Table of contents

PREFACE

The Joint Conference on Chemistry (JCC) is the annual society meeting of the Chemistry Department Consortium of Universitas Negeri Semarang (UNNES), Universitas Diponegoro (UNDIP), Universitas Sebelas Maret Surakarta (UNS), Universitas Jenderal Soedirman (UNSOED), and Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana (UKSW) in colaboratio with Indonesian Chemical Society or Himpunan Kimiawan Indonesia (HKI). The 12^th JCC 2017 meeting was held in Semarang from 19^th to 20^th September 2017. It was co-organized by Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of UNNES.

The Conference adopts a timely theme Contributions of chemical sciences, engineering, education, and technology in solving global challenges Chemistry is one of the keys to create a sustainable society, and for that purpose we need to reinforce the chemistry science, technology and education and to extend our finding to innovation.

List of Committee, International Advisory Board and documentation photos are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

A study on the adsorption of both cationic and anionic surfactants using activated carbon as well as the investigation of the adsorption isotherms and adsorption kinetics has been conducted. The results showed that the adsorption of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) by activated carbon was Langmuir's adsorption isotherm while its adsorption kinetics showed pseudo-second order with an adsorption rate constant of 2.23 x 10³ g mg^-1 hour^-1. Meanwhile, the adsorption of HDTMA-Br by activated carbon showed that the isotherm adsorption tended to follow Freundlich's isotherm and was pseudo-second order with an adsorption rate constant of 89.39 g mg^-1 hour^-1.

The manufacture of membrane support from cobalt aluminium pillared clay has been conducted. This research was conducted by mixing a clay suspension with pillared solution prepared from the mixture of Co(NO₃)₂.6H₂O and AlCl₃.6H₂O. The molar ratio between Al and Co was 75:25 and the ratio of [OH^-]/[metal] was 2. The clay suspension was stirred for 24 hours at room temperature, filtered and dried. The dried clay was then calcined at 200°C, 300°C and 400°C with a ramp rate of 2°C/min. Aluminium-cobalt-pillared clay was then characterized by XRD and GSA and moulded become a membrane support for subsequent tests on dye filtration. The XRD analysis showed that basal spacing (d₀₀₁) value of aluminium cobalt was 19.49 Å, which was higher than the natural clay of 15.08Å however, the basal spacing decreased with increasing calcination temperature. The result of the GSA analysis showed that the pore diameter of the aluminium cobalt pillared clay membrane was almost the same as that of natural clay that were 34.5Å and 34.2Å, respectively. Nevertheless, the pillared clay has a more uniform pore size distribution. The results of methylene blue filtration measurements demonstrated that the membrane filter support could well which shown by a clear filtrate at all concentrations tested. The value of rejection and flux decreased with the increasing concentration of methylene blue. The values of dye rejection and water flux reached 99.89% and 5. 80 x 10-6 kg min^-1, respectively but they decreased with increasing concentration of methylene blue. The results of this study indicates that the aluminium-pillared clay cobalt could be used as membrane materials especially for ultrafiltration.

Eugenol is one of the most abundant natural resources in Indonesia. The recently bio-based polymer resin is created based on eugenol because eugenol is functionalized with the polymerizable group. In order to improve the functional properties of eugenol, in this research Eugenol–Lauryl Methacrylate copolymers (co-poly(Eg-LMA)) were synthesized by cationic polymerization using H₂SO₄ as an initiator under the nitrogen atmosphere. Structure identification of the copolymer showed the absorption of the vinyl group from the monomers disappear at the analysis through FTIR at the wave number 1637-1639 and 985-995 cm^-1 and also ¹H-NMR on the chemical shift 5,97 and 5,08 ppm. The resulting copolymers obtained brown powder in 32.03 % yieldsand melting point at 96 – 97 °C. Solubility test of the co-poly(Eg-LMA) showed that the polymer couldnot soluble in water but soluble in chloroform, diethyl ether, and benzene. Average molecular weight of co-poly(Eg-LMA) Led Ostwald viscometry was obtained 42020 with the degree of polymerization by 200.

One alternative approach to increase the content of bioactive compounds is fermentation. Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit is a plant that can be found in tropical area and potentially as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, insect repellant, antiviral and antioxidant. In this research, efforts have been made to increase bioactive plant capacity of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit through submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger. The study was performed by adding methanol extract of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit on two conditions, that was added at the beginning of fermentation and while entering a phase of death. Aspergillus niger growth rate in both conditions was observed by determining the dry weight of cells every 24 hours. The transformation profil of extract was observed after 24 hours of extract addition in early death phase by the TLC method. The results show that the addition of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit extract at log phase triggers the cells to growth faster, whereas the addition at the early death phase precisely accelerates cell death. TLC profile shows the emergence of new compounds suspected as the products of transformation of Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit extract on day 8 after addition of extract.

Surfactant (surface active agent) exhibit numerous interesting properties that enable their use as additional component in mobilising of residual oil from capillary pore after secondary recovery process using gas injection and water flooding. In this study, Sodium Lignosulfonate (SLS) surfactant was successfully synthesized by applying batch method using lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches as precursor. Furthermore, its performance in reducing interfacial tension of crude oil and formation water colloidal system was compared with commercial available surfactant including Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) and Sodium p-Toluene Sulfonate (SpTS). The synthesized SLS surfactant was characterized by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Meanwhile, its performance in reducing interfacial tension of crude oil and formation water colloidal system was analyzed by using compatibility test, phase behaviour analysis, and interfacial tension (IFT) measurement. The compatibility test shows that SLS, SDBS, and SpTS surfactants were compatible with formation water. In addition, the phase behaviour analysis shows that SLS surfactant was better than SpTS surfactant, while SDBS surfactant generates the highest performance proved by the best microemulsion formation resulted by SDBS. Furthermore, the optimum concentration of SLS, SDBS, and SpTS surfactants in reducing the interfacial tension of crude oil and formation water was 1.0%. The IFT measurement indicates that the performance of SLS with the value of 1.67 mN/m was also better than SpTS surfactant with the value of 3.59 mN/m. Meanwhile, SDBS surfactant shows the best performance with the IFT value of 0.47 mN/m.

Sea hibiscus flower (Hibiscus tiliaceus L.), shoe flower (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), and turk's cap flower (Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.) are a plant that belongs to the same family, Malvaceae. There are expected contain of anthocyanins as active compound. Several studied shows that some flowers could protect human body from free radical danger exposure. This study has been done to examine ethanolic extract from malvaceae family's which has potency as radical scavenger. Antiradical activity assay was determined by DPPH method with IC₅₀ value as parameter. Based on the study the malvaceae family's flower was contain of tannins, polyphenols, saponin, and anthocyanine. The radical scavenging activity respectively from the lowest to the higest activity are vitamin c (4,05 ppm ± 0,094), Turk's cap flower (6,80 ppm ± 0,22), shoe flower (14,62 ppm ± 0,104) and sea hibiscus flower (38,8 ppm ± 0,086). The three of the extract was having strong antioxidant activity.

Extraction and isolation of papaya seeds and leaves (Carica papaya L) has been performed using n-hexane and ethanol solvents. Further isolation of the extract obtained using ethyl acetate and diethyl ether solvents. The result of the phytochemical test of papaya extract obtained by mixture of an active compound of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, steroids, and saponins. Ethyl acetate isolates containing only flavonoids and diethyl ether isolates contain only alkaloids. Extracts and isolates from papaya plants had gram-positive antibacterial activity greater than the gram-negative bacteria, but both did not have antifungal activity. Papaya extracts have greater antibacterial activity than flavonoid isolates and alkaloid isolates. Strong antibacterial inhibitory sequences are extracts of papaya plants, flavonoid isolates, and alkaloid isolates.

This study aims to determine generic science skills enhancement of students through implementation of IDEAL problem-solving model on genetic information course. Method of this research was mixed method, with pretest-posttest nonequivalent control group design. Subjects of this study were chemistry students enrolled in biochemistry course, consisted of 22 students in the experimental class and 19 students in control class. The instrument in this study was essayed involves 6 indicators generic science skills such as indirect observation, causality thinking, logical frame, self-consistent thinking, symbolic language, and developing concept. The results showed that genetic information course using IDEAL problem-solving model have been enhancing generic science skills in low category with <g> of 20,93%. Based on <g> result for each indicator, showed that there are indicators of generic science skills classified in the high category.

Research on Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk.) suggests it has an antihypertension, antidiabetic, analgesic, and antiulcer effects. In the present study, an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method was developed for the effective extraction of active compound from petai leaves. Some parameters such as ethanol concentration (0, 20, 40, 60, 70, 80, 100 %v), solid-to-liquid ratio (1:5; 1:10; 1:15; 1:20; 1:25; 1:30; 1:35; 1:40; 1:50 g/mL), extraction time (15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 minutes) and extraction temperature (40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70°C) were studied and evaluated base on extract yield and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picry hydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. The result showed that the highest extract yield was obtained at 40% ethanol concentration, 1:30 (%w/v) of solid-to-liquid ratio, 30 minutes and 65°C of temperature with DPPH scavenging activity 92.53 ± 0.87% and extract yield 21.25 ± 2.38%. The result obtained is helpful for the utilization of Petai leaves, and also indicated that ultrasonic-assisted extraction is a very recommended method for the extraction of active compounds from plant material.

The aim of this research was to determine encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity and controlled release of eugenol loaded chitosan-tpp products which prepared by coaservation method. The characteristic of eugenol-loaded chitosan showed that %EE and % LC increased by increasing the initial eugenol content. The optimum of %EE (72.63%) and %LC (43.96%) were obtained at the ratio of chitosan to eugenol of 1:1.5. The FTIR spectrum showed the characteristic peaks of eugenol appearing on spectrum of eugenol encapsulated and blue-shift in the hydroxyl band from 3425.58 cm^-1 in chitosan-tpp to 3417.86 cm^-1 and 3394.72 cm^-1 in eugenol loaded chitosan-tpp indicating that eugenol was successfully encapsulated. The surface morphologies of freeze-dried particles with the optimum %EE showed that more surface roughness and porosity than plain particles. Furthermore, the in vitro release of particles with minimum and optimum %EE were also investigated in acid (Simulated Gastric Fluid) and base (Simulated Intestinal Fluid) medium at ambient temperature.

Cheaply and abundantly biosorption available materials such as carrot peels can be a cost-efficient method for removing heavy metals from wastewater. To investigate the role pectin plays in metal binding by carrot peels, commerce pectin was compared. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of carboxyl and hydroxyl groups in commerce pectin and carrot pectin. Isoterm experiments showed that all materials could remove Pb (II) ion. All of materials binding Pb (II) follow Freundlich models adsorption. The commerce pectin bindsPb (II) by involving energy 16.6 KJ/mole whereas pectin from carrot peel involves energy 21.09 KJ/mole. It indicates that commerce pectin binds the Pb (II) by physics adsorption whereas pectin from carrot peel by physics and chemical adsorption.

The adsorption capacity of an adsorbent is determined by the adsorbent and the adsorbate properties. The character of the adsorbent will play a major role in its ability to adsorb the corresponding adsorbate. Therefore, in this study we looked at the effects of variations of sodium silicate concentrations on the resulting magnetite silica adsorbent properties. The application of silica coating on the magnetite was carried out through a sol-gel process with sodium silicate and HCl precursors. Based on the characterization data obtained, it was found that the silica coating on magnetite can increase the resistance to acid leaching, increase the particle size, but decrease the magnetic properties of the magnetite. Based on Gas Sorption Analyzer (GSA) and X-ray Difraction (XRD) data it can successively be determined that increase in concentration of sodium silicate will increase the surface area and amorphous structure of the Silica Magnetie.

In most Asia countries, the riverbank area is mostly inhabited by the low-income population, due to the shortage of formal housing. Most of the settlement areas are not equipped with proper sanitation system. Hence, the water quality gets lower over time with the increasing number of inhabitants around the riverbank. Th water quality gets worse with the close hydrological connection between surface water and the shallow groundwater. We compare the state of water quality based on our three case studies: Cikapundung Bandung, Kanal Banjir Timur Semarang, and Cisadane Tangerang. In each location, we gathered the following data: water level measurements, water flow mapping, and water quality samples. Then we make maps to evaluate existing status. The comparison will be made based on the physical and chemical properties that we get from the field. On all locations, we find very close interactions between surface water and groundwater. The hydrological connections are different in direction from upstream to downstream: gaining stream, combined stream or perched stream, and losing stream. However different river gradient gives a slightly different length of hydrological zonations. All samples show a high bicarbonate from rain water, the dissolution of carbonate minerals from the rocks and soils, and also organic species from microbial activities, which induced by domestic wastes. However, we need to make a carbonate balance calculation to break down the components. All samples also have high nitrate and nitrite concentration which come from domestic waste along the river and fertilizer from the rice fields upstream (only in Cikapundung river). For further research, we suggest chemical modeling to break up the contamination components and possible sources.

In this study sesame liposomes were used to encapsulate both vitamin C and beta-carotene simultaneously. Liposomes were prepared with addition of cholesterol. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of sesame liposomes for vitamin C in the present of beta-carotene was 77%. The addition of cholesterol increased the encapsulation efficiency. The highest encapsulation efficiency was 89% obtained in liposomes with 10% and 20% cholesterol. Contrary to that, the highest beta-carotene encapsulation efficiency of 78%, was found in the sesame liposomes prepared without the added cholesterol. Results showed that sesame liposomes can be used to encapsulate beta-carotene and vitamin C simultaneously. When beta-carotene and vitamin C were encapsulated concurrently, cholesterol intensified the efficiency of vitamin C encapsulation on the contrary it diminished the efficiency of beta-carotene encapsulation.

Curcuminoid, consisting of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis demethoxycurcumin, is the active compound in Curcuma longa L. rhizome. It yielded vary depend on the environment and varieties. Curcumin has been known to have a potent antioxidants activity. The present work was conducted to assess the curcuminoid content and antioxidant capacity in the crude extracts of C. longa L. collected from eight different locations in Indonesia. Samples were collected from eight locations including Java island, Sumatera island and Nusa Tenggara island. All samples were extracted using 96% ethanol and analyzed quantitatively using TLC-Densitometry. Antioxidant activity was assessed using diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay and analyzed at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer. Curcuminoid content in C. longa varied among eight different locations (0.53±0.05 - 5.33±0.12 % w/w). The highest curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin yield were found in the samples from Magetan (5.33±0.12%, 1.54±0.05%, 0.46±0.02% w/w, respectively). In contrast, the lowest curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin yield were found in the sample from Demak (0.53±0.05%, 0.17±0.05%, 0.17±0.05% w/w, respectively). Antioxidant capacity showed similar for all places unless sample from Magetan which exhibited two times lower than other locations. It is apparently curcuminoid content and antioxidant activity varied among places. These results are useful information for curcuminoid standardization method in pharmaceutical products.

Recently, there are two general approaches used in understanding interzeolite transformations, thermodynamically represented by framework density (FD) and kinetically by structural building units. Two types of structural building units are composite building units (CBU's) and secondary building units (SBU's). This study aims to examine the approaches by using interzeolite transformation data available in literature and propose a possible alternative approach. From a number of cases of zeolite transformation, the FD and CBU approach are not suitable for use. The FD approach fails in cases involving zeolite parents that have moderate or high FD's, while CBU approach fails because of CBU's unavailability in parent zeolites compared with CBU's in their transformation products. The SBU approach is most likely to fit because SBU's are units that have basic form of ring structures and closer to the state and shape of oligomeric fragments present in zeolite synthesis or dissolution cases. Thus, a new approach can be considered in understanding the interzeolite transformation, namely the ring building unit (RBU) approach. The advantage of RBU approach is RBU's can be easily derived from all framework types, but in SBU approach there are several types of frameworks that cannot be expressed in SBU forms.

The research of the isolation and xanthine oxidation inhibition activity of alkaloid compound from Peperomia pellucida has been carried out. Alkaloid extract is isolated by column chromatography and preparative TLC. Alkaloid isolate is identified spectroscopically by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, and LC-MS/MS. Xanthine oxidase inhibition activity is carried out by in vitro assay. The result showed that the alkaloid isolated probably has piperidine basic structure. The alkaloid isolate has N-H, C-H, C = C, C = O, C-N, C-O-C groups and the aromatic ring. The IC₅₀ values of ethanol and alkaloid extract are 71.6658 ppm and 76.3318 ppm, respectively. Alkaloid extract of Peperomia pellucida showed higher activity than ethanol extract.

The assessment of laboratory skill in general hasn't specific guideline in assessment, while the individual assessment of students during a performance and skill in performing laboratory is still not been observed and measured properly. Alternative assessment that can be used to measure student laboratory skill is use performance assessment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the performance assessment instrument that the result of research can be used to assess basic skills student laboratory. This research was conducted by the Research and Development. The result of the data analysis performance assessment instruments developed feasible to implement and validation result 62.5 with very good categories for observation sheets laboratory skills and all of the components with the very good category. The procedure is the preliminary stages of research and development stages. Preliminary stages are divided in two, namely the field studies and literature studies. The development stages are divided into several parts, namely 1) development of the type instrument, 2) validation by an expert, 3) a limited scale trial, 4) large-scale trials and 5) implementation of the product. The instrument included in the category of effective because 26 from 29 students have very high laboratory skill and high laboratory skill. The research of performance assessment instrument is standard and can be used to assess basic skill student laboratory.

The present study we explore an environmentally friendly colloidal silver nanoparticles preparation using chitosan as reducing agent and stabilizer. It develops a new strategy on preparation of silver nanoparticles through the gel phase using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as accelerator reagent. Sunlight irradiation was employed to assisted reducing process of silver ions to silver nanoparticles. Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) phenomenon of silver nanoparticles was investigated using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The shape and size of silver particles were analyzed using TEM. The formation of silver nanoparticles was confirmed by the appearance of LSPR absorption peak at 396.0–412.0 nm. The absorption peak of LSPR were affected by NaOH amount, time of sulight irradiation and concentration of AgNO₃. The produced silver nanoparticles were spherical with dominant size range of 5 to 8 nm as shown by TEM images. All colloidals were stable without any aggregation for 30 days after preparation.

Cellulose acetate is one of material in produce ultrafiltration membrane. Many efforts have been done to produce cellulose acetate from natural product to replace commercial one. In this research, ultrafiltration membrane has been produced from coconut flower water (nira). Ultrafiltration membrane is widely used in separation processes. This research aims to determine the characteristics of ultrafiltration membrane at a various concentration of cellulose acetate. The ultrafiltration membrane is conducted by phase inversion method at various concentration of cellulose acetate. The cellulose acetate concentration was 20%, 23% and 25% (w/w) with formamide as additives. The results showed that the greater the concentration of cellulose acetate, the smaller the flux value. The highest flux was a membrane with 20% cellulose acetate concentration with water flux value 55.34 L/(m². h). But the greater the concentration of cellulose acetate the greater the rejection. The highest rejection value was on a membrane with 25% cellulose acetate concentration of 82.82%. While from the tensile strength test and the pore size analysis, the greater the cellulose acetate concentration the greater the tensile strength and the smaller the pore size

Every year an endemic dengue fever estimated to affect over 390 million cases in over 128 countries occurs. However, the antigen types which stimulate the human immune response are variable, as a result, neither effective vaccines nor antiviral treatments have been successfully developed for this disease. The NS2B/NS3 protease of the dengue virus (DENV) responsible for viral replication is a potential drug target. The ligand-enzyme binding site determination is a key role in the success of virtual screening of new inhibitors. The NS2B/NS3 protease of DENV (PDB ID: 2FOM) has two pockets consisting of 37 (Pocket 1) and 27 (Pocket 2) amino acid residues in each pocket. In this research, we characterized the amino acid residues for binding sites in NS3/NS2B based on the hydrophobicity, the percentage of charged residues, volume, depth, ΔGbinding, hydrogen bonding and bond length. The hydrophobic percentages of both pockets are high, 59 % (Pocket 1) and 41% (Pocket 2) and the percentage of charged residues in Pocket 1 and 2 are 22% and 48%, and the pocket volume is less than 700 ų. An interaction analysis using molecular docking showed that interaction between the ligand complex and protein in Pocket 1 is more negative than Pocket 2. As a result, Pocket 1 is the better potential target for a ligand to inhibit the action of NS2B/NS3 DENV.

The adsorption of a solution mixture of Rhodamine B, Pb (II), Cu (II) and Zn(II) was studied using dynamic methods employing chitosan-silica-polyethylene glycol (Ch/Si/P) composite membrane as an adsorptive membrane. The composite Ch/Si/P membrane was prepared by mixing a chitosan-based membrane with silica isolated from rice husk ash (ASP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a plasticizer. The resultant composite membrane was a stronger and more flexible membrane than the original chitosan-based membrane as indicated by the maximum percentage of elongation (20.5 %) and minimum Young's Modulus (80.5 MPa). The composite membrane also showed increased mechanical and hydrophilic properties compared to the chitosan membranes. The membrane was used as adsorption membrane for Pb (II), Cu (II), Cd (II) ions and Rhodamine B dyes in a dynamic system where the permeation and selectivity were determined. The permeation of the components was observed to be in the following order: Rhodamine B > Cd (II) > Pb (II) > Cu (II) whereas the selectivity was shown to decrease the order of Cu (II) > Pb (II) > Cd (II) > Rhodamine B.

We report on systematic study on vapochromic sensing of ethanol by using phosphorescent trinuclear metal pyrazolate complexes with supramolecular assembly of weak intermolecular metal-metal interactions using 4-(3,5-dimethoxybenzyl)-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole ligand (1) and group 11 metal ions (Cu(I), Ag(I), Au(I)). Upon excitation at 284, the resulting complexes showed emission bands with a peak centered at 616, 473 and 612 nm for 2(Cu), 2(Ag) and 2(Au), respectively. Chemosensor 2(Cu) showed positive response to ethanol vapors in 5 mins by blue-shifting its emission band from 616 to 555 nm and emitting bright orange to green. Otherwise 2(Au) gave shifting from its emission band centered at 612 to 587 nm with Δλ of 25 nm (41%) and color changes from red-orange to light green-orange while 2(Ag) showed quenching in its original emission intensity at 473 nm in 40% with color changes from dark green to less emissive. These results demonstrate that sensing capability of chemosensor 2(Cu) with suitable molecular design of ligand and metal ion in the complex is due to the formation of a weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding interaction of O atom at the methoxy of the benzyl ring with the OH of the vapors at the outside of the molecules.

Butterfly tree (Kachnar) in Indonesia is only used as ornamental plants in garden, park, and roadsides. The seed of Butterfly tree was extracted with n-hexane and physicochemical properties were determined based on Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI) 01-3555-1998 while the oil chemical composition was determined using GC-MS. The result showed that yield of the oil as 57.33±1.14 % (w/w) and the chemical characteristic of seed oil include acid value (13.7.8±0.23 mg KOH/g) saponification value (153.32±1.85 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (43.51±0.57. mg KOH/g). The butterfly tree seed oil showed that linoleic acid (28.11 %), palmitic acid (29.2%), oleic acid (19.82%) and stearic acid (10.7.4 %) were the main fatty acids in the crude seed oils. Minor amounts of neophytadiena and arachidic acid were also identified.

The complex of ranitidine with Cu(II) has been synthesized in 1:2-mole ratio of metal to the ligand in water. The forming of the complex was indicated by shifting of maximum wavelength from 816 nm (CuSO₄·5H₂O) to 626 nm (the complex). Infrared spectra indicated NO₂ and NH functional group were coordinated to Cu(II). The percentage of copper in the complex measured by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) analysis was 7.5% indicating that formula of the complex was Cu(ranitidine)₂SO₄(H₂O)_n (n=2, 3 or 4). The electrical conductivity of Cu(II) complex in water was 71.0 Scm²mol^-1 corresponding to 1:1 electrolytes. Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) showed the presence of two molecules of H₂O in the complex. UV-Vis spectra showed a transition peak on 15974 cm^-1 indicating square planar geometry. The complex was paramagnetic with µ_eff 1.77 BM. The proposed formula of the complex was [Cu(ranitidine)₂]SO₄·2H₂O.

Calcium titanate belongs to the important group of compounds with a perovskite structure having high dielectric loss for various applications including photocatalysis mechanism. Refer to the principles of green chemistry, in this work preparation of CaTiO₃ was conducted by using CaO derived from snail shell. Aim of this research are to study the physicochemical character of perovskite derived from snail shell and its comparison with CaO and CaCO₃ as Ca sources. Material preparation was performed by solid reaction of Ca sources with TiO₂ under comparison with CaO and CaCO₃ precursors. Mixture of Ca sources with TiO₂ in certain proportion were ground and calcined at the temperature of 200 °C for 2 hs. Materials were characterized by using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) and the photocatalytic activity was tested by using methylene blue photooxidation. Perovskite synthesized using CaO derived from snail shell exhibits the similar XRD pattern with that were prepared by using CaO and CaCO₃. From the photooxidation activity test, it is proven that CaTiO₃ shows similar photocatalytic activity correspond to that were prepared by CaO and CaCO₃. Utilazation of shell as agricultural waste of the synthesis of CaTiO₃ perovskite is the novelty of this work. Furthermore, the study on material structure and photoactivity is the main focuses for the application in industry and environment.

Preparation, characterization and catalytic activity of ZrO₂/bamboo leaves ash (BLA) catalyst for conversion of rice bran oil to biodiesel have been investigated. The catalyst was prepared by impregnation method of ZrOCl₂ as ZrO₂ precursor with BLA at a theoretical content of 20% wt. followed by calcination. The physicochemical properties of the catalyst material were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR and surface acidity measurement. Activity test of materials in biodiesel conversion of rice bran oil was used by reflux method and microwave (MW) assisted method. Reaction variables studied in the investigation were the effect of catalyst weight and time of MW irradiation compared with the use reflux method. The results showed that ZrO2/BLA catalyst exhibited competitively effective and efficient processes for the production of biodiesel. The reflux method demonstrated an higher conversion (%) compared to MW method, however MW method showed the better reusable properties.

Utilization of hydrotalcite modified with 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid as a medium for the treatment of silver-containing wastewater has been done by using adsorption method. The modified hydrotalcite was prepared by direct precipitation using Mg and Al metals precursor and an organic compound of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid. The modified material was then used for the treatment of silver-containing wastewater through adsorption method together with the determination of adsorption capacity, kinetics study as well as the material characterization after the treatment process. It could be observed from the results that the adsorption of silver onto the modified hydrotalcite was in accordance with Langmuir adsorption model with the adsorption capacity (q_max) of 400 mg.g^-1. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics of the treatment showed that the process followed the kinetics model of pseudo-second-order of Ho with the velocity constant (k) of 1.15x10^-4g.mg^-1.minute^-1. The adsorption process exhibited an exergonic property with the adsorption energy of 28.10x10³ J.mol^-1. All of the adsorption processes were conducted in the condition of pH_adsorption = 3. Meanwhile, results from the characterization using FTIR showed the functional groups of C=C, -OH and NO₃^- on the modified hydrotalcite underwent some alteration after the adsorption process of Ag(I). Therefore it can be observed that the functional groups of COOH and OH had an important role in the adsorption of silver from wastewater.

Trimetazidine dihydrochloride is an anti-ischemic metabolic agent which is used as drug for angina pectoris treatment. The drug substance monograph is available in European Pharmacopoeia and British Pharmacopoeia, while the drug product monograph is not available in any of the pharmacopoeias. During development of trimetazidine dihydrochloride tablet formulation, we found increase of an unspecified impurity during preliminary stability study. The unspecified impurity was identified by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and the molecular weight obtained was matching with the molecular weight of N-formyl trimetazidine (m/z 295). Further experiments were performed to confirm the suspected result by injecting the impurity standard and spiking formic acid into the drug substance. The retention time of N-formyl trimetazidine was similar to the unspecified impurity in drug product. Even spiking of formic acid into drug substance showed that the suspected impurity increased with increasing concentration of formic acid. The proposed mechanism of impurity formation is via amidation of piperazine moiety of trimetazidine by formic acid which present as residual solvent in tablet binder used in the formulation. Subsequently, the impurity in our product was controlled by choosing the primary packaging which could minimize the formation of impurity.

The catalytic hydrodeoxigenation of the bio oil model compounds (biomass pyrolysis results) typically uses sulphide catalysts. In this study, we studied the activity of non-sulphide catalyst, the effect of temperature and reaction time on anisole deoxygenation. The catalytic activity was performed in a batch reactor, using N₂ gas at 1 bar of pressure. The product was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that the Co-Mo/USY catalyst perform a highest activity and produce pentamethylbenzene, an oxygen free products, when reaction time is 2 hours. The Co-Mo/USY catalysts has the value of the total yield of the product increased with time increase drastically.

The aim of this study was to develop intertextual learning strategy with guided inquiry on solubility equilibrium concept to enhance student's scientific processing skills. This study was conducted with consideration of some various studies which found that lack of student's process skills in learning chemistry was caused by learning chemistry is just a concept. The method used in this study is a Research and Development to generate the intertextual learning strategy with guided inquiry. The instruments used in the form of sheets validation are used to determine the congruence of learning activities by step guided inquiry learning and scientific processing skills with aspects of learning activities. Validation results obtained that the learning activities conducted in line with aspects of indicators of the scientific processing skills.

Battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through electrochemical process. Further research on the synthesis of cathode of Na-ion battery that has good conductivity to maximize the battery performance needs to be conducted. One of the production steps of the NaCo_(1-x)NaCo cathode synthesis in the Na-Ion battery was a ball-milling process, in which by the ball-milling process, the crystal size of NaCo_(1-x)Mn_xO₂ cathode can be minimized. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of variation of ball-milling speed to the characteristics of resulting product including the oxide types composing NaCo_(1-x)Mn_xO₂ cathode, surface morphology, and conductivity. The main ingredients used were sodium acetate, manganese acetate, cobalt acetate with molar ratio of 0.7: 0.66: 0.22, respectively and citric acid as chelating agent with the M/CA ratio of 1: 1. The variations of milling speed were 0, 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 rpm. Characterization of the product was conducted using XRD, SEM-EDS, and conductivity meter (LCR-meter). The result showed that a solid electrolyte of NaCo_(1-x)Mn_xO₂ consisting of NaMnO₂, NaO₂, CoO, Co₂O₃, MnO₂ components was successfully synthesized. The observation on the milling speed at 400 rpm showed that the solid electrolyte produced had the highest conductivity i.e. 4.08 x 10-6 Scm^-1 with a homogeneous surface morphology and had a spinel formula NaCo_0,65Mn_0,35O₂.

In this study, titanium dioxide-carbon nitride (TiO₂-CN) composites were prepared by three methods, which were one pot oxidation, impregnation, and physical mixing. Each series of the photocatalysts was prepared with different ratios of titanium to carbon (Ti/C), i.e., 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 mol%. All samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DR UV-Vis) spectroscopies. The characterization results confirmed the successful preparation of TiO₂, CN, and the TiO₂-CN composites. Photocatalytic activity tests were carried out for degradation of salicylic acid at room temperature for 6 h under UV and visible light irradiations. It was confirmed that all the prepared TiO₂-CN composites showed better photocatalytic activities than the bare TiO₂ and the bare CN. Under UV light irradiation, 90.6% of salicylic acid degradation was achieved on the best composite prepared by one pot oxidation with 5 mol% of titanium to carbon (Ti/C) ratio. On the other hand, the highest degradation under visible light irradiation was 94.3%, observed on the composite that was prepared also by one pot oxidation method with the Ti/C ratio of 10 mol%. Therefore, among the investigated methods, the best method to prepare the titanium dioxide-carbon nitride composites with high photocatalytic activity was one pot oxidation method.

The synthesis of IIP was carried out by variation of Fe(III) ion templates from Fe(NO₃)₃, K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂ compounds which then tested IIP selectivity to the Fe metal ions through adsorption process. Ionic Imprinted Polymer (IIP) is a method of printing metal ions bound in a polymer, subsequently released from the polymer matrix to produce a suitable imprint for the target ion. The purposes of this study were to produce IIP from Fe(NO₃)₃, K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂ templates, to know the effect of templates on adsorption selectivity of IIP involving imprint cavity, and to know the impact of metal competitor on the selectivity adsorption of IIP to the Fe metals. The results obtained showed that IIP synthesized by variations of Fe(NO₃)₃, K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂ templates were successfully synthesized. The adsorption selectivity of Fe (III) metal ion in the Fe(NO₃)₃ template was greater than that of in the K₃[Fe(CN)₆] and NH₄Fe(SO₄)₂ templates. The adsorption selectivity of Fe was greater on Fe-Cr compared to on Fe-Cd and Fe-Pb.

As the world's biggest producer of palm oil, 109 million tons of palm frond and 46 million tons of empty fruit bunch (EFB) were produced annually in Indonesia. These two kinds of palm biomass were still in low-application and could be potentially used as future energy resources such as biofuel. One of the promising methods to convert palm frond and EFB into biofuel, as a dense and easy to transport material, is fast pyrolysis. Before pyrolysis, biomass feedstock was characterized their component and elemental compositions, moisture content and higher heating value (HHV). Fast pyrolysis processes were conducted at a temperature of 350˚C using thermal oil heater as a heat carrier. The gas phase from pyrolysis was condensed and produced a dark color and water soluble liquid called bio-oil. As GC-MS data shows, the bio-oil from both feed stocks was dominated by acetic acid, furans, phenols, aldehydes, and ketones. The HHV was reported 12.19 and 26.49 MJ/kg, while water content was 41.91 and 11.54 wt% for bio-oil from palm frond and EFB, respectively. The high content of lignin in EFB effects to the low content of water, high content of phenolic compound, and high calorific value in the bio-oil from EFB.

A 4-hydroxy-3-methylchalcone has been synthesized from 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde as the Reimer-Tiemann reaction product. This research consists of three steps involve synthesize of 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde from ortho-cresol, synthesize of chalcone derivatives from 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde or vanillin for the comparison, the last is antibacterial activity test of both chalcone derivatives against Escherichia coli (negative gram) and Staphylococcus aureus (positive gram) bacteria using disc diffusion method. Results of Reimer-Tiemann reaction is 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde compound in an orange colour solid form which has 43% yields and melting point 110-114°C. A 4-hydroxy-3-methylbenzaldehyde then reacted with acetophenone in a base condition and form 4-hydroxy-3-methylchalcone compound in a yellow colour solid form which has 40% yields and melting point 83-86°C. The antibacterial activity of the 4-hydroxy-3-methylchalcone against gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus is better than the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxychalcone.

Chitosan is a naturally occurring cationic biopolymer, obtained by alkaline deacetylation of chitin. This research aims to investigate the toxicity, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of chitosan from shrimp chitin. In this study, chitin extracted from shrimp waste material. Chitin is then deacetylation with 60% NaOH so that chitosan produced. Degrees of deacetylation, molecular weight, toxicity test, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity of chitosan then evaluated. Toxicity test using Brine Shrimp Lethality Test. The antioxidant analysis was performed using DPPH method (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and FTC method (ferric thiocyanate) in which the radical formed will reduce Ferro to Ferri resulting in a complex with thiocyanate. To determine the antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus, antifungal in Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger by measuring antimicrobial effects and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Based on the result of research, the value of degrees of deacetylation, molecular weight, and LC₅₀ values of chitosan synthesis was 94,32, 1052.93 g/mol and 1364.41 ppm, respectively. In general, the antioxidative activities increased as the concentration of chitosan increased. MIC value of chitosan against S. aureus, C. albicans, and A. niger was 10 ppm, 15.6 ppm, and 5 ppm, respectively.

The objective of the study is to determine the characteristic of moisture sorption isotherm from fermented cassava flour by red yeast rice using various modeling. This research used seven salt solutions and storage temperature of 298K, 303K, and 308K. The models used were Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET), Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) and Caurie model. The monolayer moisture content was around 4.51 – 5.99% db. Constant related to absorption heat in the multilayer area of [GAB model was around 0.86-0,91. Constant related to absorption heat in the monolayer area of GAB model was around 4.67-5.97. Constant related to absorption heat in the monolayer area of BET model was around 4.83-7.04. Caurie constant was around 1.25-1.59. The equilibrium and monolayer moisture content on fermented cassava flour by red yeast rice was decreasing as increasing temperature. GAB constant value indicated that the process of moisture absorption on the fermented cassava flour by red yeast rice categorized in type II.

One of the most frequent and widespread infectious diseases especially in developing countries is tuberculosis (TB). The number of TB drug resistant tend to increase, and there has been no new TB drug introduce since the 1960s. Six 2-Thiophenecarboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives were synthesized in 90-97% yields, and 2-thiophenecarbonylhydrazone-5, 7-dibromoisatin showed the highest activity in inhibiting M. tuberculosis H₃₇Rv.

Spirulina sp has been identified as potential source food functional such as protein, amino acids and other high added value compounds from microalgae. One of the compounds is phycocyanin as also known for antioxidant use. This research was aimed to increase the nutritional value and organoleptic properties and preferences yoghurt by Spirulina platensis supplementation. Completely randomized controlled group design conducted by 31 respondents. Spirulina Research accomplished in Food Technology, Microbiology and Chemistry Laboratory at Bandung Health Polytechnic in Bandung. Samples divided randomly into three groups: (1) yoghurt standard supplemented 50 ml, (2) yoghurt and spirulina 1% supplemented 50 ml, (3) yoghurt and spirulina 1,2% supplemented 50 ml. Spirulina was added concentration by 0, 1, 1,2 % calculated by dx trial. Proximate analysis revealed the highest protein in enriched by spirulina 1%. However fat was lower 3.48 – 3.56 compare to control. All products found growing Lactobacillus acidophilus with a pH of 4.0 range. There was no microbial contamination such as E coli, Salmonella sp, Pseudomonas sp. Supplementation of spirulina to yoghurt products can be accepted by organoleptic, chemical and microbiological tests of concentrations of 1 and 1.2%. The material makes the blue colours more attractive and can be accepted by the expert panellist.

The use of REE like element of Yttrium (Y) as a superconducting material requires a purity of more than 90%, so it needs to increase the purity of Y from the settling process. The purpose of this research is to study the separation process of REE that is Y, Gd, Dy elements from REE hydroxide (REE(OH)₃) using SIR method are consisting of Amberlite XAD-16 resin impregnated with Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate ( D2EHPA) and Tributyl Phosphate (TBP) and determine the isotherm model on REE adsorption and determine the kinetic model of pseudo adsorption reaction. This research was started by activating XAD-16 resin and is mixed with TBP-D2EHPA solvents so it will form SIR, then it is conducted on variation of SIR composition, temperature variation of adsorption process, determination of equilibrium equation and kinetic sorption occurring in SIR adsorption based on experimental data of liquid concentration as function of time. Based on the calculation result, the most effective SIR composition for REE separation is 0.75 g, the equilibrium equation for Y, Gd and Dy follows the Henry equilibrium model and the pseudo kinetic model of the reaction order Y, Gd, and Dy is followed by the pseudo reaction of order 2 The result of separation of LTJ with SIR is said to be effective from another method because purity is obtained that is 96.73% and qualify as a super conductor material.

The main problem to obtain Gd with high purity is the similarity of chemical properties and physical properties with the other rare earth elements (REE) such as Y and Dy, it is necessary to do separation by the extraction process. The purpose of this research to determine the best solvent type, amount of solvent, feed and solvent ratio in the Gd extraction process, to determine the rate order and the value of the rate constant of Gd concentration based on experimental data of aqueous phase concentration as a function of time and to know the effect of temperature on the reaction speed constant. This research was conducted on variation of solvent, amount of solvent, feed and solvent ratio in the extraction process of Gd separation, extraction time to determine the order value and the rate constant of Gd concentration in extraction process based on the aqueous phase concentration data as a function of time, to the rate constant of decreasing concentration of Gd. Based on the calculation results, the solvent composition was obtained with the best feed to separate the rare earth elements Gd in the extraction process is 1 : 4 with 15% concentration of TOPO and 10% concentration of D2EHPA. The separation process of Gd using extraction method by solvent TOPO-D2EHPA 2 : 1 comparison is better than single solvent D2EHPA / TOPO because of the synergistic effect. The rate order of separation process of Gd follows order 1. The Arrhenius Gd equation becomes k = 1.46 x 10-7 exp (-6.96 kcal / mol / RT).

One of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods is using surfactants to reduce the interfacial tension between the injected fluid and the oil in old reservoir. The most important principle in enhanced oil recovery process is the dynamic interaction of surfactants with crude oil. Sodium ligno sulphonate (SLS) is a commercial surfactant and already synthesized from palm solid waste by another researcher. This work aimed to apply SLS as a surfactant for EOR especially in TPN 008 oil from Pertamina Indonesia. In its application as an EOR's surfactant, SLS shall be passed feasibility test like IFT, thermal stability, compatibility, filtration, molecular weight, density, viscosity and pH tests. The feasibility test is very important for a preliminary test prior to another advanced test. The results demonstrated that 1% SLS solution in formation water (TPN 008) had 0.254 mN/M IFT value and was also great in thermal stability, compatibility, filtration, molecular weight, viscosity and pH test.

Yttrium oxide can be used as a dopant control rod of nuclear reactors in YSH material and superconductors. Yttrium oxide is obtained in the Xenotime mineral derived from byproduct of tin mining PT Timah Bangka which contain rare earth elements (REE) dominant Y, Dy, and Gd whose content respectively about 29.53%, 7.76%, and 2.58%. Both usage in the field of nuclear and non-nuclear science and technology is need to pure from the impurities. The presence of impurities in the yttrium oxide may affect the characteristic of the material and the efficiency of its use. Thus it needs to be separated by precipitation and extraction-stripping and calcination in the making of the oxide. However, to obtain higher levels of Yttrium oxide, it is necessary to determine the optimum conditions for its separation. The purpose of this research was to determine the optimum pH of precipitation, determine acid media and concentration optimum in extraction and stripping process and determine the efficiency of the separation of Y from REE concentrate. This research was conducted with pH variation in the precipitation process that pHs were 4 - 8, the difference of acid media for the extraction process, i.e., HNO₃, HCl and H₂SO₄ with each concentration of 0,5 M; 1 M; 1,5 M; and 2 M and for stripping process were HNO₃, HCl, and H₂SO₄ with each concentration of 1 M; 2M; and 3 M. Based on the result, the optimum pH of precipitation process was 6,5, the optimumacid media was HNO₃ 0,5 M, and for stripping process media was HNO₃ 3 M. The efficiency of precipitation process at pH 6,5 was 69,53 %, extraction process was 96.39% and stripping process was 4,50%. The separation process from precipitation to extraction had increased the purity and the highest efficiency recovery of Y was in the extraction process and obtained Y₂O₃ purer compared to the feed with the Y₂O₃ content of 92.87%.

The aims of current studies is to investigate the effect of strontium oxide content (SrO) on synthesized zeolite. Zeolite was synthesized from Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors of SiO₂ and aluminum isopropoxide (AIP) precursors. The mixture was aged for 3 days and hydrothermally treated for 6 days. The SrO content was added by impregnation method. The products were then characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Surface Area Analyzer (SAA). The diffractogram confirmed the formation of Faujasite-like zeolite. However, after the addition of SrO, the crystallinity of zeolite was deformed. The diffractograms shows the amorphous phase of zeolite were decrease as the SrO content is increase. The structural changes was also observed from FTIR spectra which shows the shifting and peak formation. The surface area analysis showed that the increasing loading of SrO/Zeolites reduced the catalyst surface area.

The catalytic potensial of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)//Natural Zeolite in the isomerization of α-pinene in the terpentin oil was investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of the power of microvawe on activity and selectivity of catalyst. The main product were champhene, terpinene, limonene, p-cymene, and terpinolene. The highest selectivity was 28.26% with a conversion of 23.25%, whereas the higher conversion was 98.99% with selectivity of 16.90% at room temperature using power of microwave 640 W.

Water is a natural resource that is essential for all living creatures. In addition, water also caused of disease affecting humans. The existence of one of heavy metal pollutants cadmium (Cd) in the body of water is an environmental problem having a negative impact on the quality of water resources. Adsorption is one of the ways or methods that are often used for the treatment of wastewater. Clay and allophanic soil were used as Cd adsorbent by batch method. Ceramic filter was used to reduce Cd concentration in the ground water. This study aims to determine the effect of the composition of clay and Allophane, activation temperature and contact time on the adsorption capacity of Cd in the model solution. The optimum adsorption condition and the effectiveness of drinking water treatment in accordance with Regulation of the Minister of Health using clay/Andisol adsorbents in ensnare heavy metals Cd and bacterial pathogens. Identification and characterization of adsorbent is done by using NaF, Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), specific surface area and total acidity specific. The Cd metal concentrations were analysed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Adsorption isotherms determined by Freundlich and Langmuir equations. Modified water purification technology using ceramic filters are made with a mixture of clay and Andisol composition. The results showed samples of clay and Andisol containing minerals. The optimum condition of adsorption was achieved at 200 °C of activation temperature, 60 minutes of contact time and the 60:40 of clay:Andisol adsorbent composition. Freundlich isotherm represented Cd adsorption on the clay/Andisol adsorbent with a coefficient of determination (R²=0.99) and constant (k=1.59), higher than Langmuir (R²=0.89). The measurement results show the water purification technology using ceramic filters effectively reduce E. coli bacterial and Cd content in the water.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats due to reduced function of insulin. Treatment of diabetes can be done by insulin therapy or hypoglycemic drugs. Hypoglycemic drugs usually contain compounds that can inhibit the action of α-glucosidase enzymes that play a role in breaking carbohydrates into blood sugar. Cinnamaldehyde has α-glucosidase inhibit activity because it has a functional group of alkene that is conjugated with a benzene ring and a carbonyl group. However, the use of this compound still provides unsatisfactory results due to its degradation during the absorption process. The solution offered to solve the problem is by encapsulated it within chitosan nanoparticles that serve to protect the bioactive compound from degradation, increases of solubility and delivery of a bioactive compound to the target site by using freeze-drying technique. The value of encapsulation efficiency (EE) of cinnamaldyhde which encapsulated within chitosan nanoparticles is about 74%. Inhibition test result showed that cinnamaldehyde-chitosan nanoparticles at 100 ppm could inhibit α-glucosidase activity in 23.9% with 134,13 in IC₅₀. So it can be concluded that cinnamaldehyde can be encapsulated in nanoparticles of chitosan and proved that it could inhibit α-glucosidase.

Chitosan application in pharmaceutics and cosmeceutics industries is limited by its solubility issue. Modification of -NH₂ and -OH fuctional groups of chitosan by adding carboxyl group has been shown to improve its solubility and application. Attempt to synthesize carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) from monocloroacetic acid (MCAA) has been done prior this report. However no information is available wether –OH (-O-C bonding formation) or -NH₂ (-N-C bonding formation) is the preference for - CH₂COOH to attach. In the current study, the reaction mechanism between chitosan and MCAA reactants into carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) was examined by computational approach. Dimer from of chitosan used as a molecular model in calculation All the molecular structure involved in the reaction mechanism was optimized by ab initio computational on the theory and basis set HF/6-31G(d,p). The results showed that the - N-C bonding formation via S_N2 than the -O-C bonding formation via S_N2 which have activation energy 469.437 kJ/mol and 533.219 kJ/mol respectively. However, the -O-C bonding formation more spontaneous than the -N-C bonding formation because ΔG the formation of O-CMC-2 reaction is more negative than ΔG of formation N-CMC-2 reaction is -4.353 kJ/mol and -1.095 kJ/mol respectively. The synthesis of N,O-CMC first forms -O-CH₂COOH, then continues to form -NH-CH₂COOH. This information is valuable to further optimize the reaction codition for CMC synthesis.

Deeply understanding that intermolecular interaction between molecules on the paracellular pathway has given insight to its microscopic and macroscopic properties. In the paracellular pathway, synthetic cyclic ADTC1 (Ac-CADTPPVC-NH₂) peptide has been studied to modulate EC1-EC2 domain, computationally using molecular docking method. The aim of this research is to probe the effect of amino acid alanine (A) of ADTC1 on its interaction properties. The study carried out in two steps: 1. the optimization using GROMACS v4.6.5 program and; 2. Determination of the interaction properties using AutoDock 4.2 program. The interaction was done for A-J box, and the best position of the binding site and binding energy on the OC and CC ADTC1 peptides against the EC1-EC2 domain of E-cadherin was selected. The result showed that the CC of the F box ADTC1 has the best interaction with binding energy of - 26.36 kJ/mol and its energy was lower than ADTC5 without alanine amino acid. ADTC1 interacted with EC1 of EC1-EC2 on Asp1, Trp2, Val3, Ile4, Ile24, Lys25, Ser26, Asn27, and Met92 residues.

Gelatin extraction from catfish bone using NaOH and its utilization as a template on a synthesis of mesoporous silica-alumina had been investigated. The extraction was prepared by immersing 25 g catfish bone in 125 mL of NaOH in concentration of 0.0; 0.05; 0.10; 0.15 and 0.20 M for 24 h, then washing with demineralized water until pH 7, followed by immersed the bone into 125 mL of 1 M HCl for 1 h, then washed using demineralized water into pH 5. To produce gelatin the bone was refluxed with 100 mL demineralized water at 70°C for 5 h then evaporated at 50°C. The dry gelatin was characterized using FTIR and electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The best performance of gelatin was produced by NaOH 0.10 M. The gelatin consists of amide A, B, I, II, III and molecular weight of 25-200kDa. Silica and Alumina material prepared from Lapindo mud extraction. Dry Lapindo mud crushed and filtered until pass 100 mesh, then reflux using 6 M HCl (1:4 w/V) at 90°C for 5h then filtered. The filtrate was consisting alumina solution adding with 6 M NaOH (2/3 V/V) them filtered. The filtrate then injected by CO₂ gas for 30 minutes and filtered, the residue was calcined at 500°C for 5h. The residual of Lapindo mud dried and refluxed with 6 M NaOH (1:4 w/v) at 90 °C. After 5h filtered and the filtrate added by HCl to pH 8 and filtered, the residual then dried. The Si and Al were then analyzed by XRF and consist of silica and alumina for 99.1 and 87.73%, respectively. Silica-alumina was prepared using silica and alumina extracted from Lapindo mud. 6 g of SiO₂ and 2 g of NaOH was immersed in 62 mL of demineralized water then added with alumina solution (0.204 g alumina in 30 mL demineralized water). The gelatin solution (5 g gelatin in 70 mL demineralized water) was dropped into the silica-alumina while stirring at 50°C for 4 h and aging for 24 h. The synthesized silica alumina was analysed using FTIR and surface area analyser. The FT-IR spectra indicated the TO₄ (T=Si, Al) vibration at wave number of 1049.28 and 1103.23 cm^-1. The synthesized silica-alumina showed mesoporous characters with a pore diameter of 41.18 nm and surface area of 32.76 m²/g

Oseltamivir resistance as an inhibitor of neuraminidase influenza A virus subtype H1N1 has been reported lately. Therefore, to solve this problem, several kinds of research has been conducted to design and discover disulfide cyclic peptide ligands through molecular docking method, to find the potential inhibitors for neuraminidase H1N1 which then can disturb the virus replication. This research was studied and evaluated the interaction of ligands toward enzyme using molecular docking simulation, which was performed on three disulfide cyclic peptide inhibitors (DNY, LRL, and NNT), along with oseltamivir and zanamivir as the standard ligands using MOE 2008.10 software. The docking simulation shows that all disulfide cyclic peptide ligands have lower Gibbs free binding energies (ΔG_binding) than the standard ligands, with DNY ligand has the lowest ΔG_binding at -7.8544 kcal/mol. Furthermore, these ligands were also had better molecular interactions with neuraminidase than the standards, owing by the hydrogen bonds that were formed during the docking simulation. In the end, we concluded that DNY, LRL and NNT ligands have the potential to be developed as the inhibitor of neuraminidase H1N1.

Disinfection of coliform and E. Coli in water has been performed by electrolysis using carbon electrodes. Carbon electrodes were used as an anode and cathode with a purity of 98.31% based on SEM-EDS analysis. This study was conducted using electrolysis powered by electric field using carbon electrode as the anode and cathode. Electrolysis method was carried out using variations of time (30, 60, 90, 120 minutes at a voltage of 5 V) and voltage (5, 10, 15, 20 V for 30 minutes) to determine the effect of the disinfection of the bacteria. The results showed the number of coliform and E. coli in water before and after electrolysis was 190 and 22 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The standards quality of drinking water No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 requires the zero content of coliform and E. Coli. Electrolysis with the variation of time and potential can reduce the number of coliforms and E. Coli but was not in accordance with the standards. The effect of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to the electrochemical disinfection was determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The levels of H₂O₂ formed increased as soon after the duration of electrolysis voltage but was not a significant influence to the mortality of coliform and E.coli.

Treatment of waste lubricating oil by chemical and adsorption process using butanol and kaolin has been done. Quality of lubricating oil after treatment was analysis using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of the treatment of butanol, KOH, and kaolin to metals contain in waste lubricating oil treatment have been evaluated. Treatment of waste lubricating oil has been done using various kaolin weight, butanol, and KOH solution. The result of this research show metal content of Ca, Mg, Pb, Fe and Cr in waste lubricating oil before treatment are 1020.49, 367.02, 16.40, 36.76 and 1,80 ppm, respectively. The metal content of Ca, Mg, Pb, Fe and Cr in the waste lubricating oil after treatment are 0.17, 9.85, 34.07, 78.22 and 1.20 ppm, respectively. The optimum condition for treatment of waste lubricating oil using butanol, KOH, and kaolin is 30 mL, 3.0 g and 1.5 g, respectively. Chemical and adsorption method using butanol and kaolin can be used for decrease of metals contain in waste lubricating oil.

Visible spectrophotometer is a powerful instrument in chemistry. We can identify the chemical species base on their specific color and then we can also determine the amount of the species using the spectrophotometer. However, the availability of visible spectrophotometer still limited, particularly for education. This affect the skill of student to have experience on handling the instrumentation. On the other hand, the communication technology creates an opportunity for student to explore their smart feature, mainly the camera. The objective of this research is to make an application that utilize the camera feature as a detector for handmade visible spectrophotometer. The software have been made based on android program, and we name it as Spectrophone®. The spectrophotometer consists of an acrylic body, sample compartment, and light sources (USB-LED lamp powered by 6600 mAh battery). Before reach the sample, the light source was filtered using colored-mica plastic. The spectrophone® apps utilize the camera to detect the color based on its RGB composition. A different colored solution will show a different RGB composition based on the concentration and specific absorbance wavelength. We then can choose one type of color composition, R or G or B only to be converted as an absorbance using -Log (Cs/Co), where Cs and Co are color composition of sample and blank, respectively. The calibration curve of metilen blue measured. In a red (R) composition, the regression is not linear (R²=0.78) compare to the result of UV-Vis spectrophotomer model Spectroquant Pharo 300 (R²=0.8053). This measurement result shows that The Spectrophone® still need to be evaluated and corrected. One problem than can we identify that the diameter of pick point of RGB composition is too wide and this will affect the reading color composition. Next, we will fix the problem and in advance we will apply this Spectrophone® in a wide scale.

The complex of Tetrakis(2-amino-3-methylpyridine)copper(II) sulfate tetrahydrate has been synthesized in a ratio of 1: 6 metal to ligand in methanol. The percentage of copper in the complex measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) showed the complex formula was Cu(2-amino-3-metilpyridine)₄SO₄(H₂O)_n (n = 3, 4, or 5). The analysis of TG/DTA showed that 1 mole of complex contains 4 moles of H₂O. The conductivity measurement indicated that the complex is in 1 to 1 electrolyte. The formula of the complex was estimated as [Cu(2-amino-3-metilpyridine)₄]SO₄·4H₂O. The complex was paramagnetic with µ_eff of 1.85 BM. The UV-Vis spectra showed a band peak at 730 nm with an electronic transition Eg→T₂g. IR spectral data indicated that the functional groups of N-pyridine 2-amino-3-metilpyridine coordinated to ion Cu(II). The geometry of the complex was probably square planar.

Kaempferia pandurata (syn. Boesenbergia rotunda, B. pandurata (Roxb.)Schltr), locally known as "TemuKunci"in Indonesia, is one of the medicinal plants of the family Zingiberaceae. Phytochemical studies on the rhizome of K. pandurata showed the presence of flavonoid derivative, namely flavanones, which constitute as the main components of this plant. Bioactivity studies on this species exhibited various biological activities, such as antibacteria, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antidiarrhea, antidisentri, anti-HIV, antioxidant, antipyretic, analgesic and insecticides. Among the biological activities, the antibacterial activity results are important as an attempt to answer the emergence of resistance of some bacteria against existing drugs, as well as the emergence of a number of outbreaks of disease caused by bacteria. Therefore, a search to find new compounds that are potential as an antibacterial is an urgent matter. The present study was aimed at the chemical transformation of pinostrobin (1) from K. pandurata rhizome and an antibacterial activity.The chemical transformation was performed through a prenylation reaction of pinostrobin (1) which is the main component of K. pandurata rhizome. The prenylation reaction was carried out by reacting pinostrobin (1) with prenyl bromide and potassium carbonat (K₂CO₃). The purification of product was done using the radial chromatography with mix solvent n-hexane and ethyl acetate (97.5:2.5; 9.5:0.5; 9.0:1.0.; 8.0:2.0). The purity test of isolated compound was analysedby TLC using different types of eluent. The identification of compounds was determined based on NMR data and mass spectra analysis. Five compounds were obtained from the prenylation reaction, i.e. monooxyprenylated pinostrobin (2), monooxyprenylated chalcone (3), diprenylated chalcone (4), triprenylated chalcone (5), and triprenylated cyclohexene chalcone (6). These compounds were tested for antibacterial activities against four clinical bacteria, namely Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antibacterial test was conducted using microdilution method. The five compounds showed moderate antibacterial activity against clinical bacteria with MIC values in the range of 25 to 50 µg/mL.

Curcuminoid, consisting of curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bis demethoxycurcumin, is the major compound in Curcuma longa L. and Curcuma xanthorrhiza rhizome. It has been known to have a potent antioxidants, anticancer, antibacteria activity. Those rhizomes needs to be dried beforehand which influenced the active compounds concentration. The present work was conducted to assess the curcuminoid content of C. longa L. and C. xanthorrhiza based on drying method with Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)-UVD. Samples were collected and dried using freeze-drying and oven method. The latter is the common method applied in most drying method at herbal medicine preparation procedure. All samples were extracted using 96% ethanol and analyzed using NMR and HPLC-UVD. Curcuminoid as a bioactive compound in the sample exhibited no significant difference and weak significant difference in C. xanthorrhiza and C. longa L., respectively. HLPC-UVD as a reliable analytical method for the quantification is subsequently used to confirm of the data obtained by NMR. It resulted that curcuminoid content showed no significant difference in both samples. This replied that curcuminoids content in both samples were stable into heating process. These results are useful information for simplicia standardization method in pharmaceutical products regarding to preparation procedure.

Recently, using of productive liquid fertilizer assumed as a proper and practical fertilizer for plant productivity purposes. Various ways of enrichment of liquid fertilizer were done to achieve certain quality. The purpose of this research was to determine the proper additional formulation in the process of making productive liquid fertilizer based on the various concentration of EM4 as well as comparated the result with SNI. Liquid tempe waste were collected from some tempe industries at Sidorejo Kidul village, Tingkir district, Salatiga. The concentration of EM4 which were added to the tempe wastewater are 0%; 0.20%; 0.40%; 0.60%; 0.80%; 1.00% respectively. The pH, temperature, C total, N total, C/N ratio, and PO₄^3- were measured. Data was analyzed by using Randomize Completely Block Design (RCBD) with 6 treatments and 4 replications. Comparison between the average, the Honestly Significance Deference (HSD) 5% was used. The results showed that the addition of EM₄ indicated there were a significant progress. Moreover, the most effective formula to increase the quality of productive liquid fertilizer from liquid waste tempe was found in addition of 1.00% EM4 with the gained analysis value for the C total, N total, C/N ratio, and degree of PO₄^3- as follows : 4.395 ± 1.034%; 1.470 ± 0.081%; 3.01 ± 0.756; 685.28 ± 70.44 ppm . Associated with the need fulfillment of SNI hence can be concluded that result of Productive Liquid Fertilizer (PLF) from liquid waste tempe successfully fulfill SNI of liquid fertilizer for pH parameter and total N, only.

Synthesis of complex compound is one field of research which intensively studied. Metal-dithiocarbamate complexes find wide-ranging applications in nanomaterial and metal separation science, and have potential use as chemotherapeutic, pesticides, and as additives to lubricants. However, the information about is reaction kinetic and mechanism are very much lacking. The research and analyzes results show that reaction synthesis ligand DBDTC and complex compounds Cu-DBDTC. Optimum reaction condition of formation of complex compounds Cu with DBDTC at pH=3, [DBDTC] = 4.10^-3 M, and the time of reaction 5 minutes. Based the analysis varian reaction of complex compounds at pH 3 and 4, diffrence significance at the other pH: 5; 5,5; 6; 6,5 ; 7; and 8. The various of mole with reactants comosition difference sigbificance, those the time reaction for 5 and 6 minutes diffrence by significance with the other time, it is 3,4,8, and 10 minutes. The great product to at condition pH 6, the time optimum at 5 minutes and molar ratio of logam: ligand = 1:2. The reaction kinetic equation of complex compound Cu with chelathing ligand DBDTC is V=0.917106 [Cu²⁺]^0.87921 [DBDTC]^2.03021. Based on the kinetic data, and formed complex compounds estimation, the mechanism explaining by 2 stages. In the first stage formation of [Cu(DBDTC)], and then [Cu(DBDTC)₂] with the last structure geomethry planar rectangle. The result of this research will be more useful if an effort is being done in reaction mechanism by chemical computation method for obtain intermediate, and for constant "k" in same stage, k1.k2. and compound complex constanta (β).

The purpose of this study was to obtain a factual picture of the improvement of students' conservation character and conservation behavior through the application integrated ethnoscience chemistry learning. This research was a case study on students majoring in the Department Of Science Mathematics and Natural Science Faculty Universitas Negeri Semarang. The subjects of the study were 30 students attending ethnoscience course in one of the teacher education institutions in the even semester of the academic year of 2016/2017. The subjects were given chemistry learning integrated into ethnoscience for eight weeks. The technique of data collection was done by using attitude scale arranged based on Likert scale. The data were analyzed by using qualitative descriptive. The results showed that the integrated ethnoscience chemistry learning contributed positively to the improvement of the character value and conservation behavior

The increasing demand of soap encourages new innovations of it's quantity, quality, benefits and raw materials. One of the innovations that has been developed is the use of nyamplung (C. inophyllum L) seed oil as basic ingredients of soap, with addition of active substances such as antibacterial and fragrance. This research aims to determine best formulation of liquid soap according to SNI 06-4085-1996 and its antibacterial activity after addition of n-hexane fraction of C. heyneana rhizome and fragrance from lavender flower oil at various concentrations, then a hedonic test was conducted to evaluate the panelist's preference towards the soap with the best formulation. This research has been done through several stages of soap making with saponification method, soap characterization according to SNI 06-4085-1996, determination of best formulation of liquid soap based on the effectiveness index method and antibacterial activity test of liquid soap to S.aureus with disc diffusion method and hedonic test using some parameters such as colour, odor, foam, clean power and effects after being used. The results showed that the best characteristic soap according to SNI 06-4085-1996 was soap with 0.2% antibacterial content and 2.5% perfume. The best soap characteristic showed total fatty acid 67.49%, free fatty acid 1.01%, neutral fat 7.24%, weight of type 1.05 g/mL, pH of 9.85 and foam stability 76.69%. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the best formula soap showed the inhibitory zone of 14.92 mm.

The production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil by transesterification reaction using acetone as co-solvent has been carried out. This research studied the optimal amount ratio of acetone as co-solvent to methanol in the transesterification process using homogeneous alkaline catalyst KOH 1% (w/w) of waste cooking oil at room temperature for 15 minutes of reaction time. Mole ratio of waste cooking oil to methanol is 1:12. Acetone was added as co-solvent in varied amount ratio to methanol are 1:4, 1:2, and 1:1, respectively. The results of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analysed using GC-MS instrument. The results showed that the optimal ratio is 1:4 with 99.93% of FAME yield.

Preparation of a new Zn²⁺ ion-imprinted polymer (Zn-IIP) is presented in this report. The Zn-IIP are prepared by precipitation polymerization using 8-hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) as a ligand, methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker has been prepared. The benzoyl peroxide and ethanol/acetonitrile (2:1) mixture were used as initiator and porogen, respectively. Precipitation polymerization was carried out by heating in a water bath at 60°C for 8 hours. After polymerization, cavities in the polymer particles corresponding to the Zn²⁺ ions were created by leaching the polymer with 2 mol L^-1 HNO₃. The polymer was washed with aquabidest and dried in an oven at the temperature of 60°C for 24 hours. The Zn-IIP was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometry (FT-IR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The synthesized Zn-IIP was used as a new adsorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE) of Zn(II) prior to Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) determination. The experimental parameters for SPE, such as pH of the sample, loading rate, and elution volume, have been optimized. The effect of pH of the sample on the extraction of analyte was studied in batch mode. The effects of loading rate and elution volume on the extraction of analyte were studied in dynamic mode by loading of the sample through IIP-SPE cartridge containing 100 mg of the synthesized Zn-IIP. The imprinted polymer (Zn-IIP) have bands at 3433.06 cm^-1 (O-H), 1508.23 cm^-1 (C=N aromatics), 1284.5 cm^-1 (C-N aromatics), 1056.9 cm^-1 (C-O phenol), 1724.24 cm^-1 (C=O), and 1639.38 cm^-1 (conjugated C=O with C=C). The Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of IIP and IIP show that the IIP is seen to have more cavities than NIP. The optimum pH for quantitative Zn(II) retention was 5.5, and the elution was completed with 2 mL of 1.0 mol L^-1 nitric acid. The optimum loading rate was 0.5 mL min^-1. The recovery of Zn(II) from solution samples after its SPE extraction on IIP with 50-fold theoretical preconcentration was 94.60-104.50%. The LOD and LOQ with 50-fold theoretical preconcentration obtained were 0.0073 mg L^-1 and 0.0244 mg L^-1, respectively.

Crosslinking and grafting reactions are required to modify the functional groups on chitosan to increase the number of its active groups. In this study, crosslinking reaction of succinic acid and grafting reaction of heparin on chitosan were conducted to produce a membrane as a candidate of a hemodialysis membrane. The mole ratio between chitosan and succinate acids was varied to obtain the best composition of modified materials. By blending all the material composition with PVA-PEG, the blend was transformed into a membrane. The resulted membrane was then characterized by various test methods such as tests of thickness, weight, water uptake, pH resistance, tensile strength and membrane hydrophilicity. The results showed that the best composition of the membrane reached in the addition of 0.011 gram of succinic acid proved by its highest mechanical strength compared to the other membranes.

Assessment instruments that is commonly used in the school generally have not been orientated on critical thinking skills. The purpose of this research is to develop assessment instruments to measure critical thinking skills, to test validity, reliability, and practicality. This type of research is Research and Development. There are two stages on the preface step, which are field study and literacy study. On the development steps, there some parts, which are 1) instrument construction, 2) expert validity, 3) limited scale tryout and 4) narrow scale try-out. The developed assessment instrument are analysis essay and problem solving. Instruments were declared valid, reliable and practical.

The aim of this work was to assess the performance of a vacuum fractionating column for the fractionation of Java Citronella Oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) and citronellal purification during batch mode operation at vacuum -76 cmHg and reflux ratios 5:1. Based on GC-MS analysis of Java Citronella Oil is known that citronellal, citronellol, and geraniol has yielded 21,59%; 7,43%; and 34,27%, respectively. Fractional distillation under reduced pressure and continued redistilled are needed to isolate the component of Java Citronella Oil. Redistilled can improve the purity, then distillate collected while the temperature changed. In the first distillate yielded citronellal with a purity of 75.67%. The first distillate obtained residue rhodinol product will then be carried back to separation into citronellol and geraniol. The purity of citronellol reached 80,65% purity, whereas geraniol reached 76.63% purity. Citronellal Purification resulting citronellal to 95.10% purity and p-menthane-3,8-diol reached 75.95% purity.

Natural zeolite is abundantly available in Indonesia and well distributed especially in the volcano area like Java, Sumatera, and Sulawesi. So far, natural zeolite from Klaten, Central Java is one of the most interesting zeolites has been widely studied. This research aims to know the effect of seed-assisted synthesis under a hydrothermal condition at 120 °C for 24 hours of Klaten's zeolite toward the structural change and phase transformation of the original structure. According to XRD and XRF analysis, seed-assisted synthesis through the addition of aluminosilicate mother solution has transformed Klaten's zeolite which contains (mordenite and clinoptilolite) into analcime type with decreasing Si/Al ratio from 4.51 into 1.38. Morphological analysis using SEM showed the shape changes from irregular into spherical looks like takraw ball in the range of 0.3 to 0.7 micrometer. Based on FTIR data, structure of TO₄ site (T = Si or Al) was observed in the range of 300-1300 cm^-1 and the occupancy of Brønsted acid site as OH stretching band from silanol groups was detected at 3440-3650 cm^-1. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis confirmed that transformation Klaten's zeolite into analcime type has decreased the surface area from 55.41 to 22.89 m²/g and showed inhomogeneous pore distribution which can be classified as micro-mesoporous aluminosilicate materials.

Simple method has been used for the synthesis of benzimidazole derivative from citronellal in kaffir lime oil under microwave irradiation. These compounds were synthesized also by conventional heating for comparison. In addtion, microwave-assited synthesis was also compared between using to dichloromethane and methanol solvents with variation of reaction time for 30 to 70 minutes and 4 to 12 h for conventional heating. The 2-citronellyl benzimidazole compound synthesized were characterised by FT-IR, GC-MS, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. Comparison between conventional and microwave-assisted synthesis was done by comparing between correlation of reaction time and percentage yield. The time optimum of microwave-assisted and conventional synthesis using dichloromethane solvent respectively at 60 minutes (yield 19.23%) and 8 hours (yield 11.54%). In addition, microwave-assited synthesis increasing 157.81 times compared by conventional heating. While using methanol solvent tends to increase linearly however the percentage of yield only 0.77 times of synthesis using dichloromethane solvent.

Along with the economic development, needs of energy being increase too. Hydrogen as alternative energy has many usages. Besides that, hydrogen is one source of energy that is a clean fuel, but process production of hydrogen from natural gas as a raw material has been used for a long time. Therefore, there is need new invention to produce hydrogen from the others raw material. Glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production, is a compound which can be used as a raw material for hydrogen production. By using glycerol as a raw material of hydrogen production, we can get added value of glycerol as well as an energy source solution. The process production of hydrogen by steam reforming is a thermochemical process with efficiency 70%. This process needs contribution of catalyst to improve its efficiency and selectivity of the process. In this study will be examined the effect variation of catalyst for glycerol conversion process to hydrogen by steam reforming. The method for catalyst preparation was variation of catalyst impregnation composition, catalyst calcined with difference concentration of hydrochloric acid and calcined with difference hydrochloric acid ratio. After that, all of catalyst which have been prepared, used for steam reforming process for hydrogen production from glycerol as a raw material. From the study, the highest yield of hydrogen gas showed in the process production by natural zeolite catalyst with 1:15 Hydrochloric acid ratio was 42.28%. Hydrogen yield for 2M calcined natural zeolite catalyst was 38.37%, for ZSM-5 catalyst was 15.83%, for 0.5M calcined natural zeolite was 13.09% and for ultrasonic natural zeolite was 11.43%. The lowest yield of hydrogen gas showed in catalyst 2Zn/ZSM-5 with 11.22%. This result showed that hydrogen yield product was affected by catalyst variation because of the catalyst has difference characteristic and difference catalytic activity after the catalyst preparation process.

Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) method using silica as sorbent for stevioside and rebaudiosida A analysis in Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaf have not been performed. The aim of this study is to develop SPE method using silica as sorbent for Reverse Phase-High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis of stevioside and rebaudiosida A in S. rebaudiana leaf. The results of this study indicate that the optimal conditions for normal phase SPE (silica) are conditioned with 3.0 mL of hexane. The sample loading volume is 0.1 mL. Cartridge is eluted with 1.0 mL acetonitrile: water (80: 20, v/v) to separate both analytes. The cartridge is washed with chloroform and water of 0.3 mL respectively. The developed SPE sample preparation method meets the accuracy and precision test and can be used for the analysis of stevioside and rebaudioside A by RP-HPLC.

Stabilized gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been successfully prepared by a modification of ligand 2, 4, 6-trithiol-1, 3, 5-triazine (TT). TT has three thiol groups and nitrogen atoms on the aromatic ring that can interact and stabilize AuNP. TT modified AuNP (AuNP/TT) was characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, particle size analyzer (PSA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The characterization showed that AuNP/TT stable at a maximum wavelength (λ_maks) of 537 nm with the particle diameter of 9.41 nm. The increased acidity (pH) causes the protonated thiol groups of TT marked with a visual change of colloidal AuNP/TT from purple to blue, causing AuNP and TT bonds weakened. In this study, the AuNP/TT was reacted with formalin. This interaction shows that AuNP/TT has a potential as an efficient detector of formalin, marked by changes in the diameter of the particle, colloidal color, and maximum wavelength shift.

Urease is enzyme that plays a role in nitrogen metabolism during plant germination. Plants that produce a lot of urease are grains. This study used asparagus bean as source of urease. The purpose of this research is to learn the effect of germination time on the activity of urease enzyme from asparagus bean and its biochemical properties. The research was started by germination of asparagus bean on day 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12. Asparagus bean sprouts were extracted using acetone and separated by centrifugation to obtain the crude extract of urease. The biochemical properties of the crude extract of urease was further determined including: the effect of temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and metal addition to urease activity. The urease activity is determined by the Nessler method. The germination time of asparagus bean in yielding urease enzyme reached the optimum activity on the 8th day with activity value of 593.7 U/mL. The biochemical properties of urease from asparagus bean have optimum activity at 35 °C, pH 7.0 and substrate concentration 0.125% with activity value of 600 U/mL. Addition of CaCl₂, SnCl₂ and ZnCl₂ metals decrease the activity of urease.

Effect of potentials and electric charges of copper and indium depositions to the photocurrent responses of CuInS₂ thin film fabricated by electrodeposition followed by sulfurization were investigated. The characterization and elemental compositions of as-deposited Cu/In and CuInS₂ thin films used X-RD and EDAX. Photocurrent responses of the obtained CuInS₂ thin films were analyzed by linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) in europium solution under chopped irradiation. Photocurrent responses showed that fabricated CuInS₂ thin films had p-type photoresponses. Indium deposition on copper was influenced by copper morphology resulted by a certain potential deposition. Increasing potential of indium deposition on copper and electric charge of copper deposition reduced photocurrent for the former but did not change photocurrent of CuInS₂ for the latter.

The aim of the research is to natural zeolite with Fe(III) using anion exchange process to improve the anion exchange capacity. Natural zeolite was activated using HNO₃ 1 N and then mixed with FeCl₃ solution and refluxed followed by oven and calcination at a temperature of 550°C. The influence of Fe(III) to zeolite was characterized by FTIR while presence of Fe in zeolite characterized by AAS. Zeolite and Zeolite-Fe adsorption capacity of chloride and carbonate anions were determined through adsorption test by variation of pH and contact time. In advanced, and then to determining the Fe adsorbed concentration at Zeolite using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. FTIR analysis result showed that the addition of Fe does not affect the zeolite's structure but change the intensity of the zeolite spectra. The Fe concentration in Zeolite-Fe of 714 mg L^-1, indicate that Fe was present in the zeolite. Both Zeolite and Zeolite-Fe adsorbtion results showed that optimum pH of Chloride anion is 2, with adsorption capacity 2,33 x 10^-3 gg^-1 and optimum contact time is 8 minutes. While Zeolite and Zeolite-Fe adsorbtion results showed that optimum pH of Carbonate anion is 5, with adsorption capacity 5,31 x 10^-3 gg^-1 and optimum contact time is 8 minutes.