Table of contents

Second International Conference "Collaboration Seminar of Chemistry and Industry (CoSCI 2018) in conjunction with 23^rd Indonesian Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ISBMB) seminar was taken place at Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya-Indonesia on October 11-12, 2018. The event presented a theme" Recent Development of Omics Technology For Human Prosperity".

"Omics is a general term for a broad discipline of science and engineering for analyzing the interactions of biological information objects in organism. The main focus is on: 1) mapping information objects such as genes, proteins, and ligands; 2) finding interaction relationships among the objects; 3) engineering the networks and objects to understand and manipulate the regulatory mechanisms; and 4) integrating various omes and omics subfields.

The event was held to facilitate for the scientists, scholars, engineers and students from universities, research institutes and industries to present ongoing research activities, especially in Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Medicine and other in related fileds. It was also to encourage future collaboration among all participants.

The conference of CoSCI and ISBMB created proceedings from the papers that were submitted by participants, after they were reviewed by committee members and international reviewers. This volume intends to provide readers with the recent advances in the Omics Technology such as Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Medicine field.

We would like to thank to all authors who contributed to the proceedings and also to the organizing committee, reviewers, speakers, sponshor, and all the conference participants for their supporting in the conference of CoSCI 2018 and 23^rd Seminar of ISBMB.

Dr. Purkan, M.Si

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga,

Surabaya, Indonesia, Nov. 10, 2018

The Chairman

1. Dr. Purkan, M.Si, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia.

2. Dr. Sri Sumarsih, M.Si, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia

List of Steering Committee and Scientific Committee are available in this PDF.

List of Photos are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Calcium phosphates (CP) have been synthesized by sol-gel method in various calcium to phosphorus molar ratio and calcination temperatures. The objective of this study was to understand the influence of molar ratio Ca/P and calcination temperature on crystalline phase of CP. Sol-gel synthesis of calcium phosphates have been performed at room temperature by mixing calcium nitrate and phosphoric acid at Ca/P molar ratio 1.0, 1.3 and 1.5. Gel of synthesis products were dried at 110°C to produce powder then measured by thermal analysis of Differential Scanning Calorimetry-Thermogravimetric Analysis (DSC-TGA). Powders of CP were calcined at 110, 400 and 600°C based on thermal analysis result. Crystalline phase and chemical bonds of calcined CP powders were characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR).

The Brønsted acid site was determined by using volumetric and Potentiometrie titration method. The result showed that the Brønsted acid sites of synthesized aluminosilicate using volumetric titration method are aluminosilicate-1: 0.5491; aluminosilicate-2: 0.5523; and aluminosilicate-3: 0.5772 mmol/g and using potentiometric titration method are aluminosilicate-1: 4.7087; aluminosilicate-2: 5.5739; and aluminosilicate-3: 8.1059 mmol/g. FTIR-pyridine also showed the same trend line, the Brønsted acid sites concentration increased by the increasing of Si/Al mole ratio. The results of the measurement using FTIR-pyridine showed the Brønsted acid sites concentration of aluminosilicate-1; aluminosilicate-2; and aluminosilicate-3 were 0.0293; 0.330; and 0.0336 mmol/g, respectively. The Brønsted acid sites concentration of aluminosilicate was higher using volumetric titration and potentiometric titration methods than using the FTIR-pyridine method, but the trend line was the same, the higher Si/Al mole ratio, concentration of Brønsted acid sites increased.

Carbon paste electrode modified imprinted zeolite have been developed as a sensor to analyze creatine by potentiometry. Zeolite used in this study was TS-1 type zeolite that was synthesized with mole ratio of TEOS, TBOT, TPAOH, and H₂O of 1:0.017:0.24:21.2. Imprinted zeolite (IZ) was synthesized by mole ratio of creatine/Si of 0.0306. The developed electrode showed the optimum performance on pH 5, range of measurement of 10⁻⁹–10⁻⁴ M, linearity of 0.973, and Nernst factor of 27.31 mV/decade. The upper and lower detection limits were 5.5×10⁻⁵ M and 1.3×10⁻⁸ M, respectively. The electrode showed a good precision which is expressed by coefficient of variation of 1.13% - 1.43%. The response time of the electrode in 10⁻⁹–10⁻⁴ M creatine was 82-199 seconds, while its life time was 7 weeks (83 times used). Urea, glucose, and uric acid in various concentrations did not interfere on creatine analysis by potentiometry using the modified electrode. Application of the modified electrode in two serum samples with spiking technique resulted in recovery of 76.8% and 81.8%. Comparative testing with the standard clinical laboratory method showed accuracy of 73%.

Polymelamine/gold nanoparticle modified carbon paste electrode (PM/AuNPs/CPE) has been developed for voltammetric study of ascorbic acid (AA). The PM/CPE was prepared onto carbon paste electrode surface via electropolymerization, then it has been deposited gold nanoparticle (AuNPs) via electrodeposition for PM/AuNPs/CPE. In pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, PM/AuNPs/CPE was oxidized during the cyclic potential sweep between 0.0 V and 1.5 V, forming polymer and gold nanoparticle at the carbon paste electrode (CPE) surface. The electrochemical behavior of ascorbic acid at the bare CPE, PM/CPE, AuNPs/CPE and PM/AuNPs/CPE were investigated. The oxidation peak potential of ascorbic acid shifts to more negative potential at PM/AuNPs/CPE Moreover, the oxidation peak current significantly increases at PM/AuNPs/CPE. The PM/AuNPs/CPE electrode exhibits a quasi-reversible electron with a peak separation 130 mV. These fenomena indicate that PM/AuNPs/CPE shows highly-efficient catalytic activity to the oxidation of ascorbic acid.

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the development of silver nanoparticles in analytical method has been done. Silver nanoparticles was prepared by chemical reduction method, with variant of silver nitrate concentration and stirring time to result te best silver nanoparticles. The objective of this research is to determain the optimum condition for synthesis of silver nanoparticles and the ability of silver nanoparticles for a colorimetric sensor. The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible and Paricle Size Analyzer (PSA). The result of characterized by UV-visible specthrophotometer showed that the UV-vis absorption spectra of silver nanoparticles with difference silver nitrate concentration gave a difference size of silver nanoparticles and the stirring time controlled the stable colloidal of silver nanoparticles. The size distribution of silver nanoparticles were confirmed by using the Paricle size analyzer (PSA). We have applied colloid silver nanoparticles as colorimetric sensor of Sialic acid and Melamine, the presence of Sialic acid and Melamine induces the aggregation of silver nanoparticles, accompanied by a color change from yellow to red-purplish (Sialic acid) and yellow to brown (melamine)

Casimiroa edulis Llave et Lex (Rutacae), popularly known as white sapote. The main aim of this study is to isolate and investigate the bioassay of the stem bark of Casimiroa edulis. Two flavonoids were isolated from the methanolic fraction of the stem bark of Casimiroa edulis. The isolated compounds can be identified as 6,7-dimethoxyflavone (1) and 5,6,2'-trimethoxyflavone (2) by using advance spectroscopic methods, including FT-IR, UV, 1D NMR, 2D NMR. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. The result revealed that the two compounds did not have antidiabetic activity and antioxidant activity. This is the first phytochemical study of 6,7-dimethoxyflavone from the genus Casimiroa.

The objective of this research is to synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide (GO)-nano Fe₃O₄ composite from bagasse. The analysis graphite, GO, and Fe₃O₄ using XRD result peak at position 2θ 24.56°; 26.61° and 35.4°. GO-nano Fe₃O₄ composite shows mixture peak of GO and Fe₃O₄. When GO was characterized by FTIR, it comes the distinctive vibration bands of -COOH, C = C, C-O, and -CH. While on the composite there are additional bands belonging to Fe-O and Fe-C. The ratio of D band and G band on composite is higher than that of GO, ie 1.45 and 0.79 when characterized used Raman spectroscopy. The morphology structure of the composite when analyzed using FE-SEM-EDX appears to have a large surface area filled with Fe particles on the surface with the largest composition of elements C, O, and Fe. Pore characteristics when determined using SAA belong to mesoporus with surface area total 35.911 m²/g and a specific surface area of 42.523 m²/g.

Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide nanocomposite from coconut shell GO-Fe₃O₄ has been done. Graphene oxide can be prepared using Hummer's method and Subsequently, the synthesis of GO-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite was carried out by ultrasound assisted co-precipitation of iron (II) and (III) chlorides in the presence of GO. The formation of GO and graphene-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite was confirmed by x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR), SEM and Raman spectroscopy. The characteristics of GO-Fe₃O₄ as a result of synthesis from coconut shell analyzed using XRD showed that GO characteristics peak in accordance with the characteristics of GO-Fe₃O₄ in (JCPDS No. 88-0315). Analysis using FTIR was seen in 3421 cm⁻¹ (O-H stretching), 1631 cm⁻¹ (C = C aromatic), and 565 cm⁻¹ (Fe-O). Analysis using SEM seen in the presence of Fe, O and C in the EDX analysis confirmed the formation of GO-Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite. Analysis using Raman spectroscopy showed that peaks of Fe₃O₄ were at wavelengths of 396 cm⁻¹ because sp³ carbon was bound to Fe₃O₄ so that the peak band D was not present in GO-Fe₃O₄ spectroscopy.

Drug delivery material is one of popular topics of research in this era because the developmet of medicines require a good carrier of the drugs produced and synthesized. However, recent produced capsules were made from animal's extract such as bone or skin that could not be suitable for everyone, especially the ones with animal's meat intolerant. Hard shell capsules were produced from κ-carrageenan-alginate (CA) and κ-carrageenan-starch (CS) of cassava. First order kinetics of salicylamide released from hard shell capsules of CA and CS were determined using the Noyes-Whitney modification equations. The optimum k₁ of gelatin capsules calculated was 0.0108 ppm/min at pH 6.8, CA was 0.0.0493 ppm/min, and CS was 0.0237 ppm/min. This means that CA and CS could be recommended. Further development is needed to produce the best CA and CS capsules as drug delivery material.

Two chromanone acid derivatives, calofolic acid B (1) and apetalic acid (2) were isolated from the stem bark of Calophyllum incrassatum. The structures of both compounds were elucidated by UV, IR, HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopies and comparison of their data with literatures. Compounds 1-2 were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against P-388 cells, compound (1) showing value IC₅₀ 1.14 μg/mL.

In this research, hydrophobic fabric was prepared using TiO₂ and hexadecyl trimethoxysilane (HDTMS). The method of coating was layer by layer. First layer was coated with TiO₂ to increase the roughness and the second layer was coated with HDTMS to increase the hydrophobicity. The fabrics that has been coated TiO₂ has a water contact angle about 54.55°, while the fabric that has been coated HDTMS has a water contact angle about 109.79°. In this research, we studied the influence of deposition time and composition of TiO₂ and HDTMS. The result showed the optimum deposition time of TiO₂ about 60 and 30 min, the optimum concentration of TiO₂ and HDTMS about 0.4 and 0.1 M. This optimum condition exposed the water contact angle 135.93°. Characterization of the hydrophobic fabrics was done using IR-ATR showed the wave number of 667.2 cm^-1 and 893.1 cm^-1 were Ti-O-Ti and Ti-O-Si bond. The result of separation efficiency hydrophobic fabric of the mixture (cooking oil-water, toluene-water, chloroform-water, and hexane-water) were 93.30%, 84.61%, 61.54%, and 23.07%. The hydrophobic fabric was stable towards ambient temperature till 6 weeks, but unfortunately, it was not stable towards detergent.

Aldose reductase (AR) is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent reduction of glucose to sorbitol, leading to excessive accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in various tissues of diabetes melitus (DM) including the heart, vasculature, neurons, eyes, and kidneys. Polyol pathway plays an important role in the pathogenesis of DM in human patients. Indeed a number of AR inhibitors are currently being investigated to prevent diabetic complications. Streptozotocin (STZ) is using to induce diabetes mellitus of experimental animal. This research to prove the dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract could decrease lens and erythrocyte aldose reductase activity in Wistar strain male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with diabetes mellitus. This study design is using true experimental research with randomized posttest only controls group design. Thirty-five Wistar strain male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into five groups (each comprised seven rats). Four groups which injected by Streptozotocin (STZ) 60 mg/kgBW were K(+) (fed by Na-CMC 1% only), P1 (fed by 100 mg/kgBW dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract), P2 (fed by 150 mg/kgBW dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract), and P3 (fed by 200 mg/kgBW dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract). One group (K(-)) which not injected by Streptozotocin (STZ) was fed by Na-CMC 1% only. Group which fed by 150 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract had decreased lens aldose reductase activity than group which was not fed by dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract but not significantly (p>0,05). Group which fed by 100 mg/kgBW, 150 mg/kgBW and 200 mg/kgBW dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract had decreased erythrocyte aldose reductase activity than group which was not fed by dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract significantly (p<0,05). This research suggest that dried Etlingera elatior leaves extract could decrease erythrocyte aldose reductase activity but could not decrease lens aldose reductase activity in Wistar strain male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) with diabetes mellitus.

It has been done separation isopropyl alcohol (IPA) in water using activated bentonite as adsorbent. Preparation of activated bentonite is done using H₂SO₄ 1 M. Characterization of adsorbent includes structural analysis with XRD, surface area and pore size using the BET method. The adsorption test is carried out in a batch system with variations in stirring time, adsorbent mass, pH and temperature. Analysis of the amount of IPA adsorbed is determined by a picnometer. The results of the adsorption test showed that the adsorption capacity optimum of IPA by activated bentonite was 116.62 mg/g at optimum conditions, i.e. 40 minutes stirring time, 1 g of active bentonite mass, at 30 °C and acidity level 7. Model of isotherm adsorption of IPA in activated bentonite are isotherm Langmuir model with corelation coefficient (R²) of 0,9283. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG°) are 189.37 J·mol⁻¹,−1.08 J·mol⁻¹·K⁻¹ and 132.63 J·mol⁻¹respectively.

Propolis is one of the product that produces by bees. Propolis commonly used as a supplement because it has a bioactive compound. Propolis is hydrophobic, so it is not absorbed by the body very well, that's why it needs other technologies to solve this problem. Encapsulation is one of the answers because this technology has "drug delivery systems." The purpose of this study is to look at the efficiency of coating, particle size of nanopropolis and antibacterial activity. The result of this research shows that the efficiency of propolis coatings by flavonoids is 94,71%. Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) is used to measure the particle size. The result is nanopropolis has an average diameter 75,7 nm and 83,9 nm. The antibacterial activity of propolis against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus was detected but not in nanopropolis.

ZnO-TiO₂/Chitosan nanorods were synthesized by precipitation method from mixture Zinc nitrate dihydrate (Zn (NO₃)₂.2H₂O) and Titanium Iso Propoxide (TIP) as precursors with different ratio molar composition of ZnO and TiO₂ at pH = 11.0. Then, addition of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Methylenamine (C₆H₁₂N₄) for control pH solution. ZnO-TiO₂/Chitosan resulting from the characterization of X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that ZnO-TiO₂/Chitosan with hexagonal wurtzite structures. The nanorods size of ZnO-TiO₂/Chitosan is (35 – 42) nm. Surface topographic information investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows the distribution of shapes are nanorods. The interactions Zn-O-Ti were studied on the Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis on wave numbers 680 cm^−1. The optical properties indicated UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS) shows the result of modification of different precursor compositions of ZnO and TiO₂ giving a smaller value (Eg = 3.24 – 3.25 eV) when compared without doped TiO₂ (Eg = 3.32 eV) and on any difference the composition significantly does not provide different band gap values.

Leilem, which is known with the botanical name Clerodendrum minahassae, is a plant species commonly used as a component of almost all meat- and fish-based cuisine. In addition to enhancing the flavor and taste suited to the local people, leaves of leilem is also believed to possess high level of natural antioxidant. The leaves of this plant has also been used as traditional medicine to treat stomachache and lung diseases. Our previous study revealed that ethanol extract of leilem has beneficial antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects on the aorta of Wistar rats fed with high lipid and cholesterol levels. The present study was aimed at investigating the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of leilem leaves. Phytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods of precipitation and coloration reactions. In addition, the total phenolics and flavonoids were determined by using spectrophotometric methods. Finally, the leaf extract of leilem was assayed to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant properties using 1,1-Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical assay and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay. The phytochemical screening of leilem leaves revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, and phenols, while terpenes and tannins were not detected. The extract of leilem leaves showed estimated phenolics and flavonoid content of 139.88 mg/g and 34.46 mg/g respectively. Concentration of leilem leave extract required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) was recorded as 565.45 μg/mL. At 1 mg/mL concentration, the aqueous extract of leilem leaves showed ferric reducing power of 123.62 μmoles/mg in FRAP assay. These findings suggest that the ethanol extract of leilem has potential in vitro antioxidant activities. Overall, results obtained from this study support our previous finding that the extract of leilem leaves has beneficial antihyperlipidemic and antiatherosclerotic effects and can be used as an alternative to synthetic antioxidants.

More than hundred thousands people in the Porong subdistrict have been displaced by the hot mud flowing from a natural gas well being drilled by Lapindo Brantas, an oil well company since late May 2006. The mud was estimated to be flowing at a rate of 125,000 m³ per day and rapidly flooded surrounding areas displacing hundred thousands of people. For about thousand people had to seek medical treatment after exposure to and inhalation of a poisonous gas. This disaster is happen continue until now. The monitoring of mud flow and water quality are performed by taking separate samples in the field and transporting the samples to the laboratory for analysis. The sediment and water samples of hot mud flow at Porong Area, East Java, Indonesia, were taken from several points and analyzed are as follow; concentration of Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe in sediment samples in the range of : 0.26 – 0.42; 0.16 – 0.34; 54.80 – 61.10; 21.22 – 24.16; 3.45 – 9.83; 1314 –1526 ppm respectively. And concentration of Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe in water sampels in the range of : 0.14 – 0.27; 0.001 – 0.002; 0.19 – 0.42; 0.012 – 0.036; 0.26 – 0.36; 0.20 – 0.58 ppm respectively. The soil and water samples were taken from several locations near the hot mud flow at Porong Area, East Java, Indonesia and the concentration of Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Fe in soil and water samples are not detected.

Paracetamol is an analgesic drug that is used widely. The use of high dose paracetamol can cause liver damage. Based on research, Roselle has high antioxidant content.The objective of the research was to find out the effect of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) flower extract to the SGPT activity of Wistar rats induced by high dose paracetamol.

This study used 24 male Wistar rats as samples and conducted for 10 days. Samples were divided into 3 groups : group of rats fed with standard diet and filtered water for 10 days and received 0.5% CMC-Na orally on the 9^th day; group of rats fed with standard diet filtered water for 10 days and received paracetamol 1750mg/kg body weight (in 0.5% CMC-Na) orally on the 9^th day; group of rats fed with standard diet and Roselle flower extract 200mg/kg body weight for 10 days and received paracetamol 1750mg/kg body weight (in 0.5% CMC-Na) orally on the 9^th day. All group were sacrified on the 10^th day. SGPT activity were examinated with spectrophotometry method.The result of Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant difference (p=0.001) of SGPT activity between the group of rats received standard diet (81,44 U/L) and group of rats received high dose paracetamol (240,39 U/L). Furthermore, there is significant difference (p=0.001) of SGPT activity between group of rats received high dose paracetamol (240,39 U/L) and group of rats received high dose parasetamol and Roselle flower extract (72,98 U/L).It can be concluded that high dose of paracetamol significantly increased SGPT activity, and Roselle flower extract significantly reduced SGOT activity of Wistar rats induced by high dose parasetamol.

Oxidative stress triggers the emergence of degenerative diseases. Antioxidant-rich products have been shown to reduce the degree of oxidative stress. Cardamom rhizome is reported to be rich in antioxidants, but the components and levels are unknown. This study aims to explore the flavonoids, vitamin C and essential oils content in cardamom rhizome, and its potential as functional food ingredients. The research method used is quantitative exploration. Cardamom rhizome is washed, thin sliced, oven dried at 50-60°C, then ground into flour. Cardamom rhizome flour was then analyzed for flavonoids, vitamin C and essential oils content. The results show that level of flavonoid is 324.51 mg/g extract, vitamin C 0.73 mg/g extract; and essential oil 0.22 ml/g extract. Cardamom rhizome flavonoid level is almost 3 times higher than that of leaf. Meanwhile cardamom leaf has been proven able to be formulated into functional drinks. On the other hand, flavonoids, vitamin C, and essential oils are known to many experts as potential antioxidant compounds, and are beneficial for health. Therefore, it is believed that cardamom rhizome can be used as a component of functional food. In conclusion, cardamom rhizome is rich in flavonoid antioxidant and has the potential as a functional food ingredient.

Catechin isolate is an active substance contained in gambir consisting of epicatechin compounds, epicycin-3-galates, epigallocatechin-3-errors and epigallocatechines which have the potential effect to reduce triacylglycerol levels. This study aims to determine the effect of catechin isolates on rat triacylglycerol levels induced by a high fat diet. We use catechin isolates which is an active compound from gambir extract. This study was conducted on 25 rats divided into 5 groups, namely, negative control group (K-), positive control (K +), and 3 treatment groups (P1, P2, P3) given a high-fat diet of cow's brain for 14 days. The treatment group was then given catechin isolates with a dose: 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg / kg body weight / day for 14 days. Triacylglycerol levels were examined using Glycerylphosphate Oxidase (GPO) Method. Data analysis was performed using One way Annova and Post Hoc Tukey HSD. The results showed a decrease in triacylglycerol levels after being given by catechin isolates. Triacylglycerol levels in positive control mice (K +) 147.8 ± 8.5 mg / dL were higher when compared to the negative control group and the treatment group, ie 104.6 ± 15.3 mg / dL, 101.4 ± 15.7 mg / dL, 106.4 ± 17.6 mg / dL, and 110 ± 3.2 mg / dL. There were significant differences in the P1, P2, and P3 groups with the positive control group p = 0.014 (p <0.05). The conclusion of this study is catechin isolates can affect triacylglycerol levels.

The raw materials of liquid fertilizer production are cellulose. Hence, cellulases are needed as biocatalisator of liquid fertilizer production. Cellulases are produced by cellulolytic microbes, bacteria and fungi. Soil is a habitat dominated by microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and protozoa. Isolation of cellulolytic bacteria was done by using a screening medium containing 1% CMC. Cellulolytic bacteria was selected based on clear zone which form surrounding the colonies. Cellulase activity was measured by dinitrosalisilic acid (DNS) method. In this research, microorganisms that produce cellulases have been isolated from the soil of agricultural waste, and one with the highest activity has been studied for its benefits as a biocatalytic candidate in the production of liquid fertilizer. It was observed four isolates of microorganisms producing cellulases, the widest clear zone produced by NH1 isolate had diameter of 19.69 ± 0.3 mm. The optimum pH and temperature of crude extracts of cellulases were 8.0 and 60°C, respectively. The total nitrogen level in the production of liquid fertilizer with and without crude extracts of cellulases are 0.2073% and 0.1104%, respectively. So this crude extracts of cellulases increase 87,77% of total nitrogen level.

This research aimed to know antibody titers in the sheep which were injected antigen of whole protein from third instar larvae Musca domestica by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), that giving the antigen could cause increasing antibody titers in the sheep. A male sheep about two years old were immunated with whole protein from larvae Musca domestica which was added Freund's Complete Adjuvant and done three times injection again (booster) with range of time once-two weeks and addition of Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant. Taking sheep blood before and after immunitation was done to get serum as composition of ELISA test. Data which were got in this research, tabulated with descriptive analysis. The result of this research showed that there was a little of increasing antibody titers. The most titers at booster 1, then gradually had drastic decreasing. Based on the result of ELISA test can be concluded that antigen of whole protein from larvae Musca domestica can't stimulate immune response in the sheep.

This purpose of this study was to determine the potential of lemon juice in inhibiting the growth of diarrhea-causing bacteria and analyze the optimum dose. The type of this study was a laboratory experiment. The variations of the lemon juice dose used in this study were 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 mg/ml by using Enterotoxin Escherichia coli (ETEC) as the test bacteria. This potential test used a well diffusion method with three repetitions for each dose. The results of this study indicated that lemon juice had the potential to inhibit pathogenic bacteria that cause diarrhea. In doses of 500 mg/ml to 80 mg/ml it inhibited the growth of test bacteria which were characterized by the formation of inhibition zones in a sequence of 10.56, 12.05, 13.02, and 14.58 mm with intermediate categories. Whereas in doses of 900 mg/ml and 1000 mg/ml it inhibited the growth of test bacteria with zone diameter area of 16.04 and 18.70 mm with sensitive categories. Kruskal Wallis test revealed a p-value of 0.000 < α = 0.05, which means that there was an influence among treatments. This result showed that the optimum dose of lemon juice in inhibiting diarrhea- causing pathogenic bacteria was 900 mg/ml.

The variety of Hibiscus can be categorized based on genetic relationship. This research aimed to figure out genetic relationship of Hibiscus spp. (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Hrs), Hibiscus schizopetalus (Hs), and Hibiscus tiliaceus (Ht)) based on DNA bands using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA technique and find out the band of DNA to categorize Hibiscus spp. in dendrogram. The leaves of the samples were collected from Kebun Raya Purwodadi – Pasurusan, Indonesia and then used as DNA sources. The primer used in this study were OPA-1, OPA02, and OPA-3. The experiment resulted 56 bands of DNA which were obtained from amplification process. Subsequently, we performed cluster analysis by applying Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA), in which simple matching, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) analysis were selected to obtain dendrogram. The resulted dendrogram exhibited that H. rosa-sinensis possess a closed genetic relationship (index similarity 0.65) with H. schizopetalus but showed far genetic relationship with H. tiliaceus (index similarity 0.40)

The purpose of this study was to prove that Sticophus hermanii (SH) extract can lower blood glucose levels and increase skeletal muscle GLUT4 levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) rats model. This research is a laboratory experimental study, with complete randomized design. Thirty rats (Wistar rats) were randomly divided into five groups, a normal control group and four T2DM rat groups by intra peritoneal STZ 50 mg / kg BW. The four T2DM rat groups divided into control positif group (without giving anything), given metformin 100 mg (first-line drugs T2DM), SH 8.5 mg and 17mg / kg BW, respectively, by gastric intubations every day during 2 weeks. After 2 weeks the rats sacrificed to measure blood glucose level with stikNesco multicheck and skeletal muscle GLUT4 level with elisa method. The results of this study were 1) blood glucose levels of T2DM rats decreased significantly, with the giving of SH 8.5 mg / kg body weight and 17 mg / kg body weight and gave the same effect with metformin 100 mg / kg body weight, 2) Skeletal muscle Glut 4 of T2DM rats increased significantly, with the giving of SH 8.5 mg / kg body weight and 17 mg / kg body weight and giving effect equal to metformin 100 mg / kg body weight. The conclusion was administration of SH extract at dosage 8.5 mg / kg body weight or 17 mg / kg body weight in T2DM rats statistically gives the same effect with metformin 100 mg / kg body weight, but it seems that dosing 8.5 mg / kg body weight gives better effect.

Black betel is a decoration plant which also have potential as source of medicine materials and alternative of safe antiseptic. In-vitro culture method can be applied to produce secondary metabolites using culture medium and optimal supplementation of growth regulators, in this case 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). This study was aimed to determine the effect of 2,4-D concentration on callus induction time, percentage of explant forming callus, callus fresh weight, dry weight, morphology, and secondary metabolites and bioactive compounds profile. The study was designed as laboratory experiment using completely randomized design with 6 concentrations treatment and replicated 12 times. Culture medium used was MS medium supplemented with various concentration of 2,4-D (0.0; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5 mg/L). After callus had grown, secondary metabolites content was analyzed using phytochemical screening. Result showed that 2,4-D growth regulator affected callus grown from black betel leaf explants. Growth regulator 2,4-D given at 2.5 mg/L was able to induce callus faster compared to other treatment, at mean induction time of 14 days. Explants supplemented with 2,4-D at 1.5 mg/L produced highest fresh and dry weight, at 0.8951 g and 0.0470 g respectively. Callus morphology with friable texture and yellowish white color was resulted from 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D treatment. Phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites profile from 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D treatment indicated flavonoids content, while all 2,4-D concentration treatment (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; and 2.5 mg/L) found to contain terpenoids. The main component is octadecanoic acid.

The purpose of this study was to to compare the antibiofim activity of ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius L. roots at various concentrations of the Indonesian isolate of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. The method used included inhibition test of planktonic bacteria and inhibition test of bacterial biofilm. The variable measured is the optical density (OD) of biofilm formation tested by ELISA reader. Inhibition test of biofilm formation is carried out using the microtiter plate method. The results showed that ethanol extract of A. precatorius L. roots had a significant differences in the inhibitory effect on biofilm formation between treatment group and positive control. The linear regression test showed that antibiofilm activity of ethanol extract of A. precatorius L. roots was slightly stronger on blood MSSA isolate. Therefore, the ethanol extract of A. precatorius L. roots have antibiofilm activity for MSSA isolate.

This study aims to reveal the prospect of rice straw as a biosurfactant production substrate by hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria. Rice straw can be hydrolysed enzymatically into simple sugar by Penicillium sp. H9. Hydrolysis products are used as growth medium and biosurfactant production by LII61 bacteria. The concentration sugar from hydrolysis product was analyzed by Nelson method. In this study, molasses were used as a comparison substrate in biosurfactant production. The growth response of LII61 bacteria was observed by measuring the turbidity of the culture. Biosurfactant products were evaluated by measuring the emulsification activity (%) and surface tension (mN/m). Acquisition of sugar from rice straw hydrolysis product (RSHP) was 209.25 μg/mL. The optimum growth both of RSHP and molasses substrates were obtained on the 5th day of incubation with a culture turbidity value of OD_λ650 0.201 and OD_λ650 0.157 respectively. The lowest surface tension obtained in culture of RSHP was 48.85 mN/m. It was better than biosurfactant product on the molasses substrate on the 3rd day incubation. However, during the incubation time both substrates did not show emulsification activity. Biosurfactants produced have certain characteristics on variations in pH and temperature.

This research aim to optimize the lipase production of Micrococcus sp. isolated from oil palm contaminated soil. The production of lipase enzymes is carried out in modified medium containing olive oil, sea salt, yeast extract with various types of carbon source (glucose, sucrose, glycerol) and nitrogen sources (tryptone, ammonium phosphate, urea and ammonium nitrate). The activity of lipase enzyme was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry method toward ρ-nitrophenylpalmitate (ρ-NPP) as a substrate. The results showed that glucose 1% was better carbon source compared with sucrose and glycerol. Ammonium phosphate, urea and ammonium nitrate were good nitrogen sources for lipase production of Micrococcus sp., although tryptone was the best nitrogen source.

The use of combination chitosan and ethanol extracted Aloe vera is considered to have activity to promote bone healing. The requirement dental material used in oral cavity include good biocompatibility, non toxic, non carcinogenic and nor allergenic response. The aim of this study was to examine the cytotoxicity combination chitosan with different molecular weight and ethanol extracted Aloe vera using MTT assay. 1 % chitosan gel (w/v) was made from chitosan powder with high (ChH) and low (ChL) molecular weight. 1 % chitosan gel was combined with ethanol extracted Aloe vera with concentration 50 % (Av₁ and 75% (Av₂). It divided five groups: control group, ChH-Av₁, ChH-Av₂, ChL-Av₁ and ChL-Av₂. Each of sample was immersed in eppendorf microtubes consist of media culture. After 24 hours, the immersion of media culture were used to investigate the cytotoxic effect to BHK-21 cell lines by MTT assay method. The density of optic formazan was indicated the number of living cells. All data were statistically analyzed by one-way Anova. The result showed that percentage of the living cells of all groups was uper 50 % using parameter CD₅₀. There was no significant difference among treatment groups. It can be concluded that combination chitosan with different molecular weight and ethanol extracted Aloe vera were non toxic for BHK-21 cell culture.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether gamma-mangostin could reduce fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, and also ameliorate damaged hepatocytes in diabetic mice. In this study, we used male BALB/C mice. Mice were divided into two groups: normal control (KN) and streptozotocin-induced diabetic. Streptozotocin (STZ) induction was performed using multiple low doses of 30 mg/kg body weight injected for five consecutive days. The diabetic mice were separated into three subgroups: diabetic control (KD), diabetic mice treated with acarbose (KA), and diabetic mice treated with gamma-mangostin at either 0,5 mg/kg body weight (P1), 1 mg/kg body weight (P2), or 2 mg/kg body weight (P3). Before and after STZ injection, fasting blood glucose and cholesterol level would be observed. Fasting blood glucose and cholesterol level were also measured at the 1^st, 7^th, and 14^th day of gamma-mangostin treatment. Treatment was given for 14 days. On the 15^th day, SGOT and SGPT were measured using a Pentra C 200 Reader, while the liver was collected and processed onto the histological slides. Interestingly, we found that gamma-mangostin was able to reduce the fasting blood glucose, cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, and ameliorate the damaged hepatocytes in significant diabetic mice. Therefore, we concluded that gamma-mangostin is a promising anti-diabetic agent due to its anti-hyperglycemic and antioxidant activities.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a potential yeast used as probiotic in animal feeds, due to it has several enzymes such as protease that needed to degrade protein material in feed to small molecule in order to easy adsorbed by cells. The research was constructed to determine the protease expression from the S. cerevisiae yeast that presented in tofu dregs as feed for Lumbricus rubellus worm, the concentration optimum and fermentation time of probiotic to degrade the residual protein in tofu dregs, and the effect of tofu dregs fermented by S. cerevisiae to support the growth of Lumbricus rubellus worm. The results showed that S. cerevisiae significantly expressed protease in medium containing tofu dregs with activty of 59.93 U/ml. The addition of S. cerevisiae 10% (v/w) in various optical density in tofu dregs medium showed the present of probiotic with OD600 0.6 for 12 hours of fermentation time exhibited the optimum degradation of residual protein in medium. The tofu dregs feed fermented by yeast probiotic for 15 days could increase the weight growth of Lumbricus rubellus as 51.32% (w/w) compared to control without probiotic that only 14% (w/w). Also it increased pulp resistance from the decay process compared to pulp without probiotic.

Alveolar bone is a highly vascularized organ and angiogenesis plays an important role in osteogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an essential mediator during the process angiogenesis and osteogenic potential, fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) either synergistically with VEGF, act on early stages of induction by stimulating fibroblast and osteoblast proliferations. A. granosa shell graft (AG) has osteoconductivity so it can be a scaffold to attract pluripotent cells that support bone healing process. Purpose: To improve bone blood flow and bone remodeling in mandible using A. granosa shell graft for accelerate osteogenesis. Methods: Total of 18 male rats Rattus norvegicus aged 6 months with body weight 250-300 grams were randomly devided into 3 groups with 6 rats each group. All samples got it's mandibular right incisors extracted, curettage and irrigation. The group consist of : treatment group with AG, treatment group with xenograft, control group untreated graft. After one week rats were sacrificed for FGF-2 and VEGF analized with Oneway Anova. Results: AG shell graft containing 44% calcium carbonate, 33% calcium hydroxide and 23% calcium phosphate could increase the expression of FGF-2 and VEGF (p<0,05) at 7th days. Conclusions: AG shell graft has potential for accelerate angiogenesis process in the mandible with increased FGF-2 and VEGF.

Dichloromethane (DCM) is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry as an intermediate solvent and active reagent. Most of the pharmaceutical industry waste contains of DCM which is a toxic compounds in the environment. Microorganism plays an important role in maintaining environmental ecosystems by degrading organic pollutants. Dichloromethane degrading microorganisms are known have dehalogenase enzyme activity. Bacillus sp. D1 isolated from pharmaceutical industry waste was used in this study. This study aims to determine the activity of Bacillus sp. D1 dehalogenase enzyme in various incubation time and pH condition. This research is an experimental study that used a completely randomized design with three replications. Bacillus sp. D1 was cultured in the mineral salt medium (MSM) added by DCM in rotary shaker 130 rpm until 7 days incubation. Evaluation of enzyme activity was carried out at various incubation times and pH conditions using the Bergman method. The best enzyme activity was 0.285 U/mL reached at 48 hours of incubation. The highest dehalogenase enzyme activity was 0.913 U/mL at pH 9. The activity of dehalogenase enzyme from Bacillus sp. D1 optimum at alkaline condition.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the human malignant and highly invasive brain tumor. Tumor growth and invasive property are affected by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a part of tumor microenvironment. However, accumulating evidences describe that MSCs could act as pro and anti tumorigenic. The different action of MSCs in regulating tumor growth is mediated by secreted factor. This research purpose was to analyze the impact of MSCs secreted factor in conditioned medium (CM) on apoptosis and proliferation of GBM cells. Primary culture of umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCSCs) was conducted in this research. CM-UCSCs was prepared by culturing the UCSCs in serum free aMEM for 24 hours. Those CM-UCSCs was 2-fold diluted by Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) high glucose (50% concentration) and used to treat human GBM T98G cells for 24 hours. Following this treatment, apoptosis was detected using annexin V-FITC and cells proliferation was analyzed using trypan blue exclusion test. The results showed that early apoptosis occurred in 14.4 % of control cells and 14.8 % of CM-treated T98G cells, as well as late apoptosis occurred in 7.8 % of control cells and 7.2 % of CM-treated T98G cells. Whereas, GBM cells proliferation was tend to higher in the CM treated cells (3.85×10⁵ cells) compared to the control (2.97×10⁵ cells). In conclusion, CM-UCSCs does not seems to affect apoptosis, but tend to increase cells proliferation. Further research is needed to elaborate the mechanism of UCSCs secretome in stimulating cells proliferation.

The aim of this research was to apply bromelain enzyme from rough extract of Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. peel into the mouthwash preparation and investigate the enzyme activity to inhibit Streptococcus mutans growth.. The research method, bromelain was extracted by means of a blended pineapple skin, the extract was filtrated and centrifuged to obtain a supernatant. Enzyme activity was analyzed by spectrophotometer at 275 nm. Mouthwash formula which involved different concentration of bromelain (20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, and 60% (v/v)) was tested the antimicrobial activity by disc diffusion method. The results showed that the formula with 35% enzyme was an effective in restricting the growth of Streptococcus mutans, with a relative potential value of 100.40% compared to Chlorhexidin 0.1% as possitive control.

The use of enzymes is increasing nowadays, both for research and for the industry. This happens due to the advances in various fields such as fermentation technology, genetic engineering, and enzyme applications technology. One kind of enzymes that is very widely used and plays an important role in biotechnology and industrial applications is a protease enzyme, especially papain enzyme. Papain is a proteolytic enzyme which is isolated from papaya fruit sap tapping, or it could be derived from the leaves of papaya (Carica papaya L.). Actually, in the market, there is already a commercial papain enzyme called "Paya" which serves as a meat tenderizer with a relatively low price, but the enzyme papain was not pure and has unknown activity. Therefore, this study aims to examine the concentration of dissolved papain enzyme and casein as the substrate. By using the Lowry protein assay method, the initial concentration of papain enzyme and casein respectively 20,000 ppm. The result of protein assay we found that the concentration of dissolved papain enzyme and dissolved casein are respectively 71.069 ppm and 764.8276 ppm. The results from the first experiment are used for the second experiment which is to measure and determine the enzyme kinetics parameters Km and Vmax of that commercial papain enzyme with casein as the substrate. From this research, we found that the Km and Vmax of this commercial papain enzyme respectively 248.68 ppm dan 1.514 ppm casein/minute.

Cytoglobin (Cygb) is a new protein from the globin family whose function is reported to be either a tumor suppressor gene or oncogene. The aim of this study was to determine the function of Cygb on fibroblast keloid cells proliferation. The relative expressions of Cygb were compared between the siRNA (+) Cygb and siRNA (-) groups using qRT PCR, and their effect on cells proliferation, which was determined using the MTS assay. The results showed that the expression level of Cygb on siRNA (+) Cygb group were decreased compared to siRNA (-) group (0.315 vs 1.056; p = 0.000). However at the level of cell proliferation, there were no significant differences between the two groups (1.489 vs 1.359; p = 0.087). Based on the results, it is concluded that Cygb has no effect on fibroblast keloid cells proliferation.

Production of recombinant proteins in E. coli still facesa bottle neck due to formation of inclusion bodies. The level of gene transcription can be regulated by using appropriate concentration of isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) inducer. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of IPTG concentration on human prethrombin-2 (hPT-2) expression. The hPT-2 expression was induced by various concentrations of IPTG (0.01 mM, 0.025 mM, 0.05 mM, 0.075 mM, 0.1 mM, 0.2 mM and 0.3 mM) at 12°C for 18 hours hosted by E. coli BL21(DE3) ArcticExpress. The result show that the suitable IPTG concentration for induction of hPT-2 in E. coli BL21(DE3) ArcticExpress was 0.1 mM. It was indicated from the 62-kDa protein band obtained from the soluble fraction on SDS-PAGE. It concluded that the IPTG concentration affect the rate of rhPT-2 expression.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a facultative anaerobic gram-negative, which is major pathogenic bacteria cause of aggressive periodontitis that has the ability to form biofilm. The therapy of aggressive periodontitis has been done with tetracycline antibiotics, meanwhile it may cause resistance problem. Chlorella sp. has antimicrobial activity against the anaerobic gram-negative bacteria as an adjunctive therapy of aggressive periodontitis. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the antibacterial potency of various concentrations of Chlorella sp. to A actinomycetemcomitans biofilm. Method: The antibacterial potency of Chlorella sp. to A actinomycetemcomitans were examined by biofilm test, divided into 5 groups, each group consisted of 4 samples. The control groups were: K− (aquadest), K+ (tetracycline), and treatment groups were given Chlorella sp. in various concentrations: P1 (0.625%), P2 (1.25%), and P3 (2.5%). The inhibition of biofilm formation were examined on microtiter plate by measure its Optical Density (OD) value on ELISA Reader. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by LSD test. Result: Treatment with Chlorella sp in all treatment groups decreased the OD value, as well with tetracycline (p<0.05). The decrease in OD values indicated that more biofilms were inhibited due to its antibacterial potency. Treatment with 2.5% of Chlorella sp. showed the greatest biofilm inhibition among the treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusion:Chlorella sp. extract has antibacterial potency against A actinomycetemcomitans biofilm

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolism disorder, indicated by increasing of blood glucose levels, due to lack of insulin secretion or insulin resistance. This study aimed to determine the influence of ethanolic root extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L on protease activity and MDA levels on pancreatic diabetic rats. This experiment used 20 rats in randomized design, that were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control, and three groups of treatments, with doses of 250, 375, and 500 mg/kg bw, respectively for 21 days. The positive control group and therapeutic group were induced by MLD-STZ (multiple-low dose streptozotocin) at dose of 20 mg/kg bw for 5 consecutive days, in order to induce diabetic states. Protease activity and MDA levels were determined by spectrophotometric method. The results showed that ethanolic root extracts of Ruellia tuberosa L. at dose of 250 mg/kg bw was the best dose to decrease significantly protease activity and MDA level in the pancreas of diabetic rats with the percentages of 52.11% and 50.54%, respectively.

The pathology of pregnancy is very diverse, one of which is preeclampsia. Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy characterized by hypertension with proteinuria and oedema after 20 weeks gestation. The prevalence of preeclampsia in hospitals across Indonesia varies considerably, that is between 5.75%-9.17% and increased by 40% over the last few years worldwide. Several studies had shown that Spirulina has a microscopic filamentous cyanobacterium contains C-phycocyanin which is a substance with potent cancer chemopreventive activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is the influence of Spirulina on the apoptosis of trophoblast cells expression exposed by IL-6 on pregnant Wistar rats at two trimesters. The type of this result used Post Test Only Control Group Design. This study used a sample group of experimental animals white rat comprising an experimental group (treated) and control groups. The independent variables in this study were Spirulina dose, while the dependent variable was the apoptosis of Wistar rat trophoblast cells expression that is pregnant with preeclampsia model. The results of this study showed that Spirulina can decrease Apoptosis sensitiotrofoblast cells expression in rats models of preeclampsia. The highest apoptotic expression average was in the P0 group, the group was given IL-6 (iv) dose of 5 mg/day was 62.380 and the lowest average of apoptotic expression was in the P3 group, the group was given IL-6 ( iv) and Spirulina with a dose of 40 mg/day (oral) is 44.260.

Sucrose occupies many essential roles to control regulation of carbon partitioning in plants, including prokaryotic cells. Sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS; EC 2.4.1.14) is a key enzyme to catalyze the form of sucrose in primary sucrose synthesis pathway. Plants SPS has a molecular size around 120 kDa, which consists of N-terminal domain, C-terminal domain, and central domain. We produced the recombinant sugarcane SPS (SoSPS1) in Escherichia coli, however, the expression often appears to be a shorter form with retained enzyme activity. In our result, we reported that the shorter form is suggested to have a truncated N-terminal 20-kDa region. The truncated form of So SPS1 (ΔN-SPS) tends to enhance the specific activity 10-fold compared to full-length SoSPS1. The full-lenght SoSPS1 showed a remarkable allosteric activation by glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), while none of the N-terminal truncated form had such a characteristic. By kinetic analysis of full-length SoSPS1, a higher substrate affinity was shown in the presence of G6P. Conversely, the ΔN-SPS showed a similar substrate affinity whether G6P was added or not. Based on these results, we revealed that N-terminal region of SoSPS1 has essential role for allosteric regulation by G6P and may function like a suppressor domain for the enzyme activity.

Phytopathogenic fungi pose a serious problem around the world in the economically important plants. Chemical fungicides are widely used in current agriculture. However, excessive use of chemical fungicides has led to the deterioration of human health, environmental pollution, and development of pathogenic resistance to fungicides. A serious search is required to identify alternative methods for crop protection, which is less dependent on chemicals and more environmentally friendly. Microbial antagonists widely used for biocontrol of plant fungal disease. The success of biocontrol depends on the nature of antagonistic properties and mechanisms of action of the biocontrol agent against the phytopathogenic fungi. In the present study, 83 Bacillus isolates isolated from marine samples were screened on the colloidal chitin agar medium. Based on the chitinolytic activity and percentage inhibition against fungal phytopathogens by dual plate technique, isolate B26 is most potent as biocontrol agents. The Bacillus B26 inhibited the growth of Fusarium solani TISTR 3436 and Penicillium chrysogenum with percentage inhibition 69% and 46.6% respectively, while did not inhibit the growth of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus. Bacillus isolate B26 showed a positive result for the urease production, catalase test, starch hydrolysis, casein hydrolysis with most suitable growth condition at 37^°C, pH 7-8, and could grow at 0-5% NaCl concentration.

Information of thermophilic bacteria in Indonesian hot springs is limited, especially in the province of North Sulawesi. The study aims to isolate and identify thermophilic bacteria from Remboken hot springs at Minahasa Indonesia, identify the α-amylase gene and its enzyme activity. To identify the thermophilic bacteria, it was conducted the morphological analysis and biochemistry tests. Th microbial species was identified using PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA followed by BLAST search on the EZBioCloud database, whereas the α-amylase gene was identified by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Starch hydrolysis test was used to analyze α-amylase activity qualitatively. It was done using iodine method (Fuwa method). The results showed that thermophilic bacteria isolated belong to the species Ureibacillus suwonensis, Anoxybacillus thermarum, and Anoxybacillus mongoliensis. PCR analysis showed that Anoxybacillus thermarum FRM-RBK02 possesses an α-amylase gene. The strain was able to hydrolyze amylose, indicated by a clear zone around the growth; hence exhibiting α-amylase activity. The the crude amylase of Anoxybacillus thermarum FRM-RBK02 exhibited optimum activity at 80°C and pH 7.0. Overall, Anoxybacillus thermarum FRM-RBK02 has α-amylase gene and could produce thermostable α-amylase with amylolytic capability.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation, progressive joint destruction, significant disability, systemic manifestation and premature mortality. In rheumatoid arthritis, oxidative stress play important role in the mechanism leading to destructive sinovitis. Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is rich in nutritional antioxidants ie. vitamin C and vitamin E, and non-nutritional antioxidants ie. carotenoid, phenolic substances and flavonoids. Broccoli is also rich in polyphenols, a group of phytochemistry considered to have the highest antioxidant content in the diet. Polyphenols inhibit lipid and other molecules oxidation through rapid hydrogen atom donation to free radicals which is likely quench oxidative stress. Three groups of male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used in this study (n=8/group). The first group were non treated control. Adjuvant arthritis was induced in the other two groups by intradermal injection of 0,1 ml Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) on the tail base. After 14 days, booster 0,1 ml CFA was given intradermally on the right and left dorsal feet. In one of the groups 2 gr/kgBW/day broccoli extract were administered per oral for 14 days since symptoms of adjuvant arthritis were appeared (21 days after adjuvant arthritic induction). At the end of experiment (on day 36), periarticular tissue MDA (Malondialdehyde ie. marker of oxidative tissue destruction) level and disease activity score were measured. The result of this study showed that broccoli significantly decreased periarticular tissue MDA level (p=0.001) in adjuvant arthritic rats. Broccoli also decreased disease activity score in adjuvant arthritic rats, but the level of reduction was not statistically significant (p=0.333). In conclusion this study showed that broccoli significantly decrease periarticular tissue MDA level and tends to decrease disease activity score of adjuvant arthritic rats. This outcome is likely due to the presence of antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and flavonoids in broccoli.

Synthesis of silica nanoparticles has been conducted by sol gel method using Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as precursor. Silica nanoparticle was prepared by varying the molar ratio of NH3 and TEOS i.e. 0.03, 0.06 and 0.12. Mixture of TEOS, ethanol, distilled water and NH₃ as catalyst was stirred at temperature of 50 ± 2° C for 5 hours to produce sol. The sol was allowed to form gel for 48 hours. Gel of silica was kept at temperature of 70 °C to evaporate the solvent resulting in white powder of silica followed by calcination at 400°C for 8 hours. Characterization by means SEM revealed that the silica particle size was governed by the molar ratio of NH₃ and TEOS. Higher NH₃ concentration gave a bigger particle size i.e. 88.48, 271.31 and 473.52 nm respectively. Modification of the silica surface with glutaraldehyde was aimed to make the silica as immobilization matrix of endo-β-1,4-D-xylanase. Percentage of immobilized protein enzyme on silica 88.48, 271.31 and 473.52 nm were 30.49%, 15.05%, and 10.56% respectively.

Background. Indonesia is a country with high endemicity of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. HBV infection is still a problem in society due to limited knowledge of the community and lack of available access to its diagnosis and treatment. Patients with hepatitis B each year is steadily increasing, especially in areas with high risk, including former prostitution area in Surabaya such as in Dukuh Pakis District. Aims. This activity was aimed to give understanding of HBV infection and perform early detection of HBV infection in Dukuh Kupang Community, Dukuh Pakis District, Surabaya. Methods. A community service in the form of counselling to increase knowledge and understanding of hepatitis B was done to community in Dukuh Kupang, Dukuh Pakis Regency, Surabaya. Pretest and post test were conducted to determine the initial understanding and post socialization knowledge for these people. Laboratory tests such as HBsAg and ALT were performed for screening of HBV infection. Private counselling for participants who positively detected infected with HBV was also done. Results. Based on the summary of pretest and post test from the participants, an increase in participants' knowledge of hepatitis B was found. The number of participants followed laboratory examination were 58 participants from 72 participants who attended counselling. From the laboratory results, as much as 3 positive participants (5.17%) were newly found infected with HBV, proved with positive HBsAg. One participant of them has increased ALT. Further counselling and assistance for participants with positive HBsAg were performed. Conclusion. Counselling was effective to increase knowledge of hepatitis B for Dukuh Kupang Community. Screening also found naive HBV infection in these people. Similar program can be performed in communities in other areas to increase prevention and early detection of HBV infection in Indonesia, especially Surabaya.

Background: Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder found worldwide, including Indonesia. In people with schizophrenia, there is an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) / Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) production and / or a decrease in antioxidants which results in oxidative stress that can be detected by measuring F2-isoprostane levels as gold standard tests. Oxidative stress results in disruption of neuronal function. It is associated with the severity of clinical symptoms of schizophrenia which can be measured by Positive and Negative symptom Scale (PANSS). The purpose of this study was to determine the association between F2-isprostane levels and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia.

Methods: This study was an observational analysis study with a case-control study design in 30 people with chronic schizophrenic Javanese patients and 30 healthy Javanese people as the control group with equal sex and age. In all study subjects, F2-isoprostane level was examined by ELISA technique, while PANNS scoring was only measured for people with chronic schizophrenic.

Results: Total PANNS scores in male schizophrenic patients (40.71 ± 16.07) were higher than female schizophrenic patients (40.31 ± 11.42). Plasma F2-isoprostane level in schizophrenic group (171.69 ± 14.62) was significantly higher (p <0.05) when compared to control group (92.54 ± 8.08).

Conslusion: In this study we found a significant increase of plasma F2-isoprostane level in schizophrenic patients compared with control group. The F2 isoprostane level in schizophrenic patient were not related to the severity of schizophrenia clinical symptoms.

Streptococcus mutans is a virulent and biofilm forming bacteria causing dental caries. Dental caries lead to several diseases, including mediastinitis, sepsis, facial cellulitis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis and pneumonia. Alternative effort to suppress dental caries prefalency is early diagnostic of dental caries risk using protein biomarker. The aim of the research is to determine the antigenic protein profile of S. mutans biofilm as biomarker of dental caries and periodontal disease risk. S. mutans biofilm was formed on glass slide submerging in BHIBS media for 24 hours. Crude proteins of biofilm were obtained by lysing it using ultrasonication 7 × 30s, 40 Hz. Protein profiles of S. mutans biofilm was done by using SDS-PAGE with separation gel of 12%. Antigenic analysis of the proteins biofilm were done by Western blot method using sIgA contained in the dental caries free saliva, compared with dental caries saliva as control. Protein profile of S. mutans biofilm consist of seventeen bands of MW 181, 176, 172, 154, 105, 90, 70, 58, 52, 40, 29, 22, 19, 16, 14, and 13 kDa, while the antigenic rection towards sIGA were the protein with MW of 105, 52, and 29 kDa.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an RNA virus that can cause liver inflammation (hepatitis) and has the potential to become chronic and can progress to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Detection of HCV RNA infection, and genotype/subtype of HCV was performed on 70 blood sera of patients at the Hepatology Outpatient Clinic of Dr Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Detection of HCV infection was carried out by Anti-HCV determination using enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technique, detection of HCV RNA by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique based on genome regions NS5b and 5'UTR, followed by electrophoresis with agarose gel. In positive PCR results, HCV genotype/subtype was determined by direct sequencing method using ABI 310 sequencer and sequencing results were analyzed by comparing the products with previously published HCV nucleotides. Sera were obtained from 41 (58.6%) male and 29 (41.4%) female patients. Anti-HCV was found positive in 17/70 (24.29%) patients and 16/17 (94.1%) was proved to contain HCV RNA when determined by RT-PCR technique. Patients with positive HCV RNA have the potential to transmit HCV infection. From the genotype/subtype analysis of sequencing results we obtained 2/16 (12,5%), 3/16 (18,75%) and 6/16 (37,5%), 1/16 (6,25%), 1/16 (6, 25%), 2/16 (12,5%), 1/16 (6,25%) HCV genotypes 1, 2, and HCV subtypes 1b, 1c, 2a, 3a, 3k respectively.Conclusion: In patients who went to the Hepatology Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya, we found positive Anti-HCV was 24,29%. In 94,1% of patients with positive Anti-HCV, HCV RNA was still detected and HCV genotype 1 with subtype 1b were still dominant HCV subtypes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen could improve endothelial dysfunction. In the experimental method, Sprague Dawley strains divided 3 groups : the normal control for p1, high cholesterol diet for p2, and high cholesterol diet with hyperbaric oxygen of 2.4 ATA with 98% O2 for 3 sessions with the duration of 30 minutes / session, and air break for 5 minutes between each session for the period of 10 days consecutively for p3. On the last day of treatment, serum was taken for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Sirtuin (SIRT1), endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) by ELISA method. The new findings of this study are hyperbaric oxygen could improve endothelial dysfunction which occurs due to an atherogenic diet, through two pathways. The first, hyperbaric oxygen therapy increased heme oxygenase1 (HO1) (p = 0,000), sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) (p = 0.025), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (p = 0,000) and decreased levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) (p = 0,000). The second hyperbaric oxygen administration enhances sirtuin1 (SIRT1) (p=0,000) directly, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) (p = 0,000) and decreased levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) (p = 0,000).

Cardiovascular disease is the cause of the highest mortality rate in the world. Acute myocardial infarction is one of the 5 major manifestations of coronary heart disease and the highest mortality rate in Indonesia. Hyperhomocysteinemia is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction. The metabolism of homocysteine is influenced by folate acid, cyanocobalamin, and pyridoxine. Enzimsistationin-β-synthetase and cystationin-γ-liase that catalyze the transsulfuration of homocysteine are highly depended on pyridoxine. This study aims to determine the association of homocysteine with folate acid, cyanocobalamin, and pyridoxine serum levels in acute myocardial infraction patients. Cross-sectional design study with 25 samples of acute myocardial infraction patients are selected randomly. The research was conducted from July to December 2016 in Biomedical laboratory Andalas University. Homocysteine, folate acid, cyanocobalamin, and pyridoxine levels were examined by the ELISA method. Data is analyzed by the Pearson correlation test. The mean result of examination of homocysteine level was 23.17±9.2 nmol/mL, pyridoxine level 128.44 ± 34.02 pmol/L, cyanocobalamine level 188.79 ± 10.23 pmol/L and folate acid level 2.72 ± pmol / L. Statistic analysis test found that there is a significant relationship of levels of homocysteine with pyridoxine (r = -0.530), but there is a very weak relationship with cyanocobalamine and folate acid (r = - 0.027 and - 0.003). There is a significant relationship of homocysteine levels with pyridoxine serum on acute myocardial infarction patients. And there is a very weak relationship of homocysteine levels with cyanocobalamine and folate acid.

The aim of this research was to determine the correlation between taurine intake with superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. In OA, there is a state of oxidative stress that will increase the progression of osteoarthritis and the risk of disability. Superoxide dismutase is an enzymatic antioxidant which can suppress the increase of free radicals since early time. Taurine is known to have several roles in the human body, such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective. This study used cross sectional design involving 56 knee OA subjects' grade II-IV, aged 40-60 years old that were recruited through consecutive sampling. Taurine intake was obtained by semiquantitative FFQ method. The SOD activity in whole blood was measured using RANSOD SD 125 with spectrophotometric method. The statistical analysis that had been done used SPSS with a correlation test. The intake of taurine was 59.77 mg per day and the SOD activity was 274.97 Unit per mL. This research found a significantly positive correlation (r = 0,284, p = 0,034) between taurine intakes and SOD activity in patients with knee OA. For the conclusion the taurine intake may have a role with the SOD activity in patients with knee OA.

One of several factors in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) is the generation of oxidative stress, inducing lipid peroxidation, and producing malondialdehyde (MDA). Omega-3 fatty acids have role in inhibiting the oxidative stress, but their levels are determined by the omega-6/omega-3 ratio. This study aims to investigate the association between the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake and plasma MDA level in knee OA patients. This study was conducted at orthopedic clinic at Bhayangkara Hospital and Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, in grade 2-4 of knee OA patients, aged between 40-60 years (n=57). The 1-month-history of omega-3 and omega-6 intake was obtained by using semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The omega-6/omega-3 ratio was calculated by dividing the average daily intake of total omega-6 by the average daily intake of total omega-3. The plasma MDA level was measured by Wills spectrophotometry. The median for omega-3 and omega-6 intake were 0,864 and 6,830 g/day. Thus the ratio of omega-6/omega-3 intake was 8,8:1, and the mean plasma MDA level was 0,773 nmol/mL. Through multiple linear regression test, the results found were the increase of 1 unit of omega-6/omega-3 intake ratio would increase MDA level of 0,023 nmol/mL (β = 0,023, 95% CI = 0,004 − 0,042, p = 0,017).

Oral candidiasis is an inflammation of the oral mucosa caused by a fungal invasion especially Candida albicans, which need the predisposing factors such as Immunosuppression condition. IL-22 plays a role in neutrophil recruitment which plays a role in the defense mechanism against fungal infections. The leaves of Acanthus ilicifolius (A. ilicifolius). Objective. To know the effect of leaves of A.ilicifolius's in chloroform extracts on therapy in enhancing IL-22 expression in oral candidiasis immunosupressed model. Methods. This study was true experimental with post test only control group design. Sixteen males of Rattus Novergicus Wistar strain were immunosuppressed with dexamethasone (0.5mg/day) and tetracycline (1mg/day) orally for 21 days, then induced with C.albicans (ATCC-10231) 6x10⁸ on the tongue of rats for 2 weeks. Rats divided into four groups (n=4/group): no-treatment (G1), nystatin-treatment (G2), A. ilicifollius (8%)-treatment (G3), and A. ilicifollius (16%)-treatment (G4). The rats were treated for 14 days, then the tongue were biopsied. IL-22 expression were examined by immunohistochemistry and observed using microscope (400x magnification) and statistically analyzed (One-way ANOVA, LSD-test, p<0.05). Results. There was significant differences between G1 to G2, G3, G4 (p<0.05). There was no significant differences between G2, G3 and G4 (p>0.05). Conclusions. Chloroform extract from the leaves of A. ilicifolius can increase expression of IL-22 in oral candidiasis immunosupressed model. A. ilicifolius 8% effective in increasing expression of IL-22 and have same effect in comparison both nystatin and A. ilicifolius 16%.

The purpose of this study was to find an innovative strategy for controling progresivity of bone destruction on periodontal that caused by diabetic condition. Methods: Wistar rats sample are devided into 4 group; negative control group, 3 group with lemuru fish oil supplementation (4ml/kg of weight t, 8ml/kg of weight and 16ml/kg of weight). One week before treatment all group induced with STZ 65ml/KgBB and nicotinamide 110ml/KgBB to produced diabetes conditions. Immunohistochemistry slide of periodontal tissue was prepare after 3 weeks therapy. RUNX2 was count using HSCORE index, and osteoblast cell amount was count using image raster by optilab program. Results: Statistical analyses demonstrated a significant increase of RUNX2 expression in negative control group compare to treatment group (p<0,05), and in treatment group showing less of RUNX2 expression (p<0,05). Meanwhile Osteoblast cell amount was found increased and has significant difference in group 8ml/kg among other groups (p<0,05) and lower osteoblast cell result in control group. The result lead to another mechanism that may involved in bone formation to induced osteoblast cell proliferation beside trancript factor RUNX2 which showed by treatment group of 8ml/kgWeight. Conclusion: The stimulation of osteoblast cell in diabetic condition can be induced by lemuru fish oil treatment, which regulated by another pathway mechanism beside transcript factor RUNX2.

The aim of this study is to investigate S.hermanii stimulation to Runx2 expression in periodontal remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. In the experimental method twenty four males Cavia Cobaya were divided into three groups. K(-) group as negative control, a group (without treatment), K(+) group as positive control, a group which were applied separator rubber and helical spring for orthodontic tooth movement, and P groups were applied with orthodontic force and treated with S.hermanii 3.5%. After treating the C. cobaya were sacrificed. Runx2 expression as a periodontal remodeling were examined with immunohistochemistry. The results showed that orthodontic tooth movement means and SD in K(-), K(+), P are 2.99±0.065; 4.38±0.035; 5.05±0.199; while the mean and SD of Runx2 expression is : 5.25±1.031; 2.38±0.46; 12.13±0.875. Kruskal Wallis and Mann Whitney test exhibited orthodontic tooth movement and Runx2 expression were significantly increased with S.hermanii application (p<0,05). Based on the result we concluded that S.hermanii accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Increasing Runx2 expression with S.hermanii showed that increasing periodontal remodeling.

Mechanical force of orthodontics, would inhibit periodontal ligament vascularization and blood flow, causing biochemical and cellular changes, such as cell deformation, inflammation, and circulatory disturbances. Each of these conditions afecting cell diferentiation, cell repair, and cell migration, is driven by numerous molecular and inflammatory mediators. Fibroblasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, odontoblasts, cementoblasts, chondrocytes and immune cells are the major cell types involved in the remodeling process on orthodontic tooth movement. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is one of many solutions which stimulates the growth of new blood vessels and result in a substantial increase in tissue oxygenation. It plays a role in bone remodeling process.Purpose: To determine the differences of Hyperbaric Oxygen (HBO)2.4 ATA 7 and 10 days in osteoblast and osteocytes number during bone remodelling in Orthodontic tooth movement. Materials and Methods: The experiment using a post test only control group design. 32 male guinea pigs were randomly divided into 4 groups. K1 was control group without any treatment, K2 was a group which was given a mechanical orthodontic pressure, K3 was the group treated mechanical orthodontic with the addition of hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The maxillary incisors were moved distally by elastic separator. After HBO on day 7, all groups were sacrificed then analyzed osteoblast and osteocytes number by One-way ANOVA and LSD statistical test. Results: The study showed significant differences in osteoblast and osteocytes number during bone remodelling in orthodontic tooth movement between groups.Conclusion: HBO therapy 2.4 ATA for 7 days effective to induce bone remodelling during orthodontic tooth movement.

Periodontitis is a major risk factor in the oral cavity in chronic diabetes mellitus. The level of IL-1β as inflammatory cytokine increased in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis, while IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine, may mediate periodontitis in diabetes. Stichopus hermanii (SH) have been known to have anti-inflammation property. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) thas been used as adjuvant therapy in diabetes wound healing. Purpose: To examine the effect of combination SH and HBOT to the expression of inflammatory response of IL-1β and IL-10 on diabetic periodontitis rats. Methods :Thirty male Wistar rats were divided to normal (K-0), diabetic-periodontitis (K-1), and treatment group of SH (K-2), HBOT (K-3), and SH-HBOT (K-4).Experimental diabetic was induced by single dose 65 mg/kg of BW intraperitoneal. The Sticopus hermanii gel 3% by topical application in sulcus gingiva and HBOT 2,4 ATA 3x30 minutes interval 5 minute for 7 days. After 52 days the animals were decapitated and the expression of IL-1β and IL-10 were examined by immunohistochemistry. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and LSD. Results : The expression of IL-1β were raised in K-1 group (10.68±1.50) (p< 0.05), while IL-10 were not raised (8.00 ±1.95) compare to normal group (7.25 ± 0.85) (p>0.05). Treatment with SH in K-2 group resulted in decreased of IL-1β expression (10.00± 1.09) while the expression of IL-10 were raised (8.33 ± 2.60) compare to K-1 (7.25 ± 0.85) (p<0.05). Treatment with HBOT in K-3 group resulted in decreased of IL-10 expression (8.333±0,81) while the expression of IL- 10 were raised (10.67±1.03) compare to K-1 (p<0.05). Treatment with SH-HBOT in K-4 group showed the most decreasing expression of IL-1β (6.50±2.44) and increasing expression of IL-10 (14.83±1.47) compare to K-1 (p<0.05). Conclusions : Combination of SH-HBOT decreased the expression of IL-1β and increased the expression of IL-10 on diabetic periodontitis diabetes rats

Tuberculosis (TB) is old disease which is still the most killer among infectious diseases and the world is still not free from TB. According to the WHO 2017 report there are an estimated 1,020,000 cases in Indonesia, but 420,000 have just been reported. The extent of TB problems requires prevention and control as soon as possible for early diagnosis. AFB methods, culture and PCR diagnosis of TB have limitations. Culture on Lowenstein Jensen media is a standard diagnosis of TB gold, but growing colonies need identification of M tuberculosis bacteria. The aim of the study was to identify M tuberculosis bacteria using a rapid test (MPT64 Rapid SD TB Ag). As many as 100 samples of patients suspected of TB obtained 48 (48%) positive cultures. From 48 positive cultures with rapid test, 46 (95.8%) M tuberculosis bacteria and 2 (4.2%) non M tuberculosis were obtained. It can be concluded that identification with the rapid test (SD TB Ag MPT64) is M tuberculosis bacteria.

Systemic hypoxia lead to deplete amount of ATP in tissues that is caused by inefficiency of ATP production in anaerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, degradation of ATP will activate xanthine oxidase activity, that has side effect free radical production and oxidative stress. In addition, hypoxia is known lead to HIF-1α stabilities by reducing prolyl hydroxylase activity and renin expression. Higher renin expression can cause hypertension. This research aim is to reveal how strong oxidative stress damages of systemic hypoxia (MDA) correlated to HIF-1α and renin expression in kidney tissue. This experimental study conducted using rats induced by hypoxic states for 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days with gas mix 10% O₂, 90% N₂ to proof systemic hypoxia, produce free radical damaged (malondialdehyde/MDA), increase expression of HIF-1α and renin mRNA relative expression. MDA was measured by spectrophotometric method, HIF-1α by Immunohysto chemistry, and renin mRNA using RT-PCR. Results showed that in systemic hypoxia MDA were increased significantly in 7 and 14 days of hypoxia, but in 14days MDA level was lower than 7 days hypoxia. HIF-1α increased during hypoxia. Relative expression of renin mRNA was increased during systemic hypoxia and the peak was at 3day hypoxia. MDA has strong correlation to HIF-1α than to renin mRNA relative expression. We conclude that MDA as product of membrane damage caused by free radicals has strong correlation to HIF-1α in systemic hypoxia.