Table of contents

The period of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia has not yet fully passed, so various strategies are needed that can minimize fluctuations in household food needs. Continuous optimization of yard land can provide nutritional fulfillment solutions for people both plant and animal and an increase in the PPH score by 11.90-20.46 percent. The description of the government's strategy in agriculture through the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, that the system of cultivation of verticulture crops, hydroganic, aquaponics, hydroponics, tabulapot, and shelter houses is very easy for every household in Indonesia to do. People can use empty or derelict yard land integrated by suitable or cultivating livestock/fish to obtain family nutrition and economic resources. This review raises several models of household yard management that have been studied by previous researchers so that the community can imitate or apply directly in the yard.

This research was conducted from June to August 2020 with the research locations were the two main vegetable producer regencies in North Sumatra, namely Karo Regency and Simalungun Regency. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the vegetable farmer's income, to determine which factors most influenced vegetable farmer's income during the pandemic, and to recommend policies to reduce the impact of the pandemic on vegetable farmers in North Sumatra. Data were collected through interviews with 53 vegetable farmers in two districts whose locations were selected purposively while the respondent farmers were selected by judgment. The data in this study were analyzed using descriptive methods through a quantitative approach. The results show that as many as 92.9% of respondents stated that their income had decreased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Factors causing a decrease in farmers income were rising prices for fertilizers and pesticides (89,3%), worries about activities due to the pandemic (98,2%), limited transportation for marketing among provinces (23,2%), regional transportation restrictions (46,4%), and time restrictions on selling in the market (26,8%), several government policies towards farmers during a pandemic must be implemented immediately.

This study aims to determine the types of plants, parts and potential of medicinal plant sources in protected forest areas of Enrekang Regency. Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, surveys and literature studies, and grouped into primary and secondary. The results show that there were 12 types of medicinal plants in the protected forest, namely candlenut, breadfruit, cinnamon, balsam, patikala, siri, laruna, suren, guava, kapok, lime and coffee. Furthermore, the medicinal plant parts used include seeds, roots, stems, leaves, fruit, bark, sap and flowers. The community uses medicinal plants in 7 ways, specifically burning, mashing, frying, drying, boiling, kneading and processing. There were eight methods of how to use of medicinal plants by the community, namely applying, drinking, gargling, inhaling, placing them on the wound, eating directly and washing the eyes.

During the Covid-19 pandemic, many sectors were affected, including the world economic sector, which had fallen sharply, leading to several countries experiencing recession. some businesses closed due to government restrictions. However, this is different from the food industry, which is required to continue producing to meet food needs during the Covid-19 pandemic. This is not in line with the production system that is being implemented because there are several obstacles related to the supply of raw materials for production and ensuring that the health level of workers is maintained during a pandemic. This is a challenge for the food industry, because on the one hand they have to meet the needs of consumers while the production system is hampered because it can be caused by an unusual division of working hours. Therefore, a literature study was conducted regarding the state of the food industry production system during the Covid-19 pandemic and examined several policies that could be taken to ensure that the food production system continues as expected and supports food security.

Changes in teak harvesting techniques due to the Covid-19 outbreak was investigated at research locations in community teak forests. This research aims to identify the techniques that used in harvesting community teak forests. The techniques used in each harvesting process, including felling, skidding, and timber transportation processes were analyzed using qualitative descriptive analysis. The results showed that the technique used in the wood harvesting process was a semi-mechanical technique that combined the use of manual and mechanical equipment. Manual equipment is widely used in the felling and skidding process, while mechanical equipment is used in the felling and transportation processes. The felling is carried out to cut down the tree, which is then carried out by dividing the stems into parts that are suitable for skidding. Mechanical equipment in felling using chainsaws in the felling process and for the stems. Furthermore, in the branch cleaning process using manual equipment in the form of machetes. Felling is carried out by one operator by observing four basic steps in felling including determining the direction of felling, making the felling notch and the back cut. Furthermore, the pilgrimage process is carried out using manual equipment by means of a shoulder, using an ARTCO cart, horse, and dompeng. The method used in the skidding process at the research location is still manual with several considerations including; field conditions, such as unavailability of road access to the felling site and scattered locations, volume of timber to be skidded, and relatively low cost. In the final process of harvesting, the transport of skidded wood to the industry is carried out by mechanical engineering using a rented truck based on the number of trips with a maximum load volume of four m³ per trip.

Before the Covid-19 pandemic, the total number of reported sacrificial animal slaughter in East Java increased by 27.332% from 2018. The Covid-19 pandemic (2020) decreased by -4.986% compared to last year (2019). The cause was the economic contraction, the absence of the tradition of regular social gathering by Muslim students in every school. The tradition of sacrificial animal slaughter was not implemented in government or private agencies. Based on the 2020 percentage of decline, Kota Kediri's highest percentage reduction compared to 2019 amounted to -87.977%. While if it was based on the reduction amount, Jombang Regency became the highest drop as many -45.713% from 2019. Malang Regency was the total number of reported sacrificial animals slaughtering ever since the year 2018 to 2020. The most chosen by the Muslims in East Java for sacrificial animals was a goat.

This research discussed Oral Tradition Nandong (OTN) role through its performance of advice tradition in Simueluenese toward the agricultural sector. Further, it described how the performance supported food security during the lockdown period of the COVID-19 pandemic. The location of the research was on Simeulue Island. The data were collected by doing depth-interview and observation. The anthropolinguistic approach was used in this research. The research presented a model of food security in a rural area that deliberates both natural conditions and human effort. It showed that the role of OTN affected tenacity for surviving their food security as a concept. It was delivered through their daily activity and on some occasions. In those moments, the procedure in farming and cultivating are shared in a frame of advice. The obedience to obeying advice had affected Simeuluenese way of having access to sufficient food as their food security. This effort protected them from lack of food (especially the primary food) during lockdown situations caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. It can be concluded that OTN has an important role and should be accounted for in the agricultural sector for food security. Oral tradition as a medium to store and share knowledge and experiences built a cultural-based effort to maintain Simeuluenese agriculture for food security.

COVID-19 is a new disease that has become a pandemic. This disease should be watched out for because transmission is relatively fast, has a mortality rate that cannot be ignored, and there is no definitive therapy. After COVID 19, people will be more selective in the food they eat. The types of food chosen were those that have health benefits, especially as immunity boosters. The problem was what types of products can provide these benefits en masse, cheap, and easy to access. This review aims to explore the potential of the Moringa plant as a plant that can be a source of functional food as a post-COVID 19 immune booster. The method used was to review various journal references that discuss research results related to the use of Moringa plants and specifically those related to the anticipation of COVID 19. Based on the results of a review of various literature, it was found that the Moringa plant has various functional properties. These health functions include, among others, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anticancer, antihypertensive, antiasthmatic, antiurolithiasis, anthelmintic, anti-fertility, antihyperthyroid, and anti-Alzheimer. One of the roles of Moringa plants in dealing with COVID 19 was as an immune booster. This is important because one of the factors that cause the different severity of COVID 19 patients is immunity. People with good body immunity tend to be able to survive infection and attacks by the SARS-Cov-2. Some of the components of Moringa that play a role in this were kaempferol, pterygospermin, morphine, quercetin, and apigenin-7-O-rutinoside. Apigenin has the highest activity against SARS-Cov-2-MPro (the main protease of COVID 19). From the results of this review, it can be concluded that the Moringa plant has the potential as an immune booster against the SARS-Cov-2 (COVID 19).

The current pandemic situation has a major impact on the economic sector, especially household income. Housewives often contribute to the family economic system, one of the ways is by utilizing forest products. This research aims to describe the role of housewives on harvesting timber and pine resin products, and to determine the time spent and the contribution of income generated by these housewives. Data collection process was carried out directly using interview techniques to 27 selected samples by purposive sampling. Data from interview then processed and analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. The results showed that the role of housewives in harvesting wood forest products was used as raw material for charcoal production, with an average flow of work time of 43% and an income contribution by 42,5%. While in harvesting pine sap, housewives act as pine sap collectors with an average working time of 48% and an income contribution by 26%.

Through this research, we tried to examine the social and economic characteristics of harvesting non-timber forest products during the pandemic. On the other hand, this research tries to describe the socio-economic characteristics of Pinus merkusii sap tappers and the effects on their income in Cenrana Baru Village, Cenrana District, Maros Regency. Data collection process was carried out directly using interview techniques to 30 respondents who were selected by purposive sampling. Data from the interviews then processed and analyzed using descriptive analysis methods and quantitative analysis. The results of the research that have been conducted show that the socio-economic characteristics of tappers based on the results of the study are the average age of tappers is around 41-48 years which is included in the productive age, the level of education is still low with a percentage of 50% are elementary school graduates, the amount of the average family dependents included in the category of small family with the number of dependents 1-2 people, the main livelihood is as farmers, the tappers have an average 1-2 ha of tapping area, the number of tapped pine trees is at intervals of 20-32 trees with a percentage of 27%, the average age of pine is 40 years, the production of sap produced by tappers are average 176-367 kg per month with a percentage of 53% and the average income of tappers is IDR 2.523.661,27 per month where the income of tappers is still below minimum wage (City or Regency Minimum Wage/UMK) of Maros Regency 2019 that is IDR 3.100.000,00. The socio-economic characteristics are thought to have an effect on tappers' income are age, family dependence, type of work, land ownership, working hours, number of trees, age of pine and sap production. Pine sap production has a significant positive effect at the 99% confidence level and land area has a significant effect on total household income at the 95% confidence level.

This pandemic also affected the amount of costs incurred from the teak harvesting process. Based on previous research, we tried to compare the costs arising from teak harvesting during the pandemic. On the other hand, Cost analysis of community teak harvesting aims to analyse the costs incurred by the community at each harvesting process, starting at the felling, skidding, to transportation stages, both in self-managed systems and in wholesale systems. Data were collected through observation and interviews which were then analysed using quantitative descriptive analysis by calculating the costs for each harvesting process. Machine costs are obtained by adding up fixed costs and variable costs incurred, while operating costs are obtained by adding up machine costs with operator and helper wages. The results showed that the total cost for felling group I was IDR 53,837.17 per m³ with an average cutting ability of 0.72 m³ per hour. Meanwhile, the total cost for felling group II was IDR 40,361.69 per m³ with an average cutting capacity of 0.87 m³ per hour. Loggers' costs of harvesting forests during the pandemic do not differ significantly from the costs incurred by loggers before the COVID-19 pandemic.

Each body needs some foods to consume every day. But to produce food in all region face many factors as challenges. Challenges that farmers always face in the dryland region are limited water for supplying to crop, and the soil has low fertile and low input production into manage farming system. In addition, producing food crops on the COVID-19 Pandemic face new challenges like the availability of input production, distribution, and marketing of products. However, food production should be prepared to fulfil human needs. The research objectives are (1) to know farmers' activity on the food crop farming system. (2) to know the way farmer's availability input production, distribution, and marketing of product. And (3) to know the productivity of food crops on the COVID-19 Pandemic. This research used to survey and observation Method to the farming system that farmers do. This research shows that farmers always are doing their farming system of food crop despite happen climate change, especially have no rain for a long time and the COVID-19 Pandemic. For doing their farming intensively, farmers should get input production from distribution agents. And farmers' success in selling their product in the local market. However, products that should be sold on the other island or products for the industry market often face challenges, especially transportation.

Indonesia is the world's largest coconut producer, where smallholder plantations play a significant role. Income-generating from coconut farming currently very low because there is no by-products processing. The integrated coconut industry is a strategy to produce processed products with added value by utilizing all product components. However, implementing a rural-based integrated coconut industry faced several constraints. This paper aims to analyze the constraints of increasing coconut added value and identify the integrated coconut industry's business model, followed by a support system analysis. The constraints faced include raw material, processing, human resource capacity, and support system. These constraints are not only related to technical problems but also managerial aspects. Therefore, the required approach must be system-based, where the development of a business model with its supporting system is a strategic step to overcome. Three business model patterns can be built, distinguished by business model structure, role sharing, and risk management. The development of a business model requires an innovation system that allows the transfer of knowledge and technology. It focuses on capacity building, technology transfer, market access, and financial support. The system will involve small-medium enterprises, local government, research institutes, coconut associations, and financial institutions.

Rural women entrepreneurs play a significant role in economic, social, and sustainable agriculture development aspects, increase the added value of a product, create a thriving community system, and encourage a competitive agribusiness system. One of the agribusiness systems that is developing in Indonesia is palm cattle integration. However, women's entrepreneurial capabilities in palm cattle integration are still limited due to underlying issues and challenges. Using qualitative techniques, this paper aims to evaluate the women's entrepreneurship aspects in palm cattle integration and identify the potential strategies to strengthen women's entrepreneurship skills. The performance of women entrepreneurship is influenced not only by individual-specific factors but also by external factors driven by the organizational factors and the external environments. Organizational factors are related to the agribusiness system in palm cattle integration, including human resources, social capital, operational skills, managerial skills, and technology applications. The external environments include entrepreneurial culture, market opportunity, infrastructure, and government policy. Strategy to strengthen women's entrepreneurship can be considered through the assistance program and facilitation support. The results offer useful insights for policymakers and stakeholders to address women entrepreneurship issues in accelerating palm cattle integration implementation.

One of the plants that have high economic prospects is the avocado plant. In addition to its various benefits, from fruit to leaves, avocado also has a high economic value and has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. One of the avocados that have good prospects is the Kalibening avocado in Kalibening Hamlet, Kebondalem Village, Jambu District, Semarang Regency, Central Java. This study aims to determine the characteristics and income level of Kalibening avocado farmers which is carried out using two farming schemes, seedling nursery scheme and avocado fruit farming scheme. The results of the study can be used for the development of avocado plants in other areas in Indonesia to meet market demand for avocados. This study uses a survey method, namely taking samples or respondents from a population using a questionnaire as a data collection tool. Observations of plant characters and the results of Kalibening Avocado descriptions were analyzed qualitatively and tabulated according to predetermined parameters, then presented in tabular form. The results of the study show that one of Kalibening avocado characters is its capability to grow and develop very well in various topographies, either in the highlands or in the lowlands. Furthermore, the results of farming analysis show that the sales of seeds and fruit are profitable so that they are feasible to be developed in various regions in Indonesia.

Cooperatives are a product of the government's efforts to improve the national economy. The agricultural sector is the backbone of the national economy, so if the cooperative in the agricultural sector functions properly, it will greatly assist in improving the national economy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of the Benteng Alla Farmers' Cooperative in marketing Arabica coffee, and to analyze the development strategy of the Benteng Alla Farmers' cooperative in Marketing Arabica Coffee. The analysis technique used is the SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the Benteng Alla farmer s' cooperative is not only used as a forum for members to gather but a place where they can gain experience and knowledge about the activities carried out by the cooperative, and with the cooperative it will also build farmers and rural communities who have quality human resources excellence which includes increasing expertise and skills (business and organization), knowledge, and developing the entrepreneurial spirit of the farmers themselves.

Seedling-system transformation has been gradually shifted the seed authority management from farmer and breeder to multinational companies. This circumstance should be balanced with farmer capability in producing seeds independently to prevent capitalization. Thus, the Ministry of Agriculture has declared the seed self-reliance villages as a community-based program to face those challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of institutional strengthening through the seed self-reliance villages program to improve food security and increase farmer welfare. This research was conducted based on the survey method and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) at five districts (Kendal, Boyolali, Tegal, Klaten, and Sragen) in Central Java. A survey through informal interview involved 30 representative participants from farmer groups of each district, while the FGD was performed through in-depth discussion with 22 participants, including farmers, extension or agricultural officers, and other related stakeholders. The result showed that global agreement obstructs the community-based seedling system, particularly in breeding and certification. A community-based rice seedling institution threatened to quit due to asymmetric interaction between the actors. Moreover, this seedling institution should be strengthened in the technological aspect and property right management. In the end, the government's role as a facilitator is critical in this community-based seedling institution, especially in capital aspects.

Red chilli pepper is one of commodities which the price is fluctuate. The study was aimed to determine the performance of farmer institutional and to analyse the economic feasibility of red chilli pepper farming. A purposive sampling method was applied in this study. The study was conducted within August to December 2017, in Kepung District, Kediri Regency, East Java Province. Either the primary and secondary data were collected. As much as 25 respondents have been chosen randomly to obtain farmer institutional information in the study area. The economic feasibility was analysed based on Revenue-Cost Ratio (RCR). The results showed that the red chilli pepper farming in Kepung District was economically feasible as the R/C ratio value was 1.77. The skilled human resources, one aspects of farmer institutional, play important role to support the success of red chilli pepper farming. In conclusion, the red chilli pepper farming in Kepung District is greatly contributed to farmer's income.

The measurement of company performance usually uses the analysis of Return on Investment (Rol), Return in Earning (RoE), Business Rentability (Ru) and Economic Rentability (Re) to assess the level of profit against capital, which means the extent to which business activities have a positive impact on capital owners, but it has not yet described the impact on human resources. The solution offered is the measurement of the company's performance using Value Added Rentabilty (Rnt), so that the impact on the welfare of business actors can be known. Data was collected from all tofu agro-industry business units in North Lombok Regency. Data collection is done by using a survey method based on a list of questions. The survey was conducted 2 (two) times before and after the earthquake, namely in June 2018 and June 2019 for 24 respondents of business owners. The results showed that Value Added Rentabilty (Rnt) before earthquake in 2018 was 216.82% and post-earthquake in 2019 was 316.81%, meaning that the income obtained by capital owners from profits and labor wages was greater after the earthquake than before the earthquake for one IDR use of capital.

The potential of small medium entreprises (SMEs) of agricultural product in Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan is enormous. One of the opportunities to support the marketing of SMEs products is through reactivation of the Agribusiness Sub-Terminal (AST) institutional which has been built for a long time but its activities have not been optimal. This paper aims to analyze the institutional function of AST in supporting the empowerment of SMEs agricultural products, especially in expanding product marketing, so that it becomes a brand image for local products in specific areas of Pulang Pisau and Central Kalimantan. The research was conducted in 2015 in Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province. The location and the respondents were determined purposively. The data collection method was carried out by structured and unstructured interviews, direct discussions and Forum Group Discussion (FGD) with various stakeholders. The data were analysed descriptively. The results of the analysis showed that the ATS concept is very strategic to be used as a centralized facility, as an entrance and center for product information, marketing media of SMEs products and mapping of SMEs activity clusters. The synergy of the roles and policies of local governments as well as the active role of stakeholders is required to encourage the existence of AST, so agricultural products become better known, have a wider consumer market, absorb agricultural production, and robust the local economy.

The work environment and culture play an important role in increasing the work capacity of employees, the more conducive the work environment and work culture of an organization is, the more employee work capacity will be. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between work environment and work capacity of employees, and to analyze the relationship between work culture and work capacity of employees of the palm oil processing division of PT. PN XIV PKS Luwu. The analysis technique used is the Spearman Rank correlation test with the help of the SPSS application. The results of this study indicate that the work environment and work culture have a very weak correlation with work capacity, but the relationship between each variable and work capacity has a positive value.

The degreening technology using etilen to improve the colour of "Selayar" orange peel is impracticable to apply because this exists the gases form, so it can be substituted with working use Ethephon. Ethephon is more practical to use because this is a liquid. However, its use requirement prioritizes the principle of caution because it leaves residual. This study aimed to analyze the colour changes of the orange peel and Ethephon residues in degreening applications. This study used a completely randomized design with three concentration treatments, namely 0 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm, with four repetitions. This research showed that the Ethephon in concentration 500 ppm was not significantly different from the 1000 ppm ethaphon treatment on fruit peels colour based on L *, a *, b *, colour index (CCI), and hue (h). Both concentrations exist to develop the orange peel colour, while the control fruits (0 ppm) are solely green on the 7th day of observation and greenish-yellow on the 14th day. Ethephon residue on orange fruit peels for 1000 ppm treatment approximately 0.30 ppm while at the group of 500 ppm ended 0.03 ppm. Degreening with ethaphon concentrations of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm has the identical ability to improve the peel colour of "Selayar" orange. The ethaphon residue in both concentrations (500 and 1000 ppm) is more moderate than the maximum admitted by the Indonesian government and Codex, namely 0.05 ppm.

This study is conducted to evaluate the satisfaction index of traditional pigmented rice plant attributes from farmer perspectives. Farmer respondents are selected from two regions of traditional pigmented rice producers in South Sulawesi: the lowland of Jeneponto and the upland of Toraja. Face to face data collection using questionnaires are used as a research instrument. Respondents were required to rate the importance and satisfaction of plant attributes based on five-point Likert scales. The answers are analysed using Customer Satisfaction Index formula. Result showed that the satisfaction index in the lowland of Jeneponto is higher than in upland of Toraja, as much as 67.16 and 56 respectively. Similar agreement from both lowland and upland farmers was found in lower yield performance of traditional pigmented rice than expected. As the end-user of released varieties, farmers' perspective on importance and satisfaction level on plant attributes is essential for guidance in breeding and varietal improvement.

The high organic matter content allows soil microbial activity to recycle organic matter, which is essential for life, such as the nitrogen cycle. The process of biological nitrogen fixation by microorganisms is crucial for nitrogen entry into the nitrogen cycle. This study aims to isolate and characterize nitrogen-fixing bacteria in paddy soil using organic fertilization applications. This study was conducted in Salassae Village, Bulukumba, South Sulawesi, Laboratory of Microbiology, Soil Science Department, Hasanuddi University. This research method is a descriptive study using morphological Characterization, biochemical tests, and molecular identification. This study succeeded in isolating ten nitrogen-fixing bacterial isolates from wetland soil samples using organic fertilizers. Morphological characterization results showed quite different results in terms of color, size, shape, and level. The highest nitrogen-fixing ability test was obtained in isolates. L1.P, where the highest nitrogen fixation ability was 0.26%. Biochemical Characterization using VITEK®. 02 shows that almost all biochemical tests show a positive reaction. The identification of Nitrogen-fixing bacteria species using 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that L1.P was identified with 99% similarity to Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtillis str. 168.

The needs of plant potassium can be done by adding banana stem liquid organic fertilizer and coconut husk liquid organic fertilizer containing many K elements. This study aims to determine the increase in nutrient potassium and its effect on the growth of corn of Alfisols. The research design was a split-plot design consisting of the main plot as banana stem liquid organic fertilizer (P1) and coconut husk liquid organic fertilizer (P2). The sub-plots were d0 (0 ml), d2 (75 ml), d1 (50 ml), d3 (100 ml) obtained eight treatment combinations and repeated three times. Liquid organic fertilizer from banana stems and coconut husk can increase the availability of K in the soil. Coconut husk liquid organic fertilizer with 100 ml dose significantly affects the increase in pH, C-organic, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), availability of sodium, and exchangeable calcium. Also, it shows the highest average in increasing plant height and plant dry weight. The application of coconut husk liquid organic fertilizer significantly affects K content in plants and plant height. However, it has no effect on the dose given.

The present study is aimed to compare the agro-morphological traits of 15 pigmented rice landraces and two modern rice varieties grown in the same environment. The selected rice were cultivated in a greenhouse of Massey University, New Zealand using a randomised complete block design with five replications. Data collection included agro-morphological observation and measurement. Quantitative data were analysed with analysis of variance, followed with Tukey HSD. Result showed considerable variability in seedling vigour, lodging, plant height, panicle exsertion, panicle thresh ability, spikelet fertility, and maturity among the studied pigmented rice landraces. Panicle exsertion and spikelet fertility indicate plant cope toward environmental change, which was performed better by many landraces than modern varieties. Variability in morphological characteristics was also recorded among tested varieties. Utilisation of the trait diversity can be useful for future breeding programs, which can lead to this crops' improvement, including pest and disease resistance and grain quality research.

The termite's life cycle is affected by weather conditions, including temperature. To keep its activities safe from any direct light, termites design tunnels to hide. This research aims to analyze the temperature subterranean termite tunnel Coptotermes curvignathus inside and outside the room. Tunnel temperature measurement was carried out by thermocouple tool. The research was conducted at Forest Products Research and Development Center, Gunung Batu, Bogor. The results showed that the temperature in the tunnel's indoor ranged between 25.8 - 34.1 °C while temperatures in the tunnel's outdoor ranged between 25.0 - 32.7 °C. The tunnel's indoor temperature was 0.8 °C to 1.4 °C warmer than the tunnel's outdoor temperature, while the surrounding's indoor temperature was 0.2 °C warmer than the surrounding's outdoor temperature.

The livestock sector is a significant contribution to Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) emissions, especially methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N₂O. Each livestock species has a specific characteristic of emission. This research aims to determine the contribution of the livestock sector to GHG emissions in 2019 in East Kalimantan and to predict GHG from this sector over the next ten years. This research estimates the amount of GHG emitted by the livestock sector using formulas and constant values from the IPCC method Tier-1 2019 Refinement. The GHG emission is calculated for each gas based on the population of each species obtained from the East Kalimantan Statistical Center. The projection of GHG is calculated based on the population growth for each livestock species. The result shows the highest emission is contributed by Kutai Kartanegara Regency, 24 % and Beef Cattle 155.14 Gg CO₂e or 79%. The projection shows GHG emissions increasing to 340,4 Gg CO₂-e in 2030, assuming no significant mitigation effort was conducted.

Fruit bats have important roles in the ecosystem serving not only as pollinator agents for various high economic values plants but also acting as seed disperser for many plants in the forests. Ecosystem services provided by the bats are still overlooked while the animals also experienced intensive hunting. Lack of knowledge on the importance of the fruit bats in the ecological chain combined with poor public perception of the animals have contributed to the decline of the bats. This research is aimed to examine knowledge, experiences, perceptions, and awareness of community on fruit bats and analyze the relationship of the four aspects towards the conservation behavior of community towards fruit bats in three different regencies of South Sulawesi (Maros, Sinjai and Soppeng). In-depth interviews using questionnaires to community living nearby the roosting habitats of fruit bats were carried out to collect data on knowledge, experience, perception, awareness and conservation behavior. Correlation analysis of Spearman rank was employed to determine the relationships between variables measured with the conservation behavior of community towards fruit bats. The results showed that on total of 90 respondents interviewed in the three regencies, there were differences on the level of knowledge, experience, perception, awareness, and behavior. It was found that Maros had the highest percentage related with conservation behaviour (78%) followed by Soppeng (76%) while Sinjai had the lowest (64%). Meanwhile, the analysis between all variables towards the conservation behavior had also shown that there were differences between variables tested on conservation behavior occurred in the three regencies. In Maros, better knowledge had positive influenced towards conservation behavior while in Sinjai low level of awareness had driven the behavior. In contrary, for Soppeng none of variables can be found influencing the variables tested and this can be due to the existence of local regulation and cultural norms which were enacted by the local government of Soppeng Regency on fruit bat's protection.

In general, soil is inhabited by various microorganism, including fungi, which greatly influence the plant growth. Fungi producing enzymes are very helpful in term of decomposition process. The composting process requires an activator in organic matter decompotion. To determine wheater fungi produce enzymes, it is necessary to evaluate the activity of the enzyme substrates in the fungi particularly producing cellulose, amylase, chitinase and pectinase enzymes. To assess enzyme production, those isolates were inoculated onto Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) media added with Triphenylmethane dyes, as well as cellulose, starch, chitin and pectin substrates. The results of this study revealed that the genus Rhizopus and Fusarium were the most effective fungi producing cellulase, amylase, chitinase, and pectinase. This study is the first report on the fungal activities degrading organic matter isolated from S. mahagony.

Sago palm (Metroxylon sago), a tropical plant which mostly grows naturally and distributed in Eastern Part of Indonesia (including Wallacea Zone). However, currently the existing of sago palm is facing threats for food security in the future due to land conversion and life cycle of sago palm is a long term periode (10 – 15 years). The objective of this research were to: 1) Analyses of population structure of sago palm; 2) Regeneration potency of sago palm; and 3) describe habitat characteristic of sago palm. The research was conducted in April to August 2017 at Wewangriu Village Malili District. The circle plots (each 314 m²) were purpossively established in a lowland sago palm area based on growth phase of sago palm. The pole and tree diameter were measured at breast height (1.30 m) above the trunk, but sapling and seedling were only counted the number of individals. Moreover, environmental factors were measured directly at every center of plot. The result of research showed that population of sago palm in natural habitat was dominated by sapling with 226 individuals, then followed by seedling was 177 individuals. The regeneration potency of sago palm was categorized Fair based on relatif density and relatif frequency. Related to habitat characteristic or microclimate conditions, the temperature was hot and dry with ranged form 28.7°C to 29.5°C. Hydorology parameters such as water pH was about 6.0 to 7.9. Especially soil propeties was dominated by silty clay and clay with slightly acid condition (soil pH 6.2 and 6.3). Maintaining the existence of sago palm, it is necessary to protect and preserve it in the natural habitat.

One of the impacts of climate change is drought. Drought is a hydrological problem that affects survival on earth significantly. This study aims to identify drought through the approach of one of the indices related to water, namely Normalized Difference Latent Heat (NDLI). NDLI values were obtained through a multispectral Landsat 8 OLI calculation process, namely band 3 (green), band 4 (red), and band 6 (SWIR). Each band interprets variables related to heat and water content. The coverage area of research is in the south coast of South Sulawesi Province which includes Makassar City, Gowa Regency, Takalar Regency, Jeneponto Regency, Bantaeng Regency, and Bulukumba Regency. The regency on the south coast of South Sulawesi Province is the region with the highest level of human activity starting from agricultural activities, ponds, industry and many other activities. NDLI values range from +1 to -1, where positive values indicate areas with good water content with latent heat and poor water content. In the south coast of South Sulawesi Province, NDLI values ranged from 0.05 to -0.71. Based Drought classification level, the level of drought on the south coast of South Sulawesi Province is near normal, moderately dry, and severely dry.

South Sulawesi has been affected in recent years by natural disasters. One of the areas affected by the flood disaster is the Jeneponto District, which is included in the Kelara Watershed ecosystem's boundary. Extreme weather conditions cause flood disasters, and land use in the upper reaches of the Kelara watershed do not match its designation, which causes an increase in the rate of erosion. Climate change analysis with projected precipitation from the CSIRO General Circulation Model Mk3.5. The estimated land cover change uses a combination of the Geographic Information System, remote sensing, and Markov Chain Cellular Automata method with Landsat images. Prediction of erosion rates using the Universal Soil Loss Equation method. The annual rainfall of 2026 has decreased due to a significant decrease in rainfall during the dry season. In 2006-2016, changes in land use were not significant. In the land-use projection for 2026, there will be significant changes in land use. The use of paddy fields has increased over a wider area, while other land uses continue to follow the previous trend of reducing the surface. The prediction of future erosion will only increase by one ton/ha/year. Intense erosion classes will experience a reduction in the area of about 200 hectares in 2026. Based on this, the land is not a problem in the future, but an issue that must be prepared for its management is a drought when considering climate change conditions.

The impact of forest degradation due to open-pit mining activities causes sustainable ecological damage. Mining activities that are not organized due to the mineral exploration process have resulted in many forest areas experiencing degradation. This degradation certainly reduces the level of carbon sequestration in the area, impacting the sustainability of environmental functions around the mining area. The high carbon stock (HCS) approach is a way to help companies implement their 'no deforestation' commitments. The high carbon stock approach will identify forests that must be protected and land that can be developed. Forests with high carbon stocks are maintained because they function as carbon stores, habitats for biodiversity, and provide the necessities of life for local communities. Therefore, this study aims to obtain data on the potential for carbon stocks and create a spatial model for distributing carbon content in the concession area of PT. Vale Indonesia can later be determined as high conservation value (HCV) areas using the high carbon stock approach. Measurement of carbon content in the study used an allometric equation that has been developed, then the distribution of carbon was made using the spatial vegetation index model obtained from Sentinel 2 imagery. The results showed an area of 30,526.49 (42.97%), which had high carbon stock with an average carbon stock of 106.09 ton/ha, which needed to be maintained as an area of high conservation value in the mining area of PT. Vale Indonesia.

The increase in population on earth is increasing, stimulating the need for energy to grow. The Indonesian Government is looking for alternative renewable energies such as Biofuels. Various types of biofuel plants have been developed, such as Nyamplung and Kemiri Sunan. These biofuel crops can also be used for land rehabilitation and reduced carbon emissions in the Kelara watershed, which have been in critical condition. On this basis, a study on the mapping of energy needs and potential for the Development of biofuel plants in the Kelara watershed. This study makes extensive use of the analysis of geographic information systems. The analysis begins with the zoning of the watershed morphology (upstream, middle, and downstream). Watershed morphology zoning in a watershed for energy demand data collection using the energy list recording method. This method represents energy use data, including the type and volume of energy use, the affordability of energy sources, the availability of energy stocks, and people's purchasing power for energy. Also, spatial analysis of land suitability for Nyamplung and Kemiri Sunan plants as a function of biophysical conditions and critical lands for biofuel energy development. Biophysical conditions include elevation, slope, annual precipitation, dry months, soil pH, and soil texture. Most Kelara watershed people work as farmers, with the most significant number of dependents of 3-5 persons/heads of households around 73.68%. The average energy needs of the community are around 396,437 kcal/day for LPG and firewood. The potential for biofuel development for the Nyamplung type is 10,130 hectares, with an area of 5,477 hectares in critical lands. The potential for the Development of Kemiri Sunan biofuels 17,370 ha with an area of 3,479 ha. The future Development of biofuel energy is a concept of sustainable Development. Economically, biofuel crops serve as sources of income for the community and ecologically improve soil conditions, carbon storage sources, and function hydrology.

Sulawesi fruit bat (Acerodon celebensis) is an endemic fruit bat species of Sulawesi Island. Fruit bats have many important roles in the ecosystem where they act as seed dispersing agents, natural pollinating agents of flowering plants, and assist in forest regeneration. The purpose of this research is to determine their potential roosting tree species and their regeneration for A. celebensis in Jenetaesa, Maros Regency. This research was conducted for 3 months (May-July) in 2018 by initially identifying roosting tree species on the roosting site followed by surveying potential roost trees in 11.5 ha with the employment of 230 subplots. The results showed that in the area observed, the Sulawesi fruit bat has utilized 142 individuals of 21 tree species as roosting tree. Of 230 plots, there were a total of 234 individuals of 56 tree species found. However, based on species recorded to be used by the bats, only 56 individuals of 9 tree species and 11 bamboo clumps were found as potential roosting trees. Regeneration of A. celebensis roosting trees in an area of 11.5 ha was classified as low with only 7 species found and 32 individuals in average on each of growing stages.

Government plays important role in adapting, planning, and implementing to work and Program succeeded with the right target depend on central government, regional government, and national institutions, also international institution involvement. The research aims to analyze Makassar regional government to adapt to climate-changing by seeing programs include adaptation, funding pattern, and knowledge of regional government about climate changing and global warming issues. Research implementing in Makassar in August-October and continued by doing a comparative study in Semarang to complete the data. Sampling uses non-probability sampling with a purposive sampling approach. Data analysis using descriptive, qualitative, and comparative. The result has shown Makassar regional Government has been responding to climate changing. This is shown by policy and adaptation strategy in document RAD-API. But, the government has a barrier in coordinating and funding their implementation. This makes the adaptation could not work effectively. Further, the lack of government knowledge about climate changing and global warming issues also contributes to preventing integration of policy process to regional development planning.

Limestone mining leaves the ex-mine land with poor soil chemical quality. Humic substances can be used as fertilizer to increase macronutrient availability in the soil and improve pH. The application of coal ash can improve the soil's chemical, physical, and biological properties because it has a pH value, high organic C content, available P, and basic cations such as K, Na, Ca, and Mg. This research aims to determine the effect and interaction of humic substances and bottom ash interaction with different doses to improve soil quality after a limestone quarry. This research uses a randomized block design in a factorial pattern. This experiment consisted of humic substances (H) with 4 levels H0, H1 (0.09%), H2 (0.12%), and H3 (0.15%), and bottom ash (B) with three levels: B0, B1 (400 grams), B2 (600 grams). Humic substances at H2 concentration (0.15%) significantly increased C-organic, K, P-available, Mg-dd, and increased plant height. In contrast, bottom ash treatment at a B2 (600 grams) dose significantly affected the increase in C-organic, P-available, and Mg-dd. The treatment of humic substances with concentrations of H3 (0.15%) and bottom ash at a dose of 600 grams is the best interaction characterized by an increase in soil pH, CEC, Ca-dd, K, and Na. The application of a concentration of H3 (0.15%) and the provision of a dose of B2 (600 grams) or 120 tons/ha significantly affect the chemical properties of post-mining soils limestone and increase plant height.

This research aimed to obtain fungi isolates from the laboratory collection Mycology Department of Plant Pests and Diseases Hasanuddin University which has the potential to produce hormones Indole Acetic Acid (IAA). The isolate used is the result of isolation from Takalar sugar factory waste. Measurement The fungi isolate was inoculated in the media of Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) enriched L-Tryptophan and then added the Salkowski Reagent. The results showed a change in pink color showed the fungi can produce the IAA hormone. High and low content of IAA produced by fungi isolates was shown with pink color. The pinker the suspense color, the higher the IAA content. IAA concentration produced by the isolates was measured using a spectrophotometer with a wavelength of 520 nm. The IAA value is calculated by comparing it with the absorbance value of the standard curve. The results showed that the isolate D4 code produced the highest IAA hormone concentration of 10.17 ppm.

Cocoa as one of the most developed plantation commodities in Indonesia has a strategic position in efforts to increase carbon absorption to reduce the rate of global warming. As a woody plant, cocoa can absorb CO2 from the air and store it in the form of carbon (C) in its body (biomass). The absorption process of CO2 also affects the rate of photosynthesis in plants as the main ingredient in the breakdown of carbon in the plant body, especially cocoa. This research was conducted in Gantarangkeke District, Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling was carried out by purposive sampling method on the basis of consideration of the type, density and cropping system applied. The estimation of biomass used a non-destructive method by measuring the diameter at breast height (DBH 1.3 m) and the height of the cocoa. Carbon storage in cocoa is differentiated by several plant ages, namely 5 years and 10 years. The results showed that the carbon stock in Bantaeng Regency was 27.05 tons/Ha.

Agriculture waste and pathogen cell wall of plant contain a lot of cellulose which are very difficult to degrade. One of the ways to hydrolyse them is through utilizing cellulase, an enzyme produced from secondary metabolite of cellulolytic fungi. This research was aimed at isolating fungi from rhizosphere of safira taro plant and testing the isolate capability to produce cellulase enzyme to be able to act as decomposer and biocontrol of the plant. The research methods are isolating rhizosphere fungi, testing isolate capability in producing cellulase enzyme and identifying potential isolate producing cellulolytic fungi. It obtained 10 fungi isolates, 4 were negative and 6 positive in producing cellulase enzyme with cellulolytic index 1.16 – 1.66. The highest index was RTB14 isolate which belongs to Aspergillus flavus.

Saddang Watershed is one of the watersheds in South Sulawesi, which supplies water for agricultural land. However, the current challenge is climate change and land-use change that affect the sustainability of agricultural land. As a response, land analysis in the Saddang watershed needed starting with climate change analysis with rainfall projected in 2040, continued by land-use change analysis, land condition based on erosion rates, and sustainable agricultural land analysis directions. Rainfall projection using CSIRO general circulation model (GCM) CSIRO Mk3-6-0 climate model. Landuse change analysis using remote sensing methods with Landsat Imagery in 2000 and 2020. Landuse calculated as land condition based on erosion rate with USLE (Universal Soil Loss Equation) methods. Land conditions are a necessary consideration to formulate directions for sustainable agricultural land. The results of the rainfall projection in 2040 showed an increase in rainfall. It has an impact on land conditions. The rainfall increase occurs during the rainy season (October to January), while the rainfall decrease occurs during the dry season (July to September). Climate change was changed farmers' cropping patterns, which usually started in October. As a response, it is necessary to increase the farmers' adaptation by selecting plant types and mitigation activities by making reservoirs a source of water and preparing to enter the dry season. Land-use change showed a significant increase in agricultural lands, such as rice fields, agricultural and plantation land. The increase of agricultural land was converted from dry land to mixed agricultural brushwood. Most of the land conditions from dry land agricultural and dryland agricultural mixed brushwood have a high erosion level. High erosion level caused by slope conditions (rather steep, steep and very steep) and high rainfall also affects. Preserving agricultural land can be carried out through vegetative techniques. Vegetative techniques are helpful in reduced erosion levels because they didn't require a large amount of money. Vegetative techniques applied in the Saddang watershed are agroforestry, alley cropping, and strip planting along the contour.

One of the conifer species that can thrive in Indonesia is Pinus merkusii. This pine is an endemic species on the island of Sumatra, particularly in Aceh, Tapanuli, and Kerinci. In addition, there were other exotic species (Pinus sp.) growing on the island of Sulawesi. However, it has never been reported before. Therefore, this study aims to examine and describe the soil characteristics under Rombeng Pine (Pinus sp.) stand in Bantaeng Regency in terms of information on the soil nutrients under the Pinus sp. stand. The used method included sampling soil and collecting tree tissues. The results showed that the characteristics of soil properties varied. Both physical and chemical soil characteristics varied, particularly in soil texture class, organic matter content, C%, N%, C/N ratio, P₂O₅, and Mg.

This study aimed to determine the amount of carbon storage of various mangrove zonation formed on Marsegu Island, West Seram, Maluku. Marsegu Island is a Raised Coral Island which has 46.75% mangrove vegetation (112.29 ha) with the area of each zonation is 32.12 ha (proximal zone), 39.00 ha (middle zone) and 41.17 ha (distal zone). The calculation of stored carbon stocks of various mangrove zonation in Marsegu island used SNI guidelines (Indonesian National Standard) 7724:2011. Field measurements for estimation of forest carbon stocks (ground-based forest carbon accounting). The estimations of above-ground carbon stored in the proximal zone, middle zone and distal zone are as follows: 52.11 t/ha, 70.50 t/ha and 140.13 t/ha. Meanwhile, the below-ground (root) carbon storage is 10.62 t/ha, 13.48 t/ha and 24.36 t/ha. The potential amount of carbon of above and below ground plus dead trees and dead-wood (necromass), with estimation soil carbon storage up to 20 cm depth, are 234.07 t/ha for the proximal zone, 317.47 t/ha for middle zone and 406.58 t/ha for the distal zone. The estimated total carbon stock in Mangrove Forest of Marsegu Island is 36,637.02 tonnes.

The demand for the wood as basic human need is increasing in line with the population growth worldwide. Meranti (Shorea spp.) is a species of commercial tree that has been traded since the start of forest exploitation. This plant easily grows in various habitats, including tropics areas, such as secondary tropical rain forest located in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine and reviewing the diversity of Shorea spp in secondary forest in Mempawah District, West Kalimantan. The observation was carried out by a survey method using a combination of path and line square methods. The paths were put with a purposive sampling method in many areas of that secondary forest that have Shorea spp in each site of observation. Following to the result, there were four species of meranti (Shorea spp), including Shorea platyclados (Meranti Batu), Shorea leprosula (Meranti Bunga), Shorea pinanga (Meranti Merah), Shorea bracteolatadyer (Meranti Putih) in each growth stage from seedling, stake, pole, and tree, but not dominate in the secondary forest of Mempawah District. The observation found that those Shorea spp there had the Dominance Index in seedling, stake, pole, and tree stages was less than 0.5, the Species Diversity Index was overflowing (H 1 ≤ H ≤ 3), while the Species Abundance was less than 1.

The lack of nutrient availability, organic matter, infiltration capacity, water holding capacity, and the increasing soil density are characteristics of a landslide-impacted area. Potential soil microbes such as indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi (AMF) should be used to rehabilitate the area. Therefore, diversity of AMF and its association with plant roots that colonize the land should be determined. The research location was in a landslide-impacted area of Mount Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Soil and plant root samples were collected from 2 types areas, namely (1) upstream (Lengkese village) and (2) downstream (Spoilbank of Bili-Bili dam). The results found 15 morphotypes of AMF spores including genus Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Scutellospora and Glomus. The spore density of AMF was low, i.e 837 and 1,495 in upstream and downstream areas respectively. Most of the pioneer plants that invaded the area were associated with AMF, indicated by 19.44 – 95.48% colonization level. The low density of spores proves that the impact of landslides has resulted in decreased soil biological properties. Meanwhile, the AMF colonization in pioneer roots indicated the association of mycorrhizal fungi is needed to help plant survival and improve the soil properties. Furthermore, landslide-impacted areas can be restored and used as agriculture areas.

Yogurt is a functional food that is in demand by the public. The high sucrose content in yogurt can cause health problems, especially for people with diabetes mellitus. Making goat milk yogurt using stevia as a sweetener is one solution. The purpose of this study was to know the organoleptic, chemical, and microbiological characteristics of goat milk yogurt fermented using Lactobacillus plantarum T14 and T35, which added with stevia sweetener. This research was conducted using a Factorial Completely Randomized Design. The first factor was the strain of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), namely Lactobacillus plantarum T14 and Lactobacillus plantarum T35. The second factor was the concentration of stevia, namely 0%; 0.25%; and 0.5%. The yogurt processing was carried out by adding goat milk with 10% skim milk and 1% (v/v) LAB inoculum, then incubated at 37 °C for 16 hours. We found that goat milk yogurt with a Lactobacillus plantarum T14 and a stevia concentration of 0.25% was the most preferred. The your contents of protein, water, fat, titrated acid, and ash content were 6.48-6.57%; 78.11-80.45%; 5.03-5.16%; 0.56-0.61%;and 1.50-1.55%, respectively. The log increase of Lactobacillus plantarum T14 and T35 about 1.48-1.54 and 0.17-0.45, respectively.

The addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) improved the fermentation performance of cocoa bean. Uncontrolled fermentation causes the mycotoxin contamination in cocoa which is produced by fungi. Lactic Acid Bacteria that have been shown to inhibit fungi are from the species Lactobacillus plantarum and fermentum. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the ability of Lactobacillus plantarum and fermentum to increase the quality and inhibit mold growth of cocoa beans. This research was carried out using Completely Randomized Design. We examined one variable, namely the use of dry starter culture (with Lactobacillus plantarum, with Lactobacillus fermentum, with mixed culture of Lactobacillus plantarum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Acetobacter aceti, and without starter culture). We found that the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum in combination with Saccharomycess cerevisiae and Acetobacter aceti could provide suitable temperature and pH conditions for a good fermentation process of cocoa beans and suppress the growth of fungus. Fermented cocoa beans produced by those starter cultures could meet the quality requirements of Indonesian National Standard 2323:2008/Amd1:2010.

In this study, the effect of immersion of fresh pineapple in salt (NaCl) solution and slaked lime (Ca(OH)₂) solution on quality and sensory of pineapple chip were investigated. A comparison of the freezing effect in each pre-treatment was also studied to decide the suitable recommendation of pineapple chip processing technology for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. The fresh pineapple slices were subjected to 1% w/v of salt solution and slaked lime solution for 30 minutes. To study the effect of freezing, the samples were frozen at -18°C for 24 hours. All samples were fried using a vacuum fryer at 70°C and 60 mmHg for 70 minutes. The study showed that immersion in salt solution resulting in the highest moisture and ash content (5.31±0.75°C and 2.03±0.23°C, respectively) while immersion in slaked lime solution gave the highest fat content (23.43±0.89°C). The freezing caused lower moisture and fat content but higher ash content in all treatments without significant differences (p ≤ 0.05). In sensory evaluation, immersion in salt solution resulting the highest likeability in taste, texture and overall acceptance with 5-scale hedonic test (4.10±0.85, 4.00±1.12, and 4.00±0.92, respectively) while freezing resulted in significantly (p ≥ 0.05) lower likeability in overall acceptance compared to the non-freezing treatment except for the immersion in a slaked lime solution.

The obstacle in the manufacture of soy milk is the beany flavour that derives from the soybean. Various soy milk processing technologies are used to eliminate the beany flavour, including soaking soybeans before grinding, peeling the soybean skin, heating, and giving them flavor. The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the protein content of soy milk by various processing methods; 2) to determine the level of consumer preference for soy milk by several processing methods and flavor variants. The results showed that the processing method using soybean skin and without hot water soaking had the highest soy milk protein content of 2.38%, while the lowest was in the processing method skinless soybean and hot water soaking of 1.73%. Organoleptic assays for color, aroma, viscosity, and taste parameters ranged from normal to liking for all treatments. For the parameter of beany flavor in soy milk, the control sample had the highest level. Organoleptically, giving coffee and chocolate flavor variants are proven to reduce the level of the beany flavor of soy milk.

This study aims to estimate the shelf life of Bolu Cukke packaged in parchment paper using the Accelerated Shelf Life Testing (ASLT) method. The critical water content parameters in Bolu Cukke are its aroma and its texture. The equilibrium moisture content was obtained from six types of saturated salt solution in the humidity chamber with 7-84% RH. Isothermal sorption curves are obtained by plotting Aw with equilibrium moisture content (Me) which would be tested using five isothermal sorption equation designs to obtain the Mean Relative Deviation (MRD) value. The lowest MRD value is 9.2 obtained from Hasley's Isothermal equation design. All variables were then collected using the Labuza equation. The results of this study indicated that the estimation of shelf life of Bolu Cukke products in the parchment paper packaging at 30°C with 78% RH is approximately 7 days.

This study aimed to produce qualified simplicia of ginger and lemongrass powder by determining water content, antioxidant activity, and the characteristic of color and aroma. Two stages of drying were conducted, namely, the conventional method using open-air sun drying and the oven method with a temperature of 50°C for 24 hours. The method used to determine water content was based on SNI 01-2891-1992, and antioxidant activity was determined using the UV. VIS spectrophotometry method. The data were analyzed according to descriptive analysis. The results indicated that the simplicia ginger and lemongrass powder in the oven drying method resulted in lower moisture content, higher antioxidant activity, stronger aroma quality, and lighter color compared to the conventional drying. The water content of ginger and lemongrass powder was 6.75% and 7.2% in oven drying, while the conventional methods were 7.25% and 10.15%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of ginger and lemongrass powder in oven drying was 65.12% and 51.63%, while the conventional methods were 62.41% and 50.05%, respectively. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the simplicia of ginger and lemongrass powder indicated the better characteristics and quality with the oven drying method at 50°C for 24 hours compared to the conventional method using open-air sun drying.

The perfect coffee fermentation process is characterized by the release of mucilage that covers the coffee beans. The mucilage that doesn't come off entirely from the coffee beans can affect the taste of the coffee. The mucilage, which is composed of pectin, can be removed using the pectinase enzyme. This study aims to determine the optimal soaking time required to remove the mucilage from the coffee beans. Coffee beans are soaked in a liquid containing the pectinase enzyme for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours. The results showed that soaking coffee beans for 4 hours in the pectinase enzyme was the best contact time in releasing the coffee bean mucilage. Soaking coffee beans for 4 hours in the pectinase enzyme produced a pectin yield of 0.25%, total dissolved solids 1.05°Brix, pH 6.55, and total sugar 15.67%.

Corn flour can be used as a raw material for making bread as a substitute for wheat flour. Although it does not have sufficient gluten to develop bread, it has added value to bread by using modified cornflour. This study aims to determine the best formulation for processing modified cornflour into bread based on SNI and organoleptic. This research was conducted with a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 replications. The treatment in this study was the substitution of wheat flour using modified cornflour with a concentration of 0% (control), 20%, 40%, and 60%. The results showed that the highest water and carbohydrate content was obtained from substitution with 20% modified cornflour, highest ash and fat content from 40% modified cornflour substitution, and the highest protein content was found in the control treatment or without modified cornflour substitution. Organoleptic testing showed no significant differences (p>0.05) in color and aroma of all treatments, while for texture, taste, and overall appearance, the highest score was obtained from control and substitution with 20% modified cornflour, where the score obtained for 20% substitution of modified cornflour was 3.63, 3.67, and 3.93 (like) respectively.

Red rice is more nutritious rice than white rice due to the content of low glycemic index and high fiber, which can help to reduce blood LDL concentrations. In addition, germinated red rice more nutritious than non-germinated rice because it contains more fiber, essential amino acids, vitamins, and antioxidants. However, this rice has a hard texture, so it requires a long cooking time. Instantization process of rice is one technique to accelerate the cooking process. Instant rice, or called quick-cooking rice, is processed rice that has been cooked and dried so that it can be stored for a long time but can be served at a faster time. The purpose of this research was to analyze the effect of cooking and freezing time on the physical properties of instant germinated red rice. The method used in this research divided into two stages: first, determining the best condition to make instant germinated red rice. The second was to analyze the physical properties of instant germinated red rice. Statistical analysis of this study used a complete randomized design method with two replications. The result showed that 10 minutes of cooking time and 48 hours freezing time was the best treatment based on a physical test of instant germinated red rice.

Coconut oil can be deteriorated by oxidation during storage and formed a rancid odor. The objective of the research is to evaluate coconut oil quality during storage by the addition of tocopherol as an antioxidant. The 11-12 months of coconut fruits harvested from Mapanget Tall coconut are used as raw materials. The oil is extracted by the wet method, and it was then formulated by the addition of tocopherol as an antioxidant on various concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 % w/v). The oil samples were then stored at room temperature for 2 months and evaluated for their quality for 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The oils are measured for moisture, free fatty acids, peroxide value, and TBA value. The results of the research showed that the moisture of coconut oil is stable during storage with or without antioxidants. The addition of antioxidants affected the free fatty acid of coconut oil, whereas the oil without antioxidants having free fatty acid compared to others treated with antioxidants.

The research aimed to process corn kernels into instant corn rice. Corn kernels are ground into grits then pre-gelatinized by churning for 25 minutes at a temperature of 85-93 ⁰C with a ratio of grits and water (1: 4) then dried to become instant corn rice. The results showed that pre-gelatinization had an effect on yield and product characteristics such as bulk density, porosity, water absorption rate, dehydration and growth rate. The highest yield of instant corn rice was Manado Kuning at 89%. Cook time ranges from 7-10 minutes and the development rate is 110-130%. Types of varieties and duration of freezing affect the characteristics of instant corn rice. Freezing time increases bulk density, porosity, swelling rate and reduces rehydration ratio and water absorption rate. The best treatment was the Manado Kuning corn variety with a freezing time of 48 hours resulting in the highest bulk density, porosity and dehydration level where the bulk density met US standards for parboiled rice, which was between 0.40 to 0.42 g/ml.

Anthocyanin pigment extract from red dragon fruit has the potential to be a natural dye for food and can be used as an alternative to synthetic dyes that are safer for health. Anthocyanins are unstable and easily degraded during processing and storage due to the influence of heat, pH, light, and oxygen. This problem can be overcome by making anthocyanin coloring powders with encapsulation techniques. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the type of encapsulant on the physical and chemical characteristics of anthocyanin extract powder from red dragon fruit. The encapsulation process of anthocyanin pigment extract was done by using the freeze drying method with the addition of maltodextrin, gum arabic, and a combination of maltodextrin and gum arabic as encapsulant. The physical and chemical characteristics parameters of anthocyanin extract powder analyzed were moisture content, solubility, color intensity, total anthocyanin content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the anthocyanin extract powder encapsulated using the freeze drying method obtained the best results using maltodextrin encapsulant with the results of the test parameters: water content of 5.96%, the solubility of 94.00%, color intensity of 0.304, total anthocyanin content of 31.17 mgCyE/g, and 84.60% of antioxidant activity.

This objective study to formulate and determine business strategies in an effort to develop SMEs Jus Pala Morella. With the abundance of nutmeg plantations in Leihitu District, especially in Morella Village, it is a good business opportunity to operate. There have been several types of the same business using products with the main ingredient being nutmeg, making the Tomasiwa Village Unit Cooperative as the main manager of the Jus Pala Morella products need to prepare careful planning to maintain market conditions. Canvas Business Model (CBM) is a tool that can be applied to restructure business planning. While the Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS) is the right business strategy in mapping out competition. The results showed that Jus Pala Morella needed to plan back its business, among others; 1) making derivatives from nutmeg juice such as jam 35.7% of the respondents are very necessary, 50.1% of the statements really need to be made, and 37.5% of the respondents stated that it is very necessary to produce nutmeg syrup; 2) variations in the taste of nutmeg juice, there are 42.9% of respondents stated that it really needs to be produced; 3) Ease of sales information must be reviewed, there are 75% of respondents stated that managers must provide sales information services, do not expect consumers to notify other potential customers; 4) Discounts of 28.6% of respondents stated that it is very necessary if the mass sales process (in large quantities). 5) 43.3% of respondents stated that they needed to make other packages such as glass bottles, and 6) Reduce the use of natural preservatives as many as 34.8% of respondents said it is very necessary. In addition, with the same competitors, the strategy that must be taken into account by Tomasiswa Village Unit Cooperative is to redesign the packaging and make variations in flavors according to those in CBM and BOS. Discount and drop shippers need to be considered.

Germinated rice (GR) is known as nutritional rice due to the higher content of nutrients compared to the conventional brown rice, such as antioxidant i.e. gamma-amirobutyric acid (GABA), gamma-oryzanol, phenolic, and essential amino acid (lysine and niacine), 3 times vitamin B1 and B2, some minerals, and 4 times the dietary fiber. Generally, GR is made from germinated rice. However, in this research, the GR was made from germinated grain. The purpose of this study was to analyze the chemical properties (protein, carbohydrate, ash, fat, minerals (Fe, Mg, Mn), vitamins (B1, B2, B6), and antioxidant activity of GR which that germinated in various temperature and relative humidity (RH) condition. The method used in this research divided into two stages: first, determining the fastest germination time of temperature (room, 20 °C, and 30 °C) and RH (room, 70, 80, and 90%) treatments. The second, determining the effect of the best treatment on the chemical analysis germinating red rice. This study used a complete randomized design method with two replications. The results showed that temperature and RH influenced the chemical analysis of red rice germinated by increasing vitamin B6, ash content, carbohydrate content (room and 20 °C, 90% RH treatments), and fat content (30 °C, 90% RH treatment). But decreasing the protein, vitamin B1, and some minerals such as Fe, Mg and Mn compared to non-germinated red rice. In addition, all treatments had strong antioxidant activity.

Analog rice was made from various raw materials namely mocaf (modified cassava flour), mung bean (Vigna radiata) flour, and purple corn (Zea mays L) flour. The experimental design used was 3 treatments with ratio mocaf: mung bean flour: purple corn flour as follows, J1= 60%: 20%: 20%, J2= 50%: 20%: 30%, J3= 40%: 20%: 40%. Physical properties measurements were water absorption and swelling power. Sensory analysis was carried out to determine the preference of panelist on taste, odor, color, and texture. Based on sensory analysis the preferred formula was the product with ratio of mocaf: mung beans flour: purple corn flour; 40%: 20%: 40%. The most preferred product was then analyzed for its chemical properties namely proximate analysis and anthocyanin content. The result showed that the content of moisture, ash, carbohydrate, protein, fat, fiber and anthocyanin in analog rice was 8.60%, 1.52%, 11.34%, 73.62%, 1.52%, 1.27%, and 27.15 mg CyE/g respectively and that content of cooked analog rice was 52.54%, 0.73%, 5.74%, 36.79%, 0.73%, 1.75%, and 8.45 mg CyE/g, respectively.

One of the non-timber forest products among them is honey bees which have high economic value. Honey is flower nectar that is absorbed by a honey bee into a honey bag inside its body. The flower nectar that has been sucked is processed in the bee body with a mixture of certain enzymes and then released back to the honey storage area in the beehive. This enzyme is the most important element in honey, which functions as a continuation of biological, chemical reactions and the metabolic system in the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition and nutrient content of Trigona sp. honey located in the Tikep forest management unit (KPH). The sampling method used in this study is using purposive sampling. Analysis of the sample through a proximate test included analysis of water content, ash content, fat content, protein content, and carbohydrates. Based on the results of the study, the water content in both samples was very high. The test results showed that in forest honey (37.22%) and cultivated honey (35.18%), these values exceeded the categories stipulated by Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 01-3545-2004 maximum 22%. The results of the ash content analysis in both samples ranged from 0.79 to 1.12%. According to SNI, the maximum ash content in honey is 0.5%, which means that the sample of forest and cultivation honey has exceeded the maximum SNI limit. The analysis showed the highest levels of protein and fat in forest honey with a value of 1.72% and 10.76%. Unlike the carbohydrate content, the cultivation honey sample is greater than forest honey, with a value of 23.26%.

The presence of lactose and casein content can exacerbate clinical symptoms in people with autism and lactose intolerance. Apart from casein, a low gluten diet can be given to people with autism and celiac disease. Thus, not everyone able to digest and consume dairy milk well. This study aimed to develop plant-based milk products based on soybean milk with the addition of foxtail millet. There were four beverage formulations, F0 (100% soy milk, 0% millet), F1 (90% soy milk, 10% millet), F2 (80% soy milk, 20% millet), and F3 (70% soy milk, 30% millet). A total of 25 semi-trained panelists were involved in this study. Plant-based milk of soy milk with the addition of 10% millet tended to have better hedonic and hedonic quality values than pure soy milk products and soy milk with 20% and 30% millet. The 100% soy milk product (F0) had a viscosity value of 1.07 ± 0.03 and increased along with more millet added, about 1.27 ± 0.02 - 1.58 ± 0.01 cp. Based on the statistical test, the addition of foxtail millet significantly affected the protein, fat, and ash content at α = 0.05. However, it did not significantly affect the carbohydrate, water, and energy content (p> 0.05). In addition, the calcium content might be improved in line with the addition of millet to soy milk. Plant-based milk formulated with soy milk and millet can be an alternative to dairy milk which contains better nutrients than whole soy milk.

Most women feel pain or discomfort when menstruation approaches. They usually feel a symptom called Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) before menstruation. The leaves of Coleus amboinicus Lour can reduce complaints of premenstrual syndrome since these leaves are rich in fiber and minerals. This study aimed to develop a healthy food product for women with premenstrual syndrome. This study was an experiment with four fresh noodle formulations, F0 (400 g flour: 0 g C. amboinicus), F1 (340 g flour: 60 g C. amboinicus), F2 (320 g flour: 80 g C. amboinicus), and F3 (300 g flour: 100 g C. amboinicus). Organoleptic test results using the Visual Analog Scale method on 25 semi-trained panelists showed that the addition of C amboinicus leaves, in general, did not affect the hedonic value and hedonic quality (α = 0.05), except for the hedonic quality of color parameter (p <0.005). The leaves of C amboinicus to fresh noodles also significantly decreased the value of fat content (p = 0.001) and tended to increase the carbohydrate content, although it was not statistically significant at α = 5%. Then, the mineral content of fresh noodles, particularly Fe, Ca, and Mg, can also be increased by adding C amboinicus leaves. In premenstrual syndrome, fat, carbohydrates, and minerals (Fe, Ca, and Mg) reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Thus, the fresh noodles with C amboinicus leaves are suitable as a food alternative for women with premenstrual syndrome.

Edible film made from chitosan used as a place of attachment of red cabbage pigment extract then formed in size (2 × 2) cm expressed as a smart indicator. This research uses ethanol 96% in the solvent extraction process with a method of maceration-sonication. Sensitivity indicators tested on samples of fish fillet of tuna in the wrapping plastic with the parameters of the analysis involves determining the number of TVBN, TMA and TPC and discoloration during testing from research results on temperature freezer (-6°C), cool temperature (10°C), and room temperature (28°C). The results showed that visually smart discoloration indicator from conditions early purple, blue, and then green. On the temperature of the freezer (-6°C) discoloration smart indicator has more time for 365 hours from purple to green, compared to the cool temperature (10°C) for 149 hours, and room temperature (28°C) for 31 hours. Discoloration on smart indicators occurs also increased the value of TVBN, TMA and TPC during storage at each temperature. The smart indicator pigmented red cabbage product has an excellent sensitivity with a plot purple representing the conditions of packaged fresh ingredients, blue (worth consumed), and green (foul).

Excessive use of petroleum-based plastic packaging impacts environmental damage, so the development of biodegradable food packaging can be the solution. Bacterial Cellulose (BC) is an exopolysaccharide synthesized by several bacteria from the Acetobacteraceae family, which has the advantage of being a material in the blinding of biodegradable packaging films because of the high level of purity compared to cellulose from plants. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential for the development of BC as a primary material for producing biodegradable packaging films and expanding its application through the incorporation of oxygen scavenging agents to increase the dual function of food packaging. This study is expected to be able to encourage the increase in the use of sustainable packaging as a response to the issue of environmental damage, provide alternative technologies for increasing the shelf life of food through active scavenging systems, and expand the application of BC as raw material for food packaging.

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is one of the plants commonly used as traditional medicine, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-mutagenic and to increase platelet count. The benefits of sweet potato leaves have been reported as a result of the presence of antioxidant compounds and bioactive compounds, mainly phenolic and flavonoid compounds. In this study, we validated the spectrophotometry method of total phenolic and flavonoid compound of lyophilizate of the leaves of sweet potato juices. The results showed that the coefficient correlation (r) values were 0.97389 for gallic acid standard and 0.99869 for quercetin standard; the recovery rates ranged from 105.08% to 109.92% for phenolic, and from 87.48% to 94.36% for flavonoids respectively; precision with relative standard deviation values ranged from 0.7% to 0.4% for phenolic, and from 0.9% to 0.5% for flavonoids respectively; and the detection limit (LOD) and the quantitation limit (LOQ) for phenolic were 0.0425 μg/mL and 0.128 μg/mL respectively while for flavonoids were 0.17 μg/mL and 0.5 μg/mL respectively. The method was successfully applied in the determination of phenolic and flavonoid contents of lyophilizate of sweet potato leaf juices with the average total phenolic content of 9.83mg GAE/g lyophilizate, while the average total flavonoid level was 5.11mg QE/g lyophilizate.

Food modification by adding vegetables to popular local foods such as pempek is expected to help overcome low vegetable consumption. This study aimed to develop pempek products made from narrow-barred spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) with the addition of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) and red cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar. Capitata forma rubra). It was an experimental study with a completely randomized design (CRD). There were 4 formulas for each type of pempek, F0 (0% vegetables), F1 (20% vegetables), F2 (40% vegetables), and F3 (60% vegetables). Based on the assessment of 25 semi-trained panelists using a Visual analog scale instrument on color, aroma, texture, taste, and aroma, both broccoli and red cabbage affected and increased significantly (p <0.05) almost all sensory acceptance parameters, except for the aroma parameter of broccoli pempek (P> 0.05). Through the texture analyzer instrument, the selected formula of vegetable pempek with the highest sensory acceptance (broccoli pempek F3 and red cabbage pempek F3) together with control pempek was declared to have a chewy texture. Based on Hunter's color notation, it was revealed that the control pempek was brownish-white, the broccoli pempek was greenish-brown, and the red cabbage pempek was purple. Then, the addition of vegetables at the level of 60% affected the chemical properties of both vegetable pempek, in the parameters of water, ash, protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber, at α = 0.05. The three types of pempek did not show any difference in fat level due to the very low-fat content. Thus, vegetable pempek can be used as an alternative food to improve vegetable consumption.

Caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and total acid are important compounds affecting the taste of coffee. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of decaffeination and re-fermentation on levels of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and total acid in green beans of robusta coffee. This study consisted of several treatments, namely: green beans without treatment, green beans re-fermentation without decaffeination, decaffeinated green beans without fermentation, and decaffeinated green beans of coffee by re-fermentation with the addition of mucilage analogs. The decaffeination process used the Swiss Water Process (SWP) method, and re-fermentation used a mucilage analog of the blend of purple sweet potato and passion fruit pulp. The caffeine and chlorogenic acid content were determined using UV-VIS spectrophotometry, and total acid was determined using acid-base titration methods. The results were showed that the decaffeination and re-fermentation processes affected the levels of caffeine, chlorogenic acid, and total acid of green bean coffee. Caffeine concentration ranged from 1.04% (green bean coffee without fermentation treatment) to 2.6% (green beans coffee without treatments). The results of the chlorogenic acid analysis showed that the highest amount of green beans coffee without treatment (2.13%) and the lowest found in advanced fermented green beans coffee without decaffeination (1.07%). According to the result of total acid, the highest total acid was green beans coffee without treatment (0.22%), and the lowest was decaffeinated green beans coffee without fermentation (0.16%).

Sago is one of the local food districts of Sangihe archipelago, but its use is still limited to traditional products. Edible film of sago starch is one of the alternative products for increasing the added value of this commodity as well as an environmentally friendly packaging material. The research aims to obtain edible film from sago starch using CMC and glycerol. Edible film processing was carried out by mixing 5% sago starch, and CMC 0.5% w/v and glycerol variation 1; 1.25; 1.5; 1.75; 2; 3.75; (%v/v) at 65-70°C, molded and heated with oven at 60°C. Sago-based edible film can be made with the use of CMC and glycerol as plasticizers in various concentrations. Use of variation glycerol concentrations at CMC concentrations of 0.5% in edible film making significantly influenced properties of sago's edible film such as thickness, WVTR value, tensile strength, and elongation. The increasing amounts of glycerol concentration tend to increase WVTR values, decrease tensile strength value, and decrease elongation values of sago's edible film.

Sugar cane processing into brown sugar in Rembang Regency is done by home industries, This activity has been done for 100 days in a year based on sugarcane harvest period, Research has been conducted from May to November 2019 at the production center in Karangharjo Village, Sulang - Rembang with the aim to see the performance and added value of processing sugar cane into brown sugar, Data obtained through interviews and observations were analyzed descriptively by calculating the added value using the Hayami approach, The results showed that the processing of sugar cane into brown sugar by the home industry was still feasible with an added value of Rp, 2,308 per kg or 24.00 % at a market price of Rp, 7,400, Brown Sugar Processing, including labor-intensive activities with contributions of 72.20 %, is still carried out by employers because it can be a solution when sugar cane production from the farmer is less valued by the sugar factory, The industry production is sold to soy sauce company with simple requirements and cash payment.

In the vegetable preservation process, baking treatment is commonly applied to enhance the end-product quality. This study was carried out to observe baking influences as an alternative pretreatment toward dried beetroot quality. A completely randomized design with different baking times (0, 15, 30, and 45 min) at 200°C was adjusted on beetroot before sliced and dried (50±5°C, 24 h). The result showed that baking treatments significantly affected the whole quality attributes of dried beetroot. There was an increase in anthocyanin, total phenolic, total sugar, and pigment intensity of dried beetroots with the more prolonged baking treatment. Dried beetroot prepared by 45 min baking treatment contained total anthocyanin 109.57 mg/100 g, total phenolic 8.66 mg/100 g, and total sugar 5.13%. Baking treatment for 45 min also resulted in intense color development of redness (a*) and yellowness (b*), although the lightness (L*) reduced due to dark color formation.

Samosir Regency is one of the highest regencies of shallot producers in North Sumatera Province. Approximately 255 ha of its harvested area produces 1,976.8 tons or contributes 12.1% for provincial level. The increase of consumption and industrial demand push the regency government to raise shallot production. On the other side, the two critical information about land suitability and the agronomic cultivation practices for shallot were limited. Thus, this study was arranged to enhance sustainable shallot production through analyzing the land suitability and introducing the proper agronomic cultivation practices. The field survey and soil analysis were conducted to support the Geographical Information System (GIS) and Evaluation System of Land Suitability tools. The results show that about 47,789 ha (38.65%) of Samosir Regency is suitable for shallot grouped in S3 level (Low Suitable); with some limiting factors such as nutrient retention and nutrient retention availability, and erosion hazard. While about 75,839 ha (61.35%) of the rest area was grouped in N level (Not Suitable) means grouped as an unproductive area for shallot growth with some limiting factors such as root crop and erosion hazard. Some strategic actions to improve land quality are giving organic and chemical fertilizer, applying agricultural lime to stabilize soil pH, increasing Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and implementing conservation techniques on the steep area by building terrace. Also, information about the agronomic cultivation practices for shallot is explained to strengthen the strategy for sustainable shallot production achievement in Samosir Regency.

This study aims to predict the amount of soil erosion in the three sub-catchments of Larona Catchment, which are Larona, Balambano, and Karebbe sub-catchments. The USLE method is used to predict soil erosion rates in 2009 and 2015 by using rainfall data of 13 rainfall stations, soil maps, DEM data for generating LS factors, Landsat 8 Imageries, and land use maps create CP factors. Four thematic maps (R, K, LS, and CP) were overlaid and clustered using ArcGIS 10.4. The results show that soil erosion rates in the period of 6 years have changed in the three sub-catchments. The erosion rate in Larona and Karebbe sub-catchment slightly increased from 43,092 tons to 50,982 and 155,005 tons to 224,757 tons, respectively, from 2009 to 2015. In the Balambano sub-catchment, the value of erosion rate increased dramatically during the period. Total erosion this sub-catchment in 2015 became 5 to 7 times of the total erosion in 2009. The change of land use caused the increased sediment yields in the three cascade-reservoirs in Larona Catchment and land cover, mostly the result of increasing agricultural activities and not due to mining development.

The potential for CO₂ uptake in oil palm which is supported by the presence of solar radiation reception space can support the photosynthesis process to take place properly. This study aims to show the correlation between the results of identifying the distribution of oil palm through aerial photographs, namely drones, and the potential for CO₂ uptake. The potential for CO₂ uptake in oil palms for five samples of planting years is viewed from the aspect of canopy projection space density, cropping patterns, and spacing which is clarified by the allometric multiplied results of the potential CO₂-eq uptake. In general, the five samples of oil palm planting years apply a triangular cropping pattern with a spacing of 9 m × 9 m. The canopy projection for the 2017 planting year, shows that oil palm plants are still at a distance from one another because the canopy is still short, in the 2011 planting year shows the canopy projection that has touched each other but there is still room for receiving solar radiation that can occur evenly so that between the two planting years Oil palms in the planting years 2005, 2003, and 1997 showed a mutually contrasting canopy projection between the oil palms so that even though the space for receiving solar radiation is small. The potential for CO₂ uptake was greater because apart from being obtained from the atmosphere, it can also be obtained from understorey plants and organs decomposed plants. It concluded that the higher the density of the distribution of palm oil makes large the potential uptake of CO₂ emissions. It is hoped that the identification of the potential for CO₂ absorption in oil palm can use a multi-spectral drone as an aerial photo facility.

Arabica coffee is one of the most popular drinks by people in various countries. Coffee production is able to become a source of state income, especially Arabica coffee which has good export competitiveness. Therefore, an assessment of the suitability of land, especially Arabica coffee, needs to be carried out to estimate the extent to which land in Bantaeng Regency is suitable for Arabica coffee plants. The method used in this land suitability assessment is square root. Determination of the research location point is based on land use, especially coffee plants. The results showed that the land suitability class at all profile observation points was N1 (not suitable at this time) with the factors of soil depth, soil pH, calcium carbonate and salinity. The limiting factor for soil depth is difficult to repair, while the soil pH which is so high due to the presence of calcium carbonate which is also high enough for Arabica coffee can be repaired by providing sulfur. Salinity improvement efforts can be made by reclamation.

Southeast Sulawesi is one of Indonesia's regions with several specific plants, including the sago plant. Sago is a portion of typical food for people in Southeast Sulawesi, especially in mainland areas such as Konawe, South Konawe, North Konawe, Kolaka, and East Kolaka. In Southeast Sulawesi, the sago plantation area has decreased sharply from the original site of 13,706 hectares to around 5,912 hectares. The depreciation of the sago planting area is thought to have been caused by converting land use from sago to rice fields, settlements, and other benefits. Although sago has many uses and advantages and can support food security, it faces severe problems in its cultivation due to narrowing the sago planting area and decreasing its production potential. This study aimed to identify the distribution of the potential regions for sago growth in the South Konawe Regency through spatial analysis techniques for land cover using Landsat-8 satellite imagery. From the results of spatial analysis, it was found that there was a potential sago plantation area to be developed in South Konawe Regency, which reached 5,873 ha. The largest site of sago was in North Moramo, Benua, Anggata, and Andolo Barat Districts. This area was the main center for sago processing in Konawe Selatan Regency.

Paddy fields are part of urban green open space which is now rarely found in big cities because it has been converted into built-up land. This study aims to study the existence of paddy fields in Makassar City in 2019 and to review their ecological function in CO₂ absorption. Spatial analysis using the GIS method was used to map paddy fields that are still productive in 2019 in Makassar City. Analysis of CO₂ uptake from the rice cultivation in this urban paddy fields was carried out using allometric equations. Mapping results show that recently, there are 1,473.58 hectares of paddy fields in Makassar City. These paddy fields are spread across seven districts, namely Tamalate, Rappocini, Tallo, Panakukkang, Manggala, Biringkanaya and Tamalanrea. Makassar City must provide a minimum of 5,273 ha of green open space. The existence of this paddy field contributes about 8.38% of the total minimum required green open space (30%) for Makassar City. The paddy fields in Makassar City, planted with rice as much as one to two times a year, will be able to absorb CO₂ in the range of 5,814.16 to 10,243 tons per year. Thus, the existence of paddy fields in urban areas needs to be maintained to improve the quality of the urban environment.

Potential areas for developing certain commodities can be determined by using the index value of land productivity. This study aims to analyze the land productivity of Campalagian District based on soil fertility level for the development of cocoa plants. The quantitative research method uses the Storie equation in determining the value of the land productivity index. Determination of observation points based on purposive sampling method. Soil properties determined in the field and the laboratory, including slope, effective depth, texture, pH, C-Organic, N-Total, P₂O₅, CEC, and the number of interchangeable bases. The results of the analysis of the land productivity index of the Campalagian district are classified as bad to good, with land productivity index values ranging from 13.89 to 51.37, with limiting factors, namely slope, effective depth, texture, C-Organic, and N-Total.

Landslides are one of the geomorphological processes active in changing the shape of the earth's surface. Landslides have an impact on life and the environment. This research will map the potential landslide-prone areas in The Kelara Sub-watershed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The method used in this research is the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and the spatial analysis method. The potential for landslide-prone areas in The Kelara Sub-watershed has three potentials or levels of landslide vulnerability, namely low (2939.28 ha) (32.72%), medium (3082.78 ha) (34.32%), and high (2961.55 ha) (32.96%). Parameters that influence landslides in the Kelara Sub-watershed are slope parameters with a weight of 0.30 or a score of 30%.

Barru Regency Government once issued an emergency response status for floods and landslides on December 28, 2018. According to data from the Barru Regency Regional Disaster Management Agency, from 2013 to 2019, there were always landslides in the Districts of Tanete Riaja, Pujananting, Tanete Rilau, and Barru. This area is included in the Lisu Watershed. This will produce a map of the distribution of the landslide-prone regions in the Lisu watershed. This study uses Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) and NDVI (Normalized difference vegetation index) analysis. The data used are landslide points, soil types, lithology, slopes, land use, rainfall, soil texture, and river distance. One hundred thirty-seven landslide points were recorded that were successfully obtained through field surveys and NDVI image analysis. The research area has a type B climate according to the Schmidt-Ferguson classification system. The variables of rainfall, land-use class, lithology type, and slope class significantly affect regression modeling with significance values of 0.042, 0.000, 0.003, and 0.000, respectively. Variables of rainfall, distance from the river, slope class, lithology type, and land use class significantly affect regression modeling. Landslides occur on slopes from rather steep to very steep slopes. A total of 60 landslides occurred in the Camba Formation. A total of 93 landslides occurred in the scrub land-use class. Landslide-prone areas with a slightly hazardous class covering an area of 4386 hectares, 4031 hectares of prone, and 4275 hectares of very prone areas are generally scattered in the Lisu River Basin's southern region.

Efforts to increase the productivity of the pepper plant in East Luwu Regency as a leading plantation commodity efficiently can be done through the development of the pepper commodity on suitable lands to achieve optimal productivity. The land suitability criteria for modified pepper plants was based on the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Land Resources Development and Research. This study aims to modify the land suitability criteria for specific locations in East Luwu Regency. The method used in determining the range of land suitability criteria is the deductive method. The location points were determined by purposive sampling technique, namely at locations with high, medium, and low pepper production. The results showed that the range of location climatic characteristics criteria, among others, rainfall (mm) >2.000 were classified as S1 (very suitable), <2,000 and > 3,000 were classified as unsuitable (N). The daily mean temperature of 22.6-32.1°C classified as very suitable (S1), and >34°C classified as unsuitable (N). The characteristics of the landscape and soil include 3-8% slope, good and moderate drainage, medium texture, slightly fine and fine, coarse fragments <5%, soil depth > 100 cm, pH H₂O 5.6-<6 and C-organic >1.9% is classified as very suitable (S1), while slope> 30% with very inhibited and fast drainage, coarse texture, coarse fragments> 5%, soil depth <50 cm, pH H₂O <5.2 and >8.0, with content c-organic <0.4% is classified as unsuitable (N).

Parasitic nematodes are one of the essential plant pests that attack various types of cultivated plants. In Indonesia, 26 species of parasitic nematodes that attack food crops, horticulture and plantations have been identified. One such nematode, Meloidogyne, is the most destructive parasitic nematode. The utilization of other microorganisms as natural enemies of nematodes from the fungal group can be used as biological agents. We conducted this research at the Laboratory of Disease, Department of Pests and Plant Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University Makassar. This study aims to determine the ability of Fusarium spp. Fungal isolate could be added with liquid media (Gliotoxin fermentation media (GFM), Potato dextrose broth (PDB), and water) and the time required to cause juvenile mortality II root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.). The results showed that the application of Fusarium isolate (Fusarium spp.) and the given liquid media was able to cause juvenile mortality of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.). Moreover, the time required by Fusarium spp. Fungi and liquid media to cause nematode mortality was 24 hours, but the highest mortality occurred at 9 (jst) hours after application, namely 7.74% at the BNJ test level of 0.05%.

The use of endophytic bacteria in the control of plant diseases, especially soil pathogenic fungi such as showed good results. Endophytic bacteria have various mechanisms to control plant pathogen, but the mechanism of endophytic bacteria in producing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has not been widely studied. The objective of this research was to evaluated the antagonistic activity of VOCs produced by endophytic bacteria from the nail sword (Pteris ensiformis) aginst three soil borne pathogen fungus, R. solani, S. rolfsii and Fusarium sp. Endophytic bacterial isolates used were APE15, APE22, APE33, and APE35. The study was conducted by cupping method to determine the inhibition of endophytic bacteria VOCs against three soil borne fungal pathogens. GC-MS analysis was conducted to determine the content of volatile compounds produced by endophytic bacteria. The results showed that four endophytic bacterial isolates can inhibited R. solani growth (92.11%-96.05%), S.rolfsii (87.28%-93.10%), and Fusarium sp. (27.73%-57.55%). The GC-MS analysis showed that there were several antifungal compounds detected i.e. octanal, cytronellyl acetate, silane, 9-octacenamide, n-dimetylpalmitamide, and isobutyryl chloride. Octanal was presumed as the most influential compound that inhibited the three soil borne fungal pathogens because it was a dominant compound was detected.

Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomydae) called black soldier fly (BSF) has an important role in the degradation of organic waste or bioconversion activity. The current study compared some types of feeds to preference BSF to eggs laid and the implication of the number of larvae and the size of pupae produced, the percentage of larvae that became adults. Type of feeds is rice bran, mixture of fruits waste, agricultural waste, vegetable waste and household waste. The type of feeds mixed with goat mature. The study reports that Black Soldier Fly (BSF) produced the hightest number of egg colonies in household waste (6 colonies) then vegetable waste (5 colonies), bran (4.3 colonies), fruits waste (3.3 colonies) and the lowest on agricultural waste (1 coloni). The highest number of larvae was in bran (4783), then household waste (1942), vegetable waste (1511), fruits waste (983) and the lowest in agricultural waste (276). The longest pupa size is in fruits waste (2 cm), household waste (1.96 cm), vegetable waste 1,84 cm), bran (1.51 cm), and the lowest is in agricultural waste (1.46). the highest number of imago was in the bran (2266 heads), vegetable waste (396 heads), fruits waste (95 heads), agricultural waste (674.3 heads) and the lowest was in household waste (661.3 heads)

Spodoptera frugiperda is an invasive pest that has spread in various countries including Indonesia. S. frugiperda has many hosts but a high interest in maize. This study for determining the ability of Calotropis gigantea extract, Cresscentia cujete extract and mixed extracts in inhibiting the ability of S. frugiperda eggs to hatch and inhibiting the eating activity of S. frugiperda. The research has been done at the Pesticides and Natural Materials Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. Observations were carried out by examination various concentrations (2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%) extracts of C. gigantea and C. cujete, while mixed extract with a concentration of 7.5% on the ovicidal ability and feeding inhibition of S. frugiperda larvae. The results showed that treatment with a concentration of 10% C. gigantea extract had an ovicidal effect percentage of 74.58% while the antifeedant percentage was 64.40%. Treatment extract of C. cujete with a concentration of 10% had an ovicidal effect percentage of 90.99% while the antifeedant percentage was 70.05%. Treatment with mixed extract with a concentration of 7.5% had an ovicidal effect percentage of 91.7% while the antifeedant percentage was 85.26%. The conclusion is the existence synergy between C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts had showed that the ovicidal effect and antifeedant activity will be even higher to S. frugiperda.

C. gigantea L. and C. cujete L. are plants that contain secondary metabolites that can act as insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the implications of C. gigantea and C. cujete to reduce the population and intensity of attack by stem borer (S. innotata) and stink bug (L. acuta) which are the main pests of paddy plants. This study consisted of 4 treatments consisting of a mixture of C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts, C. gigantea extracts, C. cujete extracts, and control with 5 replications. The extract made by fermentation ant the extract was applied at the age of 1 month after planting with a concentration of 5% for 8 times with a frequency of 1 time a week. Observation parameters were population and attack intensity of S. innotata and L. acuta as well as natural enemy population. The results obtained were that the treatment of all extracts could reduce the population and intensity of attacks compared to the control. Treatment of the mixture of C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts can reduce the population and the intensity of attacks is higher than without the mixture. Predator is not affected by extract applications.

Tungro disease is one of the important diseases in rice plants. One of the efforts to reduce the spread of tungro virus is to ensure the presence of the virus in the field. This is the first step to prevent the spread and control of tungro disease, especially in West Papua. One detection technique that can be done is molecular detection through PCR techniques. Rice samples detected were Mekongga and Inpari varieties taken from rice plants in West Papua. Total DNA of RTBV, one of the viruses that cause tungro disease, was extracted and amplified using DAF primers (5-GGAATTCCGGCCCTCAaA AACCTAGAAG-3) and DAR (5-GGGGGTACCCCCCTC CGATTTCCCATGTATG-3). The PCR RTBV results showed that the positive samples were infected with Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV). This is indicated by amplification of DNA measuring ± 1400 bp which is the target size of the DAF and DAR primers. The results of this study are preliminary information that can be used as a basis for tungro control and recommendations for future cropping.

Chitin is the main component of fungal cell walls. The growth of fungi can be inhibited by chitinolytic bacteria because they can produce chitinase enzymes which play a role in degrading cell walls. The purpose of this study was to test the activity of bacteria isolated from the roots of Ipomea pes caprae in inhibiting the growth of the fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudothebromae. The research method was carried out by isolating as much as 5 g of I. pes caprae roots using specific media and testing for bacterial antagonism using a dual culture method. The results showed that there were four isolate codes obtained namely IPaR1, IPaR4, IPpA2, and IPpA3 and could inhibit the growth of Lasiodiplodia pseudtheobromae.

Endophytic fungi associated with cocoa are one of the effective agents to control plant pathogens on cocoa, including the fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae. L. pseudotheobromae cause a significant disease on cocoa, cocoa dieback. The disease is considered an emerged disease on cocoa in Sulawesi, Indonesia. The research aimed to determine the effect of the endophytic fungi on L. pseudotheobromae on cocoa seedlings. This study used a randomized block design consisting of 6 treatments and 3 replications. Five different fungi isolates were used that belong to Aspergillus genera. The treatment is three isolates of endophytes fungi (isolate T2S2LT, T245LT, T645LT), Aspergillus isolates combination, and control (with and without pathogen). The results showed that the combination of isolates and T645LT isolate was the best treatment for suppressing necrotic symptoms (leaf spot) incidence and severity. Also, T645LT isolate performed well to inhibit leaf blight symptoms incidence severity. Meanwhile, the chlorotic symptom was reduced by isolates combination, followed by T2S2LT, T645LT, and T245LT. Endophytic fungi can potentially be an important option to control cocoa dieback disease.

Cocoa dieback, caused by Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, one of the significant cocoa diseases, which is a new disease in South Sulawesi and it is considered to be one of the important diseases in the field. Fungicides are one of the main methods to manage the disease on cocoa in South Sulawesi. However, the appropriate fungicides remain unexplored. Also, there are no data available and registered on the efficacy of fungicides on Lasiodiplodia cocoa dieback. Five different fungicides were used with three different concentrations namely fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin (0.5; 5.0; 50) ml/liter, sulphur (0.2; 2.0; 20) gr/liter, carbendazim + hexaconazole (0.04; 0.4; 4.0) gr/liter, carbendazim (0.1; 1.0; 10) ml/liter, and difenoconazole + azoxystrobin (0.1; 1.0; 10)) ml/liter. The results showed that the effectiveness of fungicides inhibit mycelial growth of L. pseudotheobromae was varied on each active ingredient. Fipronil + thiophanate-methyl + pyraclostrobin, carbendazim + hexaconazole and carbendazim showed excellent performances, followed by sulfur and difenoconazole + azoxystrobin. Higher concentration indicated excellent inhibition, followed by recommendation concentration and lower concentration. Fungicides can potentially be an option for dieback disease control in cocoa production areas that are at high risk of cocoa dieback disease.

Fire red ants (Solenopsis sp.) as the predators often found in rice fields. Although many farmers not yet know well this potential insects, in Philippines, this adaptive predator has been used to control golden apple snail with satisfying results. In a period of two days, predatory ants able destroyed 50% the eggs of golden apple snail Pomacea canaliculata attached to the leaves of rice plants. The purpose of the research is to study the effect of characteristic differences vegetation of rice field bund to the diversity of ants in the habitat. Research data collection was conducted in Manggala district, Makassar. Identification and observation of ants species was held at the Pest Laboratory, Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. The research was held from March to May 2018. The results was showed that the bund contain banana tree vegetation had the highest Solenopsis sp. population with 288 individuals. The lowest on the embankment with broad leaf vegetation only 29 individuals. The highest number of individual ants was found in Solenopsis sp. with 353 individuals, then the lowest is Tetramorium sp. with 2 individuals. The difference conditions of vegetation bund showed greatly affects in the number of ants due to differences in the conditions needs of each ant species for their suitable habitat.

Refugia is a type of plant playing the role as a food source and shelter for natural enemies in extreme environmental conditions. Legumes, food plants and flowering plants are used as refugia. The purpose of the research is to study the dominant pest population in the embankment of rice fields planted with refugia. The research was conducted in Tanasitolo village, South Sulawesi from June to November 2017. The study used a Randomized Block Design of five treatments and repeated it four times. The research was started by planting several different plants as refugia in the embankment of rice fields, namely: P0 = embankment without plant (control); P1 = maize and soybean in embankment; P2 = flowering plants in embankment; P3 = taro and banana in embankment; and P4 = long beans in embankment. The results showed that rice fields used various plants as refugia, the insect population was in the lowest number. The results showed that Valanga sp. were not found in P1 when the rice was 56 and 63 days after planting. The number of Nephotettix virescens (0.5 individuals) when the rice was 42 days after planting. Leptocorisa acuta has the lowest population at P1 and P3 in the age 84 days after planting (10.5 individuals). The conclusion of the experiment is the lowest population of grasshopper L. migratoria in rice age 56 and 63 days after planting was showed P1 (maize and soybean). The lowest population of green leafhopper N. virescens in the rice age 42 days after planting showed in the treatment P1 (maize and soybean). In the rice age in the 84 days after planting with treatment P1 (maize and soybean) and P3 (taro and bananas) showed a very low population.

Sugarcane is one of the important crops in the world. It can produce a broad range of valuable products in the area of food, health, agriculture, and bioplastic. However, sugarcane is vulnerable to Sporisorium scitamineum infection. The use of resistant varieties is believed to be a proper control method for the disease. The induced mutation is one of breeding program methods that can be considered to acquire resistant varieties of sugarcane to smut disease. In 2018, we did mutation for some sugarcane varieties then in 2019 the mutants were screened for their resistance to smut disease. This research aimed to identify the resistance character of sugarcane mutants to smut disease. The inoculation method was conducted by dipping the bud into S. scitamineum teliospore suspension for 10 minutes at 30 °C. The buds were then planted and maintained in the polybags. The results showed that out of 41 evaluated mutants, 11 mutants were highly resistant, 9 mutants were resistant, 8 mutants were susceptible and 13 mutants were highly susceptible to smut infection. It seems that we could obtain resistant sugarcane varieties through induced mutation, however the resistance of the cane is still being evaluated during the ratoon stage.

The continuous and excessive use of fungicides will disrupt the balance of the environment and is directly harmful to the health of consumers. The use of plants as botanical pesticides is an ecologically safe control method that has begun to be developed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of betel and tembelekan extracts and the effect of the concentrations used in suppressing the growth of Colletotrichum acutatum fungi. Extraction was carried out using the maceration method, then the extract was concentrated using a rotary vaccum evaporator at a temperature of 40°C repeatedly until a concentrated solution was obtained. In the test of using treatments with several concentrations, that is K0:0%, K1:0.5%, K2:2%, K3:3.5% and K4:5%. Tests were carried out by growing C. acutatum mycelium on PDA media that had been mixed with plant extract solutions according to the treatment concentration. Colletotrichum acutatum mycelium was taken by cutting the PDA which was overgrown with a pure culture of C. acutatum with a media cutter using a cork borer. The results showed that the higher the concentration of the extract given would reduce the colony diameter of Colletotrichum acutatum and increase the percentage of inhibition. Betel extract at a concentration of 5% had the highest average percentage of inhibition compared to the tembelekan extract, namely 72.45%.

The stability of the rice field ecosystem is not only determined by the diversity of community structures but also by the characteristics and interactions of the components. This study aims to determine the diversity of insect pests and its natural enemies in the rice. field ecosystem in Marannu village, Mattirobulu district, Pinrang regency, South Sulawesi Province, from July to October 2020. The types of embankment plants were treated, namely cucumbers (Cucumis sativus), corn (Zea mays), long beans (Vigna unguicula) and zinnia flowers (Zinnia elegans). Sampling using an insect net and a pitt-fall trap is then put into a plastic tick and identified. The results showed that there were three parasitoid species from the same order and ten predatory species from six different orders. The dominant parasitoid species was Trichogramma sp., While the largest predator was Lasius niger. In addition, 18 species of pests from six orders were found.

Bacterial grain rot in rice plants caused by Burkholderia glumae becomes a serious threat because it is a seed borne pathogen that causes severe damage to rice plantations in several regency at South Sulawesi. This study aimed to rapidly detect of B. glumae causal agent of grain rot disease in rice seed from Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. Samples were obtained in 10 districts in the main rice producing areas of Gowa regency, South Sulawesi. Sampling using Non Probability Sampling method. 10 Samples that showing grain rot symptoms were detected using Indirect ELISA test with monoclonal antibody. The detection results shown that 9 out of 10 districts are confirmed positive for B. glumae bacteria.

The world market demand for Arabica coffee is relatively high at this time, South of Sulawesi had the opportunity to return to its glory in the 19th century as the largest exporter of Arabica coffee from the Dutch East Indies outside Java island in Indonesian to several countries. One factor to consider is the presence of production inhibitors, which is the threat potential of pests. So far, there are no precise data on the distribution and intensity of the major pest attack in each area of coffee in South Sulawesi. This makes decision-making for pest management and crop management challenging under different climatic and geographic conditions. Thus, this study aims to identify and analyze the main types of pest that attack coffee plants according to their location, climate and geographic conditions. The exploration of arthropod abundance in the field involves four methods: direct observation, sweep net, light trap, and direct observation techniques. Observations for 5 weeks of observation. The diversity of arthropods was observed in the coffee culture using Sweep Net, Pitt Fall, Light Trap and direct observation traps. The value of the Shannon Index Diversity Index (H') was 2.9490 or moderate ecosystem. This shows that environmental conditions, productivity, ecosystem conditions, and ecological pressures in the coffee plantation area in Bontotenga Village are still quite balanced. According to their role in nature, the density of populations revealed the composition of pest insects 59%, natural enemies (predators and parasitoids) 38% and pathogenic vectors 3% of individuals found 586 individuals.

Corn (Zea mays L.) is a strategic commodity that plays an important role in the development of agriculture and the Indonesian economy because corn has a multipurpose function that can be used for food and feed purposes. Obstacles in corn cultivation that cause low corn productivity include the attack of plant pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungi as endophytes is an alternative to chemical insecticides but can also be used to decrease the use of fertilizers. The research has been carried out at the Department of Food Crops and Horticulture Agriculture, Bontomarannu District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi, and the Laboratorium of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University. Observation of larvae population of O. furnacalis was started when the plant was 35 days after planting (DAP) by observing the presence of grinding marks on the leaves and stalks of corn. The larvae found in the field are reared in the laboratory. Arthropod exploration in the field used 4 methods, namely visual observation, pitfall traps, yellow traps and using nets. The results obtained in this study were the arthropods found in the land of endophytic corn using the pitfall trap method, found as many as 48 insects. Using a net, 150 insects were found. Using the yellow trap, 243 insects were found and with visual observation found as many as 95 insects. The number of larvae of O. furnacalis infected with the fungus B. bassiana in corn female parents were 20 with an infection percentage of 83.3% and 11 male parents with an infection percentage of 91.7%.

Pest was one of the limiting factors for rice production including the presence of brown plant hopper (BP) and Rice Black Bug (RBB). The use of entomopathogen fungi such as Beauveria bassiana to control these pests has been reported to be quite effective and has other advantages, namely being friendly to the environment. This study aims to determine the potential of Beauveria bassiana in controlling BP and RBB. The research was conducted in January-July 2018 in Pulo Kencana Village, Pontang District, Serang Regency, Banten Province on irrigated rice fields. The environmental design used was a split plot design with Beauveria bassiana application treatment, chemical control based on pest populations with 50% active ingredient propoxur and farmer control technology (pesticide mixture intervals). Each treatment consisted of 2 varieties Mekongga and Inpari 33, with 6 replications. The test of farmers' preferences for Beauveria bassiana application technology was carried out on 30 respondents and then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the population of BP and RBB was generally lower in the existing chemical treatment of farmers. The pest preference was lower in Inpari 33 variety. Furthermore, the production in the Beauveria bassiana application was 12.06-24.48% lower than the existing and controlled chemical control of farmers. Meanwhile, farmers' preference for Beauveria bassiana application is 31.93% and chemical control is 40.76%.

Beauveria bassiana is one of the microorganisms that produce the enzyme chitinase. Chitinase has a high economic value which is widely used as a biocontrol agent because it can degrade chitin into an environmentally friendly product. The aim of the study was to investigate the production of chitinase by B. bassiana isolate in the presence of the cuticle of T. castaneum. In this study, the isolates of B. bassiana were cultured into potato dextrose agar. Further isolation, purification, and determination of the activity of chitinase. The results show that chitinase can be obtained from B. bassiana isolate derived from T. castaneum by using chitin colloidal substrate. The highest average specific activity of chitinase originating from isolated B. bassiana was 1 Unit/mg. Protein test using standard BSA solution and Lowry method obtained reading results with a spectrophotometer that was r = 0.9925.

Shallot is one of the most important horticultural commodities in Indonesia. Aphelenchoides fragariae is the major parasitic nematode of shallots and is listed as a quarantine pest with limited distribution. The nematode was detected on shallot bulbs at several traditional markets in Bogor but has not been reported present on shallot plantation. This research aims to detect and identify A. fragariae on shallot bulbs. Shallot bulbs were sampled from Bogor (West Java), Brebes (Central Java), and Nganjuk (East Java). Morphological identification was carried out by following the standard taxonomic for the Aphelenchoides genus (Aphelenchoididae). Morphometric indications were based on de Man's formula. The result showed that A. fragariae was found on shallot bulbs from Bogor, Brebes, and Nganjuk. Female of A. fragariae has a slender body, and off-set lip characteristic distinguishes it from other nematodes. The stylet was invisible, but the metacorpus (median bulb) was visible and full rounded, Tail elongate conoid with a single mucro. Morphometric: female, n = 20, L = 312.2 – 550.5, a = 20.0 – 33.9, b = 7.0 – 12.0, c = 3.9 – 15.2, V = 34.4 – 84.4, T = 28.8 – 121.3, and stylet 6.8 - 12.0. Male, n = 20, L = 263.6 – 550.5, a = 21.1 – 37.8, b = 7.0 – 14.4, c = 8.4 – 17.1, T = 28.8 – 121.3, and stylet 7.6 -12.5.

Pesticide is poisonous compound containing synthetic chemicals and popularly used by farmers in crop management. The harmful synthetic chemicals contained in pesticides are capable of rapidly killing target organisms. However, the continuous use of pesticides killing natural enemies as the potential agent to control insect pests. Another risks the pesticide residues become the main source of environmental pollution. The research objective is to determine the behavior of farmers using pesticides in maize plantation. The research was conducted in Tenri Pakkua village, Lappariaja district, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi from January to March 2020. The research activity used a survey method in the form of interviews using a questionnaire to 35 respondent farmers. The results were showed about 97.15% of respondent control weeds using herbicides, about 2.85% of respondents control manual for the same weed. In addition, 62.86% of the respondent used herbicides for more than four years. The most insecticides used by respondents control insect pests in maize from the active ingredients: Permethrin (42.87%), Fipronil (14.29%), Lambda-cyhalothrin (11.44%) and Metomil (8, 58%). The results showed that farmers prefer use pesticides in the form of herbicides and synthetic insecticides because the results are visible, they quickly kill the target organism, the application does not require special skills and is easy to obtain (commercially available).

Fusarium oxysporum as the causal agent of wilt disease infected systemically on the chili plant (Capsicum annuum) and cause a significant loss on its production. To control the pathogenic fungi, we isolated and identified the beneficial fungi from stem, leaf, and fruit tissues of healthy plants. Then, the work tested fungi capability to inhibit the pathogen in vitro and to enter plant tissues. The results of the work indicated that seven fungi isolates consisting of Trichoderma 1, Trichoderma 2, Aspergillus, Fusarium 1, Fusarium 2, Lasiodiplodia 1, and Lasiodiplodia 2 were identified. Trichoderma and Lasiodiplodia were found from leaf and fruit tissues, whereas Aspergillus and Fusarium were isolated from leaf and stem tissues. The inhibition of F. oxysporum by these seven fungi isolates in vitro about nine days after dual culture was 53.9%, 62.5%, 38.9%, 38,3%, 26.9%, 29,4%, and 34.7%, respectively. Endophyte study with Trichoderma morphospecies 2 showed that the isolate could colonize 84% of the root, 60% of the stem, and 80% of leaf tissues three weeks after inoculation through roots. Therefore, the research results demonstrate the presence of endophytic fungi derived from the chili plant that is potential to control wilt disease in vivo.

Vascular Streak Dieback (VSD) disease caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae is the most severe emerging cocoa disease in Southeast Asia. Once the tree is infected, tree defoliation will occur as leaf senescence followed by leaf falls. VSD to have associated with endophytes. However, a fundamental question is whether a similar microbe inhabiting vascular tissue of branch and petiole is entire or patchy? The aim of research was to track and quantify microbial diversity associated with VSD symptoms occupying branches and petiole throughout the stem in different clones. The study focused on VSD symptoms expressing in local (Sulawesi 02), susceptible (RCC 70), and resistant (MCC 02) clones to VSD disease. Sample collection was conducted in Lili Riaja, Soppeng District. The 30 cm-branch with the attached petiole of interest was cut into small pieces 1 cm and transferred into water agar medium before submersion into 2.5% NaOCl for 3 minutes, 70% alcohol for 2 minutes and sterilized water for 1 minute. Morphological characterization followed by microscope check was determined to microbial genera. Eight different fungal communities occupying branch and/or petiole consisted of Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Colletotrichum sp., Penicillium sp., Aspergillus sp., Moniliophthora sp., Lasiodiplodia sp., Curvularia sp. and one Oomycete Phytophthora palmivora. Among occupants in branch and petiole, Fusarium sp. and Colletotrichum sp. were the most frequent. Only one Oomycete Phytophthora palmivora occupying clone samples was found. The most diverse microbes were found to associate with Sulawesi 02 and RCC 70 clones, while fewer microbes were detected with MCC 02 clone.

The aim of study was to determine the efficacy of bacterial isolates from the rhizosphere in influencing the resistance of maize to downy mildew by measuring the accumulated concentration of salicylic acid. Treatments were based on a fully randomized 2-factor design with 3 levels of; factor I (bacteria) 3 levels (b0 = no bacteria, b1 = Bacillus paramycoides Ga-3, b2 = B. cereus Si-4) and factor II (salicylic acid) 2 levels (as0 = 0 g/L and as1 = 2 g/L). The research was carried out at the greenhouse and plant pathology laboratory, Indonesian Cereal Research Institute (ICERI), from March to July 2020. Each treatment combination was tested on three varieties of maize, namely Anoman, Bima20, and Bima3. Hence there were 18 treatment combinations. Furthermore, the results showed that rhizosphere bacteria and salicylic acid could control downy mildew in maize. In the case of the Bima20 variety, the combined treatment of B. paramycoides Ga3 + salicylic acid had the lowest incidence of disease at 13%. Meanwhile, treatment of B. cereus Si4 + salicylic acid in the Bima3 variety had the lowest incidence of disease by 26%. Considering the results, the enrichment of salicylic acid content was highest at 9.6 ppm on maize which was applied with the rhizosphere bacterium B. paramycoides Ga3 + salicylic acid.

The green planthopper Nephotettix virescens Distant (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) is one of the important pests of rice plants in South and Southeast Asia. N. virescens caused damages to rice plants by sucking rice fresh fluid and vector virus of tungro disease. The purpose of research is to determine the effectiveness of two types, entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, in suppressing the population level of N. virescens on rice plants. The research activities were held at the Laboratory of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, from September 2018 to June 2019. The research used a Factorial, Completely Randomized Design with eight treatments and five replications. Each treatment used ten individual nymphs of N. virescens. The research started from the collection and mass rearing of N. virescens, prepared the rice plants, cultured of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana, application of the entomopathogenic fungi M. anisopliae and B. bassiana. The application of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana on the green planthoppers nymph was showed the average mortality of N. virescens by spraying (89.6%), watering (89.6%), and dipping (89.6%) not significantly. However, the mortality was higher compared to the control (0.50%). Watering treatment used the solution of B. bassiana showed very high average mortality compared dipping used M. anisopliae. The application of M. anisopliae in the spraying and watering treatments showed the average mortality not significantly different compared to the spraying treatment used entomopathogenic B. bassiana.

The objectives of research is to determine the diversity of insect pests in rice fields and the effect of B. bassiana spraying around the ecosystem. The collection and observation of pest populations in rice and legumes embankments was held in Mappadaelo village, Tanasitolo District, Wajo Regency, South Sulawesi. Experiments used Mekongga rice varieties in four different fields with a distance between rice fields of around 200 - 300 m. Legumes in the embankment was planted a week after planting rice, the types of legumes: green beans, long beans and cowpeas. The research used Randomized Block Design eight treatment and four replication. Observation of pest insect of rice started from 14 days after planting used ten sample of legume plant in embankment (five samples legumes without B. bassiana spraying and five samples of plants sprayed B. bassiana). The insects were collected on the embankment used D-Vac, then the sample put in a bottle contain alcohol 70%. The interval collected sample used D-Vac was seven days. The results was showed the diversity of insect pests in rice field without spraying B. bassiana was 2.48 with the highest diversity index in treatment P1 of 0.71. The lowest insect diversity index on plants in rice field without B. bassiana spray as P3 treatment of 0.65. The diversity of pest insect in rice fields sprayed with B. bassiana was 2.28. The highest diversity index was found in treatment P7 of 0.75. The lowest insect diversity index in rice fields sprayed with B. bassiana was treatment P6 of 0.45. The conclusion of the study spraying the entomopathogenic fungi B. bassiana affected the diversity index of pest insect attacked rice plant.

The plastic waste around us such as: plastic bottle and glass from drinking water very useful modified as tools for monitoring insect pests in agricultural ecosystem. The presence of insect pest in farmer plantation need more attention such as monitoring for exactly management effort. The purpose of research is to re-use plastic waste became yellow trap and pitfall trap for monitoring of insect pests attack the popular vegetables. The advantages of research as new information for community used plastic waste as tools of monitoring insects. The observation was held in kangkong and spinach plantation used pit-fall trap and yellow trap for monitoring presence arthropods in the planting season. The results was showed: the effectivity of pit-fall trap from plastic waste used for arthropods monitoring especially predator in kangkong field about 45% and insect pests 37.5%. As the comparing data, the effectivity of pit-fall trapped predator in spinach plantation about 99.2%, the lowest number in insect pests and decomposer about 0.4%, respectively. The result of yellow trap made from plastic bottle in kangkong field trapped insect pests about 43.7% and decomposer 41.1%. The trapped of insect pests used yellow trap in spinach plantation 63.4% and predator 26.6%. The conclusion of research: plastic giving more benefit as yellow and pit-fall trap for monitoring insects. The effectivities of tools depend on arthropods habit and roles as important part of ecosystem. Plastic waste has potential as monitoring tools presence insects in agroecosystem.

Tungro is one of the major diseases has ability reduce the yield potential of rice. The disease was caused by rice tungro baciliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). Both of virus only transmitted by green leafhoppers, Nephotettix virescens in a semi-persistent manner. The research purpose is to control tungro disease and its vectors as well as the diversity of natural enemies by applying the intercropping method of several rice plant varieties. The optimum of disease incidence in 11 weeks observation on the variety of Ciherang, Inpari 32, Inpari 36, and IR 64 planted in intercropping was 7.8%, 7.3%, 3,8%, and 6.3%. Whereas, the incidence on these respective variety planted in monoculture was 9.8%, 8,8%, 4.3%, and 8.5%. Then, the optimum of N. virescens population per clump on rice variety with intercropping in the same time of observation was 4.8, 2.3, 1.5, and 4, and on variety with monoculture was 6.5, 4.5, 3.3, and 4,5, respectively. Moreover, the population of insect predators tended to be higher on variety with intercropping than on rice variety with monoculture. These data indicated that rice planted with variety intercropping was related to the reduction of tungro incidence and its vector and also the increase of insect predators. Therefore, the intercropping of variety could used as one of control method against rice pests and diseases.

Anthracnose Colletrothicum acutatum is the most dominant and virulent disease that attacks hot pepper pants and can reduce yields. One of the ways to control anthracnose can use resistant varieties. The research objective was to ensure the resistance of the hot pepper lines to C. acutatum isolate from Sukabumi. Anthracnose isolates used C. acutatum from Sukabumi with a DNA band measuring 490 bp. The method used to test the resistance to anthracnose on hot pepper was by inoculating 5 ul of conidial suspension with a density of 5.0 × 10⁵ as much as one injection per fruit. PR protein analysis was performed on anthracnose infected and healthy fruit. The results showed that: (1). Based on the morphology of the isolates, the top looks are white and gray, and beige, white, peach for the colony color is shown below. (2). C. acutatum isolates from Sukabumi were identified by PCR method with DNA bands measuring 490 bp. (3). The results of validation of resistance to anthracnose C. acutatum with Sukabumi isolates obtained resistant lines: 2A (R-4), 4A (R-15), 4B (R-9), 6 (R-12), 7 (-13), 8 (R-14) with a lesion diameter less than 5 mm. (4). The absorbance value of peroxidase enzyme and protein content of anthracnose-resistant fruit was higher than that of susceptible fruit. (5). The results of the analysis of the protein band pattern profile on the PR-protein results showed that in certain molecular weight range thin and thick gene expressions were seen with molecular weights ranging between 37 kDa.

Pesticide is one of the most common methods of pests and diseases control applied in a developing country. Knowledge of pesticide management is significant for effective application. The purpose of the study is to determine the knowledge of farmers about pesticide management practices on shallot crops in Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted from October 2017 to February 2018. This quantitative and survey research was used respondents of 30 farmers in two locations: Duyu and Bayaoge in Tatanga District, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Commonly, the respondents working on the shallot field. The data quantification using the ordinal scale, then univariate analysis for frequency distribution and bivariate analysis to determine the correlation of two variables. The results were showed there no significant effect between farmers' knowledge about pesticides and the actions of farmers in the use of pesticides. Increasing knowledge about pesticides cannot be expected to change wise actions in using pesticides in pest control.

Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a polyphagous mealybug with a wide host range. Many of them are fruits that have high economic value and potential export commodities. In addition, E. hispidus is a quarantine pest so that its presence can be an export barrier. The purposive sampling method were used to take plant samples. Host plants were sampled in 4 districts in Bogor, Sukabumi, Purwakarta, and Garut, West Java. Mealybugs and their host plants were put in a paper bag and taken to the laboratory. Adult female mealybugs were prepared microscopically for identification. Results showed that E. hispidus was found on 31 species of 18 families. Most of the hosts were fruit crops 54.84% and at least medicinal plant and weed 3.23%. The major host plants are fruit crops including cocoa, duku, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, mangosteen and lemon. The part of the plant which is inhabited by E. hispidus mostly is on the fruit and the least on the stem. The results of this study were expected to provide information on the host range of E. hispidus so that it can be prevented from spreading and proper control is taken.