Table of contents

New superior varieties of rice have a very important role in improving rice productivity. In Jambi Province, the use of VUB in irrigation land has begun to be in demand by farmers and dominated by Inpari varieties. This activity aims to find out the appearance of several new superior varieties (VUB) of rice and rice productivity on irrigated rice fields. The assessment activity was conducted in Sri Agung Village, Batang Asam District, Tanjung Jabung Barat, Jambi Province from March to July 2019. New superior varieties of rice paddy planted consist of Inpari 12, Inpari 13, Inpari 30, Inpari 32, Inpari 33, Baroma, Inpari Nutri Zinc, and Ciherang on an area of 2 ha. This assessment is carried out through an integrated crop management approach (IPM) with technology components including new superior varieties, legowo jajar planting system, fertilization, disease pest control, harvesting, and post-harvest. The results showed that the highest production is found in the Inpari 30 variety which is 7.30 t/ha because it has more tillers, more grain content, fewer quantities of hollow grain and weighs 1000 seeds heavier than other Inpari varieties.

Acid dry land is characterized as suboptimal land with low productivity. The "Turiman Jale 2-7" corn-soybean intercropping technology innovation has the potential to provide additional yields on acid dry land. The purpose of this study was to examine the yields of corn and soybeans grown using the "Turiman Jale 2-7" system on acid dry land. The assessment was carried out at the Tegineneng Experimental Garden, Mandah Village, Natar District, South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province. Methods with demonstration plots in the field of 0.75 ha, with 2 treatments using corn and soybean varieties. The research period was January to June 2020. The soybean varieties planted were Dega, Dena, Detam, Detap, Devon, and local Tanggamus. Corn varieties planted were Balitbangtan JH-37 and existing hybrid corn (Bisi-18, DK-771, NK-22. P-27). The corn-soybean intercropping system used a pattern of alternating 2 rows of corn and 7 rows of soybeans. Corn crop rows used a zigzag cropping pattern. The data observed were components of plant vegetative and generative growth. Data analysis using factorial analysis of variance. The results showed the "Turiman Jale 2-7" system produced an average corn productivity of 14,110 kg/ha and an average soybean productivity of 2,370 kg/ha. The "Turiman Jale 2-7" system is able to optimize the productivity of acid dry land which relies on rainwater. The innovation "Turiman Jale 2-7" contributed to increasing the Cropping Index (CI) from CI = 100 to CI = 150-200.

The low production of shallots due to low productivity caused mainly by the not suitability of varieties, land and climate. The research aims to study 1) the response of varieties to mulch treatment, 2) the response of varieties to different planting seasons without mulch treatment to productivity shallots in the lowland. The study was conducted in the lowlands, Tapin district, South Kalimantan at the rainy and dry season 2017. Three shallots varieties of Batu Ijo, Bauji and Bima Brebes were planted in the 2017 rainy season which were treated with plastic mulch and without mulch. In the 2017 dry season, the three varieties were planted again without mulch treatment. The results showed that the average use mulch treatment in the rainy season increased the productivity of shallots (8.02 t ha⁻¹) higher than without mulch (6.77 t ha⁻¹). The average yield of Bauji variety (8.28 t ha⁻¹) and Batu Ijo variety (8.28 t ha⁻¹) was higher than Bima Brebes variety (4.52 t ha⁻¹). The average productivity of shallots planted in the dry season was 12.37 t ha⁻¹ higher than the rainy season 6.77 t ha⁻¹. Bauji variety was more adaptive to be planted without mulch in the rainy or dry season than Batu Ijo and Bima Brebes varieties in the lowlands.

Many smallholder cocoa farmers in Polman, West Sulawesi-Indonesia breed goats traditionally on hilltop of the sloped cocoa farms. The goat's manure is deposited under the pens, not distributed on the farm. We investigated the significance of this traditional goat breeding on the hilltop of sloping cocoa farms on soil quality based on the distance from the pens along the slope direction. We selected three sloped-cocoa farms where this traditional model had been practiced for years. The farms studied had 30 to 70% slopes, clay loam to clay soil textures. Along a transect lane, 0-5, 5-10, and 10-15 meters from the pen on each farm, we measured soil bulk density, hydraulic conductivity (HC), soil organic carbon (SOC), pH, soil nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, cation exchangeable capacity (CEC) and earthworm population. This traditional practice improved soil quality compared to the adjacent farms which were not affected by the practice (control). Soil HC, SOC, N, P, K and CEC, and earthworm population were markedly higher under this system compared to the control, especially at 0 to 5 m distance from the manure deposit. The beneficial effects of this system were limited only within 10 m from the pens, beyond which soil quality was practically similar to the control site. This traditional system may be considered as an appropriate practice for soil quality maintenance in sloping cocoa farm, but an improvement is needed for greater benefits and reduced risks through terrace construction and manure deposition every 5-10 m range along the slope.

Soil characteristics in Mangarabombang Subdistrict Takalar Regency, according to some expert opinions, are classified as Vertisols soil order, but in the RePPPRot Land System Review Map, it's still classified as an Inceptisols soil order. Therefore more detailed research is needed regarding the soil order at that location. According to Soil Taxonomy at the sub-group category, this research aims to determine the types of soil in the karstic lowland of Baraja (BRA) land system. The method used is the toposequence transect and the analysis of physical and chemical properties, including soil color, structure, texture, bulk density, C-organic, CEC, pH, COLE, electrical conductivity, and bases saturation. These research results are the soil in the Baraja land system is undulating (34 masl), and flat (20 masl) was classified as Vertisol Order with the Lithic Haplusterts Sub-Group with limestone as a parent rock. The soil is characterized by open and closed fractures periodic, and there is lithic contact. The soil in flat areas (10 masl) was classified as Inceptisol soil with the Vertic Haplustepts Sub-Group with highly weathered limestone as parent rock. A cambic horizon characterizes the soil with thin lamellae and an alteration process, but it has fractures closed and open periodically. Soil types formed in the karstic lowland of Baraja (BRA) land system in Mangarabombang Sub-District was Vertisol with the Lithic Haplusterts Sub-Group and Inceptisols with the Vertic Haplustepts Sub-Group. The type of soil formed is affected by dominant factors, including climate (low rainfall), the parent material (limestone), and topography.

Makale, with hilly and mountainous areas in Tana Toraja Regency, provides high agricultural productivity so that soil as a medium for growing plants is one aspect that needs attention. Minerals influence the soil's physical and chemical properties because they are the main constituent of the soil, so that the characteristics and types of soil will vary. This study aimed to determine the type of soil based on toposequences and catena sequences from order to family category in Makale district, Tana Toraja regency, according to soil taxonomy in 2014. The method used was toposequences and catena sequences in one transect. Soil physical and chemical analysis including; soil color, texture, bulk density, C-organic, CEC, K, Na, Ca, and Mg. Analysis of soil minerals using the Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) method. The results showed that the soil types found in the Makale district were Lithic Udorthents, Typic Udorthents, Typic Haplohumults, Oxic Dystrudepts, Typic Eutrudepts, and Dystric Eutrudepts. The dominant clay minerals are montmorillonite in profiles 1 and 2, kaolinite in profiles 3 and 5, chlorite and quartz in profiles 4 and 6.

Soil fertility is the ability of the soil to provide nutrients. Most of the nutrients in the soil come from mineral weathering. The higher of an easily weathered mineral is in line with soil fertility. This research aims to study soil fertility rates based on the mineral content in West Sinjai Sub-district. The methods used in this study are thin sections to identify minerals in the parent material using a polarizing microscope, calculate mineral presentation and nutrient potency classification with the presentation of mineral content minus the presentation of quartz content. The dominant mineral content found is pyroxene, amphibole, and plagioclase that resulted from the andesitic parent material. Soil fertility potential in West Sinjai based on nutrient-carrying minerals is in the range of 80-100% with good criteria. Potential nutrients contained in minerals are already available for plants.

Rice productivity in Bantimurung District is unstable every year. Farmers tend not to attend to environmental and soil protection but are racing to increase yields rapidly using excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticides, tilling the soil too frequently, and burning postharvest straw. This study aims to study rice fields' management in Bantimurung District, Maros Regency, based on the soil's physical and chemical characteristics, which are expected to be a source of information in managing rice fields in Bantimurung District, Maros Regency. Data were collected using a field survey method in irrigated and rainfed rice fields and farmer interviews. Laboratory analysis included soil texture, bulk density, N-total, C-organic, pH, and organic functional group analysis. The result showed that both irrigated and rainfed rice fields have the low category of N-total (0.1-0.23%), low to a moderate category of c-organic (1.87-3.16%), and slightly acid to neutral pH (5.98-6.67). Based on farmers' information, we know that the rice fields in Bantimurung District are still suitable for rice production but must have a proper good management principle. The best management includes not using an-organic fertilizer excessively, adding organic matter, crop rotation, and attending to water needs.

Hydroponic cultivation is an alternative to utilize narrow land or land that is not suitable for agriculture. An important role in hydroponic cultivation is nutrition, where nutrients are dissolved in water before being flowed into the hydroponic device. The provision of different types of nutrient solutions and different water concentrations greatly affects hydroponic plants' productivity. This research was conducted from September to November 2019 at the Sidondo Agricultural Technology Research and Study Installation (IP2TP). This study aimed to determine the concentration of raw water and AB Mix solution concentration, which is good for plant growth in hydroponics. The study used a factorial randomized block design (FRBD) consisting of two factors and three replications. The treatments were combination factor of AB mix concentration as total dissolved solids in ppm and kind of AB Mix product. The AB Mix concentration consists of 20 ppm and 200 ppm. Then AB Mix product consist of Agromax and HidroJ. The result showed that concentration 20 ppm of Agromax nutrient solution give the best result for all parameter (plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, root length, and weight of root, leaf and stem)

The optimum performance of the cowpea plant population in the field could be determined by their seed quality. The research aims to evaluate the seed quality of several cowpea local varieties after being stored in the form of seeds and pods. A total of 18 cowpea local varieties from East Java, West Nusa Tenggara, South Kalimantan, and West Sulawesi were evaluated for their seed vigor and viability after being stored for 30 and 60 days at room temperature using plant material in the form of seeds and pods. The seed multiplication was conducted in the field at Banyuwangi, and the seed quality test using sand media was carried out at the glasshouse of ILETRI Malang. The storage of cowpea in the form of pods and seeds for up to 30 days did not significantly affect the seed quality. Four local varieties (VU 0007, VU 0093, VU 0125, VU 0155) showed good viability at the storage of 30 and 60 days, respectively. The VU 0032 and VU 0076 have optimum viability after being stored for 60 days. The speed of the germination index (SGI) was not only describing the level of vigor but also able to show the type of plant material to be stored. The VU 0007, VU 0093, and VU 0155 were recommended to be stored in the form of seeds, meanwhile, the VU 0125 can be stored for up to 60 days in the form of seeds or pods. The morphological characters of sprouts, namely hypocotyl length, stem dry weight, and root dry weight, could be considered as a benchmark parameter for seed vigor of cowpea.

The main problems with pepper plants in West Kalimantan are the availability of superior seeds for pepper, low productivity, and disease attacks. In contrast, the application of pepper cultivation techniques is still simple, the application of fertilizers is not under the recommended dosage, and the attack of pests and diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of cover types and foliar fertilizers on pepper seeds in nurseries. The treatment to be examined is the type of cover and foliar fertilizer. The types of hoods are: white plastic cover (S1), black paranet cover (S2); cover from coconut midrib (S3) and the foliar fertilizers used are without foliar fertilizer (D0) and foliar fertilizer (D1), the number of repetitions is 4 times, with the treatment combination consisted of S1D0, S1D1, S2D0, S2D1, S3D0, and S3D1 the number of plants per plot of 16 plants so that the total number of plants was 384 plants. The results show the combination of treatment between providing coconut leaf midrib cover with fertilization through leaves gives the best results on the growth percentage of live pepper seeds, plant height, leaves number, branches number, and segment number that grow on pepper seeds in a nursery. Therefore, it is recommended that in the seedbed for pepper, it is to use a cover from coconut leaf midrib and fertilized through the leaves.

Lampung is one of the centers for shallot development in Indonesia. The application of location-specific off-season shallot cultivation technology and the use of superior varieties is expected to be able to guarantee its availability throughout the year and overcome price fluctuations. For this reason, it is necessary to study the cultivation of off-season shallots with varieties in accordance with market demand. This activity was carried out in Tanggamus Regency, from January to December 2018. The experimental design was the Split Plot, where the main plot was the use of mulch and without mulch and as sub-plots were three shallot varieties, namely: 1. Bima Brebes; 2. Trisula; and 3. Bali Karet varieties. Each treatment was repeated four times. The data obtained were analyzed using variance with DMRT at the 5% level. The results of the study show that off-season shallot cultivation is promising to be cultivated by farmers with an average of 14.59 tonnes/ha using Bima Brebes, Trisula, and Bali Karet varieties. Bali Karet variety has good prospects to be developed and planted off-season because they are more resistant to pests and diseases and have the highest production (20.87 tonnes/ha) compared to Bima Brebes and Trisula varieties.

White rice is in great demand by Indonesians. However, in terms of nutrition and health impacts, brown rice is superior. The texture of brown rice is complex, and the taste is bland, so it is necessary to vary the presentation of brown rice and side dishes. In addition to the cooking method, brown rice is essential to maintain the nutritional value and give brown rice a softer texture. Organoleptic test method to see the texture and taste of brown rice. Literature review to find relevant research results with cooking methods and nutritional value.

Cocoa is one of the plantation crops that has an important role in the national economy, yet its production has decreased due to ineffective plants' treatment. One thing that can be done to solve this problem is applying organic material by effectively applying compost. This study aims to determine cocoa husk compost application on soil fertility and cocoa plant productivity. This research was conducted in Gantarangkeke Village, Gantarangkeke District, Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province, and took place from March to September 2020. This study used a randomized block design (RBD) as its environmental design. Compost application consists of 5 levels, namely control (0 kg/tree), (2.5 kg/tree), (5 kg/tree), (7.5 kg/tree), (10 kg/tree). The results of the research experiment showed that compost application of 10 kg/tree resulted in a pH of 6.3, CEC value of 27.14 cmol (+) kg⁻¹, organic C content of 2.16%, available P content of 18.1 ppm, K content of 0.46 cmol (+) kg⁻¹, Number of fruit/tree of 9.67 (fruit), number of seeds/fruit of 28.37 (seeds), the weight of 100 dry seeds of 113.17 (g), dry seeds per tree of 315.50 (g), and dry seeds per hectare of 350.50 (kg/ha). Compost application with several different doses had a significant effect on cocoa's growth and production, especially at a dose of 10 kg/tree.

Eha is one of the important plants in Indonesia's tropical forests that has important ecological and economic value. During this time Eha is cultivated generatively through seeds, but because of the often constrained seasons and availability of seeds, therefore, we need an alternative cultivation technology with vegetative propagation. This study aims to examine the influence of seedlings height and planting media on the growth of Eha from the extraction of natural saplings. This study was compiled based on a Complete Randomized Design of factorial patterns consisting of two factors. The first factor is the height of seedlings consisting of 3 levels of treatment, namely height 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm). The second factor is the type of media consisting of 3 levels of treatment, namely soil, 1:1 sand soil and 1:1:1:1 husk charcoal sand soil. The results show that a seedling height of 20 cm can increase the percentage of life, the percentage of buds and the number of leaves of Eha from the extract of natural saplings. The composition of the best planting medium is a mixture of soil and sand (1:1) because it tends to give the best results against the percentage of sprouts and the percentage of life Eha from the extraction of natural saplings.

The land under coconut plantation in North Sulawesi has not been optimally utilized; one of the commodities that can be cultivated is soybean. The purpose of this experiment was to study the growth and productivity of soybeans and analyze the economic feasibility of soybean cultivating under coconut. The experimental design used was a factorial randomized design experiment. The first factor is the soybean variety, and the second factor is the fertilizer dosages. The soybean varieties used were Dena-1 and Anjasmoro, while fertilization dosage were (i) recommended dosage (Urea 75 kg, SP36 100 kg, and KCl 100 kg/ha), (ii) dosage based on soil analysis (SP36 200 kg/ha and KCl 100 kg/ha), (iii) Manure + Trichoderma 2 ton/ha + bio urine (applied weekly) + NPK 200 kg/ha, and (iv) farmer dosage. The results showed that under shaded conditions of coconut stands, the Dena-1 variety production was higher than Anjasmoro. Productions were 2,210 kg/ha and 1,882 kg/ha, respectively. The recommended dosage (Urea 75 kg, SP36 100 kg, and KCl 100 kg/ha) produced the highest soybean yield. Based on farm analysis, soybeans can be cultivated and developed as a crop under coconut stands. Assuming a soybean price of IDR 6,500/kg, the R/C ratio of soybean cultivation ranged from 1.318 to 1.449. The highest R/C ratio was obtained using organic fertilizers, while the lowest R/C ratio (1.318) was achieved using recommended fertilizer dosages.

Silicate rocks are a natural substance that contains many essential nutrients for plants, but the applications of silicate rocks dust as fertilizer in agriculture are very limited. The nutrients derived from silicate rock dust were very slowly available. As a result, its effect on plant growth is not significant. The effort that can be done to accelerate the availability of nutrients from silicate rocks dust fertilizer is through heating treatment and giving humic materials. This research was conducted using a split-plot designed by three factors; namely, the heating temperature (at 25°C, 300°C, and 700°C) as the main plot, rock types (Trachyte, diorite, and basalt), and the solvent (KOH 0.1 N, rainwater, lignite humic and peat humic) as the subplot. The results showed that the rock dust fertilizer treated with peat humic significantly influenced the plant height 14 days after planting (DAP). Besides, basalt rock dust fertilizer can significantly influence plants' height at 21, 28, and 35 DAP. The highest dry weight of corn plants was obtained in the treatment of basalt rock dust treated by heating to a temperature of 700°C with the solvent peat humic. Nutrient uptake of potassium (K) in corn plants tended to be higher in the treatment within the rock dust treated by heating to a temperature of 300°C using lignite humic solvent.

Sweet potato-pigs integration system (hipere-wam) is a model that farmer can apply to maintain production in highland area. The aim of this study is to produce a specific location model of sweet potato-pigs integration technology in the sweet potato center area. The results of the study show that sweet potato production during the four months of the assessment with the wet tuber weight for Musan cultivar was 0.90 kg/plant or 21.67 t/ha and Cangkuang cultivar was 1.06 kg/plant or 25.47 t/ha, respectively. Biomass production was 0.84 kg/plant or 20.24 t/ha for Musan cultivar and 0.76 kg/plant or 18.31 t/ha for Cangkuang cultivar, respectively. The increase in the body weight of introduced pigs was 157 g/head/day, compared to the farmer's which was of 50 g/head/day. Based on the calculation of the level of consumption of pigs during the assessment, it shows that the average feed requirement from sweet potato was 1.5 kg/head/day or 180 kg/head/4 months or 2.880 kg/16 heads/4 months. The calculation of organic fertilizer from wet livestock manure for four months of maintenance was 480 kg or 30.0 kg/head or 0.30 kg/head/day. If it is assumed that 0.065-0.066 hectare land contains 1.733-1.760 plants, the contribution of organic fertilizer from pig manure to sweet potato plants is 130 - 140 g/plant/4 months.

A study was carried out to study the effect of sucrosin bio stimulant application on the early growth of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) var. CM 2012 at the PT Perkebunan Nusantara XIV Arasoe Sugar Factory, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi from June to September 2019. The sucrosin was applied by immersing three segments of sugarcane cuttings (three eyes) for 30 minutes, then planted in a separate block from control treatment, with an area of 3 ha, respectively. Plant sampling was carried out diagonally on 10 rows of plants with a line length of 10 m per row. Data analysis was carried out using t test at α=0.05 level, correlation, and regression analysis to compare the growth parameters of sugarcane shoots, and to determine the relationship between shoot growth and the sucrosin treatments. The results show that the application of sucrosin to sugarcane cuttings significantly increased the early growth of sugarcane indicated by increase in shoot height, shoot and tillers number, and the number of leaf chlorophyll. The variable value of sucrosin treatment was highly correlated with the control indicated by the highest correlation value in the leaf chlorophyll number (0.996) and the lowest in the shoot height increase (0.991). The increase of the sucrosin treatment value in the regression equation is greater than the control, means, for each addition of one control value, the value of sucrosin treatment increased by 4.39, 10.70, 8.11 and 1.99 in the parameters of shoot height, number of primary shoots, number of tillers, and leaf chlorophyll number of sugarcane, respectively.

Chromolaena odorata is an invasive plant that potentially organic manure. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of this weed on plant nutrient uptake and soil nutrient status on the mustard rhizosphere using a completely randomized block design and three replications. Factors examined were the organic manure types (green manure and compost) and doses (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 Mg ha⁻¹). The results showed that the compost was more effective than the green manure to improve potassium (K) uptake and soil nutrient (total nitrogen (N), available phosphor (P), and exchangeable K). Increasing doses of the organic manure until 25 mg ha⁻¹ gave a better effect on N and K uptake and soil available P and exch. K but 20 Mg ha⁻¹ on soil total N. The application of 25 mg ha⁻¹C. odorata as green manure gave more N and K content in the mustard. At the same time, 20 mg ha⁻¹ compost increased soil available P. This study indicated that C. odorata could be developed as a good ameliorant either as green manure or compost to improve nutrient uptake mustard and soil nutrient status.

Gantarangkeke Bantaeng (GTB) variety seed is a type of local seed that has experienced a decline in its existence due to the emergence of superior seed types such as the MCC 01 variety resulting in low local cocoa production due to the lack of use of GTB seeds in South Sulawesi. One of the causes of low seeds capability is the lack of special treatment given to seeds which refers to the inhibition of germination of cultivated cocoa seeds. Seed priming is a treatment of soaking seeds with microbes to improve the quality of seeds germination. This study aims to compare the germination of local varieties of cocoa seeds GTB with varieties MCC 01 using Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) seed priming treatment. This study employed a randomized block design (RBD). Two cocoa seed varieties used as the first factor consisted of local GTB and MCC 01, while the seed priming treatment as the second factor consisted of PGPR concentrations of 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 15%. The results indicate that the seed priming treatment affected the germination of two cocoa varieties seeds which included the parameters of MCC 01 seeds germination and the growth speed which was higher than local GTB seeds, 100.00% and 7.14%/etmal, respectively. Abnormal seedlings in local GTB variety were higher than MCC 01 seeds (10.00%). It can be concluded that the seed priming treatment of cocoa seeds has a high effect on seed germination of the MCC 01 variety compared to the local variety GTB.

The Proliga Technology Package (Multiple Fold Production) is one of the newest cultivation technology innovations introduced by the IAARD. The technology targeted on increase in productivity to double from existing conditions. The productivity of red chilies in North Sumatra in the last five years has been low, around 3-9 ton/ha. The results of the study show that there was a significant difference in the productivity using the Proliga technology, which reached 20 t/ha and more profitable compared to the farmer's method. Proliga technology production costs were more expensive than farmer technology due to additional cost of making a healthy plant nursery as well as an increase in costs for harvesting wages. The total wage cost became IDR95 million and the total production cost became IDR171,569,250.00 with B/C values ranging from 0.48 to 2.65. The profit received by farmers on this Proliga technology was IDR416,180,750.00 per hectare for 10 months. Implications of Proliga technology innovation increase productivity and income of red chili farmers.

Tidal swampland is one type of suboptimal land that can be developed to increase food crop production in Indonesia. However, tidal land contains a lot of Al³+ because it has acid soil reactions. Previous research found that the critical period for soybean plants against Al³⁺ stress was at the beginning of growth until 20 days after planting. This study aims to obtain the appropriate ameliorant to overcome Al³+ stress during the critical period of soybean growth. An experiment on the types of ameliorant and the application time was arranged in a randomized block design repeated three times. The kinds of ameliorant tested were no ameliorant, dolomite, husk charcoal, husk ash, and straw. Each ameliorant was given 2 tonnes ha⁻¹ before planting in dry cultivation (DC), before planting in saturated soil culture (SSC), 10 days after planting (DAP) on DC, 10 DAP for SSC, 20 DAP on DC, and 20 DAP on SSC. The experiment results are consistent with studies of saturated soil culture, which show that soybean in water-saturated culture has better growth than dry cultivation. In all kinds of ameliorant and at all times, saturated soil culture had more effect on the growth and production of soybeans. The kind of ameliorant only affected the number of branches, and the highest number of branches was obtained in soybean treated with dolomite ameliorant. However, it was not significantly different from other ameliorants.

Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt.) is such a popular commodity that it has good market opportunities. Increase productivity of sweet corn, necessary through improving its physical, chemical, and fertility properties. Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers can reduce soil fertility. Biofertilizer is an alternative to improve and enhance soil quality to increase growth and increase plant's yield and quality significantly. The study aimed to determine the effect of biofertilizers' application on the growth and yield of sweet corn on the upland. The research was conducted in 2016 in Tapin district, South Kalimantan Province. It is using a randomized block design with four treatments and eight replications. The treatments consisted of Po without biofertilizer + NPK fertilizer at a dose of 100%, P1 biofertilizer + NPK fertilizer at a dose of 100%, P2 biofertilizer + NPK fertilizer at a dose of 75%, P3, biofertilizer + NPK fertilizer at a dose of 50 %. The variables observed were plant height, cob weight with husk, cob weight without husk, cob diameter, cob length, number of seed columns, and production. The results showed that applying biofertilizer increase cob weight and sweet corn production.

One of the technological innovations to increase rice productivity is the Jajar Legowo (double row) planting method. The research aimed to examine the technology of planting Jajar Legowo rice in two ways: manual and transplanter machines in freshwater rice fields. The research was conducted on 6 ha of freshwater rice fields in Martapura Barat, Banjar Regency and involved six cooperator farmers. The superior varieties used were Inpari-30 and Inpari-32. The results show that the average grain yield was higher with transplanter (8.10 t ha⁻¹ GKP), compared to manual planting (6.90 t ha⁻¹). Grain yields planted with transplanter + manure increased grain yields by 1.2 t ha⁻¹ (increased by 17.4%). The transplanter treatment provided an income of IDR20,401,500.- and R C⁻¹ = 2.70 higher than manual row planting (income IDR16,959,500.- R C⁻¹ = 2.59). Transplanters also reduce labour costs for planting (IDR750, 000.- per hectare), and reduce planting times.

This study aims to determine the effect of corn cobs and rice husk biochar on Vertisol chemical properties from Kupang Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. This study used a completely randomized design with two factors and three replications. The first factor is the type of biochar which consists of biochar of corn cobs and rice husks. The second factor is the dose of biochar (% soil weight), consisting of 4 levels: 1.5%, 3%, 4.5%, and 6%, and incubated for two months. Chemical properties observed in this study included pH, C-organic, and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results showed that giving biochar of corn cobs and rice husks did not significantly affect changes in soil chemical properties.

The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of agricultural crop waste for large ruminants Feed-in Bireun District. This research uses primary and secondary data sources. The observed variables consisted of beef cattle and buffalo population, production of feed crop waste, the requirement for digested dry matter (DDM), and the capacity of the DDM from food crop waste as large ruminant feed. The data is presented descriptively in the form of data processing results from secondary data with previous studies' results. The beef cattle population in Bireun Regency is 38,151.44 livestock units (LU) and buffalo 1. 552 LU. The requirement of forage is 45,261.92 tons of DDM per year. DDM production per year from agricultural crop waste from rice, corn, and soybeans is 63,315.28 tons of DDM per year. The highest production of DDM is derived from rice crop waste amounting to 36,653.68 tons per year, while DDM originated from corn crop waste 3,637.5 tons per year and soybeans 23,024.1 tons per year. The potential of forage feed from food crop waste is 54,901.73 tons of DDM per year and can still be used for 48,159.41 LU. It was concluded that Bireun Regency could increase the population of ruminant animals by increasing the benefits of forage originating from food crop waste.

The latest IAARD's innovation for stepping up in the productivity of red chilies is called the Double Fold Production (Proliga). Before this program started to be transferred, it was necessary to determine the existing features of the red chili cultivation technology at the study site of the Proliga program. The purpose of this study was to analyze the existing cultivation technology performance, productivity, constraints and to analyze red chili farming, and to formulate a strategy to improve the cultivation technology innovation package. The research was carried out through a structured survey of red chili farmers in Bukit Village, Karo Regency from August 2017 to February 2018. The results of the study found that the productivity of red chili in Karo District was stagnant for a decade, namely 8.28 t/ha. Area per house-hold was 0.060.15 ha. The average B/C value =-0.13. This study concludes that the main strategy to achieve a jump in productivity (from 8.25 t/ha to > 16.5 t/ha) through the application of Proliga technology innovation in Karo District was the use of healthy seeds, site-specific fertilization and Bemisia border installation since the beginning of planting.

Gilgai microtopography is a characteristic topography of soils that develops from carbonate rocks influenced by smectite clay minerals. The process of forming a gilgai can inhibit the development of plant growth and soil stability. Soil genesis is an interesting topic to study, especially concerning how moving clay forms a gilgai microtopography. The objective was to study forming a gilgai microtopography formed from the parent material of carbonate rock in Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency. The methods used are survey methods, analysis of soil physical characteristics and soil chemistry, and soil mineral. The results showed an increase in clayeyness at the top horizon in line with decreasing permeability on the top horizon and inversely proportional to soil porosity. The cation exchange capacity is higher at the top horizon, which indicates an increase in clay content. The mineral content of clay is nontronite as a member of the smectite group. Nontronite mineral formation subsidized by calcium and magnesium cations from carbonate rocks. This mineral absorbed more water and caused the saturation conditions triggering lateral pressure and forming a gilgai micro-topography.

Livestock is an agricultural sub-sector that contributes sufficiently to the needs of protein. One of the bio reproduction technologies to support livestock productivity is sexing technology. The purpose of this study was to measure the viability and abnormality of sexed spermatozoa from sexing with albumin with the treatment of diluents and antioxidants. The material used in this study was fresh semen of 5 PO bulls with progressive motility >70%. The sexing methodology used is 5%, 10%, and 15% albumin (egg white) gradients. The diluent treatment used was CEP-2 and andromed, with the addition or without the 1mM antioxidant (glutation). The sexed semen was made in liquid semen and stored at 3-5 ° C. Sample preparation was done by making a smear of spermatozoa on glass objects and colored with eosin negrosin. Viability and abnormality analysis was performed on days 0 (H0) and 5 (H5). Viability and abnormality analysis of spermatozoa using SCA v.2.1. Parameters measured included: spermatozoa viability and abnormality. The design of the experiment used a 2×2 factorial pattern. Data analyzed with SPSS 24. The viability of spermatozoa from sexing using egg white albumin in andromed diluents is better than CEP-2 on storage days 0-2. Abnormalities of spermatozoa of sexing during cold storage were not influenced by diluents (CEP-2 and andromed) or the use of glutathione. The viability of spermatozoa during cold storage (>80%) and abnormalities (<20%) indicate the quality of liquid semen results from sex is still good.

Red chilli is one of vegetable that has a high economic value in Indonesia. One of the factors that influence the growth of chilli is the availability of water which is a limiting factor for chilli plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mulch use and frequency of watering on the growth and yield of chilli plants. The research was conducted in Lampoko Village, Barebbo District, Bone Regency, in Mei-July 2017, used factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the application mulch (without mulch, organic mulch, and plastic mulch) and the second factor was the frequency of watering (once a day, two times a day, and once in two days). The data obtained were then analyzed for variance and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the treatment of mulch utilization significantly affected plant height 30 and 60 DAP, number of fruit, weight fruit, and fresh plant weight. The treatment of the frequency of watering significant effect on plant height 30 and 60 DAP, number of fruit, weight fruit, and fresh plant weight. In general, the best growth and production of chilli were obtained in the treatment of the application of plastic mulch with a frequency of watering once a day namely 13,03 t ha⁻¹.

Seawater intrusion of paddy fields is one of the limiting factors in increasing the productivity of rice fields in Duhiadaa District. This study aims to see the adaptability of several new superior varieties of rice in seawater intrusive paddy fields in Mootilango village, Duhiadaa district. The method used in this study was a randomized block design with several treatments, namely V1 = Banyuasin variety, V2 = Inpari 34, V3 = Mekonga, V4 = Inpari 30 which was repeated three times and analyzed using the SAS program (one way ANOVA), if showed significantly different results then continued with Duncan's continued test at the 5% real level. The data show that the treatment of Banyuasin and Inpari 30 varieties is able to adapt well to seawater intrusive land. This was indicated by the higher number of productive tillers and the number of filled grains, as well as the high weight of a thousand grains compared to the treatment of Inpari 34 and Mekonga varieties.

The research aims were to analyse the effect of bacterial mixture of Azotobacter and Azospirrilum on the nitrogen content and harvest date of upland red rice. This research was conducted in Agriculture Farm of Agriculture Faculty in Halu Oleo University. The research was arranged in a split plot design. The bacterial mixture dosage as main plot and different of cultivar as sub plot. The bacterial mixture dosage were without application bacterial mixture, Bacterial combination mixture of Azotobacter 2.5 L ha⁻¹ + Azospirillum 2.5 L ha⁻¹, and Bacterial combination mixture of Azotobacter 5.0 L ha⁻¹ + Azospirillum 5.0 L ha⁻¹. The cultivar tested were Labandiri, Jangkobembe, Ranggohitam, and Paedara. This research shows that application of bacterial mixture had no significant effect on nitrogen leaf content, but had a significant effect on flowering time and harvesting. It was found that flowering time tended to accelerate, but on harvesting-date parameters tended to be prolonged.

This study aims to determine the risks faced by Arabica coffee farmers and the factors that influence them. The site selection was carried out by purposive sampling, and two villages were selected in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi. The sample size of the study was 100 farmers, taken by random sampling and using the interview method and field visits. The results of the study using the coefficient of variance showed that the average value variability in the risk of Arabica coffee production was 0.407 or 40.7%. Factors that influence production risk are estimated by the Least Square Method, and the results show that the production factors of Urea and SP36 fertilizers are risk inducing, while KCl fertilizer and manure are risk reducing. The price of urea fertilizer and the price of pesticides are risk inducing.

Red rice is an essential food and has nutritional content, but farmers' production and interest in red rice cultivation are still relatively low. One effort to develop and increase brown rice production is planting superior varieties with selection efficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between yield components and yields of the six promising lines of red rice in paddy fields and to know the yield components that were positively correlated very significantly to the results in paddy fields. The research design used was a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 6 crosses, namely GS11-1, GS11-2, GS12-1, GS12-2, GS44-1, GS44-2, and one comparison variety, Trisakti. The results of the analysis show that there were two components of yield that were highly positively correlated with yields of red rice, which were positively correlated significantly, including the number of productive tillers with grain yield per clump (0.83 **) and the weight of 1000 grains with grain yield (0.57 **).

Increasing potato productivity on suboptimal soil is needed since people in various food types widely consume potato. The research was conducted at the BB-Biogen Segunung-Pacet, Cipanas District, Cianjur Regency, West-Java Province that is characterized by soil with acidic reactions, medium organic matter content and low total organic-N and exchangeable-Mg, very high available-P, high exchangeable-Ca, and K. The increasing of productivity, is designed through providing various levels of lime, manure fertilizer, and Bioboost along with basic fertilizers (ZA, SP36, and KCl). Overall, there were ten treatments, namely, 1) P1 (lime level 1, manure fertilizer level 1, basic fertilizer); 2) P2 (lime level 1, Bioboost level 1, basic fertilizer); 3) P3 (lime level 2, manure fertilizer level 1, basic fertilizer); 4) P4 (lime level 2, Bioboost level 1, basic fertilizer), 5) P5 (lime level 1, manure fertilizer level 2, basic fertilizer); 6) P 6 (lime level 1, Bioboost level2, basic fertilizer); 7) P7 (lime level 2, manure fertilizer level 2, basic fertilizer); P8 (lime level 2, Bioboost level 2, basic fertilizers); and 9) P9 (basic fertilizers), 10) P10 (control, without lime, Bioboost, manure fertilizer and organic fertilizer). P5 treatment resulted in the best growth and production of potato. The combination of the largest manure fertilizers and low-level lime provided the highest increase in productivity.

Upland rice is an important food crop in Indonesia, including in Southeast Sulawesi, and the productivity still low under the production potential. One of the causes of this low production is low soil fertility and limited nutrients for plants. One of the efforts is by providing liquid organic fertilizer derived from moringa. This study used a two-factor and arranged in a randomized block design (RBD). The first factor was organic fertilizer treatment from moringa, consisting of two levels, namely without treatment and 20 ml per liter. The second factor was the difference cultivars tested consisting of 4 cultivars, namely GS44-1, GS44-2, GS16-1, GS16-2, and Lipigo 4. The results showed that the treatment of liquid organic fertilizer made from moringa significantly effects on the on the plant height. number of leaves and number of tillers on upland red rice.

In Indonesia, bananas are an important crop, and demand tends to increase. On the other hand, due to limited land availability, production capacity is limited. The growth of banana as an interplanting plant under the estate forestry plant was the promising solution. The study aimed to identify the tolerant banana cultivar under natural shading. The research was carried out in a field experiment Faculty of Agriculture, University of Halu Oleo. The study used a randomized block design (RBD) with shade treatment consisting of two levels, namely no shade treatment and using natural shade treatment. Plant height, number of leaves, length of leaves and width of leaves were the parameters observed in vegetative growth. It is concluded that shading treatment has no significant effect on the vegetative growth but tend to increase the plant height, leaf length, number of leaves and leaves width of banana cavendish.

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of endophytic and rhizobacteria (endorhizo bacterial) isolates in breaking dormancy while increasing its viability and vigor. The research was carried out at the Agronomy Unit of Agrotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University from February to October 2020. This study used a divided plot design in a completely randomized design (CRD). The main plot, namely seed scarification, consisted of 2 treatments, namely without scarification and scarification. Subplots, namely the application of bacterial endo-rhizo isolates using seed biomatriconditioning techniques, consisted of 6 treatments, namely control, L1-R, M5-R, LA6-R, LA2-E, and RJ6-R. The treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 36 experimental units. The observed data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by the Duncan Multiple Range Test at α = 0.05. The results showed that The scarification treatment had no effect on the dormancy of areca nut seeds, while the bacterial endo-rhizo treatment had a very significant effect on breaking dormancy and germination of areca nut seeds in all observed variables. There were 2 bacterial endo-rhizo isolates that were better able to break dormancy and increase the germination of areca nuts compared to the control and other isolates, namely isolates L1-R and LA6-R. The 2 isolates were able to reduce dormancy of areca nuts by 36% and 14%, respectively, while the increase in germination reached 136% and 104% respectively compared to the control.

This research is intended to comprehend the effect of using waste from coffee husk and EM4 concentration on the growth and yield of chili pepper plants with two factors and repeating 3 times. The research starts from October 2018 to January 2019 by using a factorial randomized block design (RBD), which consisted of two factors namely: The factor of coffee husk waste (K) consisting of 4 levels, while the factor of EM4 concentration consist 4 levels. The research results prove that the waste of coffee husk has a significant impact on the number of productive branches, the number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight per plot. It significantly affects plant height at 45 days after planting (DAP) and stems diameter at 45 days after planting (DAP). The best treatment of coffee husk compost is found in K3 treatment (30 ton/ha). The treatment of EM4 concentration has a good effect on the number of productive branches, the number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight per plot. The best EM4 concentration treatment is found in the B3 treatment (15 mL/L water). The interaction between the coffee husk waste and the EM4 concentration confirms a significant effect on fruit weight per plot. The finest interaction is found in the compost of coffee husk waste 30 ton/ha with a concentration of EM4 15 mL/L water.

Rhizhosphere and phyllosphere serve as habitat for many kinds of plant-associated mikrobial. This study aims to determine the effect of application of microbial consortium in the rhizosphere and phyllosphere of clove seedlings on the plant physiological parameters. The study was conducted as a factorial experiment with two factors based on the randomized blocked design. Application of microbial consortium of Azotobacter sp., Lactobacillus sp., Bacillus subtilis, and Trichoderma sp. in the rhizosphere was set as the first factor, consisted of four levels, namely control (0 mL), 4, 6, and 8 mL. The second factor was the application of the microbial consortium of Gliocladium sp. and Beauveria bassiana in the phyllosphere consisted of four levels, namely control (0 mL), 2, 4, and 6 mL. The physiological parameters observed included observations on the components of leaf stomata, light intensity, and leaf chlorophyll. The resuls show that the best microbial consortium treatment that gave better physiological response of the clove seedlings was 8mL/plant in the plant rhizosphere, and 6mL/plant in the plant phyllosphere. However, there were no significant difference on the effect of the application of these microbial consortiums in the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere applied simultaneously compared to controls, meaning that the treatment application was 8mL/plant or 6mL/plants. Some influence directly and indirectly from the microbial consortium both in the rhizosphere and the phyllosphere was on the physiological parameters of the light and leaf chlorophyll components, but not significant for the stomata component.

A study aimed to determine planting system and fertilization packages that give the best result on productivity and prolific level of Maize was conducted. Maize variety Sinhas 1 was planted with three planting systems to design different planting spaces between and within the rows. A Legowo planting system was used with two models, ie. Legowo (50+100) × 20 cm and Legowo (50+100) × 18 cm, resulted in a total of 66,667 and 74,074 population per hectare, respectively. A normal planting spacing of 75 × 20 cm was used as control with a total population of 66,667 plants per hectare. Four fertilization packages were used consisted of N:P:K= 225:100:75; N:P:K= 200:100:60 + KNO₃ 10 kg; N:P:K= 225:100:75 + Ecofarming 5cc/L; and N:P:K= 200:100:50 + KNO₃ 10 kg + Ecofarming 5 cc/L. A split plot experimental design was employed. Results show that Legowo planting system and fertilization packages significantly increased the productivity and the prolific level of the maize. Planting density of Legowo (50+100) × 20 cm applied with N:P:K = 200:100:50 + KNO₃ 10 kg + Ecofarming 5cc/L resulted in the highest productivity of 10.43 t ha⁻¹ with percentage of prolific of 73.36%.

Soil morphology provide overview the evolution in the soil body through description and interpretation of soil profile properties as initial information in classifying soil. The research purpose is to determine the morphological characteristics and soil classification of Inceptisols in four study profiles: Kalonding, Batu Papan, Pepalang and Batu Ampat, in Mamuju regency, West Sulawesi. The research method used is descriptive qualitative exploration by survey in the field and soil analysis in the laboratory. The results showed that the dominant texture was clay in all soil profiles with a low silt/clay ratio. This was related to the high intensity of weathering due to high rainfall and easily weathered host rock and relatively high content of resistant minerals. Other chemical properties such as pH, N-total, cation exchange capacity, base saturation, exchangeable bases (Ca, Mg, K, Na) and P-available are generally low with a relatively constant distribution pattern with increasing depth. Soils are classified into the order of inceptisols in all soil profiles because they have a cambic sub-horizon resulting from physical alteration, chemical transformation or a combination of these processes. The hicks humidity regime so that the sub-order category is named udepts. The temperature regime includes Isohipthermic so that it is categorized into the Great Group Dystrudepts and the Typic Dystrudepts sub-group for the Study Profile of Batu Papan, Pepalang and Batu Ampat, while for the Profile of the Kalonding study is Lithic Dystrudepts.

Mineral ash fertilizer resulting from a burning process of plant wastes has the potential to replace or reduce the use of anorganic potassium fertilizers. Hence it can increase the availability of potassium for plants. This study aimed to determine the effect of ashing temperature on potassium nutrient content from kapok peels, banana stems, and coconut husks. The combustion temperature treatments were 300° C and 600°C for 3 hours into the muffle furnace and without ashing. Analysis of potassium content was conducted using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The results showed that the temperature of 600°C gave the highest content of potassium from kapok peel (9.59%), the temperature of 300°C for banana stem (9.82%), while without ashing, the highest content of potassium was from the banana stem (8.20%). The organic matter that produces the highest potassium content was banana stem at an ashing temperature of 300°C, and the lowest was coconut husk at an ashing temperature of 600 °C.

The development of drought rice screening is one of the keys to increase selection effectiveness. This development can be done by developing the analytical method. In general, identification of tolerant rice can be conducted with the cluster analysis. However, the common cluster analysis just was focused on genotype clusters so that the reason for the clustering does not can explain. Therefore, the other analysis approach needs to be done, such as cluster heatmap analysis. The objective of this study is to identify the effectiveness of cluster heatmap used in rice tolerance screening under drought stress. This study was designed with a nested randomized complete group design, where replications were nested in PEG 6000 concentration as a screening environment. The concentration of PEG used in this study was 0% PEG and 20% PEG. The genotype used consisted of 8 genotypes repeated three times. Hydroponic culture used ABmix in culture solution. As for, the number of characters observed was seven morphology characters and three physiological characters. The results of this study showed that cluster heatmap analysis could distinguish between the rice tolerant group drought-tolerant variety control (Salumpikit, Pokkali, and Inpari 29), and sensitive variety control (IR 20). Besides that, the good selection characters in hydroponic drought screening were shoot length, the number of tillers, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, and total biomass fresh weight. Based on this study, the cluster heatmap can be recommended as one of the analytical methods in hydroponic drought screening.

This study aims to determine the best combination of bio-slurry and Trichoderma harzianum on melon production. The research was conducted in Lassang Village, North Polombangkeng District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi from June to August 2020. The experiment was set using a randomized block design with the application of bio-slurry fertilizer as the first factor consisted of control, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mL/L bio-slurry. The second factor was Trichoderma harzianum dose consisted of 0,100, 200, and 300 g/L. The results show that the application of 75 mL/L bio-slurry and 200 g/L Trichoderma harzianum resulted in thickest fruit meat (26.47 mm). Melon treated with Bio-slurry of 100 mL/L and 200 g/L Trichoderma harzianum produced the highest number of seeds (285.2 seeds) and higher concentration of the microbes of 300 g/L resulted in the highest Brix content (6.0% Brix) and the highest organoleptic test (2.90). The singe effect of Bio-slurry treatment of 100 mL/L also produced the earliest flowering age (14.40 days), the highest number of fruits (4.10 pieces), the heaviest fruit weight (205.20 g), and the highest average of fruit diameter (24.22 mm).

The global climate change resulting in shifting patterns distribution of rain was influenced to growth and development of rice plant. The aims of this study were to guide the implementation of rice cultivation technology based on climate change, to change the mind set of farmers from the hereditary habits to better system according to the climate change model, and to formulate the adaptation strategy to climate change impact in the management of rice plant in Soppeng Regency. The study began in January to April 2017 at 8 (eight) sub-districts in Soppeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The study employed descriptive quantitative study with survey model. Eighty farmers were selected purposively as respondents who are assumed to be able to answer the aspects studied such as production variables, diffusion of innovation, climatic elements, and government policy. Data analysis was descriptive quantitative analyzing rainfall according to Schmidt-Ferguson, SWOT analysis, and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with expert choice program 11. The results of analysis with AHP method indicate that cultivation technology adaptation that can be applied to the rice planting management in Soppeng Regency was based on the sequence of priority scales. The component of the planting schedule has the highest weight of 18.8%, followed by the improvement of planting patterns 15.8%, the use of improved varieties 15.6%, water management 14.6%, 14.0% system improvement, 7.9% fertilization, pest control 7.7%, and harvesting component of 5.6%. Some alternative activities or programs on climate change adaptation strategy in rice cultivation are: (1) field school activities; (2) cultivation technical training; (3) participatory pest surveillance; (4) site-specific climate information procurement; (5) climate change socialization activities; (6) creation of experimental farm; (7) matching cultivation variety with climate condition; (8) diversification and crop rotation; (9) seed procurement; and (10) budgets of farmers' groups.

This study is expected to address the water shortage in irrigated land with the use of adaptive varieties. The purpose of the study is to obtain a model of water management with System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method of planting systems combined with Legowo and the use of appropriate rice varieties for the equatorial rain-type region. The experiment was conducted in Sidrap Regency on sand textured soil, in the form of experimental research using Split Plot Design. The treatment of the water management of the wet-dry method, water saturated condition and intermittent as the main plot and varieties consist of Mekongga, Inpari-4 and Inpari-30 as a subplot. The results show that water management with the wet-dry method gives a better effect on plant height at 30 days after planting (DAP) (44.74 cm), 60 DAP (84.74 cm), the time of harvest (101.62 cm), panicle length (27.87 cm) and plots (per hectare) which was 223.75 kg (6.78 t), while the number of tillers 30 DAP (20.80 tillers), productive tillers (21.20 tillers) obtained in the discontinuous method. Development of varieties in paddy fields textured sand should use Inpari-4 in combination with water management in wet-dry method.

This study aims to analyze the relationship between climate parameters and the level of Coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei Ferr) pest attack and predict the impact of climate change on the CBB pest population. The research was conducted in Tana Toraja Regency, Gandang Batu Sillanan District, Benteng Ambeso Village and Gandang Batu Village from June 2019 to July 2019. The research was in the form of survey (literature study, observation, and interviews), with purposive sampling carried out by selecting 30 respondents as the sample. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS multiple linear regression software with five variables. The area of CPB attack was the independent variable, while the maximum temperature, minimum temperature, average temperature, humidity and rainfall were the dependent variables. The multiple linear regression equation is Y = 544.292 - 7.321X1 - 15.960X2 + 24.739X3 - 356X4 + 0.005X5. The coefficient of determination obtained was an R square value of 0.609, meaning that 60.90% of the area of the CBB pest attack for coffee plants can be explained by climatic factors, while the remaining 30.10% is explained by other variables outside the variables used. Climatic factors that affect the area of CBB pest attack were minimum temperature (probability value 0.041<0.05) and the average temperature (probability value 0.027<0.05). These variables were considered to have a significant effect while the maximum temperature factor (probability value 0.121> 0.05), humidity (probability value 0.221>0.05) and rainfall (probability value 0.581>0.05) was declared to have no significant effect.

This study aims to determine the best concentration of compost tea on various cocoa seedlings. The research was conducted in Sudiang Village, Makassar City, South Sulawesi, from August to December 2019. The experiment was set using a 2-factor factorial design in a randomized block design (RBD) as the environmental design. The first factor was the type of cocoa varieties which consists of three levels, namely Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, and MCC 02. The second factor was the compost tea which consists of four levels, namely control (0 mL/L water), 50 mL/L water, 100 mL/L water, and 150 mL/L water. The results show that MCC 02 cocoa seedlings applied with compost tea fertilization of 100 mL/L of water showed the best response on the parameters of the number of leaves, stem diameter, fresh root weight, root dry weight and leaf chlorophyll index, chlorophyll A, chlorophyll. B and total chlorophyll.

This study aims to obtain the best supergib concentration and immersion ime that affect the growth of chili plant seeds. The study consisted of two stages, namely viability and vigor test of seeds which was carried out at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Seed Science, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. The second stage is the chili plant nursery which is held at the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The study was conducted from December 2019 to February 2020. This study used a two-factor factorial randomized block design, with the concentration of supergib as the first factor consisted of 4 levels, namely 0 ppm, 10 ppm, 15 ppm and 20 ppm. The second factor was the length of soaking time which consisted of 3 levels, namely 6 hours, 9 hours, and 12 hours. The results show that the 10 ppm supergib concentration and 12 hours of soaking the seeds gave the best results at the growth rate of 19.35% and the supergib concentration of 15 ppm and the duration of soaking for 9 hours gave the best results on the primary root length of the sprouts (3.68 cm), plant height (11.77 cm) and the number of leaves (6.67). Soaking time for 6 hours resulted in the highest average germination capacity of 65%, and treatment for 9 hours of immersion resulted in the highest growth simultaneous value of 25.67%.

A study was carried out to study the response of katokkon seeds to invigoration treatment using atonic substances, phosphoric acid, and KCl. This research was conducted in the form of an experiment using a randomized block design (RBD) 21. Invigoration treatments were given consisting of a combination of atonic substances, phosphoric acid and KCl with different immersion times. The results showed that the invigoration treatment package on the seeds that gave the best effect on the germination and vigor of the chili seeds was the best percentage value of sprouts, namely the package with atonic solution with a soaking time of 6 hours (75%), the percentage value of the vigor index, namely the package with long atonic solution immersion for 6 hours (95.00). Plumula length with a package consisting of a 6 hour immersion phosphoric acid solution with a plumule length (0.24 cm), a radicle length with a package consisting of 3 hours immersion atonic solution with a radicle length (0.51 cm), plant height with a package consisting of acidic solution Phosphate immersion 3 hours with high (9.49 cm), and long roots with a package consisting of a 12 hour long immersion atonic solution (14.02 cm).

The research was carried out at the Experimental Garden of the Cereal Research Institute, Bajeng District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province, which took place from September 2018 to January 2019. The research aimed to study the interaction between certain nitrogen doses and certain maize varieties and the presence of maize varieties, as well as nitrogen doses provide the highest growth and production. This research was conducted in the form of an experiment using a separate plot design. The nitrogen dose as the main plot consisting of 4 levels, namely urea 0 kg.ha⁻¹, 100 kg.ha⁻¹, 200 kg.ha⁻¹, and 300 kg.ha⁻¹, then three varieties of maize as subplots, namely Bima-19 variety as hybrid representative, Lamuru as composite representative, and Srikandi Kuning as synthetic representative. The results showed that the Bima-19 variety fertilized with urea 300 kg.ha⁻¹ gave the highest seed yield per hectare (8.10 tons.ha⁻¹), and the Srikandi Kuning variety produced the highest ear height (91.25 cm) compared to other varieties tested. Application of urea 300 kg.ha⁻¹ resulted in the highest ear height (113.19 cm), the longest ear length (20.02 cm), and the highest number of seeds. 33.83 seeds). All parameters observed had very significant positive correlation values, except for the age of flowering of the females and the number of seed rows of cob⁻¹ which were significantly positive.

This study aims to investigate the growth and productivity of Arabica coffee plants due to different plant maintenance. The research was conducted from November to December 2019 in Lembang Kayuosing, Rembon District, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The study used survey and observation methods with questionnaire/interview techniques. Data was analysed based on multiple linear regression using SPSS software. The analysis was used to determine the effect of plant maintenance and different types of shading trees. The maintenance techniques that significantly affect the productivity of Arabica coffee plants in Lembang Kayuosing, Rembon District, Tana Toraja Regency were fertilization methods, fertilization time, shape pruning, and pests and plant diseases control. As for the best type of shade tree that significantly affected coffee plant height and stem diameter was Sengon (Albizia chinensis) plant. The productivity of Arabica coffee plants in Lembang Kayuosing, Rembon District, Tana Toraja Regency was 0.47 kg/tree.

This study aims to determine the growth and production of rice in various planting systems and types of liquid organic fertilizer. The research was conducted in Rijang Panua Village, Kulo District, Sidenreng Rappang Regency from May to August 2016. The research was conducted based on a split plot design with main plot set was planting system consisted of three levels, namely: the tile planting system (20 cm × 20 cm), the legowo planting system 4:1 (40 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm), and 2:1 legowo planting system (40 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm). Subplot was type of liquid organic fertilizer made from three types of raw material, namely Gliricidia tree leaves, banana weevils, and Gliricidia leaves + banana weevil. The results show that there was a significant interaction effect between the two treatments on parameters of plant height, number of grains per panicle, production per plot and production per hectare. The combination of 2:1 legowo planting system and the liquid organic fertilizer made from Gliricidia leaves + banana weevil gave the highest yields on production per hectare (5.55 ton.ha⁻¹). Highest number of productive tillers and an earlier flowering age were observed in the 2:1 legowo planting system (32.26 tillers and 60 days after sowing).

The research aims to determine the varieties and composition of the planting media that provide the best growth and production, to determine which varieties provide the best growth and production of chili plants, one of the compositions of the planting medium that provides the best growth and production of chili plants, and to determine the parameters that high heritability value. The research took place from January to April 2019. The study used a separate plot design. The main plot is the composition of the planting medium which consists of 3 types of composition, namely: Burnt Husk, Cocopeat, and Baked Husk: Cocopeat 1: 1. Sub-plot, namely cayenne pepper, 5 varieties of chili, namely: Bara, Pelita 8 F1, Merapi, Sonar, and Centil. The results showed that the treatment that gave the highest growth and production was the treatment of cocopeat growing media with Sonar varieties with a value of 10.22 g/plant. The planting medium that gave the highest growth and production was the treatment of roasted husk growing media: cocopeat 1: 1 with a value of 8.68 g/plant. The variety that had the highest growth and production was the Sonar variety treatment with a value of 9.43 g/plant. Parameters that give high heritability are plant height, number of productive branches, flowering age, harvest age, fresh root weight, root volume, number of fruit harvested, production, and fruit length.

This study aims to determine the effect of mycorrhizal fungi and NPK fertilizers on the growth of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) seedlings. The study was conducted from December 2017 to February 2018 in the form of a two-factor factorial randomized block design (RBD) trial. The first factor was the inoculation of mycorrhizae fungi which consisted of four levels, namely control or without mycorrhizae, 10 g plant⁻¹, 15 g plant⁻¹, and 20 g plant⁻¹ of the mycorrhizae. The second factor is the application of NPK fertilizer with three levels, namely without NPK fertilizer, NPK fertilizer 1 g plant⁻¹, NPK fertilizer 1.5 g plant⁻¹, NPK fertilizer 2 g plant⁻¹. The results of this study indicate that the application of 20 g of mycorrhizae per plant resulted in better growth of pepper seedlings indicated by the parameters of root volume (1.83 mL). The application of NPK fertilizer 1.5 g per plant resulted in highest plant height (3.32 cm). There was no interaction between mycorrhizal fungi treatment and NPK fertilizer in affecting the growth of pepper seedlings.

This study aims to obtain information about the application of the Standard Operational Procedure (SOP) for chili cultivation as part of the alley business entity program in Manggala District, Makassar City. The research location was determined based on the consideration that in that location there were several farmer groups that had been verified by the Food Security Service Office in several previous programs. This research used descriptive method by observing and interviewing eight sub-districts in Manggala District. The results show the level of application of the SOP for chili cultivation in Manggala District, Makassar City of 64.06% with the highest percentage in Tamangapa sub-district covering the level of application of chili cultivation, namely seeding (75%), planting (75%), maintenance (75%), and harvest (75%). Meanwhile, the lowest level of application was shown in Biring Romang, namely seeding (45%), planting (45%), maintenance (30%) and harvesting (30%). The highest chili production was achieved by the Tamangapa district (200 g/tree) categorized as successful, while the lowest chili production was in the Biring Romang sub-district (100 g/tree) with the less successful category. The most common problems faced by respondents were pests and diseases where the most common pests were mealy bugs and the most common disease, namely fusarium wilt.

The aim of this study was to determine the growth of sugarcane seeds using Trichoderma application and different parts of the stems using the single bud method. The research was conducted at the Experimental Garden at the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Tamalanrea, Makassar. The research took place from July to November 2018. This research was conducted in the form of a two-factor factorial experiment which was arranged based on a randomized block design. The first factor is Trichoderma with 3 levels of doses, namely without Trichoderma, 15 g/polybag and 30 g/polybag, while the second factor is the stem which consists of the upper stem, middle stem and lower stem which consists of 9 treatment combinations, respectively. -Each treatment was repeated 3 times (3 polybags/treatment) so that the total poly bag used was 81. The results showed that treatment without Trichoderma gave the best results on plant height, namely 13.91 cm at 2 WAP. While the treatment of the middle stem gave the best results on the number of tillers, namely 10.71.

This study aims to understand the effectiveness of biofertilizers and shoot pruning in improving cocoa growth and yield. The research was conducted in the "Kebun Dinas Bone-Bone", North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province from February to August 2020. This research was conducted in the form of an experiment arranged in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. The treatment consist of 10 levels, namely: without biofertilizer and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 9 ml L⁻¹ per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 18 ml L⁻¹ per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 27 ml L⁻¹ per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 36 ml L⁻¹ per tree and not shoots pruned, biofertilizer 0 ml L⁻¹ per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 9 ml L⁻¹ per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 18 ml L⁻¹ per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 27 ml L⁻¹ per tree and shoots pruned, biofertilizer 36 ml L⁻¹ per tree and shoots pruned. Research results show that the concentration of biofertilizer of 32 mL L⁻¹ gave the highest value for number of pods (10 pods), 42.8 seeds of fruits, and yield 0.71 kg per tree or equivalent to 591.67 kg/ha of dry seeds. Pruning the shoots gave the highest number of seeds per fruit of 36.82 and pod index of 20.

Commonly mineral is the soil inorganic material composed of various chemical elements. They become an important source of plant nutrients. The research objective is to determine the soil's physical properties and microscopically identified, including color, form, mineral shape, size, and quantity. A soil sample was taken at the top layer (0-20 cm) and bottom layer (20-50cm). We determine the types of minerals and identify nutrient-carrying minerals to assess soil fertility level in the Papalang areas, Mamuju Regency, West Sulawesi. This research's methods are the survey by observing and describing soil profiles in the field, laboratory analysis, identifying soil-forming mineral through thin section method used a polarizing microscope. Based on mineral analysis results, the types of minerals identified as quartz, biotite, and k-feldspar are the primaries silicate minerals. The weathered mineral dominant was biotite, with a percentage ranged from 5-15%. The amount of k-feldspar mineral ranged from 5-15%, measuring 0.04-0.3 mm. The opaque is an oxide mineral, found in all profiles in the top and bottom layer, about 5-15%, with a size of 0.01-0.8 mm. Clay is the secondary minerals from alteration of primary minerals at 35-60%. The research results showed the potential of soil fertility in the Papalang areas classified as low criteria.

The purpose of the study is to obtain packages of chili pepper cultivation technology to support the increasing productivity of chili pepper in South Sulawesi. The study was held in Lengkese village, Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, from April to August 2019. The experimental design used Randomized Block Design, with three replications and five treatments: A = Maruti variety, closed nursery, black silver plastic mulch (BSPM), plant distancing 75 cm × 60 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 20 tons/ha, and 180 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; B = Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 60 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha and 135 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; C = Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 40 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha and 180 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; D = Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 40 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 20 tons/ha and 135 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers; and E= Maruti variety, open nursery, plant distancing 75 cm × 30 cm and dosage of inorganic fertilizers 127 N, 60 P, 60 K kg/ha. The results were showed that C treatment used the technology packages: Maruti variety, closed nursery, BSPM, plant distancing 75 cm × 40 cm, a dosage of solid organic fertilizer 10 tons/ha, and 180 N, P, K kg/ha of inorganic fertilizers produced more chili pepper weights per plant. The height of A and D treatment was significantly different from E treatment and resulted in the highest production of chili pepper, 14.97 tons/ha. Organisms such as Myzus persicae, fruit flies, Fusarium wilt disease, and anthracnose were found in low infestation rates. The technology packages can use to support the increasing production of chili pepper in South Sulawesi.

Plant growth is strongly influenced by the availability of nutrients in the soil. One factor that influences the availability of nutrients in the soil is the availability of soil organic matter. Soil nutrient content such as C-organic, available nutrients, and soil microorganism diversity are indicators of soil fertility. This research was arranged using a completely randomized design. Data were collected directly in the field and also observations in the laboratory. This study aimed to determine the response of pepper plant growth to the vegetative phase with the application of compost-biochar-mycorrhizae. This study indicates that the best response is shown in the combination application treatment of compost, biochar with mycorrhizal fungi.

Cocoa is the main plantation crop in Indonesia after rubber and oil palm. Indonesia's cocoa production is the sixth-largest after Ghana and Ivory Coast. Cocoa cultivation spreads to almost all islands in Indonesia. However, the largest is on the island of Sulawesi. West Sulawesi is one of the largest cocoa producers in Indonesia. The decline in cocoa production has continued since 2012. One of the causes of the decline in cocoa production is a decrease in acreage and low productivity of the cocoa plant. The current average cocoa productivity is only 797 kg/ha/year. This productivity is very low compared to the optimum productivity, reaching 2,000-3,000 kg/ha/year. One of the causes of low productivity is uneven land suitability. Cocoa is grown on land with a poor land index. This study aims to study the land index in West Sulawesi to develop land suitability for cocoa plants. His research took place in January-August 2020. The collection of representative points consisted of 30 points spread over four districts in West Sulawesi, namely Polewali Mandar, Majene, Mamuju and Mamasa Regencies. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between land index values and cocoa productivity. Each increase in the land index will increase the productivity of specific cocoa plants for the West Sulawesi Region. The highest Land Suitability Index value (53.56) was obtained on land with cocoa productivity of 2,000 kg/ha/year. The lowest Land Suitability Indexvalue is obtained on land with a 700 kg/ha/year productivity.

Efforts to reduce weed control costs, especially in minimum tillage land, can be done by reducing the dose of herbicide per hectare, and the addition of urea fertilizer replaces this reduction. The research was designed using a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were application of glyphosate 1.44 kg ha⁻¹, 1.80 kg ha⁻¹, and 2.16 kg ha⁻¹ in combination with without urea; urea 5 kg ha⁻¹, 10 kg ha⁻¹ and 15 kg ha⁻¹, and application on minimum tillage, full tillage and control. The results showed that the addition of adjuvants from urea and glyphosate could control weeds, especially in reed weeds in the mixing of herbicide glyphosate 1.44 kg ha⁻¹ + urea 10 kg ha⁻¹, while herbicides 1.44 kg ha⁻¹ + Urea 5 kg ha⁻¹ and glyphosate 1.80 kg ha⁻¹ + Urea 5 kg ha⁻¹ have the same control power effectiveness as glyphosate dose of 2.16 kg⁻¹, urea dose of 5 kg ha⁻¹ the effectiveness is equal to 1.80 kg ha⁻¹ + Urea 15 kg ha⁻¹. The herbicide glyphosate disrupts metabolism in plants, causing abnormal growth or even killing weeds. Mixing does not cause poisoning of the corn crop. The use of herbicide glyphosate 1.44 kg ha⁻¹ + Urea 10 kg ha⁻¹ is better based on plant poisoning and corn production. The optimum dose that can minimize the weed population is 8.650 grams, and the combination of herbicide Glyphosate and Urea is effective in controlling weeds with minimum conditions at 1.158 grams of glyphosate and 1.146 grams of Urea.

Eha (Castanopsis buruana Miq.) is an endemic and valuable species of the Castanopsis genus that can produce wood and the source of food. However, C. buruana has many constraints in its growth and development, such as limited seed production due to the plants are producing seeds very rarely, just one time in every two or three years. Another thing is C. buruana also has low seeds germination because of the hard and thick seeds coat. In order to increase the plant population, it is very important to do species propagation with vegetative propagation methods by using stem cuttings. Therefore, this study aimed to get information about vegetative propagation of C. buruana and determine the success of vegetative propagation C. buruana using stem cuttings influenced by the application of rootone-F. The research was designed using a completely randomized design consisting of 5 (five) treatments, namely no rootone-F (control), rootone F 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, and 400 ppm. Each treatment was repeated 4 (four) times, and each replication consisted of 5 (five) plants so that there was a total of 100 experimental units. The media used was a combination of sand: soil: rice husk charcoal (1: 1: 1 v/v/v). Thus, the variables used to determine C. buruana stem cuttings success were live percentage, sprouting percentage, number of leaves, rooted cuttings, number of roots, length of roots, and rooted days. The data were analyzed using the F test (Analysis of Variance). If the treatments had a significant effect, then it would be followed by the Duncan test with the 95% confidence level. The results showed that the application of rootone F had no significant effect on all tested variables. Nevertheless, the graph trend showed that some variables gave the differences between rootone F treatments and control. At the end of the research, the stem cuttings had not produced roots yet.

Sweet sorghum is one of the superior commodities to increase the production of food and energy. Sweet sorghum seeds produce carbohydrates that can be processed into food ingredients, while the sap from the stems and starch in the seeds can be converted into bioethanol through fermentation processes. Sweet sorghum crops tolerant to drought and stagnant water can produce on marginal land and relatively resistant to pests and diseases. This research aims to determine the interaction between sweet sorghum varieties and kinds of organic fertilizer on the growth and yield of sweet sorghum in dryland. The research method is a factorial experiment using Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD), which consists of two factors, which is sweet sorghum varieties and manure types. The varieties which were used are Kawali and Numbu. The second treatment used is without manure, chicken manure, goat manure, cow manure, and vermicompost. The total treatment combination is ten units, and each combination is repeated three times. The research variables are plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, fresh stover weight, dry stover weight, sap content, panicle length, number of seeds per panicle, and production per hectare. Data were analyzed using the F test with a 95% confidence level if there is significantly a difference and then followed by the DMRT method at the 5% level. This research shows that the highest production per hectare is sorghum treatments by chicken manure equal 2.64 ton/ha, and this yield is higher than all other treatments.

Maize is the second crucial food crop commodity that has great potential to develop in North Sumatra. The study's objective is to determine maize production is influenced by fertilization and varieties under two tillage systems. The experiment is conducted in Batu Mamak Village, Juhar Sub-District, Karo District period March-August 2019. The three factorial experiments are tillage systems (non-tillage and conventional), fertilization (soil test kid (STK), site-specific nutrient management (PuJS), and farmers practice (FFP), and variety (Bima 2, Bima 20, JH-27, Nasa-29, NK-22, P23). Each treatment is replicated four times using a randomized complete block design with a plot size is 25 m². The result showed that a non-tillage system with the PuJS increased grain yield by 1.1% and 21.3% compared to PuJS and FFP on the tillage system, respectively. The existing variety was still dominant compared to the newly introduced types supported by total dry matter, harvest index, and 100 grains. Bulk density was inversely related to all components was inversely associated with Ksat (infiltration). The application of organic fertilizers with a non-tillage system can increase Ksat and grain yield and provide benefits to farmers of IDR22,778,591 with a B/C ratio of 1.36.

The research aims to assess P. fluorescens TBT214 as biopriming to increase seeds quality. Research conducted in Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University. Research arranged in randomized block designs. The first factor is the level of seed vigor consisting of 2 levels: V1= low vigor seeds (60-65% germination rate), and V2= high vigor seeds (86-100% germination rate). The second factor is the seed bio-invigoration technique which consists of 6 levels: B0=without seed bio-invigoration (control), B1=KNO3 1%, B2= KNO3 1% + P. fluorescens TBT214, B3= P. fluorescens TBT214, B4= P. fluorescens TBT214 + red brick powder, B5= P. fluorescens TBT214 + husk charcoal powder. (B5). So that obtained 12 treatment combinations. The variables observed in this study were (1) The total number of pods, (2) The number of filled pods, (3) the weight of 1,000 grains (g), and (4) Grain production (ton ha-1). The results showed that biopriming treatment could improve seed quality in seeds with low vigor levels or seeds with high vigor. Increasing seed quality resulted in the high potential of pod production, the weight of 1,000 grain seed, and yield. It can conclude that the biopriming treatment can improve the quality of seeds, both seeds with low vigor and seeds with high vigor.

The main problem of mangosteen production is yellow latex in the rind and aril of the mangosteen fruit. The yellow latex occurs from the yellow latex channel's rupture and contaminates the arils or mangosteen rind. The rupture is thought due to the lack of calcium in the epithelial cell walls of the yellow latex ducts. The present study aimed to determine the effect of calcium in reducing yellow latex in the mangosteen fruit. The study was conducted in Luhur Jaya Village, Lebak Regency of Banten Province. The study used a randomized block design, consisting of 6 treatments and 5 replications with treatment P0=control, P1=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 2 kg/tree, P2=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 3 kg/tree, P3=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 4 kg/tree, P4=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 5 kg/tree, P5=dose of calcium/dolomite lime 6 kg/tree. The calcium was given when the mangosteen plant started to flower. From the results, the application of calcium using dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) reduced yellow latex contamination in mangosteen rind at doses of 5 kg/tree. All doses of calcium applied (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 kg/tree) reduced yellow latex contamination in arils. The application of calcium with dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) did not affect fruit weight and dotted on mangosteen.

Liming is the dominant technology to treat acidic soils, which is indicated by low soil pH. Improvement of soil pH can be made using dolomite application to overcome aluminum (Al) toxicity and release phosphate and potassium nutrients to become available for plants. This study aims to test the effectiveness of dolomite in improving soil pH, corn productivity, and dolomite dose. Field testing was done in Pasar VI Kwala Mencirim Village, Sei Bingai District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra from April to August 2020 using a non-factorial randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications: Dolomite 0 X (D0) 0 ton ha⁻¹, Dolomite 0.5 X (D1) 1 ton ha⁻¹, Dolomite 1.0 X (D2) 2 ton ha⁻¹, Dolomite 1.5 X (D3) 3 ton ha⁻¹, Dolomite 2.0 X (D4) 4 ton ha⁻¹, Dolomite 2.5 X (D5) 5 ton ha⁻¹, and Standard Dolomite (DS) 2 ton ha⁻¹. Dolomite treatment was given one week before planting by sowing evenly on the experimental plot. They showed that dolomite application to D1, D2, D3, and D4 could increase soil pH, resulting in higher plant height and corn production than D0 and DS. The optimum dose of dolomite is 2 ton ha⁻¹ on acid soils. Liming acid soil can increase soil pH from acid to neutral and increase corn production by 1.91 times compared to without dolomite application.

Increasing suboptimal soil productivity in agricultural land to increase food production needs to be encouraged. A proper land management design is necessary to overcome the various obstacles and problems faced to increase suboptimal soil productivity. The purpose of this research, which was conducted at ex rice field of suboptimal soil, was to improve suboptimal soil productivity for plantation peasants by developing soil management recommendations, mainly through a combination of inputs needed to optimize the growth and productivity of potato plants based on soil conditions. A combination of lime dosage and organic matter (Petroganic) dosage with basic fertilizer (urea, N-P-K, and dolomite) were applied by using a Randomized Completely Design (RCD) for 8 (eight) treatments with three replication. The results showed that P4, treatment with the highest lime dosage, and Petroganic produced the highest fresh groundnut pod. It can increase production as high as 89% as compared to control. All treatment combinations of lime and Petroganic increased fresh nut pod between 46% to 89% compared to control. The use of basic fertilizer only increases production by 32% as compared to control. To achieve higher fresh nut pod yield, watering or irrigation should be included in soil management.

This study aimed to determine the types of fungi that can provide information on microbes associated with the post-mining forest land area of PT. Vale Indonesia. This study used a descriptive method by recording and describing the phenomena obtained. Sampling in the field was done by taking 500 g of soil/point (with three replications). Soil samples were taken around the roots or rhizosphere areas with 10 - 30 cm depth in natural and reclamation forest areas. Isolation of microbial growth was conducted by using the dilution technique. The purification of the obtained isolates was carried out by inoculation in PDA media with the point method, then incubated for ± 5 days at 27°C, and their growth was observed. Characterization of microscopic fungi isolates was identified based on the characteristics of the morphological structures. Based on preliminary research results of fungi soil samples originating from reclamation and natural forest areas, 11 rhizosphere fungi isolates were obtained. The fungi colonies' color at the top and bottom had various colors and different textures. Greenish and whitish colors dominated the colony color, but some isolates had white, brown, cream, gray, yellowish, whitish, greenish colors, and some had spots. Colony texture was dominated by velvet, but some isolates had the texture of fine cotton and coarse cotton, presumably Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sp, Fusarium oxysporum, Pénicillium sp., Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma viride. This research will be continued to ascertain the type and function of each isolate.

The use of purple sweet potato in food processing is an effort to diversify food, one of which is ice cream processing. Ice cream is dominated by cornstarch (corn flour). The main ingredient for this ice cream is steamed sweet potato. The research method was an organoleptic test on aroma, taste, texture, and colour. The results showed that the acceptance of 26 panellists stated that the ice cream batata product was acceptable by evaluating the raw material by noting that the purple sweet potato colour remained consistent. The steaming process of purple sweet potato is carried out to maintain the high anthocyanin compounds in purple sweet potatoes.

A search for an alternative to cocoa butter (CB) has increased due to premium price, uncertainty in supply and variability in quality problems. The study to find cocoa butter equivalent (CBE) as an alternative to CB from available and high nutritional oils or fats was carried out using enzymatic interesterification method. The objective of this study was to characterize the CBE obtained from hard palm oil mid-fraction (PMF) and canola oil blend using immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. The experiment was performed at hard PMF concentration of 50%, lipase load of 7.2% (based on weight of substrate) and reaction time of 2 hours. The characteristics observed were fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, slip melting point (SMP) and solid fat content (SFC). CBE obtained exhibit higher percentage of linoleic acid (omega 6, 7.98%) and linolenic acid (omega 3, 2.47%) than CB (3.40% of linoleic acid) due to the addition of canola oil. TAG composition was 28.65% of palmitic-oleic-palmitic (POP), 19.52% of palmitic-oleic-stearic (POS), and 3.57% of stearic-oleic-stearic (SOS). SMP value of CBE (46.25°C) was higher than CB (32 – 35°C). The SFC value of CBE was different to CB. It was due to high amount of POP TAG, free fatty acid (FFA) or saturated saturated saturated (StStSt) TAGs in CBE produced and also lack amount of TAGs which has oleic acid at sn 2 position.

The study was conducted in October 2018 in the village of Kebloran, Kragan district, Rembang. The purpose of this study was to obtain information on the morphology and conservation methods of Mango Blungko. The research was directly forward evaluating the morphological characters of such mango from Rembang. In this study, the characterization of Mango Blungko was based on the description books of horticultural crops in 2017 published by the Directorate General of Horticulture. The results showed that Mango Blungko had a yellowish red flower, white petal (N 144 D), a red crown (58 B) and a red flower (59 A). It was also determined that Mango Blungko had an oblong of fruit shape, yellowish-red edible fruit (32 B), Sweet soury flavour and a pungent scent.

Today's agricultural business is faced with various obstacles, and cannot be measured to what extent its competitiveness, while the conception of agricultural development that has competitiveness has not been described more operationally and implementable, so that there is a gap between the ideal conception and the actual field. This study activity aims to analyze the competitiveness of Nutmeg spice farming in terms of domestic resource use in Ternate City. Nutmeg farming in Ternate City has a competitive and comparative advantage, this is indicated by PCR and DRCR values that are smaller than 1 (one). The results of PAM analysis on nutmeg farming have no input transfers because they do not use foreign inputs. The NPCI value for all is below one (<1). The value of NPCI is smaller than one, meaning that domestic prices are lower than world prices, so there can be said to be a subsidy policy from the government. Whereas for nutmeg farming. The transfer value of factors for nutmeg is positive, this indicates that there is an implicit tax or transfer from the nutmeg farmer to domestic factor, so farmers have to pay more than the price of the shadow (social).

Rainfall, land area, and subsidized fertilizer distribution system policies are predicted to affect the production of strategic crops in Lampung Province. This study aims to determine how much influence the rainfall, land area, and distribution system of subsidized fertilizers on the production of rice, corn and cassava in Lampung Province and determine the carrying capacity of climate, land and fertilizer distribution policies on the production of strategic food crops in Lampung. This study used a descriptive analysis method by taking data on rainfall, land area, subsidized fertilizer distribution system and time-series food crop production for 15 years (2002-2016). Data analysis used multiple linear regression with Eviews 9.0 software. Testing data using assumption tests (autocorrelation and multicollinearity), F test (overall), correlation coefficient (r), coefficient of determination (R). The results showed that each 1 mm/year increase in rainfall in Lampung Province from 2002-2016 would reduce rice production by 45.6 tons, corn by 87.97 tons and cassava by 733.6 tons. Meanwhile, every increase of 1 hectare of land in Lampung Province will increase rice production by 6.2 tons, corn 4.65 tons, and cassava 26.01 tons. In addition, the subsidized fertilizer distribution system variable which is also part of the production factor also plays a positive role in the production of rice, corn and cassava. The carrying capacity of rainfall, land area, and the distribution system of subsidized fertilizers on Lampung strategic food crop production are rice 96.1%, corn 86.9% and cassava 79.09%.

Andisol is a soil type which has very strong characteristic of binding phosphate nutrients, because bound by allophone clay minerals which can retain P up to 97.8%. Therefore, P in the soil not available for plants, while the total P in the soil is high. The availability of P for plants can be done by giving organic material and phosphate solubilising microbes. The aim of study is to determine the effect of using liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and phosphate solubilising bacteria (PSB) Bacillus sp on potato growth in andisol soil. The design used was a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatments are first factor the LOF concentration {0 (control), 40.80 and 120 ml L⁻¹ water} and the second factor the PSB Bacillus sp type {without bacteria (control), Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pseudomycoides and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens}. The results showed that the application of LOF with dose 40-120 ml L⁻¹ water could not increase the potatoes growth compared to control. Application of PSB can increase the height and diameter (1.00 - 6.35%) wet and dry weight (1.57 - 27.28%) of potatoes plants compared to control. The application of 40 ml L⁻¹ water LOF and PSB Bacillus amyloliquefaciens increased the number of potato tillers 41.36% from the control.

Southeast Sulawesi, which is located in the southeastern part of Sulawesi island, is one of the upland rice producers in Indonesia, although the cultivation in the area is still not optimal because the upland rice productivity is still considered low. Southeast Sulawesi has an extensive dry land area and local upland rice genotypes have good growth and yield potential. This study aimed to determine the differences in the growth of several local upland rice genotypes of Southeast Sulawesi which were cultivated in Kendari City. This paper is still focused on the vegetative growth of the genotypes tested. This research was carried out in Experiment Field 2, Faculty of Agriculture, Halu Oleo University, which is located in Kambu District, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi. The research was conducted using a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 10 genotypes, namely Wagamba (V1), Wangkariri (V2), Momea (V3), Waburi-buri (V4), Konkep (V5), Bakala (V6), Wakawondu (V7), Tinangge (V8), Loiyo putih (V9) and Bombana (V10). Each treatment was repeated 3 times in order to obtain 30 experimental units. The results showed that potential genotypes that can be developed in Kendari City were Wakawondu genotype based on parameters of the number of tillers, plant height, and number of leaves, Wagamba genotype based on leaf width parameter, and Wangkariri genotype based on the flowering age and number of tiller parameter. Based on the overall performances, especially on the number of tillers (one of the most important parameters), in general Wakawondu is the most recommended genotype for further development.