as anode) and carbon (as cathodes). Our observations in the laboratory show that the dissolved organic matter in leachate at Diponegoro University's final disposal site (TPA) (COD parameter) was 6.2 ppm, still far below the leachate content of TPA Jati barang 9.1 -16.2 ppm. The limit of the Government of the Republic of Indonesia in PP 82, 2001 (10 ppm). With the electrocoagulation method, when aluminum metal (as anode) was used, the amount of organic material that could be removed was 77.6%, while with ferrous metal (as anode) the amount of organic material that could be removed was smaller, namely 69.8%. Whereas with the Fenton electro method, when using aluminum metal (as anode), the amount of organic material that could be removed was 89.9%, while with ferrous metal (as anode) the amount of organic material that could be removed was smaller, namely 71.6%. The addition of inorganic salts (100 ppm NaCl and 100 ppm Na2SO4) was able to increase the yield of organic matter removal between 2.1 - 5.1%.

Chlorophyll from Caulerpa racemosa is a pigment that has the potential to be used as a natural coloring agent. However, chlorophyll is susceptible to high temperatures. Microencapsulation is a technology that can protect chlorophyll degradation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect protection of fish gelatine and Arabic gum combination as a coating material to the quality of chlorophyll microencapsulation from C. racemosa. Five different combination formulations of coating materials composed by fish gelatine and Arabic gum at ratio (w/w) 0%:10% (A), 0.5%:9.5% (B), 1%:9% (C), 1.5%:8.5% (D), 2%:8% (E) were applied to chlorophyll microencapsulation process. The microcapsules quality were tested for yield, solubility, dissolved solids, bulk density, moisture content, chlorophyll levels, and a degree of lightness test. Other analyses such as FTIR, SEM and DSC confirmed availability of chloropyll in microcapsules. The result showed that the formulation of C (combination of fish gelatine and Arabic gum at ratio (w/w) 1%:9%) has a high solubility of 97.75% and low water content of 3.57%, encapsulation efficiency of 68.95%, the density of 0.427 g/cm³ and chlorophyll level of 18.46 mg/L. The presence of chlorophyll was indicated at wavelengths of 1583–1709, 2809–3012, and 3029–3639 nm⁻¹.

Papaya leaves have been known to contain secondary metabolite compounds as antimicrobial, so that endophytic bacteria is also suspected of having secondary metabolite compounds as antimicrobial. In previous research, endophytic bacteria have been isolated from papaya leaf and obtained 5 endophytic bacteria which were F1, F2, F3, F4 and F5. Three bacterias that have been known for their antibacterial activity were F1, F3, and F5. This research aims to determine the antimicrobial activity of F4 endophytic bacteria. The results showed that single isolates of endophytic bacteria F4 is a type of Gram-positive bacteria with a basil cell shape (stem). F4 endophytic bacteria has 3 growth phases; they are logarithmic phase occurs at 0-8 hours, stationary phase at 8-34 hours, and phase of death at 34-46 hours. Phytochemical results showed that MS18 contained saponin group compounds, while MS36 contained alkaloids and saponin group compounds. The highest antimicrobial activity was in the death phase, MS36 with minimum inhibitory concentration (KHM) to Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Bacillus subtillis were 15.5 mg/mL, respectively; 16.5 mg/mL and 16.5 mg/mL by disc diffusion method, whereas to Aspergillus niger of 0.5 mg/mL by dry weight method.

Sargassum sp. seaweed becomes one of the interesting food preparations for the community and can be a potential local food-based product because this type of brown seaweed can be processed into food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile products. Seaweed Sargassum sp. has economic value and protection for marine life. Sargassum sp can be beneficial in the health field because it contains protein, minerals, alginates, active compounds of steroids, alkaloids, and phenols that function as antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties. Sargassum sp., was the largest class of brown algae (Phaeophyta) in tropical seas. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutritional composition of Sargassum sp. which includes protein content, fat content, ash content, and water content. The method used is a proximate analysis method based on SNI 01-2354.4-2006, SNI 2891 01 1992, SNI 01-2354.1-2006, and SNI 2354.2: 2015. The results obtained were Sargassum sp protein levels of 3.048% higher than E. cottonii. Fat content in Sargassum sp of 0.617% of dry weight is lower than E. cottonii. The ash content of Sargassum sp was 7.112% higher than that of E. cottonii in proportion to the mineral content of the two seaweeds. The water content of Sargassum sp was 67.281% lower than E. cottonii, both of which were higher than the specified water content standard of <32%. This is also influenced by the drying process. Conclusion: Sargassum sp has good content to be consumed and used as local food products.

Ulva sp seaweed generally still harvested from nature, not cultivation. Therefore, guarantee to availability of its seaweed conducted storage in the warehouse. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sulfate polysaccharide content on the sampling times of Ulva sp. The sampling time of seaweed raw materials is freshly harvested seaweed, and other has been stored for 4 months. Dried Ulva sp and freshly Ulva sp obtained from Gunung Kidul. The testing parameters include ash content, polysaccharide content, sulfate content, and its yield. The results showed that the highest yield and total polysaccharides were obtained from freshly harvested seaweed, while the sulfate content was similar. Based on the polysaccharide extract test results obtained, storage affects the yield and it content of polysaccharides.

Carrageenan is a group of galactose polysaccharides extracted from seaweed and has the ability to form a thermo-reversible gel or a viscous solution when added to the salt solution widely utilized as gelling, thickener and stabilizers in various industries such as food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, printing, and textiles. Only two types of carrageenan can be used in the manufacture of hydrogels which are kappa and iota. Kappa-carrageenan is produced from the tropical seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum is the main species producing iota-carrageenan. The aim of this research is to know the composition of kappa-carrageenan and iota-carrageenan mixture as gel base to produce the optimum physical properties and to know the physical properties of optimum formula with the addition of papain enzyme for 4 weeks storage. The determination of the optimum formula of mixed carrageenan kappa and iota gel with Simplex Lattice Design method. The physical properties of the optimum formula with the addition of papain enzyme during 4 weeks storage are viscosity, pH, dispersion, and sineresis of optimum formula were statistically verified using Anova Univariate method of experimental design of two factorial with 95% confidence level. The results showed that the optimal formula of mixed carrageenan kappa and iota respectively concentrations of 0.3%, 1% and the use of 0.8% papain enzyme.

Gelidium sp. is a seaweed that produces agar with a high gel strength. Bacto agar must have a high purity, so it needs a right purification method. One of the ways by adsorption process using chitosan. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of chitosan as an adsorbent and the optimum condition of its adsorption process. Bacto agar was extracted with water at 90°C. An alkali and acid pretreatment were added in the extraction process in order to increase thephysico-chemical properties of the agar gels. The agar extract was adsorbed by chitosan with various concentration of chitosan (0.5; 0.75; and 1%) and adsorption time (0, 30, and 60 minutes). The characteristic of bacto agar include moisture content, ash content, acid-insoluble ash content, sulphate content, gel strength, viscosity, syneresis, gelling and melting points, analysis of its molecular structure by FTIR and SEM. Bacto agar resulted in this research were tested as a bacterial culture medium using Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The best chitosan treatment process was obtained in bacto agar at 0,75% and 0 minute of adsorption which is had the physico-chemical properties that met the criteria of commercial bacto agar with 3.50% of bacto agar yield, 14.61% moisture content, 4.02% ash content, 0.93% acid-insoluble ash content, 1.34% sulphate content, 1054.96 g/cm² gel strength, 60 Cp viscosity, 4.62% syneresis, 65 °C and 20.75 °C of melting and gelling points respectively. The microbial analysis shows that bacto agar can be used as a bacterial culture medium.

The preparation of polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) based on bio-composite materials often requires crosslinking agents to achieve the desired stability and properties of the material formed. PEC with opposite charges has the advantage in self-crosslinking through electrostatic interactions. Chitosan is a positively charged polysaccharide with -NH₃⁺ group while κappa-carrageenan is a negatively charged polysaccharide with -OSO₃⁻ group. This work focused on synthesizing chitosan-carrageenan membrane and determining its characteristics. The membrane was prepared by interacting chitosan and carrageenan hydrosols at a pH of 5. The obtained chitosan-carrageenan membrane had better physical-mechanical properties, including tensile strength (load), elongation (strain), and elasticity (modulus young), adsorption, and resistance of water, than the constituent polymers. The FTIR spectra indicated the presence of self interaction in membrane between protonated amine groups of chitosan and sulfate groups of carrageenan. The difference in surface morphology among chitosan-carrageenan membrane and its constituent membranes was confirmed by SEM analysis.

Recycle compressor used at PT. Lotte Chemical Titan Nusantara utilizes a four-stage piston compressor type. The compressor increases the gas pressure from the S-425 degasser at 0.3 bar to the R-400 reactor with a pressure of 22 bars. Evaluation of a compressor performance encompasses assessment over a number of aspects such as the capacity and volumetric efficiency of each stage, mechanical efficiency, compressor power, and cost saving. Performance analysis on the C-470 compressor implied a decrease in a performance marked by a decrease in mechanical efficiency from the design at 96.43% to the actual condition at 79.72%, along with the decrease in volumetric efficiency from the initial design to the actual efficiency for each stage. The differences occurred due to the changes in pressure and temperature of the input and output fluid at each stage. However, the compressor still appropriates to save the cost up to 99.7% with actual efficiency of 79.72%.

Hydrogen energy has the potency as a renewable energy source to replace the fossil energy. It can be obtained through the process of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting with the help of a semiconductor as a photocathode to capture photon energy. One of the copper-based metal oxide semiconductors that can be used in the water splitting process is copper(I) oxide (Cu₂O), because it has non-toxic advantage, requires an easy synthesis process, low production cost, and has a low band gap (2-2.45 eV). This study aims to determine the effect of Fehling's modification using citrate in Cu₂O synthesis as material to prepare Cu₂O thin film photocathode using spin-coating method. The prepared photocathode consists of three stages, namely variations of Cu₂O synthesis with mole ratios of copper:citrate of 1:1; 1:2; 1:4, thin film preparation and heating. Then the obtained thin film was characterized using SEM, EDX and XRD. J-V curves of the photocathodes gave current densities, onset potential and applied bias to photon efficiency (ABPE) for Cu₂O thin film photocathode prepared by copper:citrate mole ratios of 1:1; 1:2; 1:4 namely 0.09; 0.18; 0.12 mA/cm² at potential of 0.2 V (vs. RHE), 0.04; 0.08; 0.02 V (vs. RHE), and 0.062, 0.057, 0.058 %, respectively. SEM analysis result showed a spherical morphology of Cu₂O. EDX analysis showed that the sample contained copper and oxygen with 78% Cu and 22% O. XRD analysis results showed the presence of Cu₂O with an average crystal grain size of 38.08 nm.

In recent years, there has been an increasing research interest regarding the development of superhydrophobic coating for various purposes with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as the source of silica. Unfortunately, TEOS is hazardous as an alkoxide and need long step as well as time consuming to synthesize it. Typically, previous researches using fluoroalkylsilane (FOK) as the surface modification agent is containing fluoro compound which is not safety to use. This paper is aimed to develop a cost-effective and environmental-friendly superhydrophobic coating by utilizing bamboo leaf silica. This work was particularly conducted to develop the method of purification of bamboo leaf ash as the source of silica to produce superhydrophobic coating material. This method could be an effective and efficient way of preparing a superhydrophobic coating using silica bamboo leaf with eco-friendly solvent exchange agents. This observation used n-hexane, cyclohexane, isooctane as a solvent exchange, and trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) as a surface modification agent which is not containing fluoro component. The initial bamboo leaf silica and purified silica were examined using XRD, BET, XRF, and SEM EDX Mapping to obtain essential information such as structure, porosity, purity, and surface topography. Also, the coated zinc plat with different solvents was assessed hydrophobicity by contact angle measurement and surface morphology by SEM. The efficient and effective formulation of the superhydrophobic coating was attained by applying n-hexane solvent, 13 %-v/v TMCS, 1.75 %-w/v of bamboo leaf silica was the highest of contact angle.

Synthesis of ferrate using NaOCl and Fe(OH)₃ from electrolysis of used iron, and its application for metanil yellow degradation had been done. The electrolysis was conducted using used iron and zink plates at anode and cathode electrodes, respectively, Na₂SO₄ electrolyte. The dissolved iron ion from the electrolysis then was made alkaline using NaOH pellet and NaOCl was soaked to the solution to form ferrate (FeO₄²-). The ferrate was used for metanil yellow degradation and it was compared with other oxidators such as permananate, hydrogen peroxide and dichromate. The ferrate solution formed was indicated by a change from brown to dark purple which was indicated the oxidation of Fe(III) to Fe(VI) with a maximum wavelength of 510 nm. The optimum degradation of metanil yellow by ferrate was obtained at pH 8, molar ratio of 2:1, and for 25 min. Ferrate was the most effective oxidator compared with permananate, hydrogen peroxide and dichromate.

Since Diponegoro University moved its campus to the Tembalang area, it has been full of issues of decreasing groundwater quality and aesthetic decline caused by laundry wastewater and washing and toilet wastewater which has growing rapidly along with the growth of boarding houses in the Tembalang area. This will have an impact on the health quality of the people who live in the Tembalang area. This study aims to reduce the content of dissolved organic matter in laundry wastewater and bath wash also bath, wash and toilet wastewater. The method chosen was the electrocoagulation method, using 2 different electrodes. The electrodes chosen are aluminum metal and ferrous metal (as anode) and carbon (as cathode). With the electrocoagulation method using aluminum electrodes (as anode) and carbon (as a cathode) the amount of organic material that could be removed was 60.1%. Meanwhile, with ferrous metal (as anode) and carbon (as cathode) the amount of organic material that can be removed is smaller, namely 52.2%. The addition of 100 ppm NaCl solution and 100 ppm Na₂SO₄ solution was able to increase the efficiency of organic matter removal by 1.8-2.5%.

In recent years, nano-sized composite particles have been developed as antibacterial agents. We investigated antimicrobial activities of sulfonated poly-(eugenol divinylbenzene) nanosilver composite coated on cotton fabric. Firstly, sulfonated poly-(eugenol divinylbenzene) was synthesized through a cationic copolymerization between eugenol and divinylbenzene, followed by sulfonation using sulfuric acid. Furthermore, the nanosilver material was synthesized by reducing silver nitrate using sodium citrate solution as a reducing agent. The composite formation has been successfully carried out through the interaction of the polymer and nanosilver. The resulting inhibition zone diameter of copolymers and composites shows moderate inhibitory activity. The data shown by SEM-EDX reveals that the spray coating method is successful in making the composites coated well on cotton fabrics. Coated cotton fabric has hydrophobic properties and exhibits good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus bacteria.

Chemical oxidation is an effective method for treating wastewater that contains dyes. Ferrate is known as the strongest and environmentally friendly oxidizer in aqueous media. This study aims to degrade remazol black B dyes using ferrate synthesized by the wet chemical method from Ferrous ion of FeSO₄.7H₂O. This research studies the optimum conditions of degradation including pH, molar ratio and optimum time, degradation kinetics and the comparison of the effectiveness in degrading Remazol Black B dyes among ferrate to permanganate, peroxide and dichromate. The results show that ferrate can oxidize remazol black B effectively at an optimum pH 8, with a molar ratio of ferrates:dyes of 5:1 and the optimum time of degradation of 120 minutes, with the degradation percentage reaches up to 95%. The degradation kinetics of dyes follows first-order kinetics, and ferrate has the highest degradation effectiveness compared to permanganate, peroxide and dichromate.

Rice husk and coconut shell waste is potential biomass found in Palembang that has not been utilized properly. Besides being used for primary purposes, biomass can be used for energy sources like renewable energy. Biomass residues can be obtained from the pyrolysis process with thermal cracking units (UTC) and used as bio-briquettes. Bio-briquette is prepared from a mixture of pyrolysis residues of coconut shell and rice husk with a mass ratio of 2:1 using a combination of adhesive mucilage (mango sap) and paste (starch). The adhesive is prepared by dissolving the starch in water, then mixing it into melted mango sap. The mass ratio of the sap and starch is 1:1 (w/w), while the ratio of the mixture of adhesive and water is 1:10. Based on the ATR-FTIR characterization, it showed that the C = C strain group and the C-H bending group appeared at 2800 cm⁻¹, which was confirmed by its appearance at 800 cm⁻¹ in the fingerprint area. Then, appears peak in the area of 1300 cm⁻¹, indicating the presence of a nitro group, which is assumed to have come from mango sap. Measurements of the briquette physicochemical properties such as moisture content, ash content volatile matter, and fixed carbon were measured using the proximate analysis method. Furthermore, the addition of coconut shells in producing bio briquettes from rice husks increased the calorific value by 7.305 MJ kg⁻¹. So that, bio-briquette is an effective as an alternative energy source to replace fossil fuel for household purposes.