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The 8th International Seminar on New Paradigm and Innovation on Natural Sciences and Its Application (ISNPINSA-8) is annual seminars organized by Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics (FSM) Diponegoro University and has been successfully conducted since 2011. The ISNPINSA-8 was held in Semarang, Indonesia on September 26^th 2018. The aims of ISNPINSA are to facilitate brain storming and state of the art information in field of sciences and mathematics; to increase innovation of technology that can be applied in industries; to contribute in formulating strategy to increase the role of science for community; and to stimulate collaboration between industries, researchers and government to increase community welfare. The theme of 8^th ISNPINSA in 2018 is "Science and Applied Science for Sustainable Development Goals".

The number of participants of the seminar were 272 including keynote speakers, invited speakers, oral presenters, poster presenters, and non presenters coming from various institutions of various countries, including Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Australia, Bangladesh, China, Kazakhtan, Vietnam and those who come from all parts of Indonesia consist of researchers, lecturers, postgraduate and undergraduate students from various universities. There are 272 papers were presented in this seminar, consist of 5 keynote speakers, 237 oral presentations, and 30 poster presentations. After the selection process, there are 184 articles selected papers to be published in the present conference proceeding. This is the largest number of papers and participants for eight times the implementation of ISNPINSA. The scope of the field of participants comes from various fields including biology, physics, chemistry, statistics, mathematics, informatics, environment, public health, and relevant fields that contribute to sustainable development.

The Editors

Dr.Eng. Ali Khumaeni

Sapto Purnomo Putro, Ph.D.

Rully Rahadian, Ph.D.

All papers published in this volume of Journal of Physics: Conference Series have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Dipole-dipole is one configuration design survey in electrical resistivity method which is common to interpreted shallow subsurface base on resistivity parameter, and the model can be developed using inversion formula. Otherwise, we developed some model without empirical mathematic formula; it is called Artificial Neural Network (ANN). ANN is a system which has a pattern like the human brain process to solve the complex problems. The research aims to develop a neural network algorithm using Matlab and compare the result 2D model resistivity between ANN and inversion by Res2Dinv (existing procedure) software. The research was done in Taman Rumah Kita (TRK) where located in Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Diponegoro University. A cylinder was buried in the center of TRK and getting the best architecture of the network and the value of Mean Square Error (MSE) of the output network. The backpropagation artificial neural network was built from many layers such as an input layer, hidden layer, and output layer and developed by Matlab programs. The Network train was tested using synthetic data and field data. The synthetic data was made with forwarding modeling method by Res2Mod software, and the field data was obtained by doing the measurement at the measurement site using dipole-dipole resistivity method. The comparing result models are present the best architecture obtained one input layer with three input units, three hidden layers with each layer has 100 neurons and one output layer that obtained by trial and error process. MSE obtained respectively in observation lines are 0.0210 at Line 1, and 0.0345 at Line 2.

Production process in vehicle exhaust small industry releases waste water from xhaust tube electroplating and anodizing without any pre-treatment. It contains plating and coloring from Chroom hexavalent as much as 65,586 mg/l and lead 86,576 mg/l, which is more that the electroplated and anodized waste water quality limit of and 0,3 mg/l 0.1 mg/l for Lead concentration. In addition Chroom and Lead is categorized as toxic and dangerous waste substances. This research is aimed at studying the fundamental characteristics of Chroom and Lead separated from electroplated waste water in exhaust tube by means of electro-Coagulation. To get a comprehensive understanding of process characteristics, two intrinsic parameters are the focus of this research. This include electro-chemistry (installed voltage and current gain) and psycho-chemistry-fluid (process time and contaminant concentration). The research method involved designing assembly and fabrication of an electro-coagulation unit in the laboratory scale. It also a characteristic study of separation process by varying both electrochemistry and psycho-chemistry-fluid parameters, whilst developing a characteristic model of Chroom and lead separation. Those research stages provided measured contributions that resulted in a prototype of a compact and modular electrocoagulation device. This was designed with 5 pairs of aluminum electrodes that capable of separating chroom and lead with a gain of 88,76% and 87.54%.

In this work, we demonstrate the NIP's all in-house development of a vertical cavity surface emitting laser structure. The VCSEL structure grown via MBE consists of an AlAs/AlGaAs distributed Bragg reflector and an AlGaAs/GaAs quantum well designed to issue at the 850 nm region. Reflectance spectroscopy showed that the stop band is centered around the designed wavelength. The electroluminescence spectra displayed that the maximum light emission corresponded to its design. This is a crucial step in the NIP's development of semiconductor lasers, leading towards future high-speed and highly-tunable VCSEL devices.

Impurity analysis in the material surface urgently required in various fields such as material sciences and industries. In this research, a new technique was devised based on a pulse CO₂ laser. Technically, the surface of the almite material as a material target was covered by a metal mesh. To induce a big-size plasma, the pulse CO₂ laser was directed to the metal mesh at an inclining degree of 30° by a ZnSe lens. Using this present technique, some impurities including potassium and calcium in the surface of the almite sample can be detected with the limit of detection of 10 and 5 mg/kg, respectively.

In this research has been focused on the fabrication of green composites (GC) from emultion-type poly-lactic acid (PLA) biodegradable resin with bamboo micro-fibrils (BMF) reinforcement. BMF were extracted by combination methods: chemical solution and mechanical treatment. The chemical solution: alkalization of 5% (weight/volume) sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for 72 hours and bleaching of 2,8% volume natrium hypoclorit (NaClO) for 12 hours. And for mechanical treatment: high speed-blender for up to 30 minute along with the alkalization process. The chemical structure of the resulting cellulose BMF was studied by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy. The alkalization and bleaching treatment were affected by the BMF cellulose content. Fabrication of green composites with BFC loading from 0%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of mass were prepared using hot-press molding at constant temperature of 170°C, pressure of 10 MPa and time molding of 10 minutes. Tensile strength and elastic modulus was investigated using computerized Universal Testing Mechines HT-2402 with crosshead speed of 5.0 mm/min. The measurement finding showed that the tensile strength and elastic modulus were affected by the BMF content. The results obtained emphasize the application of bamboo micro-fibrils composites (BMC), as a potential materials in biodegradable based or green composites (GC).

The optimation of ozone production generator that used for cold storage has been done. Ozone generator was constructed by using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma Reactor with single pyrex dielectic. Plasma was generated by HV AC with voltage from 0.5 kV to 11 kV, and frequence of 1 kHZ. This research was conducted in two treatment namely control treatment and ozone treatment by tuna fish, milkfish and shrimp. Ozone treatment are stored into Cold Storage (2 m x 2 m x 2.5 m), temperature (2°C-8°C) with average concentration of ozone distributed into the cold storage for 24 points is 6.2 ppm ± 0,14 ppm. The result showed that the optimum to generate ozone by using variations of power input, air flow rate. we obtained that the highest efficiency of 320 grams / kWh and ozone capacity of 65 grams / hour at 15 L / min flow rate with an input power of 210 watts. The concentration of dissolved ozone in the water containing fish and shrimp is almost the same that is equal to 2 ppm ozone flow for 60 minutes with ozone generator production capacity of 65 gram/hour. We test proximate of milkfish, tuna fish, and white shrimp that storaged in cold room (2°C-8°C), and we found that until days 15 still meet SNI 01-2729.1-2006, as fresh fish and shrimp.

Research on the application of ozone technology to red cayenne pepper had been done. The purpose of this research was to determine the changes in the physical characteristic, i.e. TPA (Texture Profile Analysis) and color parameters (L, a*, b*) of red cayenne pepper by treated with ozone technology. The research method was red cayenne pepper were not sprayed with ozonated water then stored in room temperature, air-conditioner room temperature, cold storage, cold storage dedicated ozone (R0, A0, C0, and Z0) and red cayenne pepper were sprayed with ozonated water then stored in room temperature, air-conditioner room temperature, cold storage, cold storage dedicated ozone (R1, A1, C1, and Z1). The storage times were five days, ten days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, and 30 days. During the storage period, the visual appearance, change in texture, color, and weight loss were measured. The results showed that ozone technology treatment and the length of storage time influenced the texture, color, and weight loss of red cayenne pepper as a conclusion the red cayenne pepper treated by sprayed with ozonated water and stored in cold storage dedicated ozone could maintain the quality of red cayenne pepper for 30 days.

Hybrid green composite is a combination of several layers of fiber types or laminate that are arranged with a certain number and sequence. This type is used to replace the deficiencies of both types of fibers and can combine the advantages. In this paper, tensile properties of hybrid green composite biodegradable from natural fibers (coir and fleece) and Poly-Lactic Acid (PLA)matrix were investigated. The synthesis of composite material was carried out with five samples i.e coir, fleece, 5/15% mass of coir and fleece, 10/10% mass of coir and fleece and 15/5% mass of coir and fleece reinforced PLA biodegradable matrix were synthesized using hot press molding at temperature of 170°C pressure of 10MPa and time molding of 10 minutes. Characterization of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity of the material using the Tensile Test Machine ASTM D 638. The result show that the tensile properties (tensile strength and modulus of elasticity) of the sample affected by addition of fiber fraction. The result confirmed with the result of morphology test by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope).

This research deals with fabrication and tensile properties characterization of green composite (GC). In this research, GC was made from ramie, coir and bagasse fiber as reinforcement with polylactic acid (PLA) biodegradable resin. To improve the adhesion between fiber and PLA also increasing tensile properties of GC, mercerization or NaOH fiber treatment is used. This is aimed to observe the effect of NaOH fiber surface treatment on the tensile properties of GC. Ramie, bagasse, and coir fiber were chopped (2-3mm) and immersed in 5 wt% NaOH for 2, 3 and 4 hours respectively. The GC with ten wt% fiber loading was prepared by pouring the fiber in a melted PLA at 170°C and stirring them for a homogenizing process. Then pour it in a metallic mold, the pressure at 10MPa was applied for 10 minutes. Six types of GC were obtained, such as R/PLA, C/PLA, B/PLA, RC / PLA, RB/PLA, and RCB/PLA, both of untreated and NaOH treated fiber. The tensile test was done to observe the effect of NaOH fiber surface treatment on the tensile properties of GC. The entire result showed that the tensile properties of GC were affected by fiber surface treatment and meaningless existence. The highest tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were obtained from GC with untreated R/PLA, 56.88±1.17 MPa and 363.37±11.44 MPa respectively.

Ozone that was generated by using dielectric barrier discharge plasma (DBDP) reactor has been investigated. In this study, we compared ozone production with reactor series and parallelled at atmospheric pressure. The reactor used models of a wire mesh - aluminum foil configuration. The first reactor uses a series circuit with two reactors and the second reactor uses a parallel circuit with two reactors. Ozone was produced by DBDP reactor using AC high Voltage. Oxygen that source of ozone has been taken from the pure oxygen and natural gas. Some analysis conducted including the variation of voltage, the flow rate of gas and type of source gas which affect produced concentration. Some parameters varied including voltage from 0 - 10 kV and the flow rate of gas 4 - 12 L / min. The results showed that ozone concentration in the series reactor is higher than that of the parallel reactor. The series reactor could produce ozone with a concentration of 348 ppm at a voltage of 10 kV. Then the parallel reactor of ozone could produce with a concentration of 240 ppm at a voltage of 10 kV. We found that series reactor could produce more high ozone concentration at the same voltage.

Ozone production using DBDP technology used pulse high voltage to generate ozone. The duty cycle has been used the variations of 10%, 30%, 50%, 60% of the 350 Hz as installed frequency. The DBDP reactor constructed by using cylinder-cylindrical electrode configuration. The inner electrode was made by stainless steel mesh with a length of 19 cm, and the outer electrode was aluminum foil with a length of 19 cm. The barrier was made of tube pyrex glass. Ozone is generated utilizing air as an oxygen-containing gas source with atmospheric pressure and a flow rate of 10 L/minute. The results show that using 10% of the duty cycle produces a maximum output voltage of 5 kV, the resulting ozone concentration of 67 ppm. The 30% cycle produces a maximum output voltage of 7.7 kV and ozone production with a concentration of 115.2 ppm. The 50% duty cycle produces a maximum output voltage of 10 kV with an ozone concentration of 134.4 ppm. The 60% duty cycle is capable of generating a maximum output voltage of 10.77 kV with an ozone concentration generated from 160.8 ppm. We found that using 60% duty cycle is capable of producing high concentrations and ozone capacity.

The use of chemical compounds in dyeing is still dominant. This results in the redundant use of water for the washing. Therefore, there needs to be a research on an alternative method. This research is aimed at understanding the effect of both positive and negative corona plasma irradiations on fabric. It is expected that characteristics of voltage, current, and electrode spacing, as well as ion mobility from the corona plasma will be known, both for with and without grey polyester knit fabric. Other than that, dampness characteristics of the grey polyester knit fabric will also be known. Plasma discharge is generated using point-plane electrode configuration connected to a high voltage DC power supply. The number of point electrodes is 100. Meanwhile, irradiation on the fabric is performed by putting the grey polyester knit on top of the plane electrode. Characterization was then carried out by varying the voltage, spacing of both point and plane electrodes, with and without the fabric. Other than that, variation was also made for the duration of grey polyester knit fabric irradiation. The next step was water drop test to observe 1 mL water absorption on the grey polyester knit. Results show that adding potential difference increases the current of corona spark plasma discharge for both positive and negative current corona discharges. The same case was also observed when the plasma discharge was irradiated on the plane electrode, either with or without the grey polyester knit fabric. The presence of grey polyester knit altered discharge mobility in that the small spacing of the fabric increases mobility for both negative and positive corona discharge. Hence, the further the electrodes spacing, the less mobile charge particles become. Results of water drop test show that longer irradiation on the fabric speeds up water absorption in the grey polyester knit fabric, both for positive and negative corona irradiations.

Indonesian river's potentials on Mini or Microhydro fuelled power plants has not been maximally explored despite its big potentials of utilization. The 500 MW energy potentials of Mini or Microhydro throughout Indonesia have only reached the point of 4.5% while National Energy Management Blueprint in 2050 targeted 31% of renewable energy (RE) is coming from Micro hydro energy. The applications of 80 mm diameter cross flow turbine in a household scale have drawn an increase in its experience with 450 Watts of power produced through small discharge of 20 liters/second and 3-meter head. Cross flow turbines testing in 130 mm length and 80 mm diameter conducted using Mini / micro hydropower Plant in environmentally friendly power House drum. Lower investment and operational design cost also to be made on its aim to reach community group or individual segments.

The increasing use of non-Newtonian fluids as lubricants has received much attention due to their high shear. The present study explores a lubrication mechanism in lubricated textured contact for mixed slip/no-slip pattern considering cavitation. The effect of texturing depth on the bearing performance is also investigated. The numerical method based on commercial CFD (computational fluid dynamic) software is carried out to analyze the tribological characteristics (i.e., hydrodynamic pressure distribution) of lubricated textured contact. To model slip, the enhanced user-defined-function (UDF) in the FLUENT® package is developed. The analysis results show that giving textures as well as a slip to one of the parallel sliding surfaces can generate significant hydrodynamic pressure to affect the load support. The increase in the load support is also indicated by increasing the streamline recirculating flow. Besides, numerical results suggest that cavitation modeling has a significant effect on performance. Ignoring cavitation leads to less accurate results.

Petrophysical analysis has been performed by evaluating log data that have been validated with core data using Geoframe 4.2 software. Using secondary log and core data which are located at depth of 1414 - 3820 ft, the research purpose is identifying reservoir characteristics of "X" field prospect zone. Sand A-Zone has permeability of 9.38% error curve and porosity curve error of 0.78%. In Sand B Zone permeability error of 52.32% curve and porosity error of 7.13%. In Sand C Zone permeability error of 198.8% curve and porosity error of 2.85%. In Sand D Zone permeability error of 61.54% curve and porosity error of 29.87%. In Sand E Zone permeability error of 54.73% curve and porosity error of 4.52%. There is no good correlation and error values that tend to be large because the lithology in Sand B and Sand C Zone has a tight range of lithology, so the reading of logging tool gives a fairly high error, especially in permeability data which still shows a decrease in error value after validated with core data. Quantitative analysis obtained by petrophysical parameter range from six zones porosity of 26 %, permeability of 2661 mD, and water saturation of 0.37 frac.

Radiodiagnostics are diagnostics utilizing X-rays or radiochemical tracers. At the time of exposure using radiation, there may be radiation exposure that will affect the radiation workers. The purpose of this research is to develop materials that can be used as radiation shielding while maintaining radiodiagnostic examination results. This material is made by combining silicone rubber (SR) and silica composites materials through a simple process with a sample size (12 x 12 x 0.5 cm3). Samples were made in 2 variations using silicone rubber and silicone rubber-6% silica composite. Both samples were then tested using a mobile X-ray plane with tube voltage variations of 46 kV, 50 kV, 60 kV, 70kV, 81kV, 90kV, and 102kV, respectively. After being tested, the results of the X-ray transmission percentage for SR sheet at the minimum and maximum voltage are 60% and 75%, respectively. For SR-6% Silica sheet X-ray transmission percentage at the minimum and maximum stresses of 58% and 74%, respectively. This research results showed that the use of silica on SR has potential as a composite material that can provide increased absorption of X-ray radiation.

Identification of zinc elements in 99.9% pure zinc metal and zinc multivitamin tablet samples has been done using Laser Induced Plasma Spectroscopy (LIBS) method. Plasma is generating by laser firing Nd: YAG (1064 nm, 50 mJ, 7 ns). Optimization of laser plasma was performed by varying environmental air pressure and on the spectrum of zinc. The character of samples is displayed in the spectrum line. Spectrum line of 99.9% pure zinc metal shows neutral zinc (Zn I) emission at wavelengths of 280.08, 330.25, 334.50, 472.21, 481.05 and 636.23 nm, and ionic zinc (Zn II) emission of 99.9% pure zinc metal at wavelengths of 250.19 and 255.79 nm. Zinc multivitamin tablet spectrum line shows Zn I emission at the wavelengths as same as 99.9% pure zinc metal of 334.50 and 481.05 nm, which is the intensities of Zn I at a wavelength of 334.50 and 481.05 nm in zinc multivitamin tablet is much higher than in the 99.9% pure zinc metal. The higher the given environmental air pressure, the higher the intensity of the zinc emission spectrum accompanied by high background emission intensity.

One of the spectroscopy method, which can determine constituent in material, is Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS is an atomic emission method that uses radiation pulses from the high energy laser. LIBS allows the detection of spectral lines of elements present in the excited sample. In this present research, a pulse Nd: YAG laser with 1064 nm wavelength was used in LIBS system to the analysis of concrete elements. Spectrum analysis of calcium element in concrete was performed to understand the characteristics of generated laser plasma. Characteristics of laser plasma were shown through energy and pulse repetition rate laser variations. Using the higher energy laser, the larger plasma diameter was made. Furthermore, the graphs show increment in intensity and peaks, which have better sharpness. The laser repetition rate does not affect the size of the plasma, but the greater frequency of laser shots cause the lower emission intensity.

Synthesis of copper nanoparticles has been conducted by using a pulse laser ablation method utilizing a pulse Nd:YAG laser. Experimentally, a pulse Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm, 50 mJ) was focused on a pure copper metal placed in aquades. Colloidal copper nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized. The effect of laser pulse repetition rate was also examined using 10, 15, and 20 Hz. The colloidal nanoparticles were then characterized by using UV-Vis spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. The result shows that the copper nanoparticles was sucesfully produced with the sphere shape and averaged diameter of 12 nm.

Analysis of sodium aerosol is very important in various field including nuclear power station, electronic industry, and medical field. In medical field, aerosol detection can be employed to earlier detection of disease based on liquid in human being. In this present work, aerosol sodium detection has been performed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) utilizing pulse Nd:YAG laser. In the study, sodium aerosol made of sodium chloride (NaCl) liquid was deposited on a copper (Cu) metal plate. The Cu plate functions as a metal subtarget to initiate a plasma emission and to improve the emission intensity of sodium line. Experimentally, a pulse laser Nd YAG (1064 nm, 7 ns, dan 45 mJ) was focused on a sodium aerosol to induce a luminous plasma. The plasma was then sent into the spectrometer to obtain the emission spectrum of sodium. The observed sodium aerosol samples were made in five variations based on their various molarities (concentrations). Variations are made, ranging from 1 molar to 3 molar with the difference of each sample of 0.5 molar. Sharp Na lines at 588.9 nm and 589.3 nm, which overlap due to low resolution of spectrometer were clearly detected. The other lines coming from Cu subtarget occurs at 324.7 nm and 327.4 nm. Detail study of sodium analysis using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy will be presented.

One of the MCNP applications is to determine the radiation dose distribution in the brachytherapy process. In this research performed the calculation of the distribution of radiation doses in the lung organ and some organs at risk, so it can be known whether the doses received by the surrounding organs are still within normal limits or not. The American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) recommends that the doses administered in patient radiotherapy have inaccuracies that are allowed to be within the range of ± 5 %. This simulation is used to determine the energy of γ-radiation absorbed per particle transformation in the lung organ and other organs around it. The radioactive source used is ¹³¹Cs in the form of points with activity varying from 1.7 mCi to 2.3 mCi, and the number of seeds grown varies from 10 to 60. The simulation of the geometry of the human body is made up of phantom ORNL-MIRD. This research made left lung geometry as target organ with density 0,296 g / cm³ and located at a Cartesian coordinate position that is (8,5; 0; 43,5). From the absorbed dose can be calculated dose distribution on each organ including the target organ and the surrounding organ. If the target organ is considered to receive a dose of 100%, then the surrounding organs are left an atrial wall of 59.58%, left atrium content of 14.32%, left a ventricular wall of 11.62%, left the ventricular content of 15.5 % and right lung by 0.17%. From the results of the dose distribution can be said that the organs that exist around the target organs are still safe because receiving a radiation dose is still below 60%.

The aims of this study were to investigate the noise reduction in a CT image using a modified Wiener filtering-edge detection method. We modified the noise reduction algorithm of a combination of the Wiener filter and edge detection by addition of a dilation stage after edge detection. We then evaluated kernel size of the Wiener filter, threshold values in the edge detection, and size of structuring elements in the dilation process. Images of adult anthropomorphic and self-built wire phantoms were acquired by the new 4-row multislice CT Toshiba Alexion™. The images of the anthropomorphic phantom were used for a visual evaluation, while the images of the wire-phantom were used to obtain the spatial resolution and noise of the images. A Wiener filter-edge detection filter coupled with dilation, potentially reduced more CT noise. We found that the spatial resolution and noise of the filtered images were influenced by the size of the Wiener filter kernel, threshold of edge detection, and size of structuring element.

ZnO semiconductor is one of the photocatalyst materials that has become a concern in the world of research. This is due to its ability to degrade pollutants effectively, economically and environmentally friendly. Many studies have been developed to enhance the photocatalytic activity of ZnO, one of them by the addition of doping. Increasing the concentration of non-metallic doping on ZnO will affect its energy level so that it can improve the physical properties and optical properties. Nitrogen has been considered as a very good dopant because it has an ionic radius comparable to oxygen and also has small ionization energy. High nitrogen-doped ZnO thin films have been deposited by sol-gel spray coating methods on glass substrate. Using spectrophotometer UV-Vis Materials were characterized to obtain the absorbance spectrum, in order to analyze its optical absorption region. The result shows that all materials have high absorption in the UV region. In general, the graph shows that the absorption spectra in the UV region increase with increasing percentage of dopant and have maximum absorption spectra on the sample with 40% dopant. It indicates that high N-doping enhanced the light absorption capacity of ZnO.

Dose recording in patients is not well implemented and so far has not been supported by the dose panel on the X-ray machine. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a dose-record application capable of storing dose data to support the patient's radiation safety. It also refers to the regulation of diagnostic radiology service standards, medical records, and hospital accreditation standards regulated by the Ministry of Health. This study aimed to design an application of patient dosage record for abdominal examination with a Fluoroscopy X-ray machine. The design of dosage record application is done by exposing to radiation output and voltage (kV) variation of X-ray irradiation on 63-94.8 kV, current strength on 0.9-3.1 mA, and phantom thickness on 5-21 cm. The data is processed and multiplied by backscatter factor (BSF) is 1.35 to get entrance surface dose (ESD). ESD formula that can be included in the program script in the XAMPP software application. The dosage record application design can be used to record patient data with the calculated formulation obtained.

Ion wind drying also called corona wind drying in this study using a pin-multi ring concentric electrode. The purpose of the research is to determine the velocity of the ion wind by the characteristic of the method (MOC) and to apply it for drying the black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb). In theory, the ion wind velocity is equal to the ion mobility multiplied by the electric field. In MOC, the ion mobility is obtained from the graph of the relationship between the electric corona discharge current and the applied high voltage. The ion wind produced by corona discharge has been drying of the black turmeric slices with an applied high voltage 4 kV, the gap electrode 6 mm and drying time 0-30 minutes with a 5 minute time interval. Sliced black turmeric was circle formed with a radius of 15 mm and a thickness of 2-8 mm with an interval of 2 mm thickness. According to the results obtained, a constant of comparing the ion wind velocity with the MOC.. Its value is around 102 which is hypotheses of the value of the relative permittivity the ion wind. The drying rate maximum of the black turmeric (Curcuma aeruginosa Roxb) slices occurs at the beginning of drying is after a 5 minute drying time. This characteristic for all the variations of the samples radius. This causes the moisture content of the black turmeric slices to drop drastically.

Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DDBD) ozone plasma reactor generation are presented in this paper. The generation of this reactor generates ozone concentration which can be arranged upon the proper dose for medical applications. AC high voltage is applied to the range of 0-3 kV and the frequency of 50 Hz. Pure oxygen gas was piped into the DDBD reactor with flow rate variations of 2, 4 and 6 L/min. The results showed that current as a function of voltage where the current is increased with the increasing of voltage. Ozone productivity is shown by the significant increase of current. Ozone concentration is increasing as the increase of the voltage provided, but rather the concentration of ozone is decreasing as the increasing of flow rate. The Ozone capacity is affected by ozone concentration and flow rate, and can be used to determine the ozone dose. The proper dose of ozone can be ozone therapy for various kinds of diseases.

Testing the quality of cooking oil is very important, especially to ensure the quality and identification of other unexpected mixture of cooking oil. In this paper, the fluorescence polarisation method will be used to test the presence of lard contamination on cooking oil. Fluorescence polarization is similar to fluorescence intensity, in that it is based on the emission of light by an excited fluorophore. However, samples are excited by polarized light which is selected by specific polarizing filters. The angle of linearly polarized incoming light was adjusted by using a polarizer. The change of fluorescent polarization angle was measured by using a second polarizer (analyzer) to obtain a relation between θ-value and φ-value for all samples. The samples were various edible oils, i.e., chicken oil, lard, and canola oil. The test is carried out by measuring the change in the average polarization angle of the fluorescent light to the polarizing angle of each incoming light over the sample directly. The results of the critical angle showed that all three samples were characteristic. Chicken oil has φ_c = 20° with θ_Av = 11.28° to 13.63°, lard has φ_c = 40° with θ_Av = 7.13° to 9.51°, whereas canola oil has φ_c = 30° with θ_Av = 2.59°. These results show that the fluorescence polarization method has a good prospect for oil contamination test on cooking oil.

Until the next following decades, energy mixed in Indonesia will be dominated by coal. Many studies assert that biomass can be used as coal substitution but it is not the case in the real world because the cost of biomass is still higher than the coal price. This study proposes the cheaper way of making biomass by using special method of local waste processing unit that has a patented name, TOSS. This kind of biomass, which was invented by STT PLN Jakarta, school of technology, is more economical than other biomass because waste as raw materials is much cheaper than other commonly used biomass like wooden forestry or agroplantations. Many cities in the world are solving their municipal waste problem by using large scale and high tech approach, which process is conducted in the landfill area. TOSS is using small scale and simple technology that can convert waste to become pellet by local people in its source. The pilot project at Klungkung showed that the pellet of TOSS can be used not only for cooking but also for diesel fuel substitution. This study will use that finding to show that TOSS pellet can also reduce coal consumption by mixing it with normal coal. The simulation is conducted by calculating the equivalent energy and capacity of waste energy from TOSS in term of coal equivalent under the context of Indonesia.

The condition of the geological structure, land use, and slope in Trangkil Sukorejo Gunungpati Semarang City's residential area can influence the occurrence of the landslide. In this study zoning is conducted to identifying the landslide vulnerable area and based on three main parameters that affect the occurrence of land movement, i.e., Geological Structure (A), Slope (B), and land use (C) according to weighted formula H (Weight) = ((0,24xA) + (0,38xB) + (0,38xC)). The result indicates that the southern part of the settlement is relatively safe than the northern part where the landslide vulnerability point is located, there is a fracture that can trigger the water entry through the weathered breccia.

In this paper we studied contribution of electro-optics effect for evaluation of canola oil quality using transmission and fluorescence polarization. The samples were two different quality of canola oils, i.e. edible canola and expired canola based on the date of expiration at the time of measurement. The physical variable of polarization angle was measured using a pair of polarizers from a 532 nm of green pointer laser. The electro-optics effect was produced by applying high DC voltage 0-9 kV on samples. The result shows that the change of polarization angle of expired oil is greater than the good one for both transmission and fluorescence. The increasing polarization angle is accompanied by increasing saturated FAs and decreasing polyunsaturated FAs simultaneously, in agreement with our previous reports.The fluorescence polarization is dependent on the polarizer's angle of incoming light and has average angle greater than transmission light. The electro-optic fluorescence is twice as electro-optics transmission due to possibly coupling between pure scattering and fluorescence together, in which large size of TG molecules play an important role into the light scattering and fluorescence perpendicular to the incoming light.This fluorescence light method provides more accurate measurement that transmission light and seems powerful comparison to the other spectroscopy methods.

A research has been conducted that aims to model the subsurface structure of Semarang Fault, Central Java using gravity method. In this study successfully measured 152 points of measurement of the earth's gravitational field spread almost evenly in the research area. The measured data were then corrected to obtain a complete Bouguer anomaly value (CBA). CBA data is then performed upward continuation to obtain residual anomaly and local anomaly values. The CBA data local components then can be done gradient analysis using first horizontal gradient. From the results of the method is then correlated with the geological map (overlay) to the location of the Semarang Fault was estimated. CBA local component data then made 3D modeling with inversion method. From the result of first horizontal gradient analysis, it is found that the research area is separated by the weak zone of the east-west. The presence of the northern weak zone is estimated to be lithology contact between the Damar Formation and Alluvium Deposition, while the weak zone in the center of the study area is estimated as Semarang Fault. From 3D modeling which is estimated as the geological structure in the west part of the area and north-south trending direction is Kaligarang Fault with a depth of 2500 m. Semarang Fault is located in the middle of the research area on the east of the relative direction of the south of the north then curved to the west with a depth of 4000 m.

Natural disasters now often occur in Indonesia, especially regarding atmospheric anomalies. The models of forecasting based convective cloud growth events are necessary to understand the anomaly symptoms of the atmosphere. This research solves a problem, we propose a method that can analyze the convective cloud with Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The potential of turbulence then needed turbulence index like Richardson Number (Ri). The Richardson Number Index (Ri) takes into account the value of Vertical Wind Shear and the stability of the air. This causes Ri to be considered ideal for describing Clear Air Turbulence (CAT). In this study, the negative Ri results tend to experience mild turbulence due to atmospheric conditions with Ri < 0.25 has a great chance of turbulence.

Generally, personal identification system is still done by conventional techniques, such as using ID cards, passwords or PIN numbers. These systems is easily lost, damaged or forgotten. In this paper we present a new method for identifying a person with a biometric based on palm of the hand. This system does not require a peg like an identification system based on existing hand geometry. Phase of development are: first, the palm image scanned in the RGB format is converted into a gray level. Then the image is converted to binary by giving the correct threshold value. From the binary image, we carry out the edge detection process to get the contour perimeter of the palm. From the contour perimeter of the palm, we measure the length of 8 edges contour perimeter of the fingers i.e. the right edge of the thumb, the left edge of the index finger, the right edge of the index finger, the left edge of middle finger, the right edge of middle finger, the left edge of pinkie, the right edge of pinkie, and the left edge of ring finger. The identification process is performed by minimum distance, which is the smallest euclidean distance value associated with the test image and database. The experimental results giving good performance with a success of up to 90%.

A fractal is a geometric figure that combines the several characteristics among others: its parts have the same form as the whole, fragmented, and formation by iteration. The concept of fractals has been spread over all fields of sciences, technology, and art. The properties of fractal sets are necessary to be investigated and favorable for the practical applications. This paper aims to provide an algorithm for creating multicolor symmetrical fractal pattern generator. Generator algorithm consists of base, iteration, coloration, and duplication. To help the reader better understand the algorithm, we will present some script using Matlab. We describe a mathematically based algorithm that can fill a spatial region with a sequence of randomly placed which may be transformed copies of one motif or several motifs. This flexible algorithm can be used to produce a variety of aesthetically pleasing fractal patterns, of which we show some examples. We hope that the existence of fractals can show that mathematics is not a dry and flat subject, but it is a beautiful subject and can produce works that have a high degree of art and intellectual value.

Evaluated radiation dose and output of general radiographic machine on the thorax and abdomen examination. Radiation output testing on 53 radiographic machine produced 1985-2017 in East Java, Indonesia. For thorax examination, 45-89 kV, 100-200 mA, exposure time 0.01-100 s and abdominal examination, 50-89 kV, 18-320 mA, exposure time is 0.02-100 s. Tests are carried out with the Piranha X-Ray Multimeter. There are reportedly 3 of 53 radiographic machine in the thorax examination as follows: the incident air kerma (INAK), tube output, and entrance surface air kerma (ESAK) rates ranged between 0.019 - 1.604 mGy, 0.0004 - 0.0057 mGy/mAs, and 0.024 - 2.101 mGy. While on abdominal examination, the INAK, tube output, and ESAK rates ranged between 0.009 - 2.710 mGy, 0.014 - 0.072 mGy/mAs, and 0.013 - 3.660 mGy., From data with various brands, general radiographic machine in East Java, for Thorax and Abdomen examination INAK values are below 1,604 mGy, 2,710 mGy, values are below 0.0057 mGy / mAs, 0.072 mGy / mAs, and ESAK values are below 2,101 mGy, 2,710 mGy and still within the limits permitted by the BAPETEN regulation in Indonesia.

Advancement in transportation technology certainly comes with numerous positive impacts. Nonetheless, some negative aspects including growing numbers of traffic accidents cannot be taken for granted. Factors that trigger traffic accidents range from human errors, vehicle mishaps, to the environment itself. Human error is somehow the factor that often causes traffic accidents. This research aims to propose a method of detecting drowsiness using the total pixel algorithm for drivers, with the help of video cameras connected to a computer. It was expected that it would help reduce the number of traffic accidents. The method employed in this research is detecting drivers' faces by segmenting RGB images into YCbCr color spectrum, determining the area of the eyes, and classifying eyes condition using total pixel algorithm. The system developed has been able to detect drowsiness in drivers without glasses with 90.5% to 92% accuracy. However, for the detection of objects with glasses ranging from 72.8% to 74.8% accuracy.

A passing train is a source of the noise. Noisy is an unwanted sound from a business or activity at a certain level and time that can cause public health problems and environmental comfort. Noise is one of the problems for environmental health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), in 2000 there were 250 million (4.2%) of the world population experiencing hearing loss due to noise and around 140 million (50%) were in Asia. A passing train is a source of the noise. In this study the measurement of daytime noise level (Lsm) and momentary noise level (Lek) at several points along the Cirebon-Cepu railway. The daytime noise level (Lsm) is measured for 24 hours for each point while the instantaneous noise level is measured from 5 meters, 10 meters, 15 meters and 20 meters from the rail. Noise level at night (Lsm) and momentary noise level (Lek) which is measured is the noise level caused by various types of trains that are passing. From the research that has been done, the noise level in some places has exceeded the Threshold Value. The highest noise level of Nighttime at Cirebon Prujakan Station is 78 dBA for Special areas, while the biggest increase in momentary noise is caused by a freight train of 30 dBA in Pulosaren Settlement.

One of the renewable alternative energy and has the potential to be developed is biogas energy. However, in its development there are still some obstacles, one of which is leakage on digester. This leakage is caused by excess gas pressure inside the digester, so the excess gas that should be used is wasted. In addition leaks on the digester can also cause air pollution and global warming. It is therefore necessary to design an effective by adding a controller as a pressure regulator of the biogas flow distribution. The MPX5700AP pressure sensor is installed to measure the pressure of the gas inside the digester. Excess gas in the next digester is flowed and accommodated in the container tube. Based on the research that has been done, can be produced an effective digester. With the automatic pressure control, the biogas distribution process becomes more optimal so as to minimize the exhaust gas from the digester.

To obtain hard rock (bed rock) as the pedestal of the toll road, it had been measured of the thickness of layers of soft or weathered rock that covers the bed rock. Direct measurements carried out by drilling will require a long time and great cost. Therefore, indirect measurements were made by geophysical estimation using resistivity method and were cross-checked with the HVSR method. To get the resistivity data in the research area, in this survey was conducted geoelectric sounding acquisition as much as 16 points whereas data acquisition by using microtremor measurements performed at nine measurement points. The result of the analysis of geoelectric data with HVSR data gives slightly different layer thickness value. The survey area consists of two layers of soil with soft rock layers one were suspected to be sandy silt, and silty sand whereas the soft layer 2 was sandy gravel silt, each with varying thickness. The bed rock in this area is breccia that applies as half space with the thickness is not detected by the measurement. The apparent resistivity curves were obtained from geo-electrical resistivity data have similar curves with the HVSR ones. From the inversion, the result of the bedrock depth from geo-electric resistivity compared to HVSR ones give difference slightly.

Exploration of geothermal systems can be initiated from an assessment of surface manifestations. The manifestations of the Sangubanyu hot springs are scattered on the banks of the Lampir River along the 800 m. This study aims to characterize the geothermal field based on geomorphology, lithology, structure, and geohydrology. The geological investigation was done by observation and direct measurement in the field of geological phenomena, such as geomorphology: landscape, river flow pattern and geomorphology stage; stratigraphy: spreading and rock unit relationships, rock outcrop profile; geological structure; manifestations and geothermal symptoms on both active and fossilized surfaces. The geological structure of the study area is interpreted as a fault, and the hydrological data shows that hydrothermal water flows through the fault line below the shallow groundwater levels. Groundwater discharge in the form of springs at the research area is widespread in almost every topographical cutting or at the bottom of the valley cliff.

Jatirunggo geothermal field is a hot spring manifestation with temperatures ranges 35°C-38°C. Previous research by the resistivity method concluded that the Jatirunggo field as an outflow zone of a geothermal system. This study aim is demonstrating the possibility of the permeable geothermal zone detection by using seismic refraction method's a complement of the geothermal conceptual model — the main research method by conducting refraction seismic. The method mainly applying active seismic wave to the media and identify the velocity properties of the pathway as a recording logger used 2D geode module which is consisting of 8 channels geophone by 5 meters geophone interval. The penetrating depth can reach 15 m - 20 m. Processing of velocity model has been used Hagiwara algorithm of 2 layers. The result shows velocity seismic recorded has a range of 138 m/s of topsoil layer up to 1742 m/s on the second layer. Based on the velocity model we can interpret the existence of a fault structure corresponding to the emergence of the hot springs, but the method was impenetrable up to the structured target.

The SDP geothermal research area geographically located in eastern Indonesia where there are geothermal manifestations of hot springs. 3D modeling and vertical-horizontal gradient analysis are used to determine the presence of subsurface structures of the study area. Separation of complete Bouguer anomaly data to obtain regional and residual anomalies has been done by upward continuation. The results of the horizontal and vertical gradients indicate that the presence of the geothermal manifestation of MAP 1 hot spring is controlled by the presence of trending northwest-to-southeast fault. We interpret the emergence of manifestations due to the presence of a permeable zone in the form of the fault structure. 3D modeling shows the existence of alluvium sediment, sedimentary rocks, limestones, ultrabasas (peridotite), granite, metagranite, gneiss and the presence of trending northwest trending to the southeast fault.

This research does to know the geological structure of the NPR geothermal area. We applied a gradient analysis and 3D modelling of gravity data based on bouguer anomaly, the additional method of euler deconvolution analysis to estimate the depth of the geological structure. The data consist of 325 points which was measured by PSDMBP team, Bandung. Based on the the result of horizontal gradien which is located at the maximum value and controlled by of vertical derivative which is located is at zero, we interpret that the appearance of a goethermal manifestation such as fumarole and hot spring controlled by the presence of fault. The average depth fault of Euler Deconvolution is < 288.5 meters to >480.2 meters. 3D modelling results indicates volcanic breksi stone, lava andesitand tuff and the presence of fault with some changing significantly rocks densities in the southwest and northwest to southeast research area.

The use of x-rays in diagnostic activities should consider the balance between the radiation dose and the image quality as one of the radiation protections to the patient. To provide radiation protection to the patient, a radiation shield from material with a high atomic number is required, and the alternative material is silicone rubber (SR) can be used. In this research, we have made radioprotection material in sheet form with SR material and catalyst. SR sheet was made using simple method casting with sample dimension of (17 × 17 × 1) cm³. Several test parameters including physical density, percentage of x-ray transmission, and image quality were characterized. The physical density value is 1067 kg/m³, percentage of x-ray transmission at minimum voltage and maximum voltage are 40.07% and 57.11%, respectively. The results of this study show that SR sheets does not significantly change image quality and SR material can be eligible to be used as radioprotection media in the radiodiagnostic field.

Titanium dioxide is a photocatalyst material that can inhibit the growth of microorganisms, bacteria, and viruses. Titanium dioxide can be modified into TiO₂-SiO₂-Ag composites to improve the ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms due to increased adsorption capability and bactericidal properties. Composites of TiO₂-SiO₂-Ag were synthesized using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) precursor in the presence of NH4OH base catalyst followed by the addition of TiCL and AgNO₃ precursors. Coating of composite material on the cotton fabric was carried out by eight times dying. The coated cotton fabric was tested for antibacterial ability using UV-vis spectrophotometry method and agar disc diffusion method. FTIR data showed a typical functional group of the materials composing the composite. Analysis of XRD and UV-DRS showed that the composite material was amorphous with a bandgap of 2.43 eV. Antibacterial test results showed that the TiO₂-SiO₂-Ag composite material was able to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli gram-negative bacteria in liquid media and solid media by 83.76% and 99%, respectively.

Rapid growth in environmental awareness raised the strict regulations on air pollution control and led to great developments in air filtration or cleaning technologies. The membrane is one of the promising technologies for air filtration due to its high efficiency, low cost, and easy to scale-up. Two types of air filtration membranes have been used to provide high efficiencies in contaminant removal, namely electro-spun fibrous and microporous polymeric membranes. The fibrous membranes composed of randomly oriented fibers, either micro-or nano-fiber, and have been widely used to remove fine particles, such as aerosols. Meanwhile, the microporous membranes have a pore size that can remove both particulate and molecular, such as toxic gases. This paper reviews the role of membrane technologies in air pollution control. The performances of the membranes are presented comprehensively. Besides, the developments of the membranes to improve the filtration efficiency and reduce air-flow resistance are also discussed.

Kamir is one of the special foods in Pemalang which has round shapes, flat, and brown with a variety of jam taste. Kamir is made from flour dough, butter, egg, sugar,"ambon" banana and fermented cassava called tape. Until now, since there has been no research on kamir, we were interested in analyzing nutrition content (carbohydrates, proteins, and fat) found in kamir. We also performed microbiological tests, glycemic index, and rancidity. Carbohydrate content was tested by Luff Schrol method of sugar hydrolysis, a test of protein content used Kjehdahl micro method and fat content test used Soxhletasi fat method. As for bacteria test using Total Plate Count Method (ALT) and with Plate Count Agar media, a glycemic index with Finger-prick capillary blood samples method and for rancidity test by Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) method. Laboratory test results showed that the content of protein, fat, carbohydrate sequentially were 11%, 9.8%, and 28.17%. As for the bacteria test obtained results of 121.06 × 10⁴ CFU/ml. Kamir is safe for consumption following the standards established based on BPOM No. 16 of 2016 standard that is within the standard range of 5 × 10⁴ - 5 × 10⁷ CFU/ml. It is recommended to promote kamir, typical food from Pemalang, to be national food.

Grombyang is one of the typical food from Pemalang Central Java which sold freshly in restaurant or food stall. To marketed commercially outside Pemalang, several parts of grombyang seasoning was made in instant form. The study aimed to analyze the content of nutrients (protein, and fat), and rancidity test contained in each grombyang seasoning which is dry galangal, fried onion, coconut srundeng, a mix of tauco, kluwek and palm sugar. Another aim was to analyze the number of bacteria in grombyang seasoning. The protein test used Kjeldahl method, and fat test used Soxhletasi method. While the bacteria test using Total Plate Number (ALT) method of bacteria and rancidity test using Thio Barbiturate Acid (TBA) method. The results showed that the protein content of each spice component such as srundeng coconut grombyang was 10.8%, petis 12.4%, fried onion 25.9%, palm sugar (aren) 12.3%. Fat content in spice component of grombyang for srundeng kelapa grombyang 41.2%, 50.7%, petis 12.3%, fried onion 24.9%, aren 51.5%. Total Plate Count Test (ALT) of the bacteria showed that total bacteria found in spice grombyang was 12.1 × 10⁵ CFU/ml. It can be concluded that the highest protein content found in fried onions and the highest fat content found in palm sugar. Also, spice Grombyang had the number of microbes that were in the standard range of BPOM No. 16 of 2016 (10 × 10⁸ - 10 × 10⁹ CFU/ml).

Ogel-ogel is a unique food in Pemalang with a crispy textured within a distinctive cheese flavor. Ogel-ogel made from glutinous rice flour mixed with egg, cheese, sugar, and salt. Then the dough is printed like a caterpillar writhing using a special tool and then fried. The study aimed to examine the nutrition content and the total amount of bacteria inogel-ogel. The test included nutritional content test such as carbohydrate content test used luff schrooll method, protein used kjehdahl method, fat used sokletasi method, rancid used TBA (Thiobarbituric Acid) method with interval 5 days for 20 days, microbiology test used ALT method (Total Plate Count) with PCA media (Plate Count Agar), free fatty acid test by titration method used NaOH. The test results showed that ogel-ogelcontain carbohydrate equal to 11.1%, protein 13%, fat 47%, (the result of rancidity), amount of bacteria as much as 1.13 × 10⁴ CFU/ml, and free fatty acid test result. Based on the test, it can be concluded that Ogel-ogel is safe to be consumed because it is in the standard range of BPOM No. 16 of 2016 which is in the range 10⁷-10⁸ CFU/ml for the category of typical bakery products (sweet, salty and savory).

Ethanol extract from mango "golek" leaves (Mangifera indica L) was obtained by maceration in ethanol 96%. Phenolic acid was isolated from the extract by hydrolysis with and without a hydrolyzing agent (TH). Two different hydrolyzing agents were used separately, i.e., sulfuric acid (HA) and sodium hydroxide (HB). Identification of phenolic acid was made with TLC and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Determination of phenolic acid content was carried out using TLC Scanner. Standard phenolic acid was used as a control. Phenolic acid compounds were obtained in the HA, HB and TH isolate namely gallic acid. The total gallic acid content was 35.88% consisting of HA, HB and TH fraction of 3.46%; 12.42%; 19.98%.

Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Stennis) is a plant which comes from Basellaceae family. Also, this plant is also known to have biological activity due to the presence of the bioactive compound. Phenolic acids are bioactive compound and widely used as antioxidants. Identification and testing of antioxidant activity using ethanol extract have been done in this research. Phenolic acids were isolated without hydrolysis (TH fraction), and by acid hydrolysis (fraction HA), and alkaline hydrolysis (HB fraction). Based on the identification using TLC with co-chromatography, UV-Vis and FTIR spectrophotometer, the ethanolic extract of binahong leaves was allegedly suspected contain p-coumaric acid. Based on the results of quantitative analysis using TLC Scanner, it can be seen that the p-coumaric acid content in fractions TH, HA, and HB, 11.4220%; 2.8642%; and 23.3563%, respectively. The result of the antioxidant activity test on ethanol extract was 866.89831 mg / L, while (IC₅₀) value on isolate B was 1263.3333 mg / L.

The herbal, tofu and fertilizer industries contribute considerable waste. Unprocessed waste disposal can cause environmental pollution. The waste contains chemical oxygen demands (COD), and organic substances can be degraded by Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) degradation method. The process of AOPs in this study used a combination of UV rays and ozone to produce hydroxyl radicals. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of UV, Ozone and UV-Ozone methods on COD degradation of herbal waste, tofu, and fertilizer. The result showed that the optimum degradation was obtained at experiment by using UV/ozone method. The COD degradation at tofu wastewater was from 1308 to 942 ppm, herbal wastewater was from 1011 to 414 ppm, and fertilizer wastewater was from 510 to 89 ppm by the use of 4 hours UV-Ozone method.

The porosity of the peptide delivery pathway to the brain is hindered by the presence of tight junctions which are intercellular cadherin interactions, but this can be overcome by modulating the cadherin molecule using peptide derived synthesis, one of which is ADT-10 (Ac-QGADTPPVGV-NH₂)' where there are amino acids glycine (G) and alanine (A). Formation reaction of the peptide is one of the most important chemical reactions, one way to probe the reaction of peptide synthesis is the computational method. The purpose of this research is to determine which mechanism of the reaction is most preferred to the synthesis of peptide bond formation between alanine and glycine from four pathways of the reaction mechanism, as well as glycine and glycine from two pathway of reaction mechanisms by ab initio computational approach. The calculations were carried out by theory and basis set HF/6-31g**. The results show the most preferred reaction of peptide synthesis of amino acid glycine and alanine is on the mechanism IV which result in Ac-GA-NH₂ with activation energy 759.614 kJ⋅mol⁻¹, while in glycine and glycine is on the mechanism II with an activation energy of 933.550 kJ⋅mol⁻¹.

Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) is a biopolymer that has water-soluble properties, high viscosity, biocompatibility, biodegradable, and low toxicity. CMC can be made by direct alkylation using monocloroacetic acid to produce chitosan derivatives under certain reaction conditions with NaOH as a catalyst. This research aims to explain one the reaction mechanism of bonding formation of O-C and to compare with the effect of the presence of NaOH as a catalyst. The reaction mechanism of O-CMC formation studied by the computational method. Chitosan polymer is very complex, so the molecule model used for calculation is chitosan dimer segment. The stable molecular structure of chitosan dimer which is involved in the reaction mechanism was optimized using ab initio computational method based on Hartree Fork theory and 6-31G(d,p) basis set. Mechanism of O-CMC synthesis reaction was modeled into S_N² reaction (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) which results in PO-CMC-2. The study showed that the -O-C bonding formation by S_N² model and NaOH as a catalyst was more preferred with an activation energy of 323,321 kJ⋅mol⁻¹ than without NaOH as a catalyst with an activation energy of 533,22 kJ⋅mol⁻¹. The mechanism of the synthesis reaction of O-CMC is an exothermic reaction and spontaneously.

Activated carbon is one of the basic needs in food processing. Activated carbon can be improved from rock, wood and bone processing. This study aims to determine the quality of activated carbon pyrolysis processing from various woods using high temperatures ranging from 500-750 °C. The wood to be made into activated carbon is teak, mango, and jackfruit. Where teak, mango, and jackfruit are the types of wood used for fuel in industrial tofu boilers. The results of this combustion usually only become waste as charcoal boiler waste. The results of combustion contain carbon which can be used as this activated carbon. The quality of activated carbon is seen from the quality test based on SII and SNI. The results of the tests carried out that the best quality activated carbon is activated carbon which is activated by using heat at a temperature of 750 °C with a water test value of 1.01%, evaporator 15.12%, 2.3 ash, carbon-bound 82, 5%, iodine uptake rate 314.15 mg/gram, crystalline rate 40.886% with XRD analysis, pore diameter 8,72 μm, and chemical composition (% b) 95.94% C, 0.33% SO₃, 2.06 % chloride, 0.49% K₂O, 0.79% Calcium oxide, and 0.38% Cuprum oxide using SEM-EDX.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease; it caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this paper, we discuss how to use the Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion to analyze the stability of disease free of the tuberculosis transmission model. From this method, can be found the number of roots of the characteristic polynomial (eigenvalues) with positive real parts is equal to the number of changes in sign of the first column of the Routh array. If all of the eigenvalues are negative, then the model is stable. While the bifurcation method is used to analyze the stability of the endemic equilibrium point of the tuberculosis transmission, the endemic equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable if reproduction number greater than one and additional parameters requirement that bifurcation met. Finally, numerical simulations are demonstrated to verify the used method.

Influenza Virus is an infectious disease caused by the Orthomyxoviridae virus. This paper discussed mathematical modeling that explains the model of the influenza virus transmission with SEIR model, where S is susceptible, E is exposed, I is infected, and R is recovered. Basic reproduction numbers (R₀) are used to analyze the stability of the model. When R₀ less than 1 the virus free equilibrium is stable asymptotically local, while when R₀ greater than 1 the endemic equilibrium is stable asymptotically local. From the numerical simulation results based on data from Pekalongan, Indonesia, it's found that reproduction number is equal to 0,03492209390.This indicates that the virus free equilibrium is locally asymptotically stable and the endemic equilibrium is not locally asymptotically stable, so that there is no virus transmission in Pekalongan.

In medicine study, one of the things that is interesting enough to be studied is "time-to-event". In general, time-to-event is used in doing survival analysis, such as analysis of Parkinson disease. Parkinson disease is one of the diseases which affects dopamine producer in brain area that is called by substantia nigra. The symptom of Parkinson disease is measured specifically by stages that are called by Hoehn and Yahr stages. This stages are distributed on integers between 0 to 5 with stage 0 is stage that does not have big impact and stage 5 is the most severe level. In this study, the survival function will be constructed from the time that the patient has the Hoehn and Yahr stages at A until increase to stage B with A < B. With A = 1, 2 and B = 3, 4, 5, overall it will be estimated six graphs of survival function. The process of construction survival function is using the Independent Metropolis-Hastings algorithm in Markov Chain Monte Carlo Methods on Bayesian Inference with uniform proposal distribution and the results are compared with Kaplan-Meier estimator for survival function. The result that is obtained through this algorithm is more represents the actual survival function if it is compared with Kaplan-Meier estimator, although there are so many censored data in the dataset.

This study aims to determine the analysis stability of dynamical model of pompano, cantang growth, and nutrition on the Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) systems by using the Lyapunov method. The analytical analysis was given to discuss the dynamic behavior of this model. Global stability analysis was performed based on the Lyapunov theory, i.e., construction the function V (x) that is a definite positive scalar function and the derivative of V (x) is defa inite negative. As a verification of the Lyapunov method, we conducted numerical simulations with data taken from IMTA systems in Sea Farming region, Kepulauan Seribu, Indonesia.

In this paper, we propose a quadratic programming model to determine the optimal decision for integrated supplier selection and inventory control. The corresponding optimization is solved by using constrained quadratic optimization method i.e. Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Method performed in LINGO 17.0 to determine the optimal joint decisions which are the optimal supplier and the optimal inventory. A numerical experiment was performed to analyze the model with a multi-product, multi-supplier, multi-carrier and multi-period inventory system. From the results we have found, we can find the optimal supplier for each product and each period.

Land-use management is the key parameter in developing an agropolitan area. The Spatial Plan of Pati District 2010-2030 contains plans for the Gembong Subdistrict to be developed into an agropolitan area. The Gembong Reservoir is one of the reservoirs in the region that has a vital role in supporting the area development. The main problem in managing the Gembong reservoir is the decreasing availability of reservoir water. Increased sedimentation affects the availability of reservoir water, which is used as a supply of irrigation areas. Management of water availability must be based on optimization analysis, because the volume of storage is limited and increasing inflow to the reservoir to increase the water level requires a long time. Therefore, the optimization model of reservoir water management is urgent to be formulated, so that the reservoir operator can be utilized to determine the allocation of supplementary water. This article presents a study of the results of observations in the field and secondary data, as well as reviews of related scientific articles, to be able to identify potential environmental stresses on reservoir water availability and its management.

Mount Merapi eruption in 2010 resulted in the environmental damage and disruption of socio-economic life of the society. Post-eruption cold lava floods carry the volcanic sedimentary materials in the form of sand and stone are very abundant. Unfortunately, the abundance of these natural resources is exploited at low prices. The problem is how to manage the sedimentation to have high economic value. The adaptation efforts to manage this sediment need to be done to immediately restore the social economic slump of society. The sediment management model that can improve economic value and competitiveness needs to be done by maintaining the sustainability of its natural resources. This article contains the results of research on the application of crystallographic tiling to improve the economic value and competitiveness of sand sediments. Three types of sediment-based products are successfully made of tiles, rosters, and paving.

A temporal point process is a one-dimensional point process where events are observed by time. A temporal point process can be viewed as a renewal process with time between events as random variables. The conditional intensity function of the process represents the expected rate dependent on time between events so that we can predict earthquakes activities. This research will be discussed about parameters estimation of conditional intensity function using Bayesian method and be applied to earthquake data in East Nusa Tenggara (ENT) from January 2015 to April 2018. The ENT is categorized as earthquake prone, because it is flanked by two zones of earthquakes. In southern region there are the Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates sub ducted, and in the north there is a back arc thrust. Based on the research results, it was obtained the conditional intensity estimation. The application of conditional intensity estimation represents the expected rate of earthquake occurrence in East Nusa Tenggara at a certain time interval. The time intervals are in units of days. The greatest conditional intensity is at the time interval (day 1096^th to 11897^th) that is 0.058798617. It means that the probability earthquake occurrence in East Nusa Tenggara at that time period is very low with the total number of occurrences are 28 earthquakes.

Given a graph G(V, E) with a non-empty set V of vertices and a set E of edges. A total labelling λ: V ∪ E → { 1, 2,. . ., k} is called an edge irregular total labelling if the weight of every edge is distinct. The weight of an edge e, under the total labelling λ, is the sum of label of edge e and all labels of vertices that are incident to e. In other words, wt(xy) = λ(xy) + λ(x) + λ(y). The total edge irregularity strength of G, denoted by tes(G) is the minimum k used to label graph G with the edge irregular total labelling. In this paper, authors investigate the total edge irregularity strength of Dove tail graph with n pendant vertices ${D}_{n}^{n}$, and the subdivision of ${D}_{n}^{n}$ which is denoted as ${{SD}}_{n}^{n}$. The results of this research are $tes({D}_{n}^{n})=\lceil \frac{3n+1}{3}\rceil$ and $tes({{SD}}_{n}^{n})=\lceil \frac{6n}{3}\rceil$.

Multi-agents systems is a system consisting of several agents, from two to hundreds agents. These agents are connected to each other. The main problem is how to control such systems. This paper isnpired from some facts as follows. In nature, can be viewed animals perfom multi agent system in the land and in the air. In avionic world, can be observed that there are many cases where pilots must fly their aircrafts in some particular formation. Some ships also very often form a convoy. In smaller scales, can be viewed that there are many robot designer would like to create multi-robot system for conducting some task. In particular, this paper focuses on the robotics utilizations. That is we would like to steer the multi-agent system to go from one particular position to the other position. Moreover, the agents move in some formations is required. The first objective of this paper is to create mathematical model of multi-agent system applicable in robotic. The model would consist of Serret-Frenet control systems. The second objective is to model the performance index of the multi-agent system. Thus, we would like the multi-agent system move from one place to another and the whole group of agents works collaboratively for optimizing the performance index. This is the idea behind multi-agent control system design. The third objective is to analyze controllability the above models. The last objective is to find the optimal control of each agent. The Pontryagin Maximumm Principle is used to search this optimal control. The result of this paper, optimal control can be used to model the multi agent system Serret-Frenet system.

A commutative ring is said to be clean if every element of the ring can be written as a sum of a unit and an idempotent. In this paper, we generalize this argument to structure of neutrosophic. We present the structure of clean neutrosophic ring. Some elementary properties of clean neutrosophic ring are also presented.

In a ring with involution we already know that the Moore Penrose inverse can be used to construct the properties of normal elements. By using the fact that the group inverse of an element in a ring will be commutative with element which is commutative with that element, this paper explains that the generalization of Moore Penrose inverse can be also to establish some properties of normal elements in a ring with an involution. Some elements in the ring such as symmetric, EP, partial isometries, etc are also can be expressed in group inverse. So the results of this paper much be required for built the properties of those elements.

In this paper, we present several new characteristics of the Moore-Penrose inverse in rings with involution. We use the concept of the Drazin inverse to build these characteristics in purely algebraic terms. We only discuss on the symmetric element of Moore-Penrose invertible.

Moore-Penrose inverse is one of development of generalized inverse. In this paper, we defined and studied a relation between the Moore-Penrose inverse and the Drazin inverse in the setting of rings with involution. The results of this paper are new characterizations of Moore-Penrose inverse by applying Drazin inverse with an algebraic proof.

This paper discusses the subspace of the set of matrices over the set of integers modulo 2, symbolized by M_n(₂ ). This set M_n(₂) is a vector space over _n with scalar matrix multiplication and addition modulo n on matrices of M_n(₂). Will be given properties that proper subset and proper a subgroup of M_n(₂) which is a subspace of M_n(₂ ). It's used M₂ (₂) to illustration the proof of the theorems.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease prevented by the vaccination of Bacillus Calmette-Geurin (BCG). The sufferer is treated by giving the Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse (DOTS). The patients sometimes do not take the medicine regularly so that the TB-bacteria do not completely vanish from their body. The bacteria only weaken so the patients can be re-infected (relapse). Mathematical modelling can be used to determine TB transmission based on changes in the number of TB patients. By concerning vaccination and relapse factors, a susceptible vaccinated infected recovered (SVIR) model with relapse in TB transmission need to be developed. Indonesia got the second rank in the new case of TB in the world. In the national program of TB prevention, Indonesia has three indicators i.e. prevalence, incidence, and mortality rate. In this article, we derive SVIR model with relapse in TB transmission, then apply the model in Indonesia and measure its accuracy. Furthermore, we also predict the three indicators of TB in Indonesia. The model is nonlinear first-order differential equations. The model is applied in Indonesia by estimating parameters based on 2004-2014 data. Model accuracy is measured based on relative errors in 2015 and 2016. Absolute values of relative error S, V, I, R, and TB incidence are less than 0.1. Thus, the model is said to be quite accurate and can be used to predict the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of TB in Indonesia. The prediction of these three indicators shows a decline year by year with an average decrease of 1.90% for prevalence and mortality rates and 1.68% for incidence rates.

The waste load of organic matters in the stabilization ponds is degraded through biological treatment, that is to reduce or decrease the level of pollutants of organic matters by using and utilizing microorganisms. This problem will be solved using a mathematical model, that is linear programming with fuzzy variables on the Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP). The method in the case of Fuzzy Linear Programming (FLP) maximization is done by using simplex fuzzy method. The results of this method can be used as an evaluation method to determine the optimal waste load and the level of degradation of organic matter.

Rivest Shamir Adlemann (RSA) method is one of the popular methods in the field of public key cryptography. The strength of the RSA method is based on the difficulty level of factoring of two large prime numbers. If they are factored easily, then we need to use brute force to break the system. In this present, we combined RSA method with classical method, namely Affine Cipher method to improve the level of security on text message. The process of combination RSA method and Affine Cipher method is as follow: first, text message was encryption using Affine Cipher method, then the encryption output is used as input of the RSA method. The results certified that the improvement of the security level of text message can be realized by using the combined method.

A mathematical model is developed to capture the spread of HIV-1 infection within host cells caused by the contact of cell to cell and CTL response. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of HIV-1 infection in CD4⁺T cells taking into account viral transmission from cell to cell and CTL response. The HIV transmission from cell to cell is one of the main factor in the spread of HIV infection and CTL response determines viral set point. We analyse the model to investigate the existence and stability of the equilibria. We analyse the local stability of disease free equilibrium by linearization, while the global stability of endemic equilibrium of the system by constructing Lyapunov function. Numerical simulations are presented to find the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment in different scenarios and to the implication of CTL response in controlling the progression of HIV-1 infection.

In general, the logarithmic returns of asset prices are not normally distributed. Brownian motion and normal distribution have been widely used in the Black-Scholes-Merton bond framework to model the return of assets. Merton has provided a formula for the valuation of a zero coupon bond where the asset price process contains a continuous Poisson jump component, in addition to a continuous log-normally distributed component. This paper applies jump diffusion processes to derive some bond parameters, these are equity and default probability, when the asset prices have extreme values.

The power of Feed Foward Neural Network (FFNN) in conjungtion with Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied in this research to predict daily stock price. Finance time series data has a high complexity, so that the acurate prediction is hard to be gained by standard model. Machine learning becomes the new prediction tool which is often used because of its adaptive properties. Neural Network (NN) is one of the machine learning which able to complete inference tasks such as prediction, especially in large data sets. FFNN is one of the NN models that has simple network architecture. In the standard optimization method, the initial weights is randomly selected to desire the optimum solution. But It usually raises the problem of unsteady estimation. The GA optimization method was applied in this research to overcome this lack. GA optimizes any function effectively and seeks a global optimum solution efficiently. GA implementation on the FFNN was aimed to obtain optimum weights that minimizing the error. The daily stock price prediction of PT. Adhi Karya Tbk had RMSE of training and testing data at 51.2531 and 44.8706 respectively. This result was equivalent with MAPE values at 1.5714% and 1.5501%.

The income distribution model has provided an important aspect of economic inequality analysis. The determination of income inequality can be assisted by modeling a probability distribution of income which can be modeled by both parametric and nonparametric method. In the parametric perspective, the finite mixture distributions can perform a data-driven capability to model this income pattern of distributions which have particularly long-tailed, right-skewed and multimodal characteristics. The gamma distribution which has been widely used for estimating income distribution is used to develop the finite gamma mixture model which means the gamma distribution in each mixture component of the model. Bayesian approach pairs up with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) which has a valid inference without depending on normality asymptotic condition is used to estimate this finite mixture model. In this paper, the household income which was constructed based on the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2014-2015 data was utilized to show the work of the Bayesian inference performance through MCMC algorithm in estimating the parameter of the finite gamma mixture model. The goodness-of-fit comparisons of proposed finite gamma mixture models were made based on the widely applicable information criteria (WAIC).

Value at Risk (VaR) is a method to estimate the worst risk of an investment. The stock data is one of the financial time series data which often has high volatility which causes inconstant residual variance. The combination between several stocks in the portfolio makes the assumption of residual normality of the joint distribution model difficult to fulfill. The previous research on VaR by Sofiana in 2011 [3] and Hermansyah in 2017 [4] found that VaR value was reliable only for the data fulfilling normality assumption. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate VaR without ignoring the presence of heteroscedasticity and unfulfilled residual normality of the joint distribution model. This research aims to measure the VaR using Frank Copula-GARCH method with stock return data of BBRI, TLKM and UNVR for the period of 20 October 2014 to 28 February 2018. The research found that a pair of bivariate portfolio was TLKM and UNVR because they had the highest residual correlation value of Rho Spearman of ρ = 0.3204. Based on the data generation obtained using Monte Carlo simulation, the results of the VaR were -0.027883; -0.01886425; -0.01403 with confidence level at 99%, 95%, and 90% respectively.

Today, crude oil trading industry became an important industry in the world, it was caused by highly fuel oil consumption. The price of crude oil has a changing price trend, it makes the prediction of crude oil in the coming periods to be challenging. Various methods can use to forecast price of crude oil, it is using ARIMA Box-Jenkins model with OLS method to estimate the parameter, but this method has several assumptions that must be complete. Overtime, many methods were develop, one of them is artificial neural network can be combine with various parameter optimization methods such as Adaptive Simulated Annealing algorithm. Adaptive Simulated Annealing algorithm is an optimization method it was inspired by the process of crystallization, the advantages of this algorithm has a running time faster than similar algorithms. The combination of artificial neural networks and Adaptive Simulated Annealing algorithms can be used to model the historical data without requiring assumptions in the analysis. Based on the analysis on this research, the best model is obtained FFNN 2-5-1 with MAPE value of 1.0042%.

Red onion is one of the strategic horticulture commodities in Indonesia considering its function as the main ingredients of the basic ingredients of Indonesian food. For increasing production to supply national necessary, Central Java as the main center of red onion production should be able to predict the production of several periods to maintain the balance of national production. The purpose of this research is to get the best model to forecast the production of red onion in Central Java by ARIMA, ANFIS, and hybrid ARIMA-ANFIS method. The smallest RMSE and AIC values measure model accuracy. The results show that the best model for modeling red onion production in Central Java is obtained by hybrid ARIMA - ANFIS model which is a combination between SARIMA ([2], 1, [12]) and residual ARIMA using ANFIS model with input e_t,1, e_t,2 on the grid partition technique, gbell membership function, and membership number of 2 that produce RMSE 12033 and AIC 21.6634. While ARIMA model yield RMSE 13301,24 and AIC 21,89807 with violation of assumption. And the ANFIS model produces RMSE 14832 and AIC 22,0777. It shows that ARIMA-ANFIS hybrid method is better than ARIMA and ANFIS.

The existence of skewness and kurtosis in finance data distribution is as a generalization of the normal density. Non-normal skewness and kurtosis of underlying asset of bond issuer significantly contribute to the phenomenon of volatility smile. Merton jump diffusion model is one of the first beyond Black-Scholes model in the sense that it tries to capture the effect of skewness and kurtosis of the asset prices density by a simple addition of a compound Poisson jump process. Another approach to consider the effect of skewness and kurtosis in asset prices for bond valuation is the Gram-Charlier (G-C) expansion. Hermite polynomial is used to get an expansion of the probability distribution in G-C method. In this paper we compare Merton Jump Diffusion (MJD) Model and G-C model in the term of equity and default probability. The result showed that G-C model is more consistent than MJD model when the skewness and kurtosis are taken into account.

The currency crisis that occurred in the middle of 1997, 1998 and 4^th quarter of 2008 was caused by disturbances in the currency system. When there is disturbance in the system then the cause indicators will experience fluctuations and changes in conditions. High fluctuation can be modeled using volatility model, while the changes in condition can be modeled using Markov switching model. Therefore, combination of volatility and Markov switching models is very appropriate to explain the crisis. In this paper, we use real output and ICI indicators on the period of January 1990 until December 2016 to explain the crisis as well as to forecast the possibility of an impending crisis. The results show that the appropriate model is ARCH (1) and Markov switching with 3 states, called SWARCH (3,1) model. This model can catch the crisis that happened in 1998 and 1999 for real output indicator. Meanwhile ICI indicator can explain the crisis in August to December 1997, 1998 and September to December 2008. Based on SWARCH (3,1) model, it can be predicted that Indonesia does not experience currency crisis in one year later.

The aim of this research is to develop the procedure of constructing an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) model for time series data. The procedure of development applies statistical inference for optimizing ANFIS architecture. In this study, the procedure of Lagrange multiplier (LM) test is used for selecting input variables. Firstly, several lags which are indicated significantly different to zero are divided into 2 clusters, and these lags are selected as optimal inputs of ANFIS based on LM test. Secondly, the cluster numbers of inputs are also determined by using LM-test procedure. Based on this result, a number of rule-bases are generated. The developed model is applied for forecasting paddy production data in Central Java. This study concluded that lag-1, lag-2 and lag-5 with 2 clusters are selected as the optimal inputs. The 1-1 and 2-2 rules are selected as optimal rules. Finally, the model can work well, and generates a very satisfying result in forecasting paddy production data. Based on the root mean squares error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values, the ANFIS performance is better than performance of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) for forecasting.

In financial investment, investors will try to minimize risk and increase returns for portfolio formation. One method of forming an optimal portfolio is the Markowitz method. This method can reduce the risk and increase returns. The performance portfolio is measured using the Sharpe index. Value at Risk (VaR) is an estimate of the maximum loss that will be experienced in a certain time period and confidence level. The characteristics of financial data are the extreme values that are alleged to have a heavy tail and cause financial risk to be very large. The existence of extreme values can be model Generalized Extreme Value (GEV). This study uses company stock data of The IDX Top Ten Blue 2017 which forms an optimal portfolio that is a combination of TLKM and BMRI shares with the expected return rate of 0.0111 and a standard deviation of 0.01057. Portfolio performance measured by the Sharpe index is 1.6190 indicating the return obtained from investing in the portfolio above the average risk-free investment return rate of -0.01010. Risk calculation is obtained based on Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) if you invest both of these stocks with a 95% confidence level is 0.206 or 2.06% of the current assets.

We consider M/${{\rm{C}}}_{2}^{{\rm{b}}}$ / lqueueing system which is a queueing system with arrival rate follows a Poisson distribution, service rate follows an exponential distribution which is approximated by Coxian 2-phase distribution, service is performed in b-size, and the number of service facility is one. This paper aims to derive the properties of M/${{\rm{C}}}_{2}^{{\rm{b}}}$ / 1 queueing system when the system is in busy pea riod using latticea path combinatorics approach. We consider a special case which is called pure incomplete busy period (PIBP) Through this approach, the queue system is represented in the form of lattice path. Furthermore, we have determined the number of lattice paths and finally, the probability function in the queue system M/${{\rm{C}}}_{2}^{{\rm{b}}}$ / 1 in PIBP is derived.

Gold investment is the best choice to control finance. Gold is easy to resell if there is a financial need at the unpredictable moment. The data of gold price in Indonesia is a long-term memory data series or a time series data that has a long-term dependency. ARFIMA model is an appropriate model for such long-term memory data series since ARFIMA model has a different parameter value (d) of integer while the value of d in ARFIMA model is non-integer value due to the long-term memory or the long-term dependency. This research aims to obtain the best ARFIMA model of gold price data in Indonesia. It is obtained the value of ARFIMA model (1,d,[3]) with d=1,05716 as the best model.

Queue system is a group of customer, service and some rules to regulate arrival customers. Queue happen if customers which need a serve more than service capacity. Phenomenon of queue will find easily in public facility, one of them bus queue at Tirtonadi Surakarta main bus station. Bus lines observed are Solo-Yogyakarta, Solo-Semarang, Surabaya-Solo-Semarang, Solo-Jakarta and Solo-Surabaya routes. The discipline of the queue is FIFO (First In First Out). Based on the analysis result, the steady state condition of the five tracks is eligible. The model chosen is a model that has 3 types of distribution that are Lognormal, Weibull and Beta distributions. From the five lines, there are 3 service system model in Tirtonadi main bus station (G/Weib/1):(GD/∞/∞) for Solo-Yogyakarta, (Logn/G/1):(GD/∞/w) for Solo-Semarang, Surabaya-Solo-Semarang and Solo-Jakarta, and (M/Beta/1): (GD/∞/∞) for Solo-Surabaya a by showing good system performance measure.

The study of the effects of exchange rate volatility has still attracted the attention among economist, especially international economist. Because, if the exchange rate is unpredictable, it makes uncertainty about the profits to be gained, so this conditions may diminish the gain from international trade. In addition, some empirical literature provides various findings, where the exchange rate volatility has a positive effect on exports and can also negatively effect on exports. This paper wants to provide empirical evidence on both of these. It uses panel data involving five ASEAN countries with a period of 2000 – 2016. We also apply some analysis in panel data, such as the pooled least squares method, the fixed effect method, and the random effect method. The findings show that the exchange rate volatility has negative impact on exports. This paper suggests that each of central bank should pursue sustainable and stable exchange rate policy measures to promote greater exchange rate stability that would help to enhance the real exports of the economy.

Gold investment has some benefits, it's not only safe in value but also easily stored, durable, and the rate of return is relatively stable even several years tends to rise. Gold prices give us positive and negative side depending on the different event. To managing the negative side of holding gold, the investor has to measure the risk of gold at a given period. The most popular measurement of gold investment risk is Value at Risk (VaR). Determination of inappropriate methods will make VaR calculations inaccurate. The gold's price from year to year is suspected to have fat tail distributed (heavy tail), the Extreme Value Theory (EVT) is considered as precise methods to find VaR. In this study, the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) approach used in EVT estimated. GEV distribution identifies extreme values based on the maximum value of each block. Test results show that monthly block usage yield VaR value is more accurate than 0,899%. It means that for one coming period with a 95% confidence level the maximum loss that investors may experience is 0.899% of the total investment.

Theoretically, the movement of the Composite Stock Price Index (CSPI) is in line with the company's stock price movements. Hence, it would be appropriate to measure the CSPI contribution to the company's stock price regarding modeling the company's stock price. 2-dimensional Geometric Brownian Motion is believed to be the most appropriate model in this case. Therefore, this paper aims to project the share price of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia in 2018 by considering the CSPI movement. The resulted mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) calculations lead to a conclusion that Prediction with 2-dimensional Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) is more accurate than the individual modeling of stock prices of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia. PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk's stock price modeling is more appropriately-used by taking heed on the movement of the Composite Stock Price Index. It is conclusive that the two dimensional geometric Brownian motion model provides an accurate prediction of PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk shares with MAPE is 1.980296%.

Value at Risk (VaR) is a measurement of the value of a risk that estimates the maximum potential loss that may occur in the future within a certain period and a certain level of trust. VaR is widely used in financial data, but has not received the same treatment in agriculture. The risks associated with price fluctuations are one of the most obvious and well-studied aspects of price risk management. In this study, analyze Value at Risk (VaR) based on the GARCH family volatility model for agricultural commodities, especially harvested dry grain at 95% confidence intervals. This study uses the price of harvested unhulled rice at the producer level of Pemalang District from August 2015 to July 2018. Based on the nature of the data, the appropriate model used is the MA (1) – GARCH (1,1) model. The results of this study indicate that the longer the time to invest, the greater the risk it creates.

Value at Risk (VaR) is a measure of risk value by estimating the potential of maximum loss that might occur in future in certain time and a certain level of confidence. The risks faced in agriculture might be in production and marketing of agricultural products. This research aims to estimate the risk value in agricultural commodity – particularly dried shelled corn. Data used was the monthly data of the price of producers in Grobogan in period of November 2015 to July 2018. The data showed the return with the normally undistributed value of skewness and kurtosis. For this, the method of Cornish-Fisher was used in this research to measure the VaR in return that was normally undistributed. At the confidence level of 95%, with the initial capital of 1 million Rupiah, the risk that probably occurred in the following month (1 period) was by Rp 369,173.40 without considering the skewness and kurtosis, and by Rp 22,439.13 by considering skewness and kurtosis. The result of the research showed that, for the return that was normally undistributed, the level of risk obtained from the measurement of VaR by concerning skewness and kurtosis was found more accurate compared to the one without considering the skewness and kurtosis.

Gini ratio is an indicator to measure income inequality. Gini ratio of Indonesia in 2017 is 0.391, still far from Gini ratio target by Bappenas in 2019, that is 0.36. The Gini ratio modeling in this study uses a nonparametric regression approach because the form of the regression curve between the Gini ratio and its predictive variables is unknown. One of the estimators in nonparametric regression is spline truncated. Spline truncated has a knot that adjusts to the local characteristics of a function or data more effectively. The number of knots and their location affect the form of regression curve estimation, so it's important to obtain optimal knot. There are methods for selecting optimal knots, such as Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) and Unbiased Risk (UBR). This study compares GCV and UBR in selecting optimal knots on Gini Ratio data in Indonesia 2017. The criteria of the best model are based on Mean Squared Error (MSE) and R² values. From the result, the optimal knot from GCV was a combination of 3-2-2-3 knot with MSE of 0.00085 and R² of 79.18%. Meanwhile, by using UBR, the optimal knot is three knots with MSE of 0.00095 and R² of 66.42%. In conclusion, GCV generated better model than UBR.

Decision making to determine stock replenishment has an important role in inventory management, especially to anticipate unstable consumer demand. The research aims to design statistical inventory control model for stochastic lead time demand using exponential smoothing and normal distribution approach. The exponential smoothing approach used to design prediction of daily demand and prediction of lead time demand. The normal distribution approach used to design statistical control chart of lead time demand, and also to determine the position of the safety stock and reorder point. Empirical analysis for the research is provided based on case studies for stock replenishment analysis on apparel industry. The results of the research provide a basic concept for decision-making to determine the safety stock and reorder point as the basic parameters in inventory management. The main contribution of the research results provides the application of statistical control chart as statistical inventory control by using smoothing method for data of demand in a lead time as two random variables normal distributed.

The condition of capture fisheries is currently stagnating, even tended to decline, which is indicated by the decrease of production in some fishery development areas in Indonesia. Aquaculture is one solution that can be done. Central Java Province is a province that has a large aquaculture potential, therefore of course Central Java province has leading commodities that become the sector of regional economic development. This research discusses about the potential location for the development of each leading commodities in Central Java Province as a recommendation related to the center of fisheries production. Analytical methods in this research are Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift share. It used to see how big these locations have a potential in the development of aquaculture production and to identify spatial autocorrelation in the amount of aquaculture production using Moran's index. The analysis of LQ and shift share shows that each district has a different potential in the development of leading commodities production. The value of the Moran's index obtained equal to -0.1381, that is in the range of -1 < I ≤ 0, indicating that the presence of spatial autocorrelation is negative but small because of near to zero. It can be concluded that there is no similarity of the values between the districts or indicate that amount of aquaculture production among the districts in Central Java is not correlated.

Weighted exponential model is used as a growth curve. We introduce locally D-optimal design for weighted exponential model with three parameters. The assumption of this model ishomoscedastic error. D-optimal criterion is a criterion which is the value of standardized variance less than or same the number of parameters. The design in this paper, number of supported designis three and have same weight 1/3. Determination of the supported designs by maximizing the determinant of the information matrix. We present this formula, this is a nonlinear model, so to maximizing it we use numerically aproach.

In developing countries such as Indonesia, colorectal cancer cases in women are the third largest after breast cancer and cervical cancer, whereas, in men, cancer ranks second after lung cancer, followed by the third is prostate cancer. This study aims to determine the factors that affect the survival of colorectal cancer patients in the city of Makassar, Indonesia. The data used in this study including colon cancer patients diagnosed first in 2012 in 4 hospitals in Makassar City and observed survival until 2015. Predictor variables consisted of comorbidity, stage of cancer, age, treatment status, the location of cancer, sex, and history of metastasis of patients with colorectal cancer. The samples used in this study were as many as 38 cancer patients. In this study, we are using random forest which is an algorithm used in data classification through tree merging by training on sample data. Random Forest also an ensemble method consisting of several decision trees as classifiers. In a nutshell, the accuracy of this models can be justified by the value of classification by Area Under Curve (AUC) equal to 50%. Moreover, the most influential variable on the survival of colorectal cancer patient is a history of metastasis of colorectal cancer patient, cancer location and gender respectively.

Diarrhea is one of many health issues in the developing country like Indonesia because the sickness and the death number are still high. According to the health profile of Semarang City, the people who suffer from diarrhea from 2010-2015 are decreasing. The lowest point happened in the year 2013 with the total case of 38.001. However, there is an increasing number from 2014-2015. The distribution data of diarrhea is spatial data. The differences between environment and sanitation could cause spatial heterogeneity. The spatial heterogeneity could cause the produced variant value no longer constant, but instead, it is different in each region. Therefore, the regression model that involves the effects of spatial heterogeneity is needed, which are Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) that is built by Weighted Least Square (WLS) adjuster. Although, GWR parameter adjuster that used WLS is very sensitive with the existence of outliers. The existence of the outlier in the data will create a vast residual. Thus, a more robust method is needed, which is the Least Absolute Deviation (LAD) methods in order to estimate the parameter on model GWR. This model is called Robust GWR (RGWR). The result shows that the model events of diarrhea on each region in Semarang City are different. Furthermore, the model events of diarrhea with the RGWR model generate MAPE 16.3396% which means the performance of RGWR is formed well.

Credit scoring is one of the crucial task and a core responsibility for financial institutions in their risk management. This study aims to apply the pseudo nearest neighbour (PNN) method as a tool to identify which prospective borrowers are eligible for their loan proposals. If a new borrower has characteristics closer to a good historical borrower then the loan proposal is worthy to approval. But if not, the proposed loan will be refused. The historical data in this paper are credit data from a national bank in Indonesia. The characteristics of historical debtors consist of age, amount of a child, length time of business, income, loans amount, and the period of credit. The best classification of k-NN is using k = 1, because it makes the smallest error 1,89%. While the best classification of PNN is using k = 13 with the smallest error 20,75%. Based on total accuracy of classification shows that the credit classification of debtors using k-NN is more appropriate than PNN.

Neural network modelling has become a great interest for many statisticians to be utilized in various types of data as classification, regression, and time series. It also has been applied in many fields as environment, financial, medical, agriculture and climate change. A lot of parametric methods have been developed to predict time series data such as ARIMA and exponential smoothing. However, requirement of residual assumptions causes limitedness of the models. Time series prediction by using neural network been an interesting study in the forecasting problem. In this model, one of the most interesting discussion is about how to get the optimal weights. Various gradient and non-gradient based methods have been applied in obtaining the network weights. Particle swarm optimization is one non-gradient based algorithm inspired by the behaviour of birds and fish flocks, which move to form certain formations without colliding to get the best position in a multi-dimensional space. In neural network modelling, the number of input and hidden unit give influence to the network architecture. The more complex an architecture, the more network weights must be estimated. In this study, a comparison of particle swarm optimization and some gradient based methods on the optimizing neural network was studied. Comparative studies were performed on both stationary and non-stationary data. Experiments were conducted several times to obtain optimal accuracy and stability of results, through statistics of mean and variance of MSE values.

Transportation is an important factor to improve the economic level of an area. If the transportation does great, the economy will grow up. In case of that, Tirtonadi Surakarta Bus Station always try to provide optimum services to avoid long queue. Queue system on the west lanes nonpatas bus service of Tirtonadi Surakarta Bus Station (Solo-Yogyakarta, Solo-Semarang, Solo-Purwokerto, Solo-Jakarta, and Local Route) will be analyzed using queueing theory. The main goal of this project is to identify the distribution of the model of Non-Poisson and calculate the size of system performance. Primary data analysis is made up of equilibrium sample test (steady state) and tested the distribution of the arrivals number and the bus service's time. Based on the analysis of queue process, there are non-Poisson queue models estimated with Triangular, Beta, Weibull, and the models are (M/TRIA/1) : (GD/∞/∞), (M/BETA/1) : (GD/∞/∞), (M/M/1) : (GD/∞/∞), (BETA/G/1) : (GD/∞/∞), and (M/WEIB/1) : (GD/∞/∞). The size of system performance shows that line A (Solo-Yogyakarta) and line B (Solo-Semarang) have a higher level of service rush than other service lines.

As the capital of Central Java, Semarang is a coastal town located on the north coast of Java. This geographical feature exposes the city to environmental problems such as tidal flood (locally known as rob). Therefore, it is high at stake for the city to classify a certain model to determine the high of tide. One of the expert classification methods of machine-based learning is support vector machine (SVM), it is classified as the nonparametric machine which does not require any assumptions. The classification using SVM requires a kernel as a weight to determine support vector data to classify. Therefore, this study uses Kernel of polynomial and radial base function. As for variables of tidal classification, this study used wind speed and rainfall. On the basis of the analysis, the maximum tide level classification accuracy was carried out on the distribution of 80: 20 training and testing data resulting in a classification accuracy of 69.42%. Classification accuracy was determined by the distribution of training and testing data.

Spatial relationship models often use dependence relationships into covariance structures through the autoregressive model. The autoregressive process is shown through the dependence relationship between a set of observations or a location from now on called the dependent spatial model. The Spatial dependent model is divided into two categories: spatial lag and spatial error. The spatial lag regression model is a model that considers dependent variables on an area with other areas associated with it, and the spatial error regression model is a model that takes into account the dependency of error values of an area with errors in other areas associated with it. Models with both dependencies are expressed as spatial autoregressive models with a spatial autoregressive error term (SAR-SAR). These dependencies resulted in the estimation of parameters by the ordinary least square method (OLS) resulting in inconsistent estimators. Therefore a special estimation method is required which results in a consistent estimate of the generalized spatial two-stage least square (GS2SLS). In this paper, we review the parameter estimation of SAR-SAR model with GS2SLS. To complete this paper, we also applicate of SAR-SAR model in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) case in Surakarta, Central Java.

Regression analysis is an analysis in statistics for modeling the relationship between predictor variables and response variable. Regression analysis can be performed by two approaches; parametric and non-parametric models. Some commonly used estimators of nonparametric approaches are spline, local polynomial, kernel, wavelet, and Fourier. Fourier nonparametric regression is a regression based on Fourier series with cosine and sinus patterns. Regression analysis can be explored, not only for cross section data but also for longitudinal data. Longitudinal data is an observed data of some uncorrelated subjects, and each subject was observed for some periods. This research developed a nonparametric regression approach for longitudinal data by using Fourier series. One of the advantages of Fourier series is it combines additive that is able to overcome the data with recurrent and high fluctuations. The research use data with 3 subjects and 128 observations. The Fourier model by combining additive linear functions and cosine functions is more suitable for modeling repeated data that has an element of trend, as the 2^nd sector.

The declining poverty rate becomes the priority of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the period of 2002 - 2017 poverty rate in Central Java experienced a decrease, as similarly found in Semarang city. Examining the factors affecting the poverty classification in Semarang city, therefore, is deemed important. The analysis used in this research was conducted by examining the spatial factors and classification of poverty levels by means of the logistic model. The logistic model resulted was found to be capable of classifying the poverty levels, and the spatial model used was capable of modeling each region. In modelling the binary logistic regression, a number of factors affecting the poverty classification included the number of family members, education certificates of the head of family, the main fuel used for cooking, and listed as the receiver of the rice for poor or not. Accuracy on the classification of binary logistic regression models reached 94.9%. For spatial modeling by means of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), the dependent variable used referred to the number of underprivileged families in each sub-district. In GWR modeling, each sub-district had its own characteristics in modeling the number of underprivileged families in each sub-district in Semarang city.

Rice is a major food commodity in Indonesia. Based on its quality, the rice prices classified into premium, medium, and low. Besides as staple food, the production of rice involves millions of farmers. Therefore, the fluctuation of rice prices has a significant impact for national economy. The fluctuation of rice prices is random movement events that observed all the time. It can be viewed as stochastic processes. Then, Markov chain is a stochastic process where the outcome of the next event only depends on one previous event. This paper discusses transition probabilities, steady state probabilities and mean recurrence times properties of Markov chain. Then it will find the stochastic model for monthly rice price data in Indonesia from January 2013 to June 2018. There are two states in rice price assumed, i.e., increasing state and decreasing state. The discussion result showed that rice with premium, medium, and low quality, have almost similar price movements, and the probability of increasing price is greater than the probability decreasing price.

Indonesia is an agricultural country with rice as one of the staple foods. Production of rice in the province of Central Java is the highest in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to model rice production in 31 districts / cities in Central Java Province using semiparametric regression. Semiparametric regression is a combination of parametric and nonparametric regression. Parametric regression curves have a patterned, for example linear, quadratic, and cubic. Nonparametric regression has a smooth curve of the unknown pattern, so in this case required smoothing technique used to smooth curves that one of them is the local polynomial kernel approach and the election of bandwidth the optimal using method Generalized Cross Validation (GCV). Variables used in the study of the production of rice as the response variable, while the predictor variables that harvested area and rainfall. The data used are secondary data from the official website of Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) of Central Java. Based on the results obtained by applying the model the optimal bandwidth values is 0.43 and polynomial order p = 2 when the minimum GCV so the results of the estimation model R² is 0.968

Hypertension is one of the most common inherited diseases among Indonesians. This disease can affect the onset of various diseases, such as kidney failure, stroke, diabetic, and heart failure. Early detection is an effective way to control the incidence of hypertension by knowing risk factors such as age, sex, family history, genetics (irreversible/controlled risk factors), smoking habits, alcohol consumption habits, obesity, lack of physical activity that have significant effect. The methods that used to analyzed significant risk factor are logistic regression and Classification and Regression Tree (CART). This research compared the accuracy of two methods to select the best models to predict the risk of Hypertension. From the result, CART better than logistic for predict hypertension risk with AUC of 0,584.

This research covers Spatial Extreme Value method application with Max-Stable Process (MSP) approach that will be used to analysis Extreme Rainfall in Semarang city. Extreme value sample are selected by Block Maxima methods, it will be estimated into Spatial Extreme Value form by including location factors. Then it transform to Frechet distribution because it has a Heavy tail pattern. Max Stable Process (MSP) is an extension of the multivariate extreme value distribution into infinite dimension of the Extreme Value Theory. MSP using Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) approach, it has three forms distribution that is Gumbel, Frechet and Weibull. Extreme Value Samples that are selected by Block Maxima will follow GEV distribution. The best model that obtained based on Max-Stable with Smith model can be used to predict Extreme Rainfall by count Return Level. Then can be further analysis of various aspects, so it can provide a suggestion about the potential of natural disasters which are caused by extreme rainfall. Extreme rainfall prediction using the Smith model in the return period of the next two years, at the Semarang City Climatology, Tanjung Mas and Ahmad Yani Station is predicted to be a maximum of 100.7539 mm, 100.1052 mm, and 109.9379 mm.

Model of data distribution used for predict by the general of the events. Survival times are data that measure by the time to a certain period. The survivorship function is used to predict probability that an individual survives, while the hazard function is used to predict the probability of individual sick during a time. The data are assumed lognormal distribution. This matter took a random sample of participants from a study of the incidence and risk factors for stroke. The covariates are body mass index, smoking, alcoholic, diabetes mellitus, and albuminuria. This paper discusses comparing between models of the survivorship and the hazard functions by without covariate and with covariate. Determining the survivorship and the hazard functions with covariate use Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) model. The result of this research is body mass index, smoking, and diabetes mellitus cause stroke. Body mass index is positive effect, while smoking and diabetes mellitus are negative effect. Alcoholic and albuminuria are not significant. Measure of prediction accuracy uses the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The MAPE is 0.8729%, this value means that 99.1271% of models are good for prediction.

The formulation of Indonesian school operational assistance is a complex issue, as each region has different characteristics. The aim of this research was to find out the mapping of the distribution of school operational assistance budget in Central Java Province, to develop the equalization model of Indonesian school operational assistance of Central Java Province using spatial through three spatial processes namely spatial lag X (SLX), spatial autoregressive (SAR), and spatial error model (SEM). Spatial modeling is expected to be a tool of educational development planning so that the development is more directed to equitable distribution of Indonesian school operational assistance in Central Java. The distribution of funds for the program is one form of government expenditures in the form of subsidies for the education sector as the compensation from reduced subsidies for fuel oil. The research results show that the SEM model is the best model, and the estimation results show that the school development budget, school management and human development index can significantly be a determinant of the distribution of Indonesian school operational assistance.

Rice is one of staple food in Central Java province because rice is the main carbohydrate and calorie source for society in general. From year to year rice production in various regions in Indonesia shows a significant increase. Central Java is one of the provinces in Indonesia which has the agricultural sector as its main sector. However, in the last five years, the average rice production in Central Java showed a stagnant decline in value. This study was aimed to model the spatial effects on rice productivity in the cities in Central Java along with the factors that influence it. The method used is spatial modeling approach. The results of the analysis show that spatial lag X (SLX) model has the smallest AIC value, estimation result shows that rice production and harvest area have significant effect on rice productivity in Central Java.

Human Development Index (HDI) is measuring achievements of human development based on basic components of quality of life. Human development index is low score if HDI is less than 60, moderate HDI between 60 to less than 70, high HDI between 70 to less than 80, and equal to 80 and more than 80 belong to high HDI. Smooth Support Vector Machine (SSVM) is a classification technique that is new. The algorithm used is Newton Armijo with linear kernel, polynomial kernel, and Radial Basis Function (RBF) kernel. The result of classification of human development index with SSVM method with linear kernel shows the prediction accuracy 84.77%, polynomial kernel 61.65%, and RBF kernel 100%. Radial Base Function Kernel (RBF) is the most accurate kernel in predicting human development index.

Hotels are one of the supporting facilities for tourism in Indonesia. The development of hotels is an essential part of the tourism sector. Hotel development can be performed by knowing public opinion obtained from user reviews. However, direct comment analysis, by reading reviews one by one, becomes difficult due to the vast numbers involved. This problem can be overcome by implementing sentiment analysis. In practice, sentiment analysis has critical issues that can affect performance, i.e., several words have different meanings in different sentence contexts, and the existence of the negation words can invert the meaning of an entire text. Therefore, this research proposes the implementation of negation handling techniques using modified syntactic rules in Naive Bayes based sentiment analysis. The proposed modified syntactic rules of negation handling techniques have been shown to improve sentiment analysis performance by 3.3%; compared to sentiment analysis without negation handling.

City transportation is a motorized vehicle with a fixed line that connects one area to another in one city. Information about the city transportation route in Semarang has been provided by the Department of Transportation of Semarang city which contains the code and route. The development of science regarding the route search algorithm method or the shortest path can be used to support the path search based on the city transportation route. A geographical information system is a system designed to work using data that has spatial reference spatial information. At this time the technology has not been applied optimally to support the search for the shortest route of urban transport based on the city transportation route. This study aims to develop the application of the shortest pathway determination based on the city transportation route in Semarang using the Floyd Warshall algorithm based on Geographic Information System. City transportation route data can be implemented in graph form. The process of establishing a path graph is based on the road protocol traversed by Semarang city transportation. In this research, Floyd-warshall algorithm was successfully implemented in the Shortest Path Determination Application based on the City Transport Route in Semarang. Based on the results of testing the Floyd Warshall algorithm calculation by comparing manual calculations and calculations generated by the application, producing the path with the shortest distance the same so that the application gives the correct results. The results of usability testing which include aspects of ease, efficiency, easy to remember, errors and satisfaction in this application get a percentage overall 92,9% with very good qualification results. This application displays route maps. codes and trip descriptions from the initial position and destination position that can be selected by city transport users in Semarang

Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang is a university of health that has a scholarship facility for underprivileged students or often referred as Beasiswa Keluarga Miskin (Gakin). At this time the determination of Gakin scholarship recipients is still in the form of manual selection.

Decision-Making is a systematic approach to a problem with the gathering of facts, a mature determination of the alternatives to be faced, and the taking of actions that are calculated to be the most appropriate action. To simplify the process of determining a decision, present an application of decision support system with input and output required. This research makes an application of decision support system with K-Nearest Neighbor method to recommend the decision in the system. It aims to shorten the time and provide convenience to policymakers (decision makers) in Poltekkes Kemenkes Semarang in selecting recipients of Poor Family Scholarships (GAKIN). Based on existing data, KNN method can handle all new data from potential recipients with a value of neighbor is 5 to produce an accuracy of 99.61%, precision 99.85% and recall 99.42% with data of scholarship recipients last five years.

One strategy in using the Learning Management System (LMS) is to provide activities that can be accessed by students as learning material. The problem is that the teacher cannot see the students' online activity directly. In this study, the students' behavior was discovered from the e-learning log file on the quiz activity. Quis activities are performed six times and end with a final exam. Four attributes were proposed as the student behavior model, they are the frequency of repeating quiz work (freq), the duration on each quiz work (our), increased score when repeating the quiz (perf), and the best score of all attempts (best). The preferable clustering result using K-means algorithm was obtained with 2 (two) clusters. Each cluster was paired with the final exam score which shows that the percentage of failures in cluster_0 is 85%. This result corresponds to the centroid value in cluster_0 that is lower in all attributes compare to the cluster_1. It concludes to evidence that the activity of working on online quizzes has a relation with the final exam score. This information can be used for early intervention by the teacher to prevent the student from failing.

According to National Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries survey conducted by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistic in 2015, there were 4836 workers killed on construction sites due to illness and fatalities, 9% injuries were due to the exposure to the hazardous environment. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is one of the technologies used to access information from the environment and sent to the computer for analysis, thus reducing exposure to the hazardous environment. However, the state of danger is not yet known to the worker directly. Fortunately a mobile application can overcome this problem by receiving notification from the sensor device. In this paper, we propose a mobile application that can receive notification from the sensor device. We design our application to communicate to the sensor device that connected to the server. Our application can receive notification if there is an alteration from sensor data such as change of normal status to dangerous status or vice versa. Notification delivery was sent by using Firebase Cloud Messaging (FCM) to send notifications to Android. In the implementation, the application can receive notification of change of status sensor data equipped with sound when notification received.

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis virus and infects the pulmonary. While in Indonesia, Central Java province was on the third-ranked for the highest number of new case of pulmonary tuberculosis disease. This disease can cause dangerous complications until death if not immediately detected and not treated completely. To help the community do early detection of pulmonary tuberculosis disease easily, this research aims to make an early detection system of pulmonary tuberculosis disease using Artificial Neural Network algorithm Learning Vector Quantization 2 (LVQ2). The variable that was used consisted of 8 symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis disease. The research data obtained from health record data of pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Puskesmas Karangawen II Kab. Demak as much as 80 data. The distribution of training data and testing data was obtained from the application of k-fold cross-validation with the value of k = 8. The results showed that the best LVQ2 architecture for early detection system was obtained in combination of parameters learning rate (α) 0,06; smallest learning rate 0,001; window (ε) 0,3; and maximum epoch 500. The best architecture in this research produced 87,5% accuracy, 12,5% error rate, 85% sensitivity, and 90% specificity with a processing time of 8-fold was 60,68 seconds.

Assalafi AlFithrah is islamic boarding school located in Meteseh Semarang. In 2012 until 2016, it received 262 students from various regions in Indonesia. Fulfillment of life necessities of students is one of the things that should be considered by boarding school management. The basic necessities of life is food, clothing, place, education and health care. The monthly payment needed to cover the necessities of students in Assalafi AlFithrah. There are number of students whos payment were delayed. From these problems, it was necessary to predict the delay of monthly payment to estimate whether students will be late to pay or not. Data mining as solution to predict the delay of the monthly payment on students. One of a robust classification technique of data mining on categorical data is C4.5. Experiment conducted based on Knowledge Discovery Database (KDD) with C4.5 algorithm resulted average accuracy 81.15%, with average value of precision 77.62% and average value of recall 91.90%. This Application can give recommendations for scholarship to poor families. With this application can improve service and trust of parents towards the survival of students in schools.

The Regional Water Company (PDAM) of Grobogan Regency has endeavored to provide clean water services to the people of Grobogan Regency as much as possible. Although it has been running so far, PDAM still has several problems related to clean water production, among them is the increasing number of customers resulting in demand for clean water increases, not only that, the water loss factor is still high enough that the distribution of water is not going well. Therefore, a study is needed to consider the problem-solving in the form of clean water production prediction that can help PDAM determine policy regarding water production. This study performs a comparison of machine learning method to predict water production of PDAM Grobogan District. The methods used in the prediction are Neural Network, Deep Learning, and k-Nearest Neighbor. Processed data are influencing factors in producing clean water, including the number of customers, the amount of water sold, the amount of water loss and the amount of water source discharge. Data obtained from PDAM monthly reports for the last 5 years (January 2011 - December 2015).

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death women in the world and number one in Indonesia. An effort that can be done for this case is early detection, for example, an IVA test (visual inspection test with acetic acid). However, the IVA test is not able to indicate patients who have potential cancer before cancer's physical characteristics are seen. Thus a new solution is needed for early detection of cervical cancer that can indicate patients who have potential cancer before cancer's physical characteristics are seen. In recent years, various types of miRNA that play a role in cancer malignancies have been identified and can be used as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and monitoring. The use of classification based on miRNA gene expression is a solution for early detection, but the use of high accuracy classification algorithms is something that must be considered. Random Forest (RF) algorithm is the solution to these problems because better generalization performance and is less susceptible to overfitting. In this study also identified important features that are very influential in the classification process. The results showed that the Random Forest algorithm was able to have 100% accuracy for classification and most important features supporting the cancer were miR-549c-5p, miR-183 and miR-515-5p.

Cancer is still a significant problem for people today because it is one of the biggest causes of death in the world. Based on GLOBOCAN data in 2018, breast cancer accounted for the world's largest cancer mortality rate in women by 6.6% with total deaths amounting to 626,679 from 2,088,849 cases of cancer in the world. The high mortality rate of breast cancer is caused by the lack of effective early detection of the disease. MicroRNAs play an essential role in regulating cell division cycles, apoptosis, senescence, migration and cell invasion, and metastasis. The expression of microRNA in breast cancer shows a pattern compared to normal breasts, thus indicating its role as a potential diagnostic marker. Cancer classification using microRNA as a feature has been done in previous studies using Neural Network Backpropagation, however without optimization and tuning parameters. In this paper, we investigated the best optimization algorithm and tuning parameter of neural network backpropagation for cancer classification using microRNA feature. The optimization algorithms were Gradient Descent, Momentum, AdaGrad, AdaDelta, RMSProp, and Adam. The result of the experiment showed that Adam and RMSPop optimizer produced high accuracy which reached 98.536% and 98.54762% accuracy.

In the era of science and technology development and the high number of social media usage in Indonesia instead of becoming a media provocation and hoax dissemination media that is troubling and judged can be a severe threat to national stability. Students are referred to as learned society in the hope of being a golden generation who is always capable of being a change agent in the structure of society. Therefore, in this research, the source of data is UII student's opinion that was collected, using sentiment analysis, the researcher wants to know how the sentiment based on their response to the hoax news ahead of the 2019 election. Which hopefully can give solution and anticipate the heat of the political situation in Indonesia ahead of the next election 2019 and can educate students to care about social and political problems in Indonesia for the common good. Based on 395 respondents, it was concluded that UII student sentiment toward hoax news spread before the 2019 election was negative is 72,1%. The conclusion is the sentiment of UII students tends to be negative towards the spread of hoax news ahead of the 2019 election.

In this study, we present a comprehensive study about the performance of Static and Dynamic Alliance method that can enhance the performance of PCQ. Moreover, the objective of this study is to combine the method of static and dynamic bandwidth management to become Static, and Dynamic Alliance focused on the performance of Static and Dynamic Alliance method through analysis the download speed between PCQ and Static and Dynamic Alliance method. The router fetched bandwidth usage data and PCQ bandwidth allocation data. Those data will be processed and fed into the control system. Using Per-Connection Queue (PCQ) analysis, evaluation of data transfer speed between static, dynamic and combination of both methods have been done. We found that when the PCQ Method was utilized, IDM has a higher bandwidth compared to Google Chrome. During download task processing without canceling or pausing, the application of static and dynamic alliance method of management bandwidth has been conducted into the router successfully. Both IDM and Google Chrome receive an equal amount of bandwidth. Combination of static and dynamic methods in response to internet download accelerator application provide more efficient bandwidth allocation significantly. Those strengthen that static and dynamic alliance is a feasible solution of reliable internet bandwidth management and it is recommended to apply this method for improvement of dynamic method.

Protease is one of important industrial enzyme produced by microorganisms, including fungi. Aspergillus flavus DUCC K225 is an indigenous mold isolated from lime soil Madura island, has been verified as potential producing protease at pH 8. The production of alkaline protease by A. flavus DUCC K225 was studied under submerged fermentation. Molasse and glucose were used to replace sucrose as carbon source. The effect of medium components was observed on the 7th day's incubation, by measuring biomass, protease activity, protein content and protease specific activity at pH 8.5. The examination were done for crude enzyme, 0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60%, 60-80% and 80-100% ammonium phosphate fractionation. The results showed that highest biomass found in glucose medium (14,27 g/L); the highest protease specific activity was found in 60-80% ammonium sulfate fractionation of molasses medium (120,17 U/ml) and 9,4 purification fold.

Biomonitoring is the use of a particular species that can provide information related to environmental pollution status by certain heavy metals. Wulan River is the largest river in Demak Regency. The development of population activity along the Wulan River can affect the water quality, because the waste generated from the activities of the population is discharged directly into the river. This study aims to determine the content of lead metal (Pb) in water and meat fish Baung (Hemibagrus nemurus) in the waters of the Wulan River. The research method used survey method with purposive sampling. Water and fish samples were collected at 3 stations, Kedungwaru Lor, Pasir, and Berahan Wetan village. Analysis of Pb content using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The result of the test of lead metal content (Pb) was 0,3189-0,7320 ppm, and the water quality standard of PPRI N0.82 of 2001 class II that is for lead metal is 0,03 ppm. The lead metal content in Baung fish was 2,449-3,920 ppm. Furthermore, it was concluded that Wulan River Demak Regency has medium pollution status.

According to the need of land to fulfill the program of Intensifikasi Kapas Rakyat (IKR), such alternative land that has been underutilized optimally is needed to be found to anticipate the low capacity of growth. This research tries to improve the soil structure of latosol which has massive structure but has low phosphate availability for cotton cultivation Delta Pine 45 A varieties. A. Biological fertilization in the form of VAM spore inoculant is expected to help phosphate soil is absorbed by the plant. Improved soil structure of latosol by mixing its top soil part with river sand in comparison of 2:1. VAM mushroom spores were isolated by wet sieving and inoculated when cotyledon plants formed a broadcast inoculation with a dose of 50 spores per plant. Observations on cotton plant growth include plant dry weight, cotton fruit, phosphate levels of plant tissue during vegetative and reproductive phases, and the callcula ion of the intensity of VAM infections in plant roots. Soil with repaired structure and is VAM-infected, showed significant cotton growth carrying capacity to its control. Plant dry weight increased by 85%, the intensity of infection increased by 28%, tissue phosphate level increased by 83%, and cotton fruit increased by 92%. Restoration of latosol soil structure and use of VAM biological fertilizer could be an alternative extensification of agricultural land for cotton plants.

Over the last twenty years, the aquatic environment of Rawapening Lake has been negatively impacted by increasing rates of sedimentation and rising levels of soluble organic materials. The uncontrolled growth rate of hyacinth and other aquatic plants, and the rapidly increased implementation of traditional fish cages are believed to be the main contributing factors, resulting in degraded water quality. Dynamic structure of phytoplankton can be used as a bioindicator. This study is aimed at understanding the phytoplankton community in Rawapening Lake and assessing the water quality based on saprobic and diversity indices. A purposive random sampling method was used to determine four sampling locations. The data were analyzed with the saprobic index, Shanon-Wiener diversity index, and domination index. The result of the study shows that a substantial amount of phytoplankton were dominated by the genus Melosira sp., Aulacoseria granulosa, Oscillatoria sp., and Synedra sp., with low to moderate diversity index values. The quality of the Rawapening Lake water environment based on the saprobic index value was categorized as β meso-Oligosaprobic, indicating very mild to light pollution.

Water and sediment ecosystems are often influenced by fish farming activities especially organic matter that lead to organic enrichment. The macrobenthic community is one of the benthic organisms that can be used as bioindicator to detect disturbances in aquatic environments. The purpose of this study was to compare the distribution patterns of macrobenthic assemblages adjacent to floating net cages situated at Karang Lebar Island, Jakarta using a multivariate approach. Three sampling locations were assessed, each with three stations and three replicates. Each location consisted of a floating net cage of monoculture, a floating net cage of IMTA (Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture), and a reference site at Karang Lebar Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. All data concerning macrobenthic presence was expressed using diversity (H'), evenness (e) and dominance (C) indices.

Further analysis done using multivariate analysis was presented as 2D-ordination by Nonmetric Multi-Dimensional Scaling (NMDS). The composition of macrobenthic assemblages was dominated by gastropods (18 species), bivalves (9 species) and Polychaeta (7 species). Based on NMDS ordination, there was a tendency of grouping stations by sampling time. It is particularly so between sampling times II and III, and between sampling times I and III. However, this grouping did not occur between sampling times I and II. It may indicate that the macrobenthic assemblages were influenced by certain annual seasons.

Meanwhile, depending on sampling locations, the assemblages were influenced by environmental variability. The stations were grouped by the aquacultural areas and reference area on the ordination with some overlapping stations positioned among them. However, the tendency of grouping the stations between IMTA and monocultural sites did not occur, implying both farming practices have a relatively similar impact on the structure of macrobenthic assemblages.

Essential oils from spices such as red galangal and cinnamon are known to have antimicrobial activity that is strong enough against pathogenic and food destroying bacteria, so it has the potential to be developed as a preservative, especially in food. High antimicrobial activity is generally obtained at high concentrations, which can affect sensory acceptance when applied to food. One way to overcome this problem is to combine the use of essential oils. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of the combination of red galangal and cinnamon essential oils to its antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The research was carried out with an experimental method which was analyzed descriptively. Antimicrobial activity testing was carried out by the agar diffusion method and contact method to determine the inhibition growth of E. coli and S. aureus bacteria. The treatment consists of 5 ratios combination of red galangal and cinnamon essential oils, which were 1:0, 0:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1 (v/v). The results showed that the ratio of the combination of red galangal and cinnamon essential oils showed a strong effect on antimicrobial activity towards E. coli and S. aureus. The combination of essential oil at 1:1 (v/v) ratio showed the highest antimicrobial activity against E.coli which was 20.5 mm of inhibition zone, while toward S. aureus was 21.25 mm inhibition zone (strong activity); and could reduce the total test bacteria by reducing 16.85% of E. coli and 21.69% of S. aureus bacteria after 24-hour length incubation.

Discharge data is one of the important data in evaluating the reliability of water resources management in the watershed. Most watersheds in Indonesia do not have observed discharge data over a long period. While the availability of rainfall data is almost available in all watersheds with a much longer period. Therefore, it is necessary to convert rain into a runoff to obtain a discharge event with a long period. Rain-runoff transformation is a very complex process. Rain input contains the variability of space, time and uncertainty. A very complex hydrological analysis is needed to find out various parameters related to rain models for a runoff. One of the hydrological models that can be used is HEC-HMS 4.2. This paper aims to analyze the relationship of rainfall - runoff in the Garang watershed using HEC-HMS 4.2. For calibration, observational discharge data is used from AWLR Kreo. Based on optimization analysis, the hydrological parameter are obtained CN composite 66.4, groundwater content 128.48 mm, Initial Abstraction 25.7 mm and imperviousness 9.27%. The validity of the model is quite satisfactory, judging from the correlation values, RMSE and Nash.

The oral cavity health of human can describe their health condition. The oral candidiasis disease caused by Candida albicans, an opportunistic mycoflora in mouth cavity, can be treated with several antifungal drugs including nystatin, ketoconazole, and fluconazole. Mint (Mentha piperita L) leaves are one of the herbal ingredients used as a refresher in natural mouthwash and known to have antibacterial activity. This study aimed to determine the antifungal activity of ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of mint leaves against C. albicans. The mint leaves were macerated with ethanol and ethyl acetate solvents, macerate obtained were then evaporated on a rotary evaporator. Ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of mint leaves were tested for antifungal activity against C. albicans using the Kirby-Bauer method. The concentration of extract used was 40%, 60% and 80% w/v and 25,000 μg ketoconazole used as the positive control, while 100% dimethyl sulfoxide used as the negative control. The results showed that antifungal activity of ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of mint leaves against C. albicans was weaker than 25,000 μg of ketoconazole. The strongest antifungal activity of ethyl acetate extract found at 80% w/v concentration with 9.95 mm diameter of inhibition zone, while the inhibition zone diameter formed in 80% w/v ethanolic extract was7.65 mm.

Oral health is an important thing that must be prioritized because the entire intake is first processed in the mouth. The most common disease found in the oral cavity is candidiasis, caused by Candida albicans which is an opportunistic intraoral pathogen that inhabits the oral cavity. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the herbal plants which has proven in laboratory scale have antifungal activity. This research aimed to know the antifungal activity of methanolic and chloroform extract of M. Piperita L. leaves against C. albicans. Mint leaf extract was obtained by maceration method using methanol and chloroform as solvents. The extract concentration for antifungal activity test were 40%; 60% and 80% w/v solution in DMSO 100%. The Kirby-Bauer method was used to examine the antifungal activity of both extracts. The results showed that both methanolic and chloroform extract has antifungal activity against C. albicans. The antifungal of methanolic better than the chloroform extract. Both extracts at all concentration showed a greater antifungal activity compared to 25.000 μg ketoconazole as a positive control. The best antifungal activity of methanolic mint leaves extracts found at 80% concentration. It is no different in antifungal activity of chloroform mint leaves extract at all concentration tested.

Neems has been known as an anti-fertility effect, both in male and female mammals. This research was performed to find out the effect of ethanolic leaf extract of A. indica on the testes structure that indicated by testicular weight, diameter, and thickness of germinal epithelium of seminiferous tubules. Twenty Swiss Webster male mice were used, and they were divided into two groups (K and P) of ten in replicates. The mice in the K group served as a control group treated with drinking water; while mice in the P group treated with 14 mg/animal/day of ethanolic Neem leaf extract. Treatment was administered orally for 21 days. The mice were sacrificed at 22nd day under chloroform anesthesia. Testes were isolated, weighted and processed with paraffin method continued with HE staining. Diameter and thickness of germinal epithelium of semeniferous tubules were measured on five tubules in every slide of testes. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) continued by DMRT. Our result showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between treated and control group on diameter and thickness of germinal epithelium. In conclusion, spermatogenesis in mice was disrupted by ethanolic of Neem leaf extract.

The glycemic index is a measure developed to classify carbohydrate foods based on their physiological effects on blood glucose levels. The purpose of this study was to distinguish glycemic index of ant sugar compared to comparator (carbohydrate 50 gram). Respondents involved in the glycemic index test were 5 persons. Prior to treatment (fresh bread and "gula semut") respondents fasting at least 10 hours. In the first stage respondents were given 50 grams of fresh bread measured blood sugar levels at 0 minutes (fasting), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post giving bread. Respondents were rested for 3 days without heavy activity. The second stage of the respondents was given 50 grams of ant sugar and measured blood sugar level of 0 minutes (fasting), 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post giving "Gula semut". Blood glucose measurement using finger-prick capillary blood samples method. Calculation of glycemic index to bread and "gula semut" obtained through calculation of area under the curve. The total area under the curve on the supply of bread 35.75% while the total area under the curve on the supply of "gula semut" 14.10%. The glycemic index of "gula semut" is low (<55%). Low glycemic index foods improve slowly blood sugar levels. So the "gula semut" does not raise the blood glucose levels quickly.

Menayu Village is one of the villages in the Muntilan District, Magelang Regency, Central Java which is one of the minapolitan areas based on Magelang Regent's Decree (SK) No. 188.45 / 347 / KEP / 29/2011. Minapolitan area is a part of the area that has the main function of the economy which consists of production centers, processing, marketing of fishery commodities, services, and other supporting activities. The purpose of this study was to determine internal and external factors that support the development of ecotourism in the Minapolitan area and the appropriate ecotourism development strategies to be able to develop Menayu as the minapolitan area. SWOT analysis was used, involving internal strategy factors (IFAS) and external strategy factors (EFAS). The results showed that IFAS factors that support ecotourism development in the Minapolitan area include rural natural beauty, topography, diversity of plankton and fish in the area of fish farming, community support and the farm of red arowana fish (Schleropagus formosus), while weakness factors for tourism were infrastructure and lack of public knowledge. Supporting EFAS factors were the potential aquaculture sector, local government support, and stakeholders, the presence of red arowana fish (Schleropagus formosus) which are included in the IUCN category for endangered species. While the obstacles were unoptimal stakeholder support and the lack of transportation to the area from the district center. Priority strategies that can be applied based on the SWOT analysis are protection and conservation of ecotourism potential (conservation of aquatic resources and red arowana fish and the optimization of biological potential as a tourist attraction, as well as enhancing ecotourism support facilities.

The objective of this research were to determine the abundance and diversity of insects on apple water tree and to measure the effectiveness of several colours and height placement of sticky trap on fruit flies and other insects on apple water tree during fruit season. Sampling of insects was conducting in an apple water field during fruit season in Demak Central Java Indonesia using sticky trap with methyl eugenol attractant. There were three different sticky trap colours i.e., yellow, white, and blue; and two height of trap placement i.e., one meter and three meter, were used. Parameters observed included the number of fruit flies in each colour, height placement of sticky trap, and the taxon of insects. The data was analysed into Shannon-Wiener diversity and abundances of insects on each colours and height placement of sticky traps. The results showed that the insects found consist of 5 orders (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Odonata), and 21 families. Most families are found in the order Diptera (8 families), Hymenoptera (4 families), and Coleoptera (3 families). The Diptera family consists of Tephritidae, Culicidae, Agromyzidae, Muscidae, Asillidae, Mycetophyllide, Drosophyllidae, Bombyllidae. In short, the insects on apple water tree were more abundant in 3 meter height and they tend to be attracted on yellow sticky trap.

This study aimed to analyze the population density and distribution patterns of Teredo Navalis L in the mangrove forest area of Wailukum Maba, East Halmahera Regency. A survey method with deskriptive analysis used in this research, while the reseacrh location was determined using a purposive method. The research location is 100 meters long and 50 meters wide, making it 5,000 m². The research location was divided into 4 stations. Station I in the north, station II at the center, station III in the east and station IV in the west. At each station, five transect lines were made using a rope and 5 plots were placed alternately with a size of 10x10 meters. The results showed that there were three morphological characteristics of T. navalis L. These carakteristics divided in mangrove logs based on body measurements 0f 60 cm long, 30 cm long and 15 cm long. The population density of T. navalis L at the four stations varied between 1-2 ind / m². the highest population density was measured at station II (2 ind/m²) and the lowest was measured at station III (1 ind/m²).

Rhizophora apiculata is species in mangrove vegetation. The mangroves leaves were the water-storage type. Induction of callus from the leaf of R. apiculata faced problems, i.e., browning phenomena and exudates. This research aimed to evaluate the production of exudates and their correlation with the browning of explant and to identify kind of compounds of exudates. The leaf that is used as explants was divided into the base and tip section was grown in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with the addition of NAA 1 mg/L, BAP 0,3 mg/L, and activated charcoal 12 g / L. The treatments included 24 hours placed in the dark and 24 hours placed under light, 16 hours placed in the dark and 8 hours under the light, 8 hours placed in the dark and 16 hours under the light; the treatments were repeated four times. Respond of explants were descriptively observed, while the exudates were analyzed by Benedict test. The results showed that light treatment could induce callus formation while 24-hour dark treatment could reduce browning. The novelty of this research lies upon the process of browning prevention using light duration treatment. Therefore, browning could be prevented, and mangrove culture could successfully produce callus. Not at all explants produced the exudates. Light treatment can be used to avoid exudates production. Some of the exudates consisted of carbohydrates. Nevertheless, another one consisted of a salt solution. These exudates made a disturbance in callus initiation of R. apiculata.

Mycorrhiza is a root plant symbiont functioning to increase mineral and nutrients absorption. Mycorrhiza fertilization to potatoes has to be monitoredin order to observethe effects of mycorrhiza on the growth of potatoes. Therefore, theaim of thisstudy was to analyze the effect of mycorrhiza on potato growth and production. This field research was conducted in Kledung village, Temanggung (1,138 masl) from 25 March to 25 June 2018. The method used was separated block design with 4 treatments and 20 replications in each plot. The first plot (P1) was the plot without treatment; the second plot (P2), positive control, was the plot treated with chemical fertilizer;the third plot (P3) was plot treated with organic fertilizer Bokasi and Trichoderma; and the fourth plot (P4) was fertilized using mycorrhiza. The data related to growth and production were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test; while, to determine the best type of fertilizer among treatments t-testwas used. The results showed that mycorrhizal application significantly increased height (20.12 cm p ≤ 0.05), the number of leaf (32.47, p ≤ 0.05), and potato production (213.70 gr). It can be concluded that the use of mycorrhiza significantly increased the growth and production of potato.

Lack of nutrients is the major cause of potato production to decrease and potato plant not to grow well. The objective of the study was to analyze the effect of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on the growth and the production of potato. The research was conducted in Kledung Village, Temanggung Regency (1,136 meter above the sea level), in 04 March – 04 June 2018. Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments was applied with five treatments each of which was placed in a different plot and each plot was filled with 40 plant treatments. On the first plot, no treatment was given (P1); the second plot was given chemical fertilizer (P2), the third plot was supplemented with PGPR one dose (P3), the fourth plot was PGPR two dose (P4), and the last was the fifth plot treated with GA hormone (P5). The results showed that there was no significant difference in plant height. The highest potato production was in the group treated with PGPR 1 time was 277.1 g and the lowest was in the P2 group, which was 101.4 gr. PGPR directly increases the availability of nutrients for plants, and increases fertility. So, it, can be concluded that the administration of PGPR one dose is the best dose and increases potato production.

The effort in improving water quality of fishponds could be conducted with various methods, including the integration of mangrove trees known as silvofishery. However, an additional method could be applied by deploying compost. This research aimed to study the distribution of phytoplankton community in the silvofishery pond and to analyze the impact of compost application in the silvofishery pond planted with different mangrove species. The research was conducted in September 2017. Three silvofishery ponds planted with mangrove species Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata and mixed of both and one control pond were utilized. Compost was deployed in the silvofishery pond as much as 2 kg for 25 m2 area. The sampling of phytoplankton was conducted one week after the compost deployment. Data analysis was conducted for diversity index, while statistical analysis was conducted by chi-square. The result showed that the deployment of compost could slightly improve water quality. There were only five phytoplankton species with total density of 85 ind.l⁻¹ in the control pond, while ponds with A. marina, R. mucronata and mixed of mangrove consisted of 7 species (155 ind.l⁻¹), 7 species (119 ind.l⁻¹) and 5 species (103 ind.l⁻¹) respectively. Diversity index showed medium values (1.56-1.95) with high evenness values (0.97 – 1.0). Chi-square analysis showed that each treatment has a significantly different composition of phytoplankton.

The Harmfull algae blooms, or HABs, are a major environmental problem existing in the aquatic environment. Blue-green algae and cyanobacteria are examples of Harmfull algae bloom being able to impact on human health and aquatic ecosystems. Harmfull algae blooms occurred when colonies of algae, living in the sea and freshwater, have grown out of control and produced toxic or harmful effects on people, aquatic environment and birds. The objective of the study is identifying HABs microalgae using an appearance on microscope followed by toxicity measurement. The method that we used in this research is observation through data collection and objects recording. The research found that some of HABs microalgae in Demak waters are from genus Melossira, Thalassiotrix, Navicula, Climacodium, Protoperidinium, Trichodesmium, Halosphaera. The existence of waters phytoplankton has physical and chemical factors such as nitrate, phosphate, current and organic matters. The HABs plankton is going to exist in the waters when the nitrate and phosphate concentration rise to upper levels. It is presumed that the Demak waters have been being supported by environmental factors due to the limited HABs algae.

Mass mortality in catfish culture frequently occurs in Boyolali as a central production due to the outbreak of bacterial diseases. The main causative agent of bacterial disease is Aeromonas hydrophila. This research aimed to find out the bacteria isolates were potential against A. hydrophila. The exploratory method was commenced. Thirty-four isolates were gained from water (SBA01–SBA14) and mud (SBL01 – SBAL20) that were collected from the fish pond of Boyolali Regency, Indonesia with TSA medium. Screening the potential bacteria candidates against A.hydrophila using the sensitivity test that was conducted with in vitro method. Based on the screening results showed that three isolates (SBA14, SBL11, and SBL20) were potential candidates against A. hydrophila. On the basis of sequence 16S rDNA analysis, the result showed that SBA 14, SBL 11 and SBL 20 were closely related to Bacillus flexus, Bacillus subtillis, and Bacillus velezensis respectively.

The siam weed (Chromolaena odorata L.) has allelochemical compounds capable in inhibiting the growth of surrounding plants so that it has the potential as a natural herbicide to control various weeds including autoallelopathic weeds. This study aims to examine the effect of siam weed leaf extract at different concentrations on germination and initial growth of the Siam weed seed. The study used a Completely Randomized Design of one factor in the form of extract concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Germination method was carried out on petri dish and observations are carried out every 24 hours, and the treatment was stopped after 100% germination occurred at least in one petri dish. Each treatment was done with five replications — parameters measured as a percentage of germination and germination rate, initial germination including hypocotyl length, radicula length, and fresh weight. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 95% confidence level. The results of this study showed that the Siam weed extract inhibited germination and initial growth of the Siam weed seed sprout, the higher concentration of the Siam weed extract the highest, inhibition of germination and initial growth of the Siam weed seed.

The siam (Chromolaena odorata L.) and babandotan (Ageratum conyzoides L.) is weeds that often grow on cultivated land. Therefore it reduces crop productivity. Weeds are generally invasive because of an allelochemical compound that can inhibit the growth of existing plants around it. It is potential to be used as a bioherbicide to control weeds. This study aims to examine the allelochemical effects of different organs (leaf, stem, and root) of Chromolaena odorata L. at different concentrations on photosynthetic pigments and number of stomata on leaves Ageratum conyzoides L. The study used a Completely Randomized Design (RAL) and factorial pattern with two factors (3X5). The first factor is the type of organ siam, i.e., leaf, stem, and root and the second factor is the concentration of the extract, i.e., 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Each treatment, replicated five times. The parameters measured were the concentration of photosynthetic pigments, i.e., chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids and the number of stomata. Results data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at the test level of 95%. The results showed that root extract is more effective in reducing photosynthetic pigments and the number of stomata. Leaves Ageratum conyzoides L. than leaf and stem extracts, the higher concentration of the Siam weed extract, the greater inhibition was resulted

Kendari Bay is receiving direct pressure from land clearing. This activity leads to sedimentation to the estuarine area. The sedimentation rate in Kendari Bay reaches up to 143,147 m³/year. The high amount of total suspended solids will impede light penetration. As a consequence, it will decrease the rate of photosynthesis, thus decreasing chlorophyll-a content. This research was aimed to understand the relationship between distribution total suspended solid (TSS) and chlorophyll-a concentration in Kendari Bay. Water sampling was done between January 21 and February 6, 2018. TSS and chlorophyll-a were measured in the laboratory. Data of TSS and chlorophyll-a from 2010 to 2018 were downloaded from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI. ENVI 5.1 and ArcGIS 10.1 software was used to visualize the distribution into a map. The relationship between two parameters was analyzed using linear regression. The TSS showed a linear increase from 2010 to 2018 with a concentration higher than 50 mg.l⁻¹. The correlation between TSS and chlorophyll–a showed a negative correlation (0.6376) which indicated that the higher TSS, the lower the chlorophyll-a.

Photoaging is a common problem that occurs in our community due to ongoing exposure to ultraviolet rays. The use of antioxidants is an effective approach to prevent symptoms related to photo-induced aging of the skin. The objective of this study was to purification alkaloid and to formulate antioxidant cream extract Perna viridis. Thus, the present study was to prepare and evaluate the antioxidant cream extracts of Perna viridis for their radical scavenging activity. Perna viridis is one of the economically important biotas. This biota is diverse in Indonesia waters and occurred in coastal, mangrove area and estuarine. Initially, the material was macerated gradually with ethanol. The extract obtained was filtered and evaporated. The extracts were fractionated and analyzed by Thin-layer Chromatography. The extracts were examined for DPPH (2, 2 - diphenyl - 1- picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity with reference standard ascorbic acid through in vitro models. The ethanolic extract Perna viridis was found to act in scavenging DPPH radicals with ascorbic acid used as the reference standard, and an IC₅₀ value was found to be 90.17 μg/mL. The results showed that these extracts of Perna viridis could be considered as natural antioxidants and may be useful for curing diseases arising from oxidative deterioration.

The presented study aimed to characterize the content, biological activity and formulation of extracts prepared from dried Stevia rebaudiana Bert leaves. Stevia rebaudiana Bert is the leaves that have antioxidant activity. The leaves, stems and flowers of stevia contain a complex mixture of sweet diterpene glycosides, including isosteviol, stevioside, rebaudioside (A, B, C, D, E, and F), steviolbioside and dulcoside A. In addition to glycosides, the leaves of stevia also contain other phytoconstituents, such as flavonoids, phenolic acids, fatty acids, proteins, and vitamins. These compounds can prevent and retain free radicals substitution, which can cause aging and chronic diseases. The extract obtained was filtered and evaporated — determination of total phenolics and total flavonoid using spectrophotometric methods. The antioxidant potential of this extract was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. In the DPPH radical-scavenging activities, the extract had the antioxidant activity (IC50 = 48.18 μg / ml). The results showed that these extracts of Stevia rebaudiana Bert could be considered as natural antioxidants. The evaluation of the formulated cream showed good results and can be good potential for cosmetic product development.

Turmeric powder supplements contain curcumin and essential oils that can increase parakeet production. The aims study to analyze effect supplementation turmeric powder (Curcuma longa L.) on duodenal female parakeets (Melopsittacus undulates). This research used ten female parakeets aged four months. Research used a randomized design complete with two treatments and five replications. The treatment was P1 as control and P2 with supplement turmeric powder dose 35 mg/bird/day for 30 days. The result using t-test showed that effect turmeric powder did not make significant (p> 0.05) on body weight, feed consumption, gastrointestinal length, and duodenal histomorphometry (villi height, villi width, crypt depth, and mucosal muscular thickness). The conclusion is supplementation turmeric powder on female parakeets (Melopsittacus undulates) not effect on body weight, feed consumption, gastrointestinal length, and duodenal histomorphometry (villi height, villi width, crypt depth, and mucosal muscular thickness). Supplementation turmeric powder dose 35 mg/bird/day not positive impact on the digestive system of parakeets.

Lactation period requires more nutrients and energy to meet the needs of lactating rats and pups. Increased energy and nutrient requirements during lactation have an effect on increasing metabolic rate as well. Lactation energy deficiency may affect the histology of the liver. This study was conducted to examine and analyze the effect organic quail eggs supplementation on hepatocytes diameter, hepatic lobules diameter, liver weight, and body weight in the lactating test animal. This study used 20 females Wistar rats consisted of 5 treatments with 4 replications. The treatment of this study consisted of T0: control rat; T1: rat supplemented with commercial quail eggs; T2: rat supplemented with standard organic quail eggs; T3: rat supplemented with organic quail eggs contained cassava leaves, mackerel, and turmeric powder; and T4: rat supplemented with organic quail eggs contained cassava leaves, seaweed, and turmeric powder. This research used Completely Randomized Design. The variables measured in this study were hepatocytes diameter, hepatic lobules diameter, liver weight, and body weight in the test animal. The obtained data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level and continued with Duncan test with 5% significance level if there is a significant difference. The result of data analysis showed that supplementation of organic quail eggs give the significant difference in hepatocytes diameter and hepatic lobules diameter, but had no significant difference in liver weight and body weight so that it can be concluded that quail eggs supplementation in the lactation period affects rats' liver histological structure.

The productivity of corn field's crops must be increased in order to supply the market's demands. This study aims to increase the productivity of corn plants by using the proper fertilizers. Fertilizing using silica can increase the resistance of corn plants toward drought pressure, while nitrogen fertilizing can increase the amount of chlorophyll. This study compares the effect of nano silica-NPK fertilizer and manure-nano silica toward the chlorophyll a, b, and to the total amount of chlorophyll consisted in sweet corn plants at the age of 10, 40 and 60 days. The nanosilica-NPK ratio is 100%: 0%, 75%: 25%, 50%: 50%, 25%: 75%, and 0%: 100%, as well as the ratio of nano silica-manure. The total amount of chlorophyll contained in the fertilizers of nano silica-manure tends to be the same as nano silica-NPK fertilization at the age of 10, 40 and 60 days. The amount of Chlorophyll a is higher than the amount of chlorophyll b in all fertilizers. Chlorophyll a, b, and the total amount of chlorophyll tends to decrease in nano silica-manure fertilizer, but in nano silica-NPK fertilizer, the chlorophyll has increased from the 10th to 60th days.

Plasma discharge produces ozone for decontamination; when it is combined with leaf fertilizer, it is expected to support orchid growth. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of plasma discharge and leaf fertilizer on the vegetative growth of orchid plants and to reduce contamination. The study used factorial Completely Randomized Design 3X3. The first factor is the duration of plasma discharge, including D0 (0 seconds), D1 (60 seconds), and D2 (120 seconds). The second factor is the level of leaf fertilizer which includes G0 (0 g/l), G1 (3 g/l), and G2 (5 g/l) given at two weeks after planting. The research parameters included the percentage of life, plant height, number of leaves, root length, wet basis, and chlorophyll content. Data are analyzed by using ANOVA (Analysis of variance) followed by DMRT Test (Duncan's Multiple Range Test). The results showed that 60 second irradiation treatment produced the best percentage of life with low contamination. The results of the combination of plasma irradiation and leaf fertilizer treatment in 60 seconds irradiation and 3 g / l leaf fertilizer on parameters of plant height, root length, plant weight and the number of leaves.

Sago and tofu waste still have high organic content so that it can be used as a planting media. This research is expected to help preserve the environment by reducing waste and using polybags in the cayenne pepper cultivation. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of the combination of sago and tofu waste on the growth of cayenne. Research begins with taking sago waste and tofu waste, planting, and treatment. This study uses factorial Completely Randomized Design with three replications. The first factor is planting media, consisting of 5 media. The second factor is the tofu waste concentrations. The parameters of this study are plant growth and yield (wet weight and dry weight). The data is then analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test. The results showed that the interaction between planting media and tofu waste had a significant effect on all parameters. The treatment of planting media and black sago with tofu waste of 30% concentration showed the highest seedling growth in plant height, leaf number and area, wet and dry weight of roots and canopy because these media can provide sufficient nutrients for plants.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of kombucha tea as drinking water by the time variation of fermentation. This study used 50 rats (Rattus norvegicus L.) male two months of age, with the treatment of the fermented kombucha tea for 6, 9 and 12 days at a temperature of 25°C orally. This study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments (for 60 days) and 5 replications, namely: P0 = control, without the addition of kombucha tea, P1 = water + 1.8 ml in the morning and afternoon tea kombucha fermentation 6 days, P2 = water drink + 1.8 ml morning and afternoon tea kombucha fermentation 9 days, P3 = water + 1.8 ml in the morning and afternoon tea kombucha fermentation 12 days. The variables measured were cholesterol, HDL and LDL. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncan test with a 95% confidence level using SPSS 10.0 software. The results showed that administering kombucha tea can raise levels of HDL, lowering LDL cholesterol and blood serum of white rats (Rattus norvegicus L.). In conclusion, kombucha tea is fermented for 6, 9 and 12 days could potentially be used as a supplement for the prevention of risk to vascular disease and coronary heart disease.

Progo Watershed is an ecosystem consists with Progo Rriver as the main river. One of the problems in the Progo River is the formation of sediment deposits in the downstream. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of land use on the erosion and sedimentation potential. Erosion prediction are based on Wischmeier and Smith's research which presents the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). In this research, the erosion and sedimentation potential has different land uses; from 1990, 2000, and then 2011. Generally, there has been an increase in the average erosion rate at Progo watershed, from 165 tons/ha/year in 1999 to 184 tons/ha/in 2011,;or if classified based on the erosion hazard level, it continues to become heavier. Sub-watersheds that have experienced a significant increase in erosion rates are Blongkeng Sub-watershed, Gemurung Sub-watershed, and Progo Hulu Sub-watershed, where the status differed from medium to heavy category. Some locations that were silting due to sediment became prone to floods.

Brass handicraft was an informal industry in the Juana Subdistrict. Many types of work related to brass handicrafts. One of them is grinding work, which to smooth the metal pouring. The grinder worker works for 8 hours a day with a 1-hour break for rest. There is a lack of working environment and poor ventilation. This can affect work disruption and employee complaints. This aim of the study was to describe the working environment of grinding wheels in Brass handicraft SMEs, and worker complaints work in it. This research method using an observational approach by describing the grinding work environment and employee complaints. 32 grinding workers in Brass handicraft SMEs were included. The results showed that the work environment was poor sanitation, lack of ventilation and the room is narrow compared to the work tools installed. The workers worked with unergonomic work tools and heat stress exposure. The most musculoskeletal complaints are waist, back, neck and shoulder complaints. Grinder workers feel uncomfortable with their work environment. It must control the work environment by providing knowledge about occupational safety and health for the owner and worker. This effort can be done by establishing UKK post, as the center of preventive and promotive efforts of work health in Handicraft Brass SMEs.

Phosphorus plays a crucial significant role in all life forms. Microbes have the ability to convert several forms of phosphorus into dissolved forms, so that they can also be used in the phosphorus cycle process. The aim of this research were to explore, screen, phenetic and molecular identify the phosphobacteria naturally colonized and associated with Sargassum sp. from the Menjangan Kecil Island, Karimunjawa. Total of 23 bacterial isolates associated with Sargassum sp. were screened. All isolates obtained were tested for their ability in phosphate dissolution activity in Pikovskaya agar medium. Three different isolates showed the largest dissolution activity around bacterial colonies selected for quantitative estimation of phosphate solubilization. The next screening was to choose one candidate isolate based on its highest ability in dissolving phosphate and then identifying its identity based on phenotypic character and 16S rRNA gene. Quantitative estimation of phosphate solubilization PSB isolates MBS3R was 149,32 μg P ml-1 was analyzed for 120 hours of incubation at room temperature. MBS3R isolate is a strain of Microbacterium sp, which is taxonomically included in the class of Actinobacteria, genus Microbacterium.

Virgin coconut oil (VCO) and olive oil are edible oil containing antioxidant that can prevent free radicals in Rattus norvegicus hyperglycemic due to the damage of pancreatic beta cell after alloxan injection. Virgin coconut oil and olive oil are fatty acids that when being consumed will affect the diameter of hepatocyte cells. this study aims to analyze the response of blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic Rattus norvegicus after administration of a mixture of VCO and olive oil with vitamin E and its effects on the liver. Research materials were twenty male Rattus norvegicus were. Randomized Factorial Design was used in four treatment groups including P1 was control, P2 was mice injected with alloxan, P3 was mice injected with alloxan plus 0.1 ml/BW of each VCO and vitamin E and P4 was mice injected with alloxan plus 0.1 ml/BW of each olive oil and vitamin E. Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Feed and water were provided ad libitum for four weeks. The result showed that there was no significant difference in the level of blood glucose between P3 and P4 but significant difference with P1 and P2. The diameter of hepatocyte cells and Hepatosomatic Index not significant than the other treatments. It can be concluded that VCO and olive oil are equally capable of decreasing blood glucose and does not cause negative effects on the liver.

Cinnamon and gotu kola are herbal plants that are rich in polyphenol-type antioxidants. This type of antioxidant has been known to have an important role in stimulating an increase in biological function, especially hematological status. Quail with increased haematological status can be known from hemoglobin levels and erythrocyte counts per mm3 of blood. The aim of this study was to analyze the hematological status of quail Australian strains by adding cinnamon and gotu kola leaves supplements with variable hemoglobin levels, erythrocyte levels, and body weight supporting variables. The study design used a Completely Randomized Design consisting of 8 treatments with 3 replications. The treatment given includes control, feed supplemented with cinnamon bark powder 5% or 10%, supplementation of gotu kola leaf flour 5% or 10%, combination of cinnamon powder flour supplement with gotu kola (5%: 5%, 5%: 10 % or 10%: 5%). The results of the study were analyzed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) which continued with Duncan's Test at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that the supplement of cinnamon bark and gotu kola leaves in feed gave a significant effect on body weight, hemoglobin levels, and the number of erythrocytes (P <0.05). A combination of gotu kola cinnamon-bark supplement with a ratio of 5%: 10% gives an effect on increasing hemoglobin and erythrocyte levels with a higher value than other treatments, which is equal to 13 g / % and 2,588,000 per mm3. Quail body weight in each treatment was not significantly different. The conclusion of this study is the addition of combination combinations of gotu kola cinnamon flour with a ratio of 5%: 10% can improve the hematological status of quails, so that the composition of this combination of ingredients can be used to increase the productivity of Australian strains quail laying.

The population of avifauna in the natural environment can be a potential attraction for bird watching tourism. The objective of this study were to identify avifauna that exist in each interpretation pathways in Bukit Cinta, to identify the interpretation pathways that potentially could be developed as birdwatching location, to describe the spatial and temporal distribution of avifauna species in each interpretation pathway of visitor characteristics at Bukit Cinta, especially with regard to tourist interest and making recommendations for birdwatching tourism programs at Bukit Cinta. This study used the method of Visual Encounter Survey (VES). Avifauna observation has been conducted in the tourist area of Bukit Cinta, Gunung Gajah Village, Bayat District Klaten Regency Central Java in July 2018. The avifauna diversity and distribution were analyzed descriptively into species level. The results showed that there were 12 species of avifauna found in the study sites i.e., sepah kecil (Pericrocotus cinnamomeus), elang ularbido (Spilornis cheela), avifauna madu sriganti (Cynnyris jugularis), kekeb babi (Artamus leucorynchus), walet linci (Collocalia linchi), cabe Jawa (Dicaeum trochileum), bondol Jawa (Lonchura punctulata), caladi tilik (Dendrocopos moluccensis), kutilang (Pycnonotus aurigaster), tekukur (Spilopelia chinensis), cinenen (Orthotomus sepium), dan caladi ulam (Dendrocopos macei). All species of avifauna were distributed evenly in the study site. In conclusion, the species diversity of avifauna in the study site was very high and can be a supporting biological resource in the development of avifauna ecotourism.

The diversity of compounds in mangosteen peel (Garciniamangostana L.) is suspected to have hypoglycemic activity. The objective of this study to analyze the blood glucose level and seminiferous testicular tubules tissue structure of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The experiment animals were twelve male wistar strain white rats (Rattus norvegicus), 2-3 months old, weighing 120-150 g, put into four different groups i.e. (1) negative control treatment (P₀), (2) streptozotocin (STZ) induced intraperitoneal as much as 80 mg/kg in 0.1 M buffer citrate with positive control pH 4.5 (P₁), (3) 83.3 mg/kg mangosteen pericarp powder (P₂), and (4) 0.09 mg/kg glibenclamide (P₃) for 36 days. The analysis of the blood glucose levels and seminiferous testicular tubules tissue structure using HE staining, identification with the optilab microscope. The study found that diabetic tubules testes structure experienced degeneration, the spermatogenic cells were not much identified, lumen tubules testes diameter 703,25 μm (P₁), spermatogonia cells were identified, the spermatogenesis developed, lumen tubules testes diameter 570,53 μm (P₂). The mangosteen solution and glibenclamide could lower the blood glucose level and improve the spermatogenesis of the diabetic rats. The mangosteen pericarp solution did not damage the renal tissue structure, unlike the glibenclamide. It was concluded that the mangosteen solution has the potential as natural anti-diabetic substance.

Rhizophora Apiculata BI is one of the mangroves that has many benefits, but to cultivate naturally takes a long time. The alternative to such problems is culture cultivation in vitro. One stage of in vitro culture is through callus formation. Initiation of callus in mangrove plants is inhibited because explant release phenol compound that causes browning. Thus, it takes explant and charcoal active in a medium that can support growth explant. The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the combination of leaf explant and different activated charcoal concentration on callus initiation, to analyze the color and texture of callus produced, and to study the effect of the combination of leaf explant and different concentration of activated charcoal on the growth of explant. The basal medium used was Murashige and Skoog (MS) formula with the addition of NAA 1 mg/L and BAP 0.3 mg/L, and activated charcoal at concentration 4, 12, 20 g/L as the medium treatments. A different section of explant between base and tip of leaves combined with active charcoal were grown in MS medium. Each treatment was conducted three replications. The results showed that the combination of explant section, i.e. base of the leaf as well as activated charcoal with a concentration of 12 g / L could induce callus formation. The color and texture of callus were brownish yellow and compact. The best growth (0.1685 g) of callus was obtained at the leaf tip section combined with 4 g / L activated charcoal.

The mono multifilament bottom gill net was an alternative design to the monofilament bottom gill net for Rembang waters. Monofilament bottom gill net was legal fishing equipment but its use by traditional fishermen in Rembang waters was minimal and this number is now decreasing. This research aimed to analyze effective fish catch of monofilament and mono multifilament bottom gill nets with the addition of swivel and baits. This research employs experimental fishing by comparing fish catch effectiveness between the two types of bottom gill nets. It was conducted in Rembang waters in Central Java from May to June 2018. Treatment variables involved consist of bottom gill net design and fishing time. The ANOVA two-way data analysis was then used to compare results. Results show that fish catch effectiveness of mono multifilament bottom gill net is 66.01%, higher than monofilament bottom gill net, which has 33.99%. It was also found that the highest fish catch effectiveness was attained when the mono multifilament bottom gill net was operated at night (60.08%). Furthermore, the ANOVA analysis (sign 0.05) shows that the design of fishing equipment and fishing time also influence fish catch effectiveness. Hence, it can be concluded that the mono multifilament bottom gill net with swivel and bait operated at night does better at catching demersal fish, compared to its monofilament gill net without swivel and bait counterpart operated during the day.

The quality of Rawapening waters is constantly changing over time. The bloom growth of water hyacinth, fishery aquaculture activities and environmental pressures are getting heavier as expressed as eutrophication. This will affect in plankton composition. Plankton can provide an indication of changes and environmental quality, especially of its biotic structure and biodiversity. The upper part of Rawapening lake, similar to other part of the lake, is enriched with semi and aquatic plant. The purpose of this research is to analyze the condition of plankton currently, so that it can understand the change of water quality to support lake and fishery managements. The study was conducted in June 2018 on the upper parts of Rawapening Lake, particularly the southern side where many spring waters appear. Plankton collection was done by sampling using plankton net no 25. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and semi-quantitative using community structure including diversity, evenness and domination indices. The results showed that common plankton species found were Melosira sp, Synedra sp and Chlorella sp. Aulacosiera sp is quite abundant in all five stations reaching a range of 34-153 individuals / lt. In term of ecosystem stability, the waters are qualified as small to moderate stability conditions (H index :1.04 - 2.18) The species abundance tend to be small, especially in the spring station, which is associated with low water nutrients from springs. Aulacosiera sp is still dominate the plankton component for some station. The species which previously experienced a high domination, especially the Aulacoseira spp, change into a minority. This condition is mainly related to the changing physical condition of environmental. This, at a glance shows that the former water source area is still in good quality at this time experiencing enrichment. This is related to the increasing fishery practices of floating cage net of cultivation area approaching the spring water areas. The limitation and regulation in this area are urgently implemented and enforced, because clean water supply is important for the supply and circulation, which is not only for culture practice but also the lake in general.

Tapak area is an estuary of Tapak river where there are many mangrove and oysters (Crassostrea sp.) found. The development of industrial estate there has been affect Tapak waters, due to waste contamination containing heavy metals. This in turn will affect the occurrence of heavy metal accumulation in oysters, a cheap fisheries protein source. This research is purposed to identified Cadmium (Cd) content in oysters and water of Tapak coastal waters, Semarang. Sampling was taken throught justified random sampling. Laboratory analysis of Cd performed by using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrofotometer (AAS). Data analysis were undertaken using descriptive analysis, numerical indices and statistical analysis. Result showed that Cadmium (Cd) content in oyster in tapak areas were ranged between 0,242 - 0,402 mg/kg, with average 0,340 mg/kg. This value is still below water quality standart regulated by ISO 7287 by 2009 in amount of 1,0 mg/kg. It is concluded that Cadmium (Cd) within the oyster is still low stage, yet there should be carefully consumed, because Cadmium (Cd) was toxic and bioaccumulative heavy metal.

There are challenges in utilizing marine resources in Indonesia and one of them is environmental changes caused by ENSO phenomenon. Skipjack catch production in southern Malang has been fluctuated since this phenomenon occurred. Lack of information about ENSO phenomenon among fisherman has led to under-utilized fish production which resulting in less Skipjack caught during ENSO. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of ENSO phenomenon to catch production of Skipjack. The method used in this study was by gathering secondary data of catch production of skipjack and seawater surface temperature from satellite image of level 3 AQUA-MODIS with 4 km resolution during ENSO which occurred between 2014-2016. The result of this study showed that seawater surface temperature on southern Malang was 24,825-32,055°C. Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) showed strong El-Nino occurred between May-October 2015, La-Nina occurred between June-September 2016. Analysis data showed that there was less significant influence of ENSO and seawater surface temperature which led to other variables may contribute into ENSO. During El-Nino 2015 there was sharp increasing of skipjack catch production in southern Malang and the major cause was colder seawater surface temperature, this indicating that the seawater was rich of nutrients. Supporting by optimum water condition during El-Nino that location was rich of food resources which suits some of big pelagic fishes, particularly skipjack.

Dayak Tomun was one of Dayak tribe lived in the area of Lamandau Regency of Central Kalimantan. Knowledge of medicinal plants of Dayak Tomun society retrieved from ancestral knowledge or their ancestors. The absence of documentation from the study of the knowledge of medicinal plants, then the Dayak Tomun to do Ethnobotany studies. This research aim was examined deeper knowledge and utilization of Dayak Tomun society on the medicinal plant. The method used was the semi-structured interview and participatory observations involving the six key informants of the profession as a shaman. Results of the study were found that 73 species and 69 genera, 43 family medicinal plants with the dominant family (9.59%) were the Zingiberaceae. Part of the medicinal plants that have most frequencies used by Dayak community Tomun is a leaf (38.38%), mixed with the boiled way (50%) and consumed with the drink (41.10%). The tradition of processing and utilization of medicinal plants by the Dayak Tomun society is important to apply and further preserved, so the local wisdom of the traditional medicine will remain awake.

Dioscorea alata, (local name 'uwi'), is one of the potential local food sources in Central Java, Indonesia. Tubers are still found in several locations in Central Java. This study aimed to characterize the morphology of D. alata, to analyze the antioxidants, starch, amylose, amylopectin, and its potential as a functional food source. The materials for this research were seven variants of D. alata collected from Boyolali, Semarang and Kudus, Central Java. Morphological characterization was approached base on the tuber characteristics. The antioxidant analysis was done by Diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method whereas amylum and amylose analysis were done by spectrophotometry method. There are variations of tuber characters, especially in its shape, exoderm character, flesh color, and texture. D. alata has high antioxidant activity. The comparison of amylose towards amylum is 7.541 – 26.735%, however, the comparison of amylopectin towards amylum is around 73.265 – 92.469%. Uwi ungu Kudus is the best Dioscorea alata variety for diabetics.

The environmentally-aware marine tourism research aimed to analyze the degradation of environmental quality for marinculture, geographical indication for grouper products and then to formulate Gerokgak coastal eco-marine-tourism. The research method used survey, focus group discussion and laboratory examination. The degradation of marine waters in Gerokgak district has not occurred yet, but integrated control should continuously be done to keep integrated marinculture. Grouper products both seeds and fishes in Gerokgak district have been excellent. They are strongly caused by the appropriate Gerokgak coastal and marine waters quality, climate and unique culture of the local community. These potentials strongly support certificate for geographical indication to increase the national and international trade of grouper products and further support coastal eco-marine-tourism. The village governance should be more intensive in issuing permits for aquaculture business and fostering environmental health through customary rule or Awig-Awig for coastal villages. They should do structuring and developing Bangsal Beach for the object of center access to the sea cage cultivations, as well as Batu Agung Beach as center access to hatchery objects. The settings of eco-marine-tourism management should follow them with the intention to grow the area that refers to the structure of life, space, and pattern in harmony with the local culture

Heavy metal content in water always changes depending on lithology and disposal of contaminated waste. Heavy metals are difficult to decompose in water and are easily bound in sediment so that the more sediment accumulation, the greater the heavy metal content. Heavy metals have toxic effects on humans and other livings, accumulate in the body of an organism and stay for a long period. This compound can lead to a decrease in water quality which will affect the fishery and in pond cultivation. One of the important heavy metal pollutants is lead (Pb), which is usually came from many sources. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of lead in seaweed, pond water, and sediment. This research was conducted in March 2018 from 6 pond stations. This research was conducted using descriptive and statistic analysis. Analysis of Pb compound is done using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry). The results of the analysis of Pb content in seaweed ranged between 0.0163-0.1377 mg / kg. Pb content in pond water range from 0.0087 -0.0137 mg / lt and the Pb content in sediment range between 1.2703-2.3594 mg / lt. Based on the analysis, the Pb content is most abundant in sediments where the Pb content has exceeded the threshold value (SNI) of 0.3 mg/kg. Pb content on seaweed and pond water are still within the standard value of Pb metal contamination (BPOMRI No. 23 of 2013) which is 0.20 mg/kg. The relationship between Pb content in seaweed to the water is categorized as a weak (R = 0.073), it is similar to the seaweed with sediment (R = 0,28).

Nowadays, the need for medicinal plants as raw materials of traditional medicine is increasing. This study aims to determine the plant species that potential as medicine and its abundance in Penggaron Tourism Forest. Study sites were in the mixed forests and pine forests of Penggaron tourism forest. Vegetation sampling was carried out using a plot method with a size of 10 x 10 m for tree strata, 5 x 5 m for shrub strata and 1 x 1 m for grass or herbaceous strata. Each species of medicinal plant found was identified up to species level and determined their benefit. The medicinal plants found in the study site was 24 species, consisting of 15 families. The most commonly found plant species i.e., the Familia Asteraceae (Chromolaena odorata, Crassocephalum crepidiodes, and Elephantopus scaber), Malvaceae (Hibiscus tiliaceus, Sida rhombifolia, and Urena lobata) and Zingiberaceae (Alpinia galanga, Zingiber officinale, and Zingiber montanum). The habitus of found medicinal plants were 25% tree, 25% shrubs and 50% herbs/grasses. Medicinal plants in the Penggaron forest have not been widely used by people around the forest.

In agricultural ecosystems, insects can act as potential pests, and insects can also act as natural enemies of insect pests. This study aims to determine the ecological characteristics of nocturnal pest insects and their natural enemies in the agricultural ecosystem, namely in the green bean fields. Sampling is done before and after harvest using light trap method. The results show that the ecological character of nocturnal pest insects of the number of species and diversity before harvest is higher than after harvest. Likewise, the number of species and diversity of natural enemy insects before harvest is higher than after harvest. Ecological characteristics of individual numbers and abundance of insect pests before harvest is higher than after harvest. Similarly, the number of individuals and natural enemies abundance before harvest is higher than after harvest. The dominant pest insects before harvest are the Mycetophilidae, Sciaridae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, and Pyralidae, after harvesting the Chrysomelidae, Curculionidae, Anobiidae, Pentatomidae, Cicadellidae, Pyralidae, and Nolidae. While the dominant natural enemies before harvest are the Staphylinidae, Coccinellidae, Carabidae, Miridae, and Aelothripidae, after harvest the Staphylinidae, Carabidae, Miridae, and Formicidae. The diversity index of insect pests and natural enemy insects is included in the moderate category. The evenness index of pest insects and natural enemies before and after harvest fall into the evenly distributed category. The index of similarity of insect pests before and after harvest shows quite similar results, while for natural enemy insects show unequal results.

Rice weeds are disturbing plants that grow together with rice and otherwise well-controlled, it will reduce the quantity and quality of crops. The aim of this research is to analyze the community structure of weed rice in 8-week-old. Benefits of this research are expected to provide information about the types of rice weeds and their characteristics. Research was conducted in June 2018 in Bulusari Village, Sayung District, Demak Regency; and Ecology and Biosystematics Laboratory, Biology Departement, Diponegoro University. Method of this research is a random sampling method used a plot sized 1 m x 1 m as many as 18 plots. Results of the research were the highest Important Value Index is Echinochloa colonum (L) Link species and rice weed diversity index is low.

Indonesia is a country with vast agricultural land, especially rice fields. Unfortunately, rice crops cause a problem of rice straw waste. The waste of rice straw consists of 38% cellulose, 24% hemicellulose and 8% lignin. The study aimed to assess the production of cellulose by Serratia marcescens in straw substrate medium. The research design was Completely Randomized Design. Variations of rice straw substrate were denoted by (S₀; S₁; S₂; S₃) within incubation period for 16 hours. Data analysis was analyzed using SPSS one-wayA_{NOVA (α = 0.05)}. The result showed that variations of rice straw substrate concentrations correlated with the production of cellulose at 0.28 U/mL. The result of statistical analysis using DMRT Test showed a significant difference in every treatment (p≤0.056)

Macroalgae, such as Sargassum and Gracilaria have a great potential to be used as soil conditioner. Addition of macroalgae powder into a certain type of soil could significantly change soil fertility. The presence of gelatinous material in Sargassum and Gracilaria are predicted to be able in changing the chemical characteristic of soil, including organic material content, pH and C/N ratio. This study was focused on the evaluation of soil fertility sandy and clay soil after addition of Sargassum and Gracilaria powder as a soil conditioner. The collected macroalga was dried and soaked in fresh water several time to lower its salinity to reach into a normal level. The dried powder of Sargassum and Gracilaria were added and mixed through into sandy and clay soil (in a composition of 25%:75%). Treated soil was measured for their physical, chemical and physiological properties changes. Each treatment was replicated three times. Data were analyzed using ANOVA single factor and t-test. Results indicated that the addition of soil conditioner from macroalga Sargassum and Gracilaria were significantly increasing organic material content. Addition of Sargassum powder increased organic material more than Gracilaria. C/N ratio in sandy and clay soil was reduced by the presence of this both soil conditioner. Therefore, there was a strong indication in increasing in supporting for more soil fertility. The presence of macroalga was proven also in reducing pH to a normal level. It is recommended to develop this material to improve soil fertility and plant growth.

The objectives of this study are to determine community structure, abundance and diversity of soil arthropods which potential as the bioindicator of soil quality, and analyze the correlation between chemical parameters of the environmental factor on the abundance of soil arthropods. This study was conducted at the conventional and semi-organic Apple Farm, Bumiaji, Batu, East Java Province, Indonesia, from April to September 2017. Soil Arthropods sample has been taken from three different zones of Apple Farm soil which divided into ten sampling stations. Shannon (H'), Margalef, Evenness and Indicator Value (IndVal) Index were applied to determine the diversity of soil Arthropods. Whereas, the correlation between soil environmental factors and abundance of soil Arthropods were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis included Principal Component Analysis (PCA), similarities, and Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). The total of soil Arthropods belonging to 22 genera, 12 families, and six orders genera, had been identified, with Lepidocyrtus were considered as the most abundant of Genus. Nevertheless, diversity of soil Arthropods in the semi-organic farm were higher than conventional farm ones, this related to soil chemical properties which included pH, C, N, C/N ratio, P, K and other organic matters. Based on indicator value indicated that Euborellia Genus from Apple conventional farm, and Brachymyrmex and Homidia Genus from Apple semi-organic farm was considered as the potential bioindicator of soil quality.

Vegetation of plants is part of a biotic component that occupies a particular habitat. The structure and composition of vegetation in an area is influenced by other components of interconnected ecosystems, so that vegetation that grows naturally in a particular area is the result of interaction of various factors that influence. Plants around Curug Waterfall Area Sewu Village Curugsewu Patean Kendal District is one of the natural resources that support the development of ecotourism in the region.The potential of landscapes and the diversity of plants and the beauty of waterfalls is very potential for the development of nature-based tourism. The Key Values (INP) index of a kind is a value that describes the role of the existence of a species within the community.Based on the data obtained from the research results got the value of INP at station I in obtaining the important value index for the highest tree level on Acacia (Acacia denticulata) the value of its INP 124.5%. The highest value of INP poles on Randu (Caiba pentadra) with a value of 51.95%. The highest value of INP value is Salak (Salacca.Sp) with 81,79%, while at semi level on Grass Puzzle (Cyperus rotundus) with value of 76,35%. At station II obtained Indek Value important for the highest value of tree value in Mangir (Ganophyllum falcatum) which value 59,83%. For the highest pole level on Lamtoro (Nephila maculate) with value 57,19%.While the highest value of INP value in Aren (Arena pinnata) with INP 156,85%, then for highest spring INP level on Grass Teki (Cyperus rotundus) with value 54,29%. A high Important Index score on a plant as mentioned above illustrates that the plant has an important role in forming a plant vegetation and microclimate within the area around Curug Sewu Waterfall in Patean.

Plankton is a group of the organism which takes an important role in a water ecosystem because Plankton is natural food for larva organism in the water. The level of plankton production in the water can be used for suspecting potency of stable and unstable water. The condition of water can affect Plankton's life sustainability or their survival which is their diversity. The stability of water condition is the key successful determiner of aquaculture of Trout in Minapolitan, Merayu Village. From the four stations which had been taken its sample, it was found some Phylum of plankton such as Bacillariophyte, Chlorophyte, Cyanophyte, Dinophyte, Sarcodine, Copepoda and Rotifera with 31 genera. Data was taken then calculated by using the Shannon Wiener Method. Base on the Index value of diversity in Station I was about 1.54 – 1.72, Station II was about 1.71 – 2.37, station III was about 1.72 – 2.18 and the station IV was about 2.60 – 3.04. The index of homogeneity in the station I was about 1.27 – 2.08, station II was about 1.78 – 3.17, station III was about 2.12 – 2.96 and the station IV was about 2.48 – 4,43. The Index of dominance in the station I was about 0.93 – 0.96, station II was about 1.78 – 3.14, station III was about 0.78 – 0.91 and station IV was about 0.92 – 0.96. Based on the index value of diversity of plankton in aquaculture water was classified as medium, the index of homogeneity was evenly distributed, and its index of dominance was high. The condition of fish aquaculture in Minapolitan, Menayu village is still in good stability ( stable) and proper for Trout Fish Aquaculture based on its index of Biology.

The abundant number of existing species of microalgae in the environment constitutes biodiversity, which supports potential commercial exploitation of many novel products like carotenoid. Microalgae represent a sustainable source of any kinds of natural carotenoid. Aquaculture requires antioxidant supplements such as carotenoids but are unable to synthesize de novo. Carotenoids are needed to improve survival. The production of carotenoids has been one of the activities in microalgae. The objective of the study was to isolate and identify microalgae that can produce carotenoid from Demak marine waters. Production of carotenoid was measured using Spectrophotometer according to AOAC methods. The research found some potentially carotenogenic microalgae member of diatom in the aquatic environment of Demak which is thought to be a species of Melossira, Thalassiotrix, Rhizosolenia, Navicula, Climacodium, Achanthes, Loxophyllum, and Trichodesmium. These species potentially produce carotenoid and antioxidant properties with variety range.

The nutritional needs are the primer need in the earth. Various solution of food security problem such as GMO product and chemical fertilizer, are still not effective to clear it because the global warming annualy reported may cause to the crop failures. In addition, the amount of carbohydrate that can be adsorbed by human body is less. The Cellulose is one of the carbohydrate that human can not adsorb to get glucose. Grasshopper can digest the cellulose of grass because there are bacteria live in their organs to produce the enzyme. The bacteria that have an ability giving advantage in the body are known as probiotic. However, the development of this function has became a great attention. The aim is obtaining grasshopper gut bacteria caracterized as lactic acid bacteria potential as novel probiotic to produce cellulase for human digestion. Methods used are; Isolation of grasshopper gut bacteria, Purification and screening modificated of novel probotic candidates. The bacteria were screened by using modificated medium to detect the enzyme activity and pathogenic possibility as well as SP-SDS method to enumerate the tolerance of the bacteria after treatment in the period. The result shows that two bacteria strains of grasshopper gut bacteria are capable to break down the cellulose in the screening process. The bacteria was also caracterized as the lactid acid bacteria. The activity of gamma haemolytic of the bacteria shows the non-pathogenic property on blood. Bile salt and acid pH condition for 48 hour period was tested on the bacteria shows the high tolerance of life in the digestion. In conclusion, there are strain of grasshopper gut bacteria can be used as novel probiotic candidate to digest cellulose as solution of food security.