Table of contents

Development of modern agricultural sector requires agricultural tools and machinery. Agricultural equipment and machinery technology is considered capable of increasing agricultural production and efficiency of time and labor. Furthermore, farmers' decision on agricultural mechanization usage is influenced by internal and external factors. The recent study aims to determine the influencing factors toward farmer's decision in harvest technology selection in rice farming. The research was conducted in Seputih Raman District, Central Lampung Regency in September – October 2016. The farmer's decision determining factors were analyzed using binary logistic regression. As a result, the determining factors were the ease of operating rice harvester machines and land ownership status by farmers. However, new technology requirements are easy to adopt, one of which is the ease of testing. Therefore, technically harvester machine assembling is not complicated and easy to operate.

The drying kinetics of red chillies in the effect of low-temperature long time blanching were investigated. The blanching process was carried out at 70 °C for 10, 15, and 20 minutes. The drying process lasts for 32 to 35 hours to reduce the moisture content from 82.24% (wb) to 8.84% (wb). The experimental data were fitted to three mathematical models of thin-layer drying, namely the Henderson and Pabis, Lewis, and Page models. The result shows that the Page model is the most suitable model for predicting moisture ratio in chilli drying with low-temperature long time blanching treatment. This suitability is evidenced by the highest R² value, which ranges from 0.9709 to 0.9786, and also the lowest RMSE and MBE values range from 0.0503 to 0.0579 and 0.0025 to 0.0034, respectively. Meanwhile, the effective moisture diffusivity varies from 5.6300 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s to 6.5662 × 10⁻⁹ m²/s for the treatments studied.

This research aims to analyze the correlation between water efficiency, water losses, and channel density in the secondary channels of Bissua irrigation and figure them spatially. Channel was sampled purposively for different dense of a channel in the area based on irrigation channel map. The water inflow and outflow were measured in the selected segmented channels. Discharges, evaporation, and seepage data were used to determine water losses and their efficiencies. Spatial mapping was processed using ArcGIS 10.4 to figure the location of channels with their value of efficiencies and losses. The result shows that losses and efficiency range from 1.2 to 4.7 ×10-4 m³/s/m and 40 to 90%, respectively. The variation of channel density from 0.03 to 0.25 km/km² found a negative exponential correlation between water efficiency, water losses, and channel density. In addition, water losses also have a positive correlation to the width of channels.

The post-harvest process very much determines the quality and quantity of rice. The utilization of agricultural machinery in rice milling is one solution in maintaining rice quality. The most commonly used husker machine is a rubber roll type. This study aims to calculate the efficiency of huskers and the quality of rice. The parameters measured to analyze the efficiency of the milling machine and the quality of rice are the weight of unhulled rice to be milled, the weight of milled rice, and the time for milling the grain to become rice. The results showed that the husker efficiency at 1,237 rpm rotation speed was 46.3%, at 1,354 rpm was 46.7% and at 1,395 rpm was 46.6%. The quality of rice produced at a rotation speed of 1237 rpm, 70.03% whole grains, 3.58% broken grains, 1.51% groats. For 1,354 rpm, the rotation speed is 67.75%, broken grains 5.16%, and groats 2.89%. While at the rotation speed of 1,395 rpm, the percentage of broken grains was 56.26%, broken grains 4.80%, groats 1.27%.

The Bili-Bili Reservoir is located in the middle of the Jeneberang watershed in South Sulawesi Province, which was built for flood control, irrigation, raw water supply, and hydroelectric power plants. However, in the latest development, there has been a decline in utilization of the reservoir service function due to changes in the catchment area condition because of sediment. Estimation of sediment concentration in the Bili-bili reservoir was analyzed using spectrometer data. Estimation of Total Suspended Sediment (TSS) using a spectrometer by reflectance testing of the ratio between bands with various regression equations. Algorithm estimation of TSS concentration based on spectrometer measurements provides a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.800 and an RMS error of 0.088, with a 3rd order polynomial equation for the green/red bands ratio: y = 62.667x³ – 154.328x² + 121.27x – 29.902.

Sago flour soaking is one way to improve the white of sago that tends to turn brown and reddish because of the phenolase enzyme activity in sago. Some studies suggest that acetic acid can impede the encephalic tanning reaction that occurs in sago. This study aims to identify the characteristics of sago flour obtained from sago starch soaking in acetate solutions and to get the best of the sago flour. The method of this study uses Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors, namely variations of submersion time (2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours) and the acetic acid (CH₃COOH) concentration (0%, 0,1%, 0,25%). The data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Sago flour soaking with acetic acid has a significant effect on the quality of sago flour, such as the degree of whiteness, water content, and acidic level. The longer it takes to submerge and the higher the concentration of acetic acid, the degree of white, water content, and degree of acid sago flour also increases. All the results of this research qualified the quality requirements of sago flour according to the quality standard of sago flour.

Maros Regency had rice production of 295,800 tons in 2019, supported by 642 units of rice milling facilities, including 12 large-scale mills that spread across several districts. However, the existence of the facilities was not able to maximize the processing of rice production. The objectives of this study were (1) to analyze the current state (existing) rice milling facilities in Maros, (2) identify and analyze the factors inhibiting and supporting the development of rice milling facilities in Maros, (3) formulate development strategies of rice milling in the Maros Regency. The data analysis included Internal and External Strategic Factor Analysis by identifying the factors that have been made, IFAS Matrix Analysis (Internal Strategic Factor Summary Analysis), and EFAS Matrix (External Strategic Factor Analysis Summary) by determining the weight and rating on the IFAS matrix and EFAS and Swot analysis are carried out using a SWOT matrix analysis, by conducting a merger interaction (merger) of the internal factor group (Strength, Weakness), with the external factor group (Opportunity, Threat). The study results indicate that Strength - Opportunity (SO) produces the highest weight, namely 6.18, so the large-scale rice milling facilities in Maros Regency should take advantage of all strengths to seize and take advantage of the most significant opportunities.

Local communities around the Lore Lindu National Park have practiced agroforestry, including candlenut and coffee, which benefited not only for the livelihood of the communities but also for conservation of the national park area. This study aims to analyze the community readiness by the actors of each agroforestry system as a reference for the development of the two agroforestry systems. Based on the CRM approach, the community of candlenut agroforestry actors had a higher level of readiness (6.2 and 5.1) compared to coffee agroforestry actors have (4,9 and 4,7). The t-test analysis shows the difference between the five CRM dimensions. Those indicate that knowledge is significantly different between the readiness level of both the candlenut and coffee agroforestry communities. The value of the knowledge dimension in the candlenut agroforestry community is greater than the readiness value of the coffee agroforestry community. The knowledge factor is the most critical dimension to get attention in the agroforestry development effort.

Coffee is arguably the most popular drink in the world after water and it is estimated that global coffee consumption exceeds 2 billion cups every day. Today, coffee is not only consumed for pleasure but it is also used as a catalyst for social gatherings and networking. This is due to the fact that coffee can provide pleasurable taste and aroma. In order to optimize these organoleptic properties, technology interventions during postharvest processing are needed to unleash the potential flavor in coffee beans. This study was done to address this issue, especially for improving flavor and aroma potential of arabica coffee beans from Enrekang and Tanah Toraja in the highland of Sulawesi. Technology interventions in the form of fermentation (wet process) and drying were carried out and flavor notes and aroma were assessed through cup test. The results indicated that cup test scores can be improved and different flavor notes can be generated through different processing conditions.

The use of groundwater is one of the alternatives used to increase productivity in rainfed rice fields. Various researches and technologies have been developed to suppress the negative effects of overuse of groundwater. One important parameter is the change in the water level around the well during the pumping process, which is observed through the observation well. For that, we need an instrument to measure changes in water level in real-time. This instrument was developed using the HDL 300 submersible liquid level sensor, which utilizes pressure changes from the water level. To connect the sensor with the Arduino Uno microcontroller module using the HW685 Module. The calibration results show that the linearity of the change in the sensor value to the change in the water level reaches 99% following the equation y = 86.297x + 73.522.

After crude oil, coffee is the most traded commodity in the world From that figure, only about 30% of the world's coffee is consumed in coffee-producing countries, the rest is exported to consuming countries such as Finland, Norway, the Netherlands, Germany and America. In recent years, total world coffee production has remained relatively constant while demand for coffee has increased significantly. Indonesia produces various types of special Arabica coffee such as Gayo coffee, Java coffee, Toraja coffee, Lintong coffee, Bajawa coffee, and Robusta coffee such as Java Robusta and Robusta Flores. Domestic coffee consumption is low, only around 3.3 million sacks of green green coffee per year. The rest, which is around 7.7 million, or about 70% of its production, both in the form of green beans and roasted coffee, is exported to Germany, USA, Japan and Italy. Of the total exports, around 25-30% are high quality Arabica coffee. E-commerce technology can play an increasingly important role in empowering such a traditional industry of agriculture. The technological underpinnings of e-commerce avail to expand the market channels of agricultural products, realizing the scale and organizational realm of agricultural product circulation, reducing the intermediaries of distribution, and reducing transaction costs. Recent studies have suggested that e-commerce helps firms to increase the information flow of agricultural products, reduce asymmetric information of farm products, and promote the creation of traceability information system for agricultural product chains. E-commerce can be part of developing a conceptual foundation for agricultural studies in the modern era and provide an understanding of the potential positive values of e-commerce.

The use of groundwater for irrigation in the Wajo Regency has been going on since the 2000s. The use of groundwater has the potential to cause high production costs, which can reduce farmers' income. The Government of Wajo Regency provided a solution to this problem through the reservoir development program. However, the impact of the construction of reservoirs on environmental conservation is not yet known. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research that aims to determine reservoirs' effect to fulfill plant water needs and their impact on the environment. The study was conducted by direct measurement in the field of the observed variables. Some data are obtained in real-time using sensors such as rainfall, groundwater level changes, surface water level, and evaporation data. Data were analyzed using the water balance approach. The results showed that the construction of reservoirs to meet the water needs of plants could reduce the radius of the influence of groundwater extraction for irrigation which has so far reached 50-100 m, as well as reducing the decrease in groundwater level during pumping, which originally reached more than 5 m. The reservoir can increase the groundwater level as indicated by the increase that occurs when the surface water level increases.

An android application for tractor system information, namely GIS Tractor, was launched recently. As a new application, it needs usability testing as a part of an assessment. Usability level can affect the ease of use of an application. This study was conducted to measure the acceptability of GIS Tractor based on USE questionnaire evaluation (Usefulness, Satisfaction, and Ease of Use). Online questionnaires are used as a research instrument constructed as five-point Likert rating scales to rate a set of statements. The results showed that GIS Tractor had met the five aspects of usability testing. The use of the GIS tractor android application can assist the user in locating the distribution of tractor within Maros Regency faster than the manual system.

Low soil N nutrient content is a limiting factor in efforts to increase the maize production. Hybrid maize varieties are generally very responsive to fertilization and have high yields in optimal environments in contrast to abiotic stress conditions such as low nitrogen. Therefore, it is necessary to develop hybrid maize with low N tolerance by genotyping at low N fertilization conditions. This research aims to obtain hybrid maize genotypes tolerant to low nitrogen with high production and to determine characters that have high heritability values. The research was carried out in the Experimental Farm of the Cereals Plant Research Institute, Bajeng Subdistrict, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research was arranged in a Split Plot Design with the main plot is dose of nitrogen (0 kg N/ha, 100 kg N/ha, 200 kg N/ha) while subplots were hybrid maize genotypes consisted of 12 genotypes and 3 comparative varieties (Nasa 29, Bisi 18, and Jakarin 1). The results show that the hybrid genotype tolerant to low nitrogen with high production were AVLN 83-2 x AVLN 124-9 genotypes in the treatment without nitrogen fertilization and AVLN 83-2 x AVLN 32-8, AVLN 83-2 x AVLN 124-4, AVLN 83-2 x AVLN 124-9, AVLN 83-2 x AVLN 100-1, AVLN 122-2 x AVLN 124-9, AVLN 122-2 x AVLN 100-1, and AVLN 118-7 x AVLN 124-9 at a nitrogen dose of 100 kg N/ha. Characters with high heritability values were peeled cobs weight, cobs diameter, cobs length, 1000 seeds weight, and productivity.

Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria is a group of mirorooganisms that can increase plant growth and yield through reactions that occur in the soil, however, the large number of microorganisms contained in the PGPR rhizosphere of bamboo thorns makes it difficult to know which bacteria are the most dominant and most active in influencing plants. Generally, gram staining of bacteria aims to facilitate the observation of bacterial morphology with the aid of a microscope. Bacteria are generally colorless and almost invisible due to the lack of contrast with the water in which they may be present. Staining using methylene blue and lugol is generally needed to see the bacteria clearly. This study aims to determine the effect of using the gram stain test method with methylene blue and lugol in identifying PGPR bacteria from rhizosphere of bamboo thorn. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Biological Fertilizers and Potential Microbes, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University in October-December 2019. The research methods included the manufacture of microorganism planting media, pouring media, planting bacteria using the scatter and scratch method, and the gram reaction test using methylene blue and lugol. The results obtained showed that the use of the gram test with methylene blue and lugol resulted in a blue color which indicated the dominance of the genus Pseudomonas, while the pink/purple color indicated the dominance of the genus Bacillus. Changes in the color of the bacteria to pink/dark purple, the bacteria were gram negative and belong to the Pseudomonas group and there was a change in blue, so the bacteria were gram-positive and were group of Bacillus. Therefore, the use of the gram test with methylene blue and lugol has an optimal effect in detecting microorganisms especially in identifying PGPR.

Knowledge of the physiological properties of tree species is one of the basic requirements in determining the prescription silvicultural treatment of stands in nature. This study aims to analyze the physiological characteristics of the species of ebony (Diospyros celebica Bakh), as one of the potential endemic species of Sulawesi, based on leaf position in the crown and differences in altitude. Leaf sampling locations were in the Hasanuddin University Educational Forest (507 m asl) and Makassar city (16 m asl). The research variables consist of number of stomata, size of stomata, leaf stomata index, and leaf chlorophyll content. The results show that the physiological characteristics of the leaves were influenced by their position in the tree crown and differences in altitude. The highest number of stomata was found in the leaves exposed to the sunlights with 52.900 stomata/mm² compared to 29.800 stomata/mm² in shaded leaves. Likewise, the highest chlorophyll content was found in leaves exposed to the sunlights of 0.043 mg/L and shaded leaves of 0.034 mg/L. The difference occurs based on differences in altitude as well. The number of stomata in the lower area was 35.733 stomata/mm², while in the high area was 42.667 stomata/mm². The chlorophyll content in the low area was 0.038 mg/L and in the high area it was 0.037 mg/L. The higher a place, the more the number of stomata, this is inversely proportional to the size of the stomata and the stomata index, while the number of chlorophylls is not significantly different.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) belongs to Solanacearum genus which is vegetatively propagated through tubers or cuttings. Viral systemic diseases are an important disease that can be carried within seeds. Conventional techniques of tissue culture when combined with chemotherapy can eliminate systemic diseases, especially viruses. Research activity was carried out in the tissue culture laboratory of Indonesian Vegetable Research Institute (IVEGRI) from April until November 2018. The study was aimed to observe the effect of (1) antiviral Ribavirin concentrations (0; 5; 10 mg l⁻¹) added into MS medium supplemented with GA₃ 0.15 mg l⁻¹, kinetin 0.1 mg l⁻¹, Calsium panthothenate 2 mg l⁻¹, Myo inositol 100 mg l⁻¹, coconut water 100 ml l⁻¹, sucrose 30 g l⁻¹, agar 6.5 g l⁻¹, pH 5.7; and (2) genotypic difference of given varieties i.e. Granola, Median and Atlantic to the growth and development of the meristematic tissue (E1), shoot tip (E2). The results showed that growth percentage and development of meristematic shoot at 4 weeks after treatment was 50 – 80%, contamination rate was 20 – 50%; the percentage of normal growth was 40 – 50%, average number of shoots was 0.25 – 0.95, the number of nodes was 0.35 – 2.50, roots 0.20 – 0.93; while visual observation of antiviral Ribavirin on MS medium showed influences on growth where explants of shoot tip growth was better than meristem of the three varieties studied.

The IAARD has released several new superior inbred varieties (NSIV) with the abbreviation Inpari (Irrigation Rice Inbred), namely Inpari 1 to Inpari 44. The released varieties have diverse characteristics. Some of Inpari's varieties have been tested and disseminated to farmers in Lampung. This paper was to determine the distribution of Inpari varieties in Lampung and the main problem in NSIV adoption. Data was collected through the literature study, secondary data from related agencies and interview with key person. The data obtained was analyzed descriptively. The result shows that the distribution of Inpari varieties were still not widely developed in Lampung Province. The dominant use of Inpari varieties was Inpari 30 variety, which were 10.04% in 2017 and 6.96% in 2018. While other Inpari varieties were below 1%. The main problem in NSIV adoption is the NSIV's characteristics that suitable with farmers' preference and the seed availability.

Waterlogging is a major factor in reducing crop yields. To increase plant productivity in temporarily waterlogged soils, the development of waterlogging tolerant lines is needed. This study aims to determine the genotype of maize that is tolerant of waterlogging and morphological characters that can be used for selection criteria. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse of Maros experimental farm. A total of 40 maize genotypes and 2 check varieties, namely MGold and Bima 19, were tested using a randomized block design, 3 replications. Screening was carried out in 2 conditions, namely waterlogged and normal conditions. Based on the waterlogging sensitivity index (WSI), the WSI value was different for each variable. The results of the main component analysis show that the variables that had a major influence on the diversity of tolerance of maize genotypes to waterlogging stress was number of root so that they could be used as character selection in waterlogging stress. Genotypes classified as tolerant are N29/B-2-2, N29/B2-4, B2/N29-5, JH45/B18-3, JH45/B18- 5, B18/JH-45-1, B18/JH-45-2, B18/JH45-4, B18/JH45-5, BM-9/P36-2, BM-9/P36-4, BM- 9/P36-5, and NK7328/HJ28-5.

The research about the fermentation of coffee Coffea arabica using a consortium of probiotic bacteria has been carried out. This study aims to determine the flavor of arabica coffee C. arabica and its chemical composition after the fermentation process. The fermentation time was divided into 3 times, consists of 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours using a container measuring 10 L, each containing 1.5 kg of coffee and 75 mL of rejuvenated probiotic bacteria cultures. Organoleptic testing was carried out to see the panelists preference for the taste of coffee after fermentation. The results showed that coffee with a fermentation time of 48 hours had the best taste. The GC-MS test results showed several compounds were detected after the fermentation process including furan, phenol, propanoate acid, quinic acid, purine, palmitic acid, pyrol, ascorbic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, amines, piran, purines, aldehydes, vitamin E, benzadrex, hexene, tocophenols and arachidic acid.

The research about fermentation of coffee Coffea arabica using a consortium of probiotic bacteria which is a collection from the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University has been carried out on. This study aims to determine the flavor of arabica coffee C. arabica and its chemical composition after the fermentation process. The length of fermentation time was divided into 2 times, namely 24 hours and 36 hours, fermentation using a consortium of probiotic bacteria that had been rejuvenated on coffee peel media for 2 × 24 hours. Organoleptic testing was carried out to see the panellists preference for the taste, color and aroma of coffee after fermentation. The results showed that coffee with a 24-hour fermentation time with the addition of probiotic bacteria was the most liked by the panellists with the category slightly less acidic taste, slightly black color, and normal aroma. The GC-MS test results showed organic compounds formed after the fermentation process. In the 24-hour control sample there were 14 types of organic compounds, the sample with the addition of a consortium of probiotic bacteria contained 11 types of organic compounds, the 36-hour control sample contained 11 types of organic compounds, and samples with the addition of a consortium of probiotic bacteria contained 13 types of organic compounds.

Development of adaptability rice under salinity stress needs effective and selective methods in the screening process. The seedling screening method is a general method used in salinity screening. However, this screening method often uses conventional observation in its screening process. This observation is rated that has a high error level. Therefore, the development of a digital approach through image-based phenotyping expected could minimize the error in the adaptability screening. This study was designed with a nested randomized complete group design, where replications were nested in a stressful environment. The environment in this study was normal (0 mM NaCl) and salinity stress (120 mM NaCl). The genotype used consisted of 8 genotypes which were repeated three times. The number of characters observed was nine image-based phenotyping. The results of this study showed that green percentage, the 3rd leaf length, and total area were the selection characters of image-based phenotyping under seedling salinity screening. Besides that, the used adaptability index in salinity screening became a good approach in considered and distinguished tolerance responses among varieties, especially to Pokkali (tolerant control variety) and IR 29 (sensitive control variety). Based on this study, the application of image-based phenotyping recommended in the screening process of line adaptability under salinity stress.

Japanese taro or satoimo Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum, is widely consumed in Japan thus increasing exports. Plant seedlings can be obtained in large quantities and in a relatively short time through the propagation method of plant tissue culture. Final stage of plant tissue culture is acclimatization. Growing media and planting techniques are important factors in the acclimatization process. The ideal planting medium can be obtained from a combination of organic and inorganic materials. This study aims to obtain optimal acclimatization media for the growth of taro plants. The planting material used 24 weeks old taro plantlets. The plantlets were washed with tap water and soaked in distilled water + fungicide and washed with sterile water. The plantlets were planting in plastic cups with the different substrate mixture namely Soil: Manure: Rice Husks (1:1:1); Soil: Manure: Cocopeat (1:1:2); Rice Husk: Sand (1:1); Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Hydroponics System. They were watered daily and fertilized. Survival percentage, plantlet height and number of leaves were recorded for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and if there is a significant effect of treatment, a further test of the least significant difference (LSD) is carried out. The optimal acclimatization medium for acclimatization was obtained in (P1) Soil: Manure: Rice Husks (1:1:1) treatment with a percentage of survival of 62% with an average plant height and number of leaves 13.3 cm and 4.6 respectively.

A preliminary study was conducted to determine the ploidy level of Katokkon pepper after colchicine induction using flow cytometry analysis. Compared to squash method, flow cytometry analysis can provide effectively faster results of the ploidy levels of the cells. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Bioscience and Reproduction Biotechnology, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar. Polyploidy of the Katokkon pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) were induced by immersing the seeds in colchicine solution at concentrations of 0.00%, 0.0125%, 0.025%, 0.050% (w/v). For each concentration, an immersion time of 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 hours were employed, respectively. Ploidy level was analyzed using the flow cytometer machine (Partec® Cy-Flow Space). The resulting histogram of the analysis shows differences between control (0.00%) and the rest of Colchicine treatment. Based on the peak position on the histogram, the colchicine concentration and their various immersion time given did not produce tetraploid (4n) plants. Nevertheless, at 0.10% colchicine concentration with all immersion times, it was obtained mixoploid plants with 2n and 4n pairs of chromosomes.

Gamma Irradiation by employing gamma-ray enables genetic transformation to produce the target gene activation functioning as a productivity determinant. A number of studies had found that the employment of gamma-ray is capable in improving the plant's tolerance against drought treatment of irradiation. The purpose of this study was to determine the Lethal Dose 50 (LD₅₀) and Reduction Dose 50 (RD₅₀) of Indigofera zollingeriana post gamma irradiated. The irradiation dosage consisted of 0Gy (control, 50 Gy, 100 Gy, 150 Gy, and 200 Gy. Each dose consisted of 250 seeds were sown in the tray for 2 weeks after germination to determine the values of LD₅₀ and RD₅₀. Each LD₅₀ and RD₅₀ value of the Indigofera seeds was determined by processing the data on the survival rate of the radiation dose treatment survival rate using the Curve Expert 1.3 program. The observed parameter encompassed the germination percentage, seedling length, and seedling vigor index. This research shows the percentage of germination showed a value of 45.125 + 0.11 X -0.0006 x² with LD₅₀ = 320. 282 Gy; seedling length = 4.156 - 0.00472 X, with RD₅₀= 406.356 Gy; and Seedling vigor index = 153.916 - 0.31244 X with RD₅₀ = 246.435 Gy.

This study aims to identify the effectiveness of gamma-ray irradiation to improve Indigofera seed viability. The study employed Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of 5 irradiation dosage (treatment) and 4 replication. The treatment consisted of Irradiation Dosage (A) 0Gy 50Gy; 100Gy;150Gy 200Gy The observed parameter encompassed the germination percentage, mortality percentage, plumule and radicle length, and germination index. The results of ANOVA indicated that gamma-ray irradiated Indigofera seedling had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the parameters of plumule length, germination percentage, and mortality percentage. The significant effect was identified at the dosage range of 0-50 Gy. No significant difference was found at the dosage of 100-200 Gy.

Phosphorus, one of the major plant nutrients that is a constituent of plant cells, is essential for cell division and the development of its growing tip. Symptoms of P deficiency or excessive can be seen mainly in the leaves. The sign can be detected visually and can be done by identifying P concentration in each condition. The P status study was conducted in Jambi Provinces, which was applied to duku seedlings planted in sand culture. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design, with five treatments consisting of three plants, each treatment, and three replications. The treatments consisted of five P levels: 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 ppm. The results showed that P deficiency symptoms were characterized by stunted growth of seedlings, green-brownish and lusterless discoloration, the number of leaves < 4.56, and leaf P concentration < 0.09% (very low nutrient status) and 0.09 ≤ P < 0.14% (low nutrient status). Normal growth, shiny green leaves characterized the sufficient P concentration, number of leaves 4.56–7.00, and leaf P concentration of 0.14 ≤ P < 0.25% (medium nutrient status). Symptoms of excessive P was showed by stunted growth of seedlings, green leaves with yellow and necrotic spots on the leaf blade, the number of leaves < 4.56, P concentrations in the leaf ≥ 0.25% (high and very high nutrient status). The maximum growth of duku seedling for very low nutrient status was 195 ppm P, equivalent to 115 g SP-36/year or 58 g SP-36/6 month.

Ten chili genotypes of germplasm collection had been evaluated under limited watering conditions. The objective of the research was to know the mechanism response of each treated genotype under limited watering conditions. The research was conducted from February to December 2017 at Indonesia Vegetables Research Institute, Lembang (1,250 m sal). A randomized complete design (RCD) was used as a research design with three replications. There were 20 treatments which combination between 10 chili genotypes with limited (interval per six days) or unlimited watering (per daily). The seedlings were planted in plastic pots with a mixture of media soil:sand = 1:2, then be applied treatments. The population number of each genotype per treatment was 15 plants/replication. The results showed that AN and 238 were a better tolerance level than other genotypes under-treated limited watering conditions by some mechanisms, i.e the smallest change in total chlorophyll, but increase in proline content, and reduction in leaf area index and stomata number. Moreover, genotype 238 also developed effectivity water absorption by root elongation at untreated stress conditions. Hence the results could determine a good strategy for each genotype to be improved as a new tolerant variety in water deficiency conditions.

The soybean productivity can be increased simultaneously by improving the genetic potential and saving the yield losses due to pod shattering. The research aimed to evaluate the agronomic characters and seed yield of 14 soybean elite lines and two check varieties, and to identify their resistance to pod shattering. The experiment was conducted in two stages, i.e. field, and laboratory research. The field experiment was conducted in Mojokerto (East Java, Indonesia) from February to May 2019, and arranged in a randomized block design using 16 soybean genotypes with four replications. The pod shattering resistance was evaluated using the oven-dry method in the laboratory of ILETRI, Malang. The agronomic characters of days to flowering, days to maturity, 100 seed weight, and seed yield were significantly different among genotypes, meanwhile, the other agronomic characters (plant height, number of nodes, number of branches, number of empty pods, number of filled pods, seed weight per plant) were not significantly different. The range of seed yield of 14 elite lines was 2.76 – 3.14 t/ha, and the check varieties of Anjasmoro and Gema were 2.56 t/ha and 2.76 t/ha, respectively. All elite lines have a large seed size but medium maturity. The shattering evaluation obtained two resistant lines and twelve elite lines as very susceptible to pod shattering. Combination of the characters of high yield (based on the LSI value) and shattering resistance resulted in two elite lines with high yield and shatter-resistant, and eleven high yielding lines but susceptible to pod shattering. Those elite lines could be recommended for varietal development, but with the implication that the high yielded lines and susceptible to shattering need to be harvested immediately after maturity, thus were suggested to be developed in areas with no labor scarcity. On the contrary, it was possible to delay harvest for the resistant elite lines without causing significant yield losses.

Open pollinated (OP) chili varieties seeds had been irradiated previously by gamma rays (400-600 Gy) to obtain four M₁ sterile plants for this study. These sterile plants could be used as a breeding material for F₁ male sterile hybrid variety. The purpose was to evaluate sterility of 20 F₁ genotypes derived from hybridization of several chili's lines with four M₁ sterile plants. The research was conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Lembang (1,250 m above sea level) from April to December 2018. The research used a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Population of each evaluated F₁ genotype was 10 plants/replication. Sterility trait evaluation was observed by fruit setting ability of various flower's grouping positions (lower, middle, upper) on each F₁ genotype. Results show that there was one genotype categorized as sterile, one genotype as partial sterile, thirtheen genotypes as partial fertile, and five genotypes as fertile lines. Genotype 04 could be selected as a maintainer, whereas genotype RG-1 as a restorer line. Sterility of partial sterile lines with unstable trait could be increased by isolating and collecting the gene pool using back cross technique between their F₁ progenies with maintainer lines for at least five generations.

The research aimed to determine the rice grain quality of some promising lines from the advanced breeding generation of swamp rice and upland rice. The research material was 43 rice grain samples from the multilocation test sites of swamp rice (16 rice lines, 3 check varieties) and upland rice (20 rice lines, 4 check varieties) harvested in 2018. All rough rice samples were analyzed for the rough rice physical quality, milled rice physical quality, milling quality, physicochemical quality, and organoleptic quality (scoring test and hedonic test). The results showed that in general, the promising lines of swamp rice had higher values of unpolished rice yield, polished rice yield, head rice percentage, and protein content than those of upland rice. In addition, the promising lines of swamp rice had lower empty rough rice and immature+chalky grain than those of upland rice lines. Among the promising lines of swamp rice, B13926E-KA-43, B13931E-KA-33, and BP30400F-KA-5 had the highest head rice percentage, unpolished rice yield, and polished rice yield, whereas, among the promising lines of upland rice, B15392D-KR-12, B15511D-KR-20, and B15514D-KR-5 had the highest head rice percentage, unpolished rice yield, and polished rice yield.

The study aims to find new adaptive rice varieties with superior potential that was core out in three districts in 2016 growing season. The study area was 2,000 m² each involving farmer cooperators. The assessment method used was the on farm research participant (OFCOR) approach in the demonstrations plot area. The superior varieties tested were Inpari 30, Inpari 10, Mekongga, and Ciherang variety as comparison. The parameters observed included the variability of plant growth and yields component, pest attack, and farmers response. The analytical method used was ANOVA to compare the mean of each tested variable using the Least Significance Difference (LSD) advanced test. The results show that the diversity of the new superior variety of Inpari 30 by applying the integrated components provided the highest growth performance and yield compared to the Ciherang variety, that is commonly planted by farmers, with an increase of 1.9 t/ha (36.5%) GKG and the Mekongga 1.7 t/ha (32%) GKG. The lowest yields were obtained for the Inpari to variety of 5.1 t/ha GKG and Ciherang. Mekongga and Inpari 30 had the same chance to be adapted more quickly by farmers because it provides increased yields and has the potential to be developed as site specific land.

Intercropping technology program has been implemented to support the achievement of food self-sufficiency. The intercropping technology namely "Turiman" technology is different from the intercropping that is commonly used by farmers before. The aim of this study were to analyze farmers' perceptions of Turiman technology and to analyze the factors that affect the Turiman implementation. This study was conducted in 7 districts from April to October 2019. Data was collected through a survey method of 40 respondents. The data collected were farmers' perceptions after the implementation of intercropping technology regarding production increase, land optimization, reduced production costs and increased income, and also the desire of farmers to apply this technology independently and sustainably. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively and using multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that 95% of respondents had the perception that Turiman technology was able to increase production, 87.5% of respondents had the perception that Turiman could optimize land, 62.5% had the perception that Turiman was able to save production costs, 90% of respondents had the perception that Turiman was able to increase income, so that 72.5% of respondents would like to implement the intercropping technology independently. Factors that significantly influence farmers in implementing turiman were age, experience and perceptions of farmers.

Earthworms have the ability to create new conditions in the soil environment and modulate the growth of beneficial soil microbial populations. Imperata releases exudate which creates less suitable soil conditions for growing food crops and horticulture. This study aims to: (i) study the effect of the concentration of cogongrass root extract on the abundance of earthworms and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spores-(ii) to determine the effect of the soil-extract mixture engineered using earthworms on the upland rice growth for local Kambowa variety. The first experiment, extracts of cogongrass roots were made into five concentration levels, namely 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Each concentration was mixed with soil from cogongrass land in a different vermireactor. In reactor, earthworms were released that had emptied their stomach contents, and were allowed to manipulate the mixture until the vemicast covered part of the soil surface. As a result, the total earthworms in all reactors were relatively the same, and the total spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soil treated with a concentration of 60% was the most. The second experiment, the upland rice seedlings were grown on engineered soils. The differences in height, leaf area, number of tillers, panicle length, and total spikelet's per panicle were significantly, except for leaves number, wet weight, dry weight, and percentage of spikelet filled. In conclusion, earthworms as potential ecosystem engineers are utilized in ecological engineering of soil quality in land dominated by reeds vegetation for the development of upland rice cultivation areas, particularly the local varieties of Kambowa.

Upland farmers in semi-arid region of Timor Island have frequently facing low and uncertain food crops production and chronic forage shortage during long dry season limiting livestock (cattle) production. This study explores forage development, particularly Leucaena and the dynamics of upland farming management among farmer groups in West Timor – Indonesia. The study mostly use forage data of ACIAR and AIAT-ENT collaboration research on forage development, particularly Leucaena conducted in ENT. The data were mostly analysed descriptively. The study showed that adoption of forage legume innovation, particularly Leucaena by upland farmers have solved forage shortage problem during long dry season in semi-arid region of Timor Island, it allowed farmers to do cattle fattening/shortening fattening period and improving crops (maize) production. Drawing on information regarding traditional farming (mixed-cropping) practices for food crops production and traditional local agro-forestry (Mamar) for perennial crops production, the research suggested that incorporated forage tree legume of Leucaena into both traditional farming system can improve/sustain crops and cattle production as well as environment.

This on-farm study aims to increase beef cattle productivity by utilizing integrated technology packages for local cattle fattening with a target of at least 800g/head daily gain. This study was carried out in the Minahasa Selatan district from August to October 2018. The integrated technology package for the fattening business pattern included: (1) complete feed, (2) intensive maintenance in multi-purpose cages, and (3) eradication of complete parasites. A complete feed is formulated in a balanced feed consisting of ammoniated rice straw and concentrate locally. The amount of dry matter concentrate was given per head is 1.5% of body weight (50% total consumption), while the ammoniated straw was ad libitum. For multipurpose cages, the upper part is equipped with a multipurpose tower as a barn while simultaneously serving straw, ad libitum, and continuous. Complete eradication of parasites using broad-spectrum anti-parasites to eradicate endoparasites that attack digestive tissues and other internal organs and ectoparasites to control the skin worms and eyeworms, cattle grubs, mange mites, sucking lice, sand tampans, and ticks. This study used fifteen local PO bulls fattened with an initial body weight of an average of 278.4 kg (± 54.34) with an observation period of 12 weeks. The observations showed that the average daily gain was 1,158 g/head, feed consumption 8,358 kg DM/head/day, and feed conversion ratio of 7.56. In contrast, the results of the business feasibility analysis showed a BCR coefficient of 1.69. The results of statistical analysis showed that the average weight gain increased significantly (p <0.01) after utilizing integrated fattening technology (308.8vs278.4 kg). It was concluded that the use of integrated technology for cattle fattening in beef cattle could increase productivity significantly and economically feasible.

This study aims to obtain an effective strategy for group empowerment in increasing joint efforts. The Karya Jasa 3 group in Kaliyoso-Kendal was the object of the present study. Data were collected from March to June 2020. The data taken included assets owned by farmer groups, group businesses, and group cash financial data. Data were collected through interviews with farmer group leaders and direct observation in the field. The data obtained were analyzed in an explanative manner. The results show that the group empowerment carried out was to build a joint business, in the form of an economic business unit which included: 1) Seed business; 2) Agricultural machine tool service unit; 3) Marketing of agricultural product; 4) Savings and loan business; and 5) Agricultural production supply store. The joint venture that has been built has been able to provide benefits for group members. Business profit was divided as follows: 70% for the group and 30% for members. Benefits for members are used to increase togetherness in the form of social activities. It was found that the strategic approach of empowering farmer groups in joint ventures should not only focus on productive business but also on social activities. Therefore, it was a portion of business profit used for recreation, religious events, or traditional occasions.

The existing farming in Oebelo Village was a mixed farming. Farmers grow corn once a year in the rainy season, with beans, cassava, onion and pumpkin. Livestock keeping varied between farmers, including cattle, goat, pig, and local chicken. The introduction of Clitoria ternatea opened a new horizon of farming and a new source of income and forage. By integrating Clitoria ternatea farmers were able to: (i) improve corn productivity performance, (ii) receive additional income from selling forage and seed, and (iii) obtain high-quality forage source to feed livestock (goat, pig, and chicken). In 2019, farmersplanted Clitoria ternateaon 0.25 ha after harvest of corn (in February) and sold 30 kg of clitoria seed at 30-35 thousand rupiahs/kg, and feeding forage as additional feed portion to chicken and pigs. In 2019/2020 farmersplanted 3.13 ha, either in monoculture or in a relay, and sold 168 kg of Clitoria seed at 30 thousand rupiahs/kg. In early 2020 the farmers started to raise goats, and also keep on feeding the forage to chicken and pigs. Farmers noticed an improvement in the corn plant performance on the plot previously planted with Clitoria, and harvested more corn grain without even fertilized.

The aim of this study is to show community livelihood changes through the improvement of corn and cattle by application of "Planting Corn Harvest Cattle" (TJPS). TJPS is not literally meant that planting corn will that produced cattle, however it is a "tagline" to encourage farmers in the East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) that by improving corn production will give extra cash to buy cattle. The method was a survey involving 50 farmers, collecting primary and secondary data. The productivity of corn in NTT in 2018 was 2.52 ton/ha, while at National level was 5.24 ton/ha. Survey indicated that before TJPS, farmers in Raknamo village produced only 27.9 ton per one planting season, while at TJPS farmers produced 82.1 ton per one planting season, or it almost tripled. For cattle ownership, Raknamo farmers started with no cattle and now own 41 head of cattle. The use of corn cobs mixing with leaf of Tarramba Leucaena give DWG of 0.3 to 0.5 kg/hd/day. Thus it is concluded that TJPS would be an excellent entry door into a sustainable integrated farming system of corn and cattle in the dry land and climate of NTT.

The soybean production in Indonesia still faces several challenges causing production depended on import supplies. This paper aims to assess the competitiveness advantages of soybean production. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) was used to examine its competitiveness using secondary data and deliberating results of previous studies. The results of the study in 2015 showed that domestic production still could afford private and social prices. Soybean nearly did not show competitiveness advantages reflected from the ratio of DRC and PCR that were almost one. The government interventions brought various impacts, for instance farmers paid cheaper inputs by 26.67% and there was inefficiency of government policy towards the output. The government policy to assure profit in the long term was also insufficient reflected from the EPC (1.03) and PC (0.06). From the SRP variable, it described that the government not all farmers received a benefit from the government policy. The sensitivity analysis resulted: (i) the combination of increasing soybean price + procurement price at 8,000 IDR/kg and (ii) the increasing import tariff by 5% + procurement price at 8,000 IDR/kg provided the most favorable impacts.

This research aimed to develop a Bali cattle farming system in Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) with Lamtoro Taramba feed's main base. The research was conducted in the Raknamo farmer group, Kupang Regency, Nusa Tenggara Timur. The livestock used in this study were 8 (eight) Bali cattle, age 12-15 months, with an average initial body weight of 134.38 – 146,63 kg. The observation activity was to collect data on Bali cattle's body weight, which were given the main feed of Lamtoro Taramba for three months and always feed available in cattle-shed, then calculated the daily body weight gain. The research results showed that Bali cattle's average body weight from the first month of observation is 134.38 kg, the second month is 140,69 kg, the third month is 146,63 kg. The results of the research showed for the daily bodyweight gain from the first to second month (ADG 1) was 0.18 kg/day, the third month increased (ADG 2) by 0.19 kg/day; the statistical data was significant (P < 0.05). So, the daily body weight gain of Bali cattle increases with Lamtoro Taramba main feed.

This study aims to determine the amount of soil erosion and the danger index of erosion in several lands uses in Dadakitan Village, Baolan Sub-District, Toli-Toli Regency. In this study, slope class maps and land use maps were overlaid, in order to obtain six land uses include the use of paddy fields, coconut plantation, cocoa plantation, cloves plantation, and forests. Erosion prediction was carried out for all land uses. The survey was then carried out on six land uses to observe the slope and the dominant vegetation. Soil samples were taken deliberately for each land use; three samples for each sample of intact soil and disturbed soil. Erosion prediction analysis was using the USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation). The results showed that the erosion hazard index occurred in Dadakitan Village was classified as low, high, and very high. Low erosion occurred in paddy fields, coconut plantation, and cocoa plantation. In contrast, high levels of erosion occurred on clove plantation, and very high erosion level occurred on forest lands. The dominant factors affecting the occurrence of erosion in this area were soil erodibility, topography, plant management, and conservation measures.

The objective of this study is to compare the feasibility of organic and conventional vegetable farming. The research was conducted from February to August 2018 in Getasan Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. The survey involved 120 vegetable farmers; 60 organic farmers, and 60 conventional farmers. The data were analyzed by financial analysis. The t-test was used to determine the difference between the feasibility of organic and conventional vegetable farming. The results showed that organic vegetable farmers receive higher revenues, incomes, and benefit than conventional farmers. Organic vegetable farming also more feasible than conventional vegetable farming.

The study focuses on the feeding of by products on the performance of Sumba Ongole cattle. The byproduct is in the form of concentrate and originates from the site-specific agricultural leftover. The expected goal is that Sumba Ongole cattle can optimally achieve their genetic potential. The research location was in East Sumba Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, which is the source of local Ongole cattle. The study used 15 Sumba Ongole cows consisting of seven pregnant cows, four male calves, and four female calves. Basal feed uses rice straw, while the agricultural byproduct consists of several sources, rice bran, peanut straw, corn straw, corncob, leaves of river tamarind, leaves of Gliricidia sepium, and cassava. The results showed that the average change in body weight of broodstock cattle receiving concentrated treatment was higher than those that received bran. On an in-vitro basis, this is consistent with high crude fiber content (36%), low dry matter digestibility (25%), and low bran organic matter digestibility (27%). For the average weight gain in calves, the local concentrate treatment consistently shows crude protein as much as 12.1% compared to rice brand 5.6%. To improve the cattle's productivity, giving the local-based concentrate is highly recommended, but the presence of rice bran still critical because of its ability to improve daily weight gain and also its high digestibility in dry matter, organic matter, and Total Digestible Nutrients.

Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) Chicken is a selective range chicken with high egg production. This research aimed to determine the effect of environmental factors, i.e. wind speed, humidity, and temperature, on the productivity of chicken eggs Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) layer 45-48 weeks. The research was conducted in October 2020, located in Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology of Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT). The data obtained by measurement and calculation of population data, egg production, and mortality. The result showed that the average environmental factors in wind speed, humidity, and temperature were 21.40 m/s, 79.50%, and 30°C. The average egg productivity, body weight, and KUB chicken mortality in the laying phase at 45-48 weeks were 33.56%, 1.684 kg, and four chicken/week. All environmental factors together affect the productivity of KUB chicken in Nusa Tenggara Timur.

This study aims to determine the effect of local resource feed on Bali cattle's different physiological statuses. This study has been carried out in the Lili Experimental Garden and the NTT AIAT from July to October 2019 (for four months). This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with three feed treatments at different physiological statuses (female parent 5-7 years old, male 2-3 years old, and children 6-12 months old). Each treatment consisted of 3 replications, each with a physiological status of 9 cattles, totaling 27 cattles. Feed ingredients and feed formulations are analyzed in the laboratory using proximate analysis to determine their nutritional content. The parameters observed were the nutritional value of feed, feed intake, changes in body weight at different physiological statuses. The results showed that the feed treatment had a very significant effect (F count> 0.05 and 0.01) on bulls' body weight changes. It significantly affected feed consumption (bulls, female broodstock, and calves) and changes in body weight in physiological status different (female parent and child). The feed treatment that gave the best average yield was B feed. cattle (0.28 kg/head/day).

Every ethnic Makassar farmer has a meaning that is relevant to the values of the Makassar Tribe in the form of instrument, social, intellectual and expressive meanings in carrying out farming activities, both subsistence farmers who are oriented towards moral choices, meaning that they carry out farming activities only to meet basic and commercial needs. farmer oriented. Rational choice means running farming activities to get maximum benefits. This study aims to describe the rice farming activities in the Batulapisii environment, to describe the meaning of the work of rice farmers in the Batulapisi environment, and to identify the Makassar values that are relevant to the meaning of the work of farmers. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. The results showed that the farming that developed in the Batulapisii environment, namely rice and horticulture, as well as subsistence farmers and commercial farmers, had four existing meaning criteria, namely the meaning of the instrument, the social meaning, the intellectual meaning and the meaning of the expression, with some Makassar values relevant to the meaning of farmer work.

Chayote (Sechium edule) or often called jipang or labu siam in Indonesian, is generally consumed by the public as a vegetable. If the harvest is abundant, the chayote's price will be low; thus, many of the chayotes are left alone or thrown away or become livestock feed. The chayote processing into "dodol" is an alternative to overcome the abundance of chayote during the harvest season so that the chayote farmers still have a decent income from their chayote farming. This research was conducted in Bernung Village, Gedong Tataan District, Pesawaran Regency, Lampung Province, from October to December 2018. The parameters observed were the content of water, ash, crude fiber, fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamin C, energy levels, consumer preference (color, flavor, taste, and stickiness), and economic analysis of the chayote dodol. The results of this research showed that the chayote dodol contained complete nutritional content, i.e., water (20.07%), ash (1.26%), crude fiber (1.18%), fat (3.09%), protein (2.15%), carbohydrate (72.24%), vitamin C (0.46 mg/g), and energy (701.03 cal/g). Moreover, consumer acceptance for the color, flavor, taste, and stickiness were excellent, with an average score of > 4 (very like) and very feasible to develop into commercial, with an R/C ratio of 1.95.

Chili farming in the highlands is facing the problem of decreasing land fertility due to the loss of soil top layer, high humidity and rainfall that causes more pests and disease. Therefore, soil conservation, pests and plant diseases controlling are the priority in management of chili farming and these efforts are practically in line with the goal of sustainable agricultural development. This study aims to analyze the sustainability status of chili farming in the Highlands of Pacet Sub district, Region of Cianjur, West Java Province. Method of sustainability assessment using multidimensional scaling approach with RAP-Chili technique that includes 34 attributes on dimension of environment, economic, social, technology, and institution. The results show that chili farming in highlands of Pacet was quite sustainable with an index about 54.39 percent. Out of five dimensions, environment and economic dimension had the highest index in moderately sustainable category while other dimensions were less sustainable. Thus, improvement toward sustainable chili farming could be prioritized on less sustainable dimension which were social, technology and institution by considering leverage attributes of those dimensions, namely extension program, application of bio pesticide and pest trap, post harvesting technology and availability of marketing institution.

One of the visions of the Nawacita Program proclaimed by the President of the Republic of Indonesia, Mr Jokowi, is to build Indonesia from the periphery by strengthening the regions and villages in the NKRI region and the developing of border areas. Each border area has the potential of diverse agricultural and cultural resources, but so far, most of the potential resources have not been managed well or even underutilized. The potential of livestock, land, feed and human resources is available enough to support the development of farms in the border areas. Livestock activities in general in border areas can contribute economically to farmer households. The current problem is that livestock productivity in this region is relatively low. This is due to several things, namely where farmers in raising livestock still use traditional cultivation systems and the use and mastery of technological innovations that are still very limited, especially in the provision of animal feed sources, as a production area of plantation crops and food that produces a lot of untapped side waste. Through several touches of technological innovation, side waste can be processed into a quality source of feed, so it is expected to increase livestock productivity and welfare of farmers in the border region of North Sulawesi.

Merawang Chicken is a local chicken originated from Bangka Belitung based on the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No.2846/kpts/L8.410/8/2012. In addition to its historical value, Merawang chicken also has high economic value; therefore, it needs to be conserved. Most of the Merawang chicken management system in Bangka Belitung is still traditional. The original characteristics of the Merawang chicken are thought to have been mixed with other native chickens. This study aims to identify Merawang chickens' characteristics in the Bangka Belitung Islands traditionally raised by farmers. This research was conducted on six farmers in three districts on Bangka Island (Pangkalpinang, Bangka, and Central Bangka). Qualitative and quantitative traits were observed. There was non-uniformity in the qualitative characteristic of Merawang chickens at the farmer level, especially in the color of the feathers. As for the quantitative traits, some of the body sizes of Merawang chickens at the farmer level are still below the size stated in the Minister of Agriculture Decree, such as breast length, head length, and comb length. The Average Daily Gain (ADG) for each location also varies depending on the type of feed given.

One of the technological components in rice cultivation is jajar legowo (Jarwo) planting system. The study aimed to determine the impact of the application of Jarwo planting system on rice farming income and reveal the technical and socio-economic factors that might affect the performance of jarwo application in lowland rice farming. The study was conducted in Pinrang Regency area in 2017. Farmer's characteristic data were collected, and the economic farming was analyzed by either the tegel or the Jarwo planting system. The results showed that the jarwo planting system increases the paddy production up to 33.07% than the tegel system. Moreover, the production cost of Jarwo planting system slightly lower than the tegel system. The R/C value of tegel and Jarwo planting system obtained were 1.21 and 1.87, respectively. In conclusion, the Jarwo planting system has had a beneficial impact on farmers.

Sago palm, one of the dominant wetland vegetation in the Rongkong Watershed, contributes to groundwater recharge through its ability to pass water into the ground. This study aims to determine the effect of sago forest canopy density on the infiltration rate in the middle and downstream zones of the Rongkong Watershed in South Sulawesi. Other independent variables were soil texture, permeability, bulk density, porosity, soil organic matter, initial soil moisture, water level, air temperature, and air humidity. The relationship between the independent variables on the infiltration rate was analyzed using multiple linear regression. Infiltration rate observes with ponded infiltration method at five density classes of sago forest. The results showed that the infiltration rate in the middle stream increased along with the increase of density classes of sago forests. The downstream, on the other hand, has an insignificant difference between density classes. The result of the regression analysis showed that the coefficient of determination in the middle and downstream zones was 64.5 % and 38.5 %, respectively. The simultaneous test of variable significance in the middle stream shows that the sago forest canopy density, groundwater level, initial soil moisture, and air humidity significantly affect a p-value <0.05.

The number of smallholders' farmer around the forest areas in Indonesia are about fifteen million households, and facing the risk of climate change disaster in their activities on the various national park area in Indonesia. This paper discussed about the role of management decentralization of National Park Zonation toward enhancement livelihood adaptation strategy of smallholder farmers, facing the risk of climate change disaster using spatial analysis (GIS) and content analysis. The result describing proprietor's devolution at the resort level in the management of special zone and traditional zone that is a basic strategy to provide access to smallholders manages the land to develop agroforestry patterns that are resistant to climate variability. While in the jungle zone and utilization zone, devolution is only authorized user rights until the claimant right to collect non-timber forest products grown naturally to ensure resource sustainability. Pseudo de-concentration by the SPTN is required to monitor and ensure proprietors devolution rights, authorized user right, or claimant right in the management of traditional zone, special zone, jungle zone, and utilization zone between resort institution, the village head, and smallholders' farmers. The implementation of devolution that produces anonymous adaptation supported by planned adaptation from village institutions and government can enhancement the adaptation capacity of smallholder farmers in managing rice fields and their PLKCS land or in conservation forest areas with the availability of irrigation water sources.

Wanatani or Agroforestry in Maluku is commonly known as Dusung, which is the traditional use of land resources and its ecosystem. This farming system is associated with combining agricultural plants with forestry on a stretch of land, with harvest season numerous kinds of fruits. However, sometimes, these fruits are wasted, damaged, and are left indiscriminately without further processing. Therefore, research related to the distribution of fruit crops per ha, season, and opportunities for product diversification to improve the farming community's welfare is needed. This is a qualitative and descriptive research, with data obtained through observation and interviews to determine farmers' experience and knowledge on fruit crop cultivation and Wakal Village on Ambon Island. The results showed that each household, clan, or family covers an area of 40 ha. Furthermore, there are 10 types of fruit crop products that have economic value with an average of 0.5 - 5 ha of arable land owned by dusung farmers. Therefore, an alternative means of diversifying processed products to increase dusung farmers' income needs to be developed.

Land-use changes impact the condition of the watershed ecosystem primarily in supporting the availability of water resources, which is currently a problem in meeting human needs. This study aims to identify the impact of land-use change on the bottom flow in the Tanralili sub-watershed. In SWAT model procedure are divided into several stages, namely: (1) watershed delineation; (2) forming HRU (3) Hydrology Response Unit (HRU) analysis; (4) climate data input; (5) building climate data; (6) run model; (7) calibration and validation and (8). simulation of hydrological parameters to determine the best land management. The result shows that the model has a good performance in predicting discharge flow with the NSE value in the calibration process of 0.23 (acceptable). In predicting the flow of discharge in the validation process, the NSE value is 0.62. The SWAT model can predict the impact of land-use changes on hydrological characteristics, especially the basal flow in the Tanralili sub-watershed. Analysis of the Tanralili Sub-watershed's hydrological characteristics, the SWAT results in 2010, 2015, and 2020 can be shown by the baseline flow of 494.64 mm 247.26 mm 256.48 mm, respectively.

Indonesia's demand for natural silk is quite high for each year, reaching around 200 tons of raw silk threads and 250 tons of spun silk threads, but domestic production of raw silk threads has only reached 110 tons. This shows that Natural Silk has great potential to be developed, especially in South Sulawesi. This business is generally home industry which is relatively easy to work with, simple technology, labor-intensive, fast production, and high economic value. The research was conducted in Wajo Regency in 6 sub-districts of natural silk development. The time for collecting data and information to be used in this study was planned for March - October 2019. The type of data used is primary data and data (collected through field observations followed by direct interviews with 25 entrepreneurs using a questionnaire. The data collected is then analyzed. using the quantitative descriptive analysis to confirm the analysis. Increasing the production of mulberry plants in Wajo is needed for the long term not only as a food ingredient for silkworms but also as a biopharma plant or a mixture of cosmetic ingredients. However, improvements are needed in the quality of cocoon products as well as more advanced technological inputs and capacity building for farmers and their institutions.

Chlorpyrifos is one of the broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticides in controlling plant pests. They can be absorbed into agricultural products and in the long term can have negative effects on human health. The use of endophytic fungi for biodegradation of chlorpyrifos is one of the technologies to support food safety. Therefore, this study was aimed to determine the potential of the isolated endophytic fungi and identify it from shallot plantations as biodegradation of chlorpyrifos. The research is conducted in three stages; (1) isolation of endophytic fungi on shallot plantations in Bantaeng Regency, (2) macroscopic and microscopic identification, and (3) test of the degradation potential of chlorpyrifos by growing fungi on PDA medium containing chlorpyrifos with concentrations 600 ppm, 300 ppm, and 150 ppm. Furthermore, the results showed there are 47 fungal isolates from the roots, stems and tubers of shallots, and some were identified as Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp. Several isolates tested have the potential to degrade chlorpyrifos, where the percentage of growth inhibition below 50% is considered tolerant of chlorpyrifos. Considering the results, Trichoderma sp. and Fusarium sp. are potential degrading residual insecticide chlorpyrifos.

Today's agricultural business is faced with various obstacles, and cannot be measured to what extent its competitiveness, while the conception of agricultural development that has competitiveness has not been described more operationally and implementable, so that there is a gap between the ideal conception and the actual field. This study activity aims to analyze the competitiveness of Nutmeg spice farming in terms of domestic resource use in Ternate City. Nutmeg farming in Ternate City has a competitive and comparative advantage, this is indicated by PCR and DRCR values that are smaller than 1 (one). The results of PAM analysis on nutmeg farming have no input transfers because they do not use foreign inputs. The NPCI value for all is below one (<1). The value of NPCI is smaller than one, meaning that domestic prices are lower than world prices, so there can be said to be a subsidy policy from the government. Whereas for nutmeg farming. The transfer value of factors for nutmeg is positive, this indicates that there is an implicit tax or transfer from the nutmeg farmer to domestic factor, so farmers have to pay more than the price of the shadow (social).

Poverty has remained a major governmental concern and in 2019, Indonesia^s poor population was 25.14 million, most of whom lived in rural areas. Consequently, several government programs have been designed to alleviate poverty, such as the development of native chicken farming for poor households which was implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the cash income from native chicken farms on a household scale. The location was Bulontala Village, Bone Bolango Regency where a total of 53 chickens were reared, and this research took place between July to September 2020. Subsequently, analysis results showed that at 70 days of harvest, the mortality rate was 1.88%, while the Sensi and KUB native chickens were estimated to have average body weights of 892 g/bird and 925 g/bird respectively. A total revenue from the sales was calculated to be IDR 2,340,000 with IDR 1,652,375 as incurred cash costs and IDR 687,652 obtained as the resultant earnings of the farmers. The RC ratio of the native chicken farming was 1.42 which was regarded as feasible, and as a result, this business was deemed capable of serving as a source of family income for the community. However, information on the chicken sales market and/or an increase in business scale are needed by the breeders and farmers to enable them to have the potential to realize profits.

Sustainable agricultural development in the agricultural sector has a very significant contribution to the achievement of the targets and goals of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) program, that is for human welfare. This study aims to analyze the relationship and influence of entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, and warm glow on sustainable agricultural development in the border area of Sebatik Island. The data was collected by distributing questionnaires and indepth interviews with 250 farmers as respondents. Sampling was done using purposive sampling method. The data collected was developed using structural equation modeling and assisted by the AMOS program. The results showed that entrepreneurial orientation, warm glow, and social capital had a significant effect on sustainable agricultural development in the border area of Sebatik Island.

This research was conducted to determine the characteristics of the rice farming system in Serdang Bedagai Regency and to recommend policies to increase the contribution of rice agribusiness to rural development. The studies carried out included the existing technology used by farmers, production, productivity, cropping index, analysis of farming system and distribution, and marketing of products. The research method used in this study is a survey method with a purposive sampling technique to 40 farmer respondents. Structured interviews were also conducted with traders, rice mill entrepreneurs, and policymakers. The data analysis used in this research is qualitative and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis is used to find an overview of the technology, production, productivity, cropping index, and marketing and to explain the costs and income of rice farmers which are described descriptively. The quantitative analysis used is the analysis of farm costs and income, which are the ratio of revenue and costs (R/C ratio) analysis and the cost per kg milled dry grain. The results showed that the cultivation technology used by farmers was varied, there were 23 villages whose rice productivity was still below 5 tons/h, 10 villages in 3 sub-districts had the cropping index still below 2, the R/C ratio of rice farming was 1.45, where the cost to produce 1 kg of milled dry grain in Serdang Bedagai Regency, on average are IDR 3,099. Meanwhile, the distribution and marketing of the harvest were controlled by big rice mill entrepreneurs.

Agricultural activities can lead to land cover changes in a watershed region such as in Tinggimoncong District, Gowa Regency that located in the upper stream of the Jeneberang watershed. Gradually, there has been a development in agricultural activities in the area, marked by an increase in agricultural area as well as agricultural production that led to a change in land cover in the region. A descriptive study was conducted with aim to determine the relationship between the development of agricultural activities and the increase in agricultural production with land cover changes in the upstream Jeneberang watershed. This understanding is expected to help create a more environmentally friendly agricultural environment so that it can be more sustainable. This research shows that the development of plantation crops had contributed to land cover change, due to expansion of human activities in agriculture into the forest area, thus the primary forest then turned into secondary forest. The development of agricultural activities was partly attributed to the higher selling price of agricultural products. It makes farmers excited to increase their production, including by expanding the area for planting crops that have high selling value.

Along with the increasing population and the development of economic structure, land needs for non-agricultural activities tend to continue to increase. This trend makes the transfer of agricultural land functions difficult to avoid. Land transfer starts from the demand for agricultural commodities, especially food commodities that are less elastic to income compared to the demand for non-agricultural commodities. This study aims to find out the factors that influence the transfer of land functions from rice fields to housing in North Sinjai District. The results showed that during the period studied, namely from December 2017 to January 2018, factors that influenced the transfer of land functions from rice fields to residential land, namely land area, and the location of land partially had a real effect on the transfer of land functions, while the factors of education level, number of dependents, urgent needs and neighbors who converted their land partially had no real effect on the transfer of household land functions of respondents in transfer of land functions from rice fields to housing.

Prosperous Rice Social Assistance (BansosRastra) is a program organized by the Indonesian government that aims to increase and open up access for poor families to food, especially rice. The effectiveness of BansosRastra distribution can be assessed through the achievement of the 6R targets (six right), namely the right target recipient, the right amount, the right price, the right time, the right administration and the right quality. The large number of poor households in Kajang District, Bulukumba Regency requires an evaluation of the effectiveness of the BansosRastra program so that the program runs optimally and avoids conflicts related to aid distribution. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the distribution of the BansosRastra program in Kajang District, Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi. This research uses quantitative methods. The results of the study concluded that the implementation of the BansosRastra Program in Kajang District, Bulukumba Regency was classified as ineffective. The level of effectiveness of the implementation of the BansosRastraProgram is low, at only 42.37%.

Sago (Metroxylon spp) is a food commodity that contains a lot of carbohydrates, so sago is a staple food ingredient for several regions in Indonesia such as Maluku, Irian Jaya, Riau and Sulawesi. Sago plants have important social, economic and ecological roles for some communities. This study aims to measure the level of decision of sago farmers in terms of external factors in the West Malangke District. The results showed that during the period studied, from March to April 2019, the level of decisions of farmers in West Malangke District was in the high category with an average value of 30.85 and there were three factors that influenced the level of farmer'sdecisions in managing sago, namely the food need factor, economic factors and ecological factors.

The agricultural commodity that is expected to move positively in terms of increasing production and income is rice. One of the methods used is the provision of capital to control production inputs. One of the methods used by the government is to provide loans, namely the people's business credit program (KUR). The purpose of this study was to analyze the comparison of production and income of rice farmers using and not using KUR in Balirejo Village, Angkona District, East Luwu Regency. The analysis technique used is the farm income analysis method. The results of this study indicate that from the results of comparison of production, the average income of farmers who use KUR is lower than farmers who do not use KUR. Farmers who use KUR have an average income of IDR 17,634,912 while farmers who do not use KUR have an average income of IDR 17,886,204.

In Indonesia, especially in South Sulawesi, one of the machines used for planting is rice transplanter planting machine. The effective use of rice seed grower machines will ensure better rice productivity, namely increased production and income. The purpose of this study was to compare rice farming income between rice transplanter planting system with manual moving planting and to analyze whether planting technology moved Rice Transplanter more profitable than manual moving planting. The research was conducted in Sidoraharjo Village, Sukamaju District, North Luwu Regency. The analysis method used is the analysis of farm income and the analysis of Return Cost Ratio (R/C). The results of the analysis on the comparison of rice farming income, especially for farmers who use the rice transplanter system is greater when compared to the manual system. The R/C value of agriculture with Rice Transplanter system is 3.63 while the manual system is 2.82. Both agricultural systems are feasible to implement but farms with Rice Transplanter systems have higher feasibility value than manual systems.

Curly chilies price fluctuations often occur and are used by traders to manipulate price information at the producer level so that price transmission from the consumer market to producers tends to be asymmetrical. This indicates that price information has not been distributed properly. This study using descriptive analyse for the level of variation in the price of curly chilies in Makassar City. The results showed that the highest chili prices in the Terong and Toddopuli markets occurred in April 2018 with the respective amounts of IDR 25,458.63/kg and IDR 32,759.27/kg while for Pa'baeng-baeng market it reached IDR 32,125.00/kg in November 2016. While the lowest price occurred in December 2018 at the Terong market (Rp. 10,790.05/kg) and November at Toddopuli market, namely 12,818.55/kg and in November 2017 at the Pabaeng-baeng market, namely Rp. 13,392.52/kg.

This study discusses farmers' perceptions of the role of agricultural extension officers as communicators, facilitators, innovators, educators, and motivators in Taroada Village, Turikale District, Maros Regency. Farmers' perceptions of extension activities determine the intensity of farmer participation. So it is hoped that the active role of extension agents in building trust in farmers is expected. This research took place from January to March. The data analysis method used is descriptive quantitative, where the data obtained from interviews with 138 respondents from all levels of the farmer class will be scored and explained descriptively to provide an overview of the role of extension agents for farmers. The results showed that agricultural instructors in Taroada Village, Turikale District, Maros Regency were sufficiently involved as communicators, facilitators, innovators, educators, and motivators.

Market integration is related to marketing agencies which plays a role in connecting producers or traders with consumers. The chili trader as marketing agencies, caused price changes in the benchmarking market with prices in the retail market because the distribution of goods from the benchmarking market to the retail market take marketing costs and profits. It will cause the price of a commodity in one market to differ from another. This study aims to analyze the integration between the benchmarking market and the retail market. The data analysis technique used is the Index of Market Connection (IMC) analysis, the Stationarity Test, and the Cointegration Test. The results of this study indicate that the integration of the curly chili market between Terong Market and Toddopuli Market has an IMC value of 0.55 that indicates a high short-term market integrationMeanwhile, for Terong and Pabaeng-baeng Market, the IMC value was 1.11 indicating a low short-term market integration, so that Terong Market was not the main factor affecting the price formation in Pabaeng-baeng Market.

Farmers' entrepreneurial orientation needs to be improved to maximize the agricultural sector. The government's role is needed in optimizing existing facilities in the agroecosystem to make it easier for farmers to do farming. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of agroecosystems on the entrepreneurial orientation of rice farmers. A total of 200 respondents were taken by purposive sampling. Then analyzed with the PLS-Structured Equation Model. The results showed that the role of government policy had a significant positive effect on the entrepreneurial orientation of farmers, where it had a stronger effect on irrigated rice fields. Mainly, government support for the provision of agricultural tools and machinery (ALSNTN) has been proven to improve the entrepreneurial orientation of farmers, while institutional support for rainfed rice is the thing that most influences the entrepreneurial orientation of rain-fed rice farmers.

South Sulawesi is one of the provinces with high banana production and one of the most popular types of banana is "Banana Barangan". Barangan banana is a leading commodity in Bone Regency with the production center located in Lappariaja District which is cultivated by the Lekke Farmer Group. This study aims to determine the dynamics of farmer groups in barangan banana farming. The research was conducted in Tonronge Village, Lappariaja District, Bone Regency in June-July 2016. Research respondents were all members of the Lekke Farmers Group. The study used a qualitative analysis using scoring to determine the level of dynamism of the farmer groups. The results of the study show that the dynamics of the Lekke Farmer Group is in the high category, from the six elements or indicators, the group atmosphere gets a high percentage with an average score of 11.4. It is expected to increase group dynamics in order to achieve common goals effectively and efficiently.

Social capital has been tested by history as an important mechanism in achieving economic growth and equity in society. In terms of farmers' income, one that can be used as an alternative in changing the farmer's standard of living is through social capital. There are three elements of social capital that can be examined in this study, namely the element of trust, the element of network and the element of reciprocity. Research on the relationship between social capital and income of cocoa farmers aims to determine how strong the relationship between the three elements of social capital is to the income of cocoa farmers. This research was conducted from December 2018 to March 2019 in Peta Village, Sendana District, Palopo City, South Sulawesi Province. This location was determined by purposive sampling. The results of the study found that the recapitulation of the elements of social capital, trust, network and reciprocity of cocoa farmers were in the high category, with the income of cocoa farmers in the high category. For the relationship between social capital and income of cocoa farmers, the trust element has a sufficient coefficient value, while the network and reciprocity elements have a weak coefficient value. The relationship between social capital and income of cocoa farmers for the element of trust is in the quite significant category, while for the network elements and reciprocity on the income of cocoa farmers, it is in the weak category.

The purpose of this study was to analyze efficiency level of the use of production factors on productivity of lowland rice farming in Macope Village, Awangpone District, Bone Regency. The analysis technique used is the Cobb Douglass function analysis which is transformed into multiple linear regression to see the value of the regression coefficient and price efficiency analysis. The results showed that the variables of land area, seeds, urea, NPK, Tabas, DMA, and labor simultaneously had a significant effect on lowland rice productivity. The variable of land area partially has a significant effect on productivity, however, seeds, urea fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, Tabas pesticide, DMA pesticide, and labor partially do not have a significant effect on productivity. The use of seed production factors and labor is not efficient, while the land area, urea, NPK, Tabas, and DMA are not efficient.

South Sulawesi is one of the producers and buffers of rice for national food needs. North Luwu Regency is a rice producing area in South Sulawesi with a total production of 178,243 tons and a harvest area of 38,940 ha in 2015. The inhibition factor of rice farmers is that the superior seeds available do not meet the needs of farmers. Of the 6 seed breeding businesses only 4 are still active. This research aims to produce strategies for seed breeding efforts so as to meet the needs of quality seeds. In achieving these goals swot analysis is used. The strategies offered from the results of this research are to increase the quantity of products by optimizing their resources, providing seeds at an affordable price, increasing the capacity of experts, increasing the availability of capital, improving the quality of seeds, developing marketing networks, and improving relationships with the government.

Batupanga Village is one of the largest cocoa contributor areas in Polewali Mandar, West Sulawesi. But in recent years many cocoa farmers have chosen to turn their cocoa fields into rice fields. One of the government's free rice field printing programs encourages farmers to join the program. Changes in livelihoods are closely related to changes in economic aspects. Changes in economic aspects will also affect the social condition of the community, so that the switch of agricultural land also has an impact on the socioeconomic aspects of the community, especially farmers. This research aims to know what factors influence cocoa farmers in transferting their land from cocoa land to rice fields. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis. The results of this study are factors that influence farmers in converting cocoa land into rice fields in Batupanga Village, Luyo District is an economic factor (production, income), ecology (land area, environmental degradation), technical (water sources, alsintan), and social (number of family dependents, interaction).

Food is one of the basic human needs. As a basic need, food must be sufficiently available at all times, safe, of good quality, affordable, of various types and nutritious. However, there are several health impacts due to this food, one of which is the incidence of stunting. Stunting describes a long-standing state of malnutrition and takes time for children to develop and recover. This study aims to analyze the relationship between household food security of rice farmers and the incidence of stunting and to analyze the factors that affect household food security of rice farmers and the incidence of stunting in Ongko Village, Maiwa District, Enrekang Regency. The analysis technique used is the simple Linear Regression and Chi-square test with the help of the SPSS version 23.0 application. The result of this study is that there is a significant relationship between food security and stunting variables, education variables (p-value = 0.033), parenting variables (p-value = 0.042), sanitation variables (p-value = 0.024).

South Sulawesi is the province with the largest contributor to national seaweed production with an increase in production reaching 300 thousand tons per year. Efforts to increase seaweed production are highly achievable, because the area of South Sulawesi is considered to have a large enough potential for coastal fisheries resources, cultivation and postharvest technologies are easy to implement and do not require large capital. In Ma'rang Subdistrict, Pangkep Regency, this seaweed cultivation activity has been used by farmers. However, in fact seaweed farming has problems, namely the low price of seaweed received by farmers and low production yields. This study aims to Analyze the factors that affect the income of seaweed farming in Ma'rang sub-district, Pangkep district. The analytical method used is quantitative analysis in the form of multiple linear analysis with a total of 85 respondents. The results showed that the factors affecting the income of seaweed farming in Ma'rang sub-district, Pangkep district were influenced by the selling price of IDR 21,552.94/kg, production 29,085/kg, seedlings IDR 2,063,558.82/cycle, and the number of stretches is 191.88 units.

All Organic farming considered as one of the solutions to the green revolution. Organic farming business is relatively profitable because the selling price of organic commodities is more expensive than non-organic. On contrary farmers' interest were still lacking in organic farming. This study aims are to analyze the influences factors of pepper farmers in decision making on choosing organic farming systems, so as to analyze the ratio of income levels of organic pepper farmers compared to non-organic pepper growers. Descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis and income comparison analysis was applied. The results showed that age, level of education and price were some factors that influenced the decision of pepper farmers on choose an organic farming system. Furthermore, organic pepper farmer incomes is higher than the income of non-organic pepper farmers by a difference at IDR 11,884,591.3.

Alsintan is an agricultural technology created to help farmers in farming. Alsintan aims to minimize the costs incurred by farmers such as processing time, harvesting, drying, the amount of labor, the length of land processing work and an important opportunity is the increase in rice production. Alsintan assistance is one of the Ministry of Agriculture programs intended for farmers/gapoktan/upja/farming communities with the aim to overcome labor scarcity and help accelerate the process of agricultural cultivation. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of management and utilization of alsintan assistance in Mappedeceng District, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. Data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis to find out the effectiveness of management and utilization of alsintan assistance by farmers groups receiving alsintan results showed that the effectiveness of management and utilization of alsintan assistance is 77.04%. This shows that the management and utilization of alsintan assistance in Mappedeceng sub-district has not been effective.

Employment changes that occur in communities in the agricultural sector, namely fishermen and farmers, are caused by several factors that influence it. These factors are caused by erratic/low wages in the agricultural sector, a low view of employment in the agricultural sector, and boredom felt by people who work in the agricultural sector. This study aims to describe the factors of shift in employment in the community in Bontolebang Village, Galesong Utara District, Takalar Regency and the results show that during the period studied, from February to March 2019, there were 2 factors that influenced the shift in labor, namely the driving force for labor exit from the agricultural sector such as erratic wages, low views on agriculture and saturation/boredom and labor pull factors choosing to work in the nonagricultural sector such as open employment opportunities, fixed income and more promising.

Agriculture sector as one of the potential economic sectors in contributing to national economic growth and development, both in terms of income and labor absorption. Analysis of the determination of the base sector is needed as the basis for the formulation of economic development policy patterns in Gowa Regency in the future, so that economic development policies can be directed to move those sectors. This research aims to analyze the agricultural sector and other sectors that become the basis in the regional economy in Gowa Regency. This study used secondary data in the form of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GDP) data and gdp growth rate of Gowa Regency and South Sulawesi Province in 2012-2016 and analyzed using Location Quotient, Shift Share and Klassen Typology methods. The results concluded that the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries Sector is one of the economic sectors that is the base in Gowa Regency, but is a 'developed but depressed (stagnant sector) sector' due to the slowing growth rate every year.

In the Lake Tempe Area every rainy season is flooded. Where in the dry season the waters of Lake Tempe will experience drought and in the rainy season will experience overflowing water that causes flooding. Both seasons have an impact on the agricultural conditions of the community in the Lake Tempe Area. Due to the change of seasons is the dominant factor that causes local communities to adapt and interact with their environment which will also impact the income of people in the Lake Tempe Area. This study aims to analyze the income of people in the Lake Tempe Area Fishermen Farmers in farming activities, fishing and households, in Mallusesalo Village, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency and the results showed that during the period studied, namely from April to May 2019, the average household income of respondents in Mallusesalo Village in one year amounted to IDR 29,034,441 household income derived from agricultural and fishing income.

Subsidized fertilizer is one of the government's efforts to ensure the availability of fertilizer. However, farmers have difficulty in accessing subsidized fertilizers. This study aims to find out the effectiveness of subsidized fertilizer distribution in Lemoe Village, Bacukiki District, Parepare City. The analysis method used is descriptive quantitative by using effectiveness analysis. The results showed that the distribution process there are 4 lines of fertilizer storage up to farmers. Subsidized fertilizer distribution is carried out in a closed system based on the Definitive Plan of Group Needs (RDKK) with the Highest Retail Price (HET) as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture on Allocation and HET of Subsidized Fertilizer in the Agricultural Sector. Overall the distribution of fertilizer felt by farmers runs effectively, with this it can be known that the subsidized fertilizer distribution program in Lemoe Village, Bacukiki District, Parepare City has been implemented in accordance with the guidelines for the implementation of fertilizer subsidies.

Agricultural instructors are tasked with assisting farmers in improving their standard of living through empowerment by developing human resources. One of the programs that must be carried out in education, skills, and employment-related to increasing the ability of farmer groups supported by initiatives, concrete actions, and the creative power of farmers and extension workers as supporters. This study aims to examine the role of extension agents in the dynamics of rice farmer groups in Taroada Village, Turikale District, Maros Regency. The data used in this study are primary data and secondary data. This study, using the Rank Spearman data analysis method. The results of this study conclude that the role of agricultural extension agents on the dynamics of farmer groups is concluded to have a significant relationship that the better the role applied by agricultural extension agents, the more dynamic farmer groups are..

Farmer's organizations play an important role in the development of the agricultural sector in Indonesia to become a medium for solving agricultural problems. Empowerment of farmers and small businesses in rural areas by the government almost always uses a group approach. One of the fundamental weaknesses is the failure of group development because it is not done through a mature social process. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Gapoktan organizational performance based on the achievement of Gapoktan functions. This study used a quantitative method with the research location of Gapoktan Pottanae, Tajong Village, Tellu Siattinge District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi. The results of the study concluded that the level of effectiveness of the Gapoktan Pottanae performance based on member responses was only 17,20%. It can be concluded that the implementation of the performance of the Gapoktan Pottanae in Tajong Village is not effective. This Gapoktan has not been able to meet the needs of members, both for the needs of agricultural machine tools and member farm capital, the guarantee of quantity, quality and continuity of results, has not been able to add value to products from member processing, there is no market guarantee and has not even been able to create independent farming for member farmers.

Agricultural insurance is an agreement between the farmer and the insurance company to bind himself in the coverage of farm business risks. Agricultural insurance is an alternative to minimize risks that deserve to be considered, especially to overcome losses due to climate change. Agricultural insurance deals with farm financing with third parties (private institutions/companies/government agencies) with a certain amount of premium financing. This study aims to determine the response of farmers to agricultural insurance in Matakali District, Polewali Mandar Regency, West Sulawesi Province. This study uses a weighted average calculation with the Guttman Scale. The results of the study concluded that the cognitive response of farmers was in the category of agreeing with the tendency of farmers to understand agricultural insurance, the affective response of farmers was in the category of agreeing with the agricultural insurance program and was welcomed by farmers, and the conative response of farmers was in the category of disagreeing with most farmers not actively involved in the agricultural insurance program.

Beef cattle farming has great potential to be developed and has a strategic role as a provider of animal protein. Until now, the need for national beef is still far above domestic production, so the government has issued a cattle import policy, as an effort to meet the national demand for beef. The study aimed to identify the business risks that will arise in the traditional Balinese cattle breeding business. The results of the journal review show that the identification of risks that will arise in traditional Balinese cattle farming is production risk, market risk, human resource risk, technology risk, and environmental risk, so a strategy is needed to reduce and overcome these risks so as not to cause failure in bali cattle farming business. Business risks cannot be avoided but can be minimized, so that the damage that will be caused is not so fatal.

Analog rice is a food substitute for rice, produced with the addition of ingredients that can bind the content of soybean fiber and starch from sweet potato. The objectives of the study include: (1) Knowing the characteristics of making analog rice from soybean flour with sweet potato flour, (2) Analyzing carbohydrate content, crude fiber, moisture content, and (3) organoleptic rice analog test from Soybean flour with sweet potato flour. Results of research on making analog rice from soybean flour and sweet potato flour with formula 1:2 (soybean flour 40% and sweet potato flour 60%). On the analysis of fiber content of 5.29% and carbohydrate 29.43, formula 2:1 (soybean flour 60% and sweet potato flour 40%). Moisture content from 29.43 materials. The results of the organoleptic test in analog rice against the color, taste, and texture of the formula 1:2 panelist are very fond of both the color, flavor, so on the texture from the analog rice of soybean flour and sweet potato flour.

The problem with dry land is that it has a low fertility rate which causes low land productivity, so that production is low. This study aims to determine the suitability of upland rice land and soil fertility status in 3 sub-districts, namely Air Periukan, Pondok Kelapa, and Kerkap. The parameters observed were land characteristics which included climate data and soil physical and chemical properties. Data analysis was carried out by matching each land characteristic with the conditions for upland rice growth. The conclusion was based on the smallest value (minimum law) as a land suitability decision. The results showed that the suitability of the upland rice field in Air Periukan District, Pondok Kelapa district, and Kerkap district are included in S3 classes. Furthermore, the limiting factors for those districts are different. In the Air Periukan District, water availability and nutrient retention as limiting factors. However, only water availability is a limiting factor in Pondok Kelapa district. The land suitability in the Kerkap district for upland rice land has a limiting factor regarding nutrient retention and nutrient availability. The suggested alternative for soil cultivation in the research area is increasing C-organic and CEC, improving other nutrient content by providing manure, straw compost, and giving balanced inorganic fertilizers.

Watatu Village is one of the villages located in Donggala Regency and as the capital city of South Banawa Sub-District which has significant potential in the agricultural sector, including cocoa plantations, oil palm trees, and paddy fields. This research aims as a source of information correlated to land-use policies and the erosion hazard index in Watatu Village, South Banawa Sub-District, Donggala Regency. The research was carried out by using the descriptive explorative method, and the observed variables were carried out through a survey. Soil sampling was determined purposively (purposive sampling) based on the category of land use and slope at the research location. Intact and incomplete soil samples were taken as many as 21 samples at seven land-use units. Sample analysis was performed at the Soil Science Laboratory on the Erosion Hazard Index, namely (1) soil texture, (2) soil structure, (3) organic matter content, and (4) permeability, and (5) bulk density. The results of the Erosion Hazard Index analysis showed that the high erosion hazard index was found in Land use unit 2 (mixed gardens), Land use unit 4 (cocoa gardens), Land use unit 5 (mixed gardens), and Land use unit 7 (Shrub). Thereby, conservation actions needed to preserve the environment to prevent or inhibit the rate of erosion and maintain the stability of land use.

The common problem of acid sulfate soils is their acidity, which affects the availability of nutrients. Soil pH is an important factor because interval pH defined the availability of nutrients in the soil. Amelioration could improved soils pH, and techniques that are often used is liming. However, Ramsar convention lime's application is not recommended because of its potential harm to the environment. Due to that reason, this study was conducted to identify the effect of Pleurotus ostreatus substrates compost on the chemical properties of acid sulfate soils. The greenhouse experiment was arranged in completely randomized design (CDR) with five treatments, i.e. 0 (b₀), 5 (b₁), 10 (b₂), 15 (b₃), and 20 (b₄) ton ha⁻¹. The highest value of pH (5.05), available N (1.70 ppm and 2.13 ppm, ammonium (NH₄⁺) and nitrate (NH₄⁻), respectively), and organic carbon (C) (3.45%) was found in the b4 treatment, compared to control, the b₄ treatment improved about 40.50%, 77.50%, and 40.82% for NH₄⁺, NH₄⁻, and organic-C, respectively. While, the highest available phosphorus (P) (16.36 ppm) was found in the b3 treatment, which improved about 166.88% compared to control (b₀). Application of Pleurotus ostreatus substrates compost was able to ameliorate the chemical properties of acid sulfate soils.

The irrigation system is one of the main supporting factors to increase the production of an agricultural commodity, especially for rice. Recently, the significant contribution from the irrigation system gives small value because of some issues such as climate change, land use change, and the infrastructure damage from the irrigation infrastructure system itself. Indeed, it is affecting the total rice production. This study has objectives to map the distribution of irrigation canal system and to observe the correlation of irrigation canal distribution to the cropping index, total irrigated-area, total harvested area, and the total rice production in North Tapanuli Regency. The Geographical Information System (GIS) was applied for the mapping of the irrigation canal system distribution, and the SPSS through Pearson Correlation was implemented as well to analyze the correlation of the irrigation system in rice cultivation. The results show that the distribution of irrigation canal system has no correlation with the total irrigated area and the other parameters. Besides, it was found that the highest of the total irrigated area is located in Siborong-borong, Pangaribuan and Pagaran Districts by covered 2,561 ha, 2,254 ha and 1,711 ha, respectively. Then, it was observed that the total irrigated area has significant correlation with the total harvested area, total production and productivity. In addition the cropping index has positively correlation with the total rice production. Based on the results, it needs to increase the irrigated-coverage area on the districts level, to enhance the future rice production sustainability.

Labile organic carbon fraction (LOC) response as a sensitive indicator of changes in soil quality. Changes in land management, use, and land cover significantly affect the total soil organic carbon. Organic forms such as the labile carbon fraction are still very rarely studied and affect soil quality. Soil quality is defined as the soil's capacity to perform various functions and can be accessed by measuring the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil. Organic carbon of various forces has a major role in soil function. It is important to know the labile fraction of soil carbon because this fraction is a food source and greatly affects the nutrient cycle and other soil properties.

The purpose of this research was to know factors affecting to the application of biosecurity practices on beef cattle farms. The research was conducted in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The total sample was 51 beef cattle farmers, which was chosen through purposive sampling. Data consisted of primary and secondary data. Data were collected through observation and interview by using a questionnaire. A multiple regression model was used in this research. The dependent variable was biosecurity practices, while the independent variables were age, gender, education level, household size, farm experience, and flock size. Guttman scale was used to know whether biosecurity practices were applied or not. The results revealed that R² was 0.923. Simultaneously, all independent variables were significant in applying biosecurity practices on beef cattle farms (P < 0.01). Partially, only the age of respondents and education level were significant (P < 0.01).