Table of contents

National Physics Seminar (SNF) 2023 Surabaya State University on the Integration of Free Learning in the Era of Society 5.0 Through Physics Innovation and Physics Education Towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030

We proudly present Seminar Nasional Fisika (SNF) 2023, Department of Physics, Universitas Negeri Surabaya (Unesa). This year, SNF, held on 26 August 2023 in Surabaya, is an essential event in our academic calendar. In our big theme, "Integration of Independent Learning in the Era of Society 5.0 Through Physics Innovation and Physics Education Towards Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030," we try to explore the potential and challenges faced in achieving sustainable development through physics and physics education. The event was held via ZOOM meeting to facilitate SNF participants from within and outside the country. Participants are also unrestricted by time, accommodation, and other activity agendas.

The success of SNF 2023 will only be possible with valuable contributions from various parties. We are very grateful to our three keynote speakers, namely Prof. Ir. Adi Susilo, Ph.D., Prof. Dr. Parmin, M.Pd, and Prof. Nadi Suprapto, Ph.D., who have provided in-depth insight into the development of physics and physics education in the Society 5.0 era. Thank you also to the Dean of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FMNS) Unesa, Prof. Dr. Wasis, M.Si, who gave an inspiring opening speech.

The event was held in two sessions: plenary and parallel session. The plenary session presented three keynote speakers. The parallel sessions were attended by invited speakers and authors presenting their papers and held in eight breakout room groups. As a scientific forum, SNF 2023 was attended by 443 participants consisting of students, teachers, lecturers, engineers, and practitioners who participated both as presenters and participants. The SNF 2023 aims to share ideas and knowledge and build collaboration. We received 81 papers selected for publication in the Journal of Physics: Conference Series with a scope of physics and related fields. In this volume, we accepted 52 papers for publication after fulfilling the scope, checking for originality, and conducting peer review. We hope this event can be a starting point for welcoming global developments. Besides, the publications packaged in this seminar will further strengthen the existence and reputation of the physics department as an educational institution that is superior in scientific publications at national and international levels. The research results must be disseminated widely to be scientifically valuable and provide practical value to society.

One of the scientific fields that can significantly contribute to technological development is physics. Physics is a fundamental science used in future technological developments in creating various super-sophisticated technologies to support the development of more modern industries. As in physics education, it is hoped that graduates will not only have physics knowledge but also skills in life, such as creativity, critical thinking, communication, and collaboration through curriculum development and physics learning by utilizing the Internet of Things (IoT), Virtual reality (VR), Augmented reality (AR), and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Using various efforts such as research and technological development in Physics as well as curriculum development and physics learning to confront the era of society 5.0, we can increase awareness and improve the atmosphere for creating innovation that supports the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The event organizing committee and editorial team hope you enjoy reading this volume of JPCS. In addition, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to the keynote speakers, invited speakers, and all presenters who have provided valuable contributions to this proceeding and the reviewers for their suggestions and constructive criticism in improving the articles presented. On behalf of the SNF 2023 committee, we thank all parties for supporting this publication. We want to invite the participants again to participate in SNF 2024, held by the Department of Physics FMNS Unesa.

List of Seminar Nasional Fisika (SNF) 2023 Committee is available in this Pdf.

All papers published in this volume have been reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double Anonymous

• Conference submission management system: Morressier

• Number of submissions received: 85

• Number of submissions sent for review: 57

• Number of submissions accepted: 53

• Acceptance Rate (Submissions Accepted / Submissions Received × 100): 62.4

• Average number of reviews per paper: 1.07

• Total number of reviewers involved: 30

• Contact person for queries:

Name: Utama Alan Deta

Email: utamadeta@unesa.ac.id

Affiliation: Physics Education, Universitas Negeri Surabaya

This research explores university students' perspectives on integrating sustainable development goals in physics education subjects (SDGs-PE). However, there is a few research that focuses on SDGs-PE. This research adopts a quantitative survey and is supported by a qualitative interview design. Fifty-two university students participated in the survey to fulfill the SDGs-PE instrument, and five interview participants for data collection. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and descriptive analysis were used to achieve the research's goals. The research indicated that the SDGs-PE fulfills the criteria of validity and reliability. The construct validities of the SDGs-PE varied from .538 to .886 and explained 64.26% of the variance. Overall, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the instrument was .812. This research has also highlighted the integration of physics education, education for sustainable development, and sustainable development goals.

This study investigates the structural parameters and the electronic properties of cubic TlGeCl_xBr_3-x (x=0,1,2,3) lead-free perovskites to evaluate their potential as absorbers in perovskite solar cell devices. Density Functional Theory (DFT) embedded in the Quantum Espresso code was used to calculate these properties. The results revealed that the compounds have optimized lattice constants of 5.244 Å, 5.336 Å, 5.416 Å, and 5.501 Å, for TlGeCl₃, TlGeCl₂Br, TlGeClBr₂, and TlGeBr₃ perovskites, respectively. In addition, the compounds are direct band gap (R→R) semiconductors with energy gap values of 0.847 eV, 0.683 eV, 0.556 eV, and 0.518 eV for the respective materials. It is important to note that the band gap of the perovskites reduces as a Cl⁻ ion, two and three Cl⁻ ions are replaced by a Br⁻ ion, two and three Br⁻ ions, respectively. The analysis of their projected density of states indicated that near the valence band maximum of the perovskites, Cl-3p and Br-4p states contributes the most to their total DOS. In contrast, the Ge-4p orbital is the most dominant state close to the conduction band minimum. Based on these energy gap values, the studied materials are promising candidates for lead-free perovskite solar cell devices, with TlGeBr₃ projected to be more promising than the other three materials.

This study aimed to assess the internal radiation exposure of patients who have undergone a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan using ¹⁸F-FDG radiopharmaceutical. A total of 24 patients (8 men, 16 women, with an average age of 43.88 ± 18.57 years and weight of 57.54 ± 13.04 kg) who had been diagnosed with lymphoma were administered with 300.80 ± 23.09 MBq of ¹⁸F-FDG for a PET scan of the whole body. The IDAC-Dose 2.1 program, developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), was used to measure absorbed and effective doses. The organs selected for absorbed dose analysis were the breast, kidneys, adrenals, liver, and brain, with the brain receiving the highest absorbed dose and the breast receiving the lowest absorbed dose. The effective dose for all patients was 4.85 ± 0.37 mSv, and the ratio of the effective dose to the administered activity was 1.611 × 10⁻² mSv/MBq. The safety of the current practice using ¹⁸F-FDG PET scan was ascertained, given that the ratio of effective dose to administered activity was lower than 1.9 x 10⁻² mSv/MBq.

This study aimed to obtain the physical and mechanical properties of a composite made from water chestnut microfiber and e-glass with a polyester matrix. Using water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) as reinforcement for composite materials is a good way to utilize local materials and increase the economy of local people. It would need a modified treatment to improve the mechanical properties of water chestnut fiber-reinforced composites. The water chestnut fiber was modified by treating it with 5% volume NaOH solution and continued with 5% volume H₂O₂ bleaching, 50% volume H₂SO₄ hydrolysis, and ultrasonication. Then it was washed with water and dried in the oven for 12 hours to obtain the microfiber. The size of the water chestnut microfiber obtained was about 3-9 µm. Composite was produced using the compression molding method at a pressure of 2 MPa and a temperature of 25°C. The variations in the volume fraction of the polyester composite, water chestnut microfiber, and e-glass fiber with Volume Fraction (%) were 60%:40%:0% (sample A), 60%:0%:40% (sample B), 50%:25%;25% (sample C), 60%:40%:0% (sample D) and 70%:15%:15% (sample E). The physical characterization of composites showed that the lowest composite density and water content on samples B and A were 1.22 g/cm³ and 0.59%. In contrast, the mechanical characterization of composites showed the highest MoR and MoE on samples A and C of 87.86 MPa and 10.43 Gpa, respectively. Composite made from water chestnut (Eleocharis dulcis) modified microfiber reinforcing material with 5% volume NaOH solution and e-glass with a polyester matrix at a volume fraction composition of 50%:25%:25% is recommended.

Fly ash waste from the Asam-Asam Power Plant in South Kalimantan continues to increase. Various attempts have been made to utilize fly ash waste, among others. as a basic material for making geopolymers. Geopolymer is environmentally friendly because it replaces all cement with high Silica (Si) and Alumina (Al) wastes such as fly ash. This study aims to characterize fly ash as a raw material of geopolymer. Fly ash was filtered using 200 mesh and then heated in an oven at 105°C for 24 hours. The prepared fly ash was then tested for physical properties and compound analysis using XRF, identification of chemical bonds and functional groups using FTIR, morphology, and elements using SEM EDX. Initial and final setting time was investigated using the Vicat apparatus to determine e whether cement is undergoing proper hydration. The results indicated that the fly ash was classified to class F. That was based on the amount of SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + Fe₂O₃ of 85.91%, and the CaO content was less than 10%. Moreover, fly ash's initial and final setting time was 1072.5 and 3180 minutes, respectively. Fly ash in this research can be used as a raw material for geopolymers.

This study aims to analyze the density of Cloud to Ground lightning strikes in the Tuban Regency area from September 2022 to January 2023 using the help of a Geographic Information System (GIS). After processing and analyzing the data, the results were that the highest lightning strike density occurred in October 2022, with 40240 strikes, while the lowest occurred in 2790 strikes. The total number of strikes from September to January is 135249 strikes. Based on aspects of the earth's surface, it was obtained that the density of cloud to ground lightning strikes that occurred in the Tuban Regency area increased along with increasing height. This can be seen where the southern part of Tuban Regency, namely in the sub-districts bordering Bojonegoro Regency, including Parengan, Soko, and Senori sub-districts, has the highest level of vulnerability.

One of the common challenges encountered when conducting physics experiments is ensuring measurement accuracy. Conversely, the emergence of smartphone-based sensor applications presents an opportunity to address these issues. Thus, this research aimed to assess the effectiveness of Physics Toolbox Sensor Suite (PTSS), a smartphone-based sensor, in enhancing students' conceptual mastery of simple harmonic motion. The study employed a non-equivalent control group design, with a valid and reliable multiple-choice test as the research instrument. The sample comprised 70 2^nd grade students from a public senior high school in Indonesia, with 35 students for each experimental and control group. The research was conducted during the Even Semester of the 2022/2023 Academic Year at a public high school in Lampung Province. Both groups were instructed using the same pedagogical approach-discovery learning. However, the experimental group conducted experiments aided by PTSS, while the control group did not. N-gain analysis revealed a greater increase in conceptual mastery within the experimental class compared to the control class. The average n-gain for the experimental group was 0.74, whereas for the control group, it was only 0.64. Furthermore, the Mann-Whitney test indicated an Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.004, smaller than 0.05, suggesting that smartphone-based sensors like PTSS could facilitate simple harmonic motion experiments and enhance students' conceptual mastery.

Batteries have many uses, so a lot of research on batteries has been developed. The part of the battery that has not been studied much is the separator, which has a crucial role as one of the battery components. The separator is the main component in the lithium-ion battery, which functions to prevent short circuits, transport free ions, and isolate electricity. The separator must have adequate porosity, high conductivity, and good thermal stability. The purpose of this research is to analyze the characteristics of the nanofiber membrane, which will be applied as a separator in lithium batteries. The material that can meet the characteristics of the battery separator is PVA-GO nanofiber. Graphene oxide was synthesized using Hummer's method, while PVA-GO nanofiber was synthesized by electrospinning. The characterization of the separator includes conductivity, impedance, and porosity tests. The GO variations given to PVA were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 gr. The resulting fiber diameter ranges from 162-194 nm, with the smallest fiber diameter being 0.2 gr GO. Nanofiber with characteristics as a membrane for separators is PVA-GO 0.4 gram, with an electrical conductivity value of 5.91×10⁻⁴ S/cm and a porosity of 42%.

After any nuclear incident, the main concern for human well-being is the extent of radiation released beyond the site. This study simulated a similar scenario on three potential nuclear power plant sites in Malaysia, using the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant incident as a reference. The computer model Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) was used to simulate and track the movement of air parcels and the dispersion of radioactive emissions. HYSPLIT analyzed the dispersion profile of radioactive materials, revealing that in S1, S2, and S3, the maximum ground dose was 7.9 mSv, 28.0 mSv, and 7.6 mSv, respectively. The maximum activity deposited on the ground was 62 MBq, 210 MBq, and 14 MBq for S1, S2, and S3, respectively. The analysis of ground deposition indicated that S1 covered an estimated area of 1500 km², S2 covered 3025 km², and S3 had the largest coverage of approximately 4537 km². Overall, this study demonstrates that the hypothetical accident would contaminate the vicinity of the three potential nuclear power plant (NPP) sites.

One of the plant-disturbing organisms that always harms coffee plants is the insect Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. which causes fruit borer attacks. This study aims to design a solar panel-based H. hampei trapper. This tool is designed to work automatically according to the settings on the solar charge controller; it can catch H. hampei effectively; this tool has a low current (DC) that is safe for farmers; this tool can be used in plantation areas far from PLN because the source of electrical energy comes from solar cells; maintenance costs are relatively cheap, but the tool is designed to operate in the long term. The H. hampei trap uses solar panels as an energy source and is equipped with a stinger that works automatically by utilizing the solar charge controller feature. The functional test results show that the tool that has been designed can work well according to the plan made. The average consumption of stingers is 23.70 Wh. The average panel energy yield is 26.85 Wh. The panels' energy output has exceeded the amount of energy the stingers need. The tool is designed to trap H. hampei well.

Graphene is a single two-dimensional layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, possesses interesting optical properties, and has potential for applications in optical devices. Graphene exhibits tunable surface conductivity, which arises from its electronic band structure. Graphene surface conductivity is determined by its chemical potential, which can be controlled by bias voltage and/or chemical doping. The tunability of surface conductivity allowed to tailored optical properties of graphene, making it a controllable material for optoelectronic applications. Graphene surface conductivity is applied to update the field values at each time step in the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, enabling us to visualize electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation in graphene. The current article serves as a starting point for developing the FDTD approach to simulate EM wave interactions with graphene, particularly at low frequencies. In this study, we use the Kubo formula for low EM wave frequency (10-10⁵ GHz) at ambient temperature to calculate the intra-band surface conductivity of graphene. The outcome shows that the imaginer's intra-band surface conductivity value is relatively considerable compared to the actual value at frequencies between 102 and 104. Moreover, the chemical potential exhibits a positive linear relationship with the imaginer intra-band surface conductivity and the intra-band conductivity falls to zero as the frequency rises to NIR.

In the 21^st century, students are required to have skills, one of which is Critical Thinking Skill (CTS) in physics learning. Physics aims to master concepts and principles to solve problems by applying critical thinking skills in physics learning. This study aims to analyze the CTS profile of Senior High School (SHS) in physics learning. This current research is pre-research with 107 of 10^th grade students as participants. This research was conducted in a high school in Indonesia. CTS has four indicators: interpretation, analysis, evaluation, and inference. In this study, the CTS profile of high school students in physics learning is still low. The implications of this study can be used as a bridge as clear evidence that the CTS of SHS students in physics learning is still low and needs to be leveled up.

The Nanggulan Formation is a formation unit consisting of sandstone, clay, and other sedimentary rocks. Lithological contact between clay and geologically old andesite could indicate an avalanche. The magnetic method in collecting data uses a natural magnetic source with a proton magnetometer. Acquisition data was determined according to the survey design, namely a grid with a distance of 250 meters per point. Data processing to remove noise data, namely noise from magnetic storms, position and altitude, and other natural disturbances. Later, Processing will produce a magnetic anomaly map, which must be separated between local and regional anomalies. This local anomaly will later form the basis for 2.5-dimensional modeling. This 2.5-dimensional modeling can get an overview of lithology, relationships between lithologies, and rock contacts according to the geological model in the field. The modeling results can describe the relationship between the claystone of the Nanggulan Formation and the igneous rocks of the Old Andesite Formation. Its relationship claystone is overlapping Andesite rocks in the Horgorejo Kulon Progo area. This can cause soil movement and landslides if the Andesite rocks experience massive weathering and erosion and if rainfall is high.

The need for energy storage is increasing rapidly along with technological development. Lithium ion batteries are one of the energy storages that are in great demand due to their high specific capacity and energy density, discharge voltage of 3.4 volts, and environmental friendliness. LiFePO₄ is a lithium-ion battery cathode material with a high specific capacity of 170 mAh/g and a discharge voltage of about 3.4 V, thermal stability, high energy density, environmentally friendly, and easy to obtain. However, it has low electrical conductivity and poor ion diffusion, which hinders energy storage. Carbon modification is a method that has the advantage of reducing particle size and preventing agglomeration in nanoparticles, so this method is widely researched to improve lithium ion diffusion coefficient and conductivity in lithium ion batteries. This study aims to describe the effect of GO modification on the characterization of LiFePO₄/C-GO composite material and LiFePO₄/C-GO composite material battery performance as a lithium ion battery cathode material. In this study, it can be seen that the addition of GO in LiFePO₄ cathode material can improve battery performance. The LiFePO₄/C-GO-10 cathode obtained the most effective results with the lowest Rct value of 95.21 Ω and the highest conductivity value of 14.3×10-⁶ S/cm indicating the best electron transport. The Rct value decreased with the addition of GO, and the conductivity value increased with the addition of GO.

Problem-solving skills are an important basic competency in 21st-century learning through the Merdeka Belajar Curriculum. However, the problem-solving skills of students in Indonesia are still low. Therefore, an effective learning model is needed to improve problem-solving skills, one of which is through the development of teaching modules. This study aims to develop teaching modules based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) assisted by e-books to improve the problem-solving skills of grade X high school students based on content, construct, and language feasibility. This research uses a development approach with the 4D model, which includes the stages of Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. However, this research only focuses on the development stage (Develop) by conducting module validation. The validation was conducted by three validators, namely educational expert lecturers and material expert lecturers. The results showed that the PBL-based teaching module to improve problem-solving skills had met the validity criteria regarding content, construct, and language. By using the mode value, a value of 4 and a validity percentage of 100% were obtained with a very valid category. Therefore, the teaching module developed is suitable for use in trials on students in the learning process to improve problem-solving skills.

The increasing use of detergents in daily life can cause environmental pollution. So, to solve the problem, membrane technology is suitable to reduce various pollution from water. Graphene Oxide (GO) and SiO₂ are very much of concern and have been studied in recent years because they can change many characteristics of materials and can expand the range of applications in membrane manufacturing. So, this study aims to analyze the results of PSf/GO-SiO₂ membrane fabrication by phase inversion method and analyze the results of PSf/GO-SiO₂ membrane performance as detergent polluted water filtration. In GO synthesis using Hummer's method, GO-SiO₂ composite synthesis using Tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) in-situ hydrolysis method, and PSf/GO-SiO₂ membrane fabrication using the phase inversion method. So, it is concluded that the PSf/GO-SiO₂ membrane fabrication has been successfully carried out, as indicated by the SEM results; with the increasing presence of SiO₂, the membrane pore size is getting bigger. For the performance of the PSf/GO-SiO₂ membrane with UV-Vis test, the results showed that the flux value of the PSf; PSf/GO and PSf/GO-SiO₂ (0.6) membranes was 119.58 L/m².h; 140.35 L/m².h and 157.79 L/m².h respectively. In line with the results of the membrane rejection values are 95.22%, 97.68%, and 98.55%, respectively. The membrane with the best performance in the filtration of detergent-polluted water is the PSf/GO-SiO₂ (0.6) membrane. The presence of SiO₂ in the membrane causes a higher flux value because the larger membrane pore size influences it, so the PSf/GO-SiO₂ membrane can be used to filtrate detergent-contaminated water.

The depletion of conventional energy sources requires human innovations related to renewable energy. Unfortunately, learning about renewable energy, especially in Indonesia, is only theoretical with teacher-centered learning. The learning should be student-centered as a future generation must be ready for all the changes and demands of the 21st-century era. This study aims to describe the process of implementing the STEM-integrated PjBL model on renewable energy issues through windmill simulation. The research was conducted in a High School in Jember Regency. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with a single case study approach. The results showed that the stages in STEM-integrated PjBL, including teacher introduction, objectives, connections, well-defined outcomes, materials, engagement, exploration, explanation, extension, and evaluation, are very suitable for implementation in high school, especially renewable energy. STEM-integrated PjBL can be conducted to make students more active in the learning process.

Cellular developments encourage the integration of both 4G, Wi-Fi, and 5G network technologies into one device; an antenna is a tool that can be used to support the integration of these networks. A microstrip antenna is an antenna that is small, light, thin, easy to fabricate, and can be used in long ranges. In this paper, a microstrip antenna is designed on a printed circuit board (PCB) with a permittivity of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm. This research aims to design a microstrip antenna that is capable of working on 4G (2.3 GHz), Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), and 5G 3.5 GHZ) frequencies in one antenna. The microstrip antenna is designed on a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) with a permittivity of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm, rectangular shaped patches, and each patch is connected using a bridging method. Next, the antenna is simulated using CST Suite 2021 software. Simulation results at frequencies of 2.3 GHz, 2.4 GHz, and 3.5 GHz produce return losses of -23.70, -22.87, and -20.60, VSWR values of 1, respectively. .13, 1.15, and 1.20, the bandwidth values are 6.27%, 3.84%, and 5.84%, respectively, and the gain values are 4.69 dBi, 8.53 dBi, and 3.49 dBi.

This study aims to analyze the NRZ-OOK modulation format in free-space optical communication. Simulations were conducted to examine the influence of the SpS parameter and optical signal power at the input modulator on the average power of the modulated optical signal. The research employed a computer simulation approach, where the optical signal was transmitted through an optical path without cables, enabling fast data transmission and longer distances compared to wired media. The method used specifically uses a machine learning-based application, Python. The simulation results indicate that higher SpS values result in a more accurate and smoother optical signal representation. Furthermore, an increase in the optical signal power at the input modulator increases the average power of the modulated optical signal. However, negative optical power values do not hold any relevant physical meaning. The magnitude of the Pi_dBm value also affects the optical signal spectrum, with higher optical power generating more robust frequency components. Graphs with negative optical power exhibit significant noise due to distortion and non-linearity. The findings of this study provide a better understanding of the influence of these parameters in the NRZ-OOK modulation format for free-space optical communication.

This work's most notable memory concept for next-generation novels was a reversible phase shift in a substance called phase change materials (PCMs). Here, a polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer relaxation study employing DMA will be conducted to investigate the qualities of PCMs as superior materials. Through the method of wet mixing, PEG polymer with reinforcement made of silica was synthesized. The variation of silica xerogel was a composition of up to 20% silica xerogel. Adding silica is quite good in reducing the loss factor up to 50 MPa at the addition of 20% silica xerogel. This condition was due to the bonds formed in the polymer chain causing shrinkage and flexibility of composites. Due to the addition of silica xerogel as filler, we can study the relaxation behavior and loss factor of a material using DMA and learn more about its viscoelastic characteristics, including its capacity to absorb vibrations, resistance to impacts, and overall mechanical performance at various temperatures. Relaxation was frequently used to describe phase change materials (PCMs), especially when discussing their capacity to store thermal energy. The release or absorption of thermal energy by a PCM during its phase transition was referred to as the relaxation process.

This study aims to empirically prove the Torricelli equation formula in the case of leaky reservoirs with the help of video tracker analysis. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive. The experiment was carried out with a simple tool: a 19-liter gallon of water filled with water and dyed, and then three holes were made vertically with different heights. The gallon is filled with water with a constant water level. Next, take a video of each leaking hole. Video is analyzed with Tracker software. Variables observed were the velocity of water exiting from the leak point (v), the time it took for water to gush from the leak point to the bottom (t), and the horizontal distance from the leak point position to the bottom (x). The results obtained based on video analysis with the tracker are that the farther the distance from the surface of the water to the leak point, the farther the horizontal distance of the resulting jet of water will be. This study concludes that theoretical data and experimental data have significant value, so the video analysis tracker software is feasible to use in dynamic and static fluid learning.

Optical communication networks are vital in the digital era, but data transmission becomes weak the longer the distance traveled by light. Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) technology is commonly used as an optical amplifier, but it still produces a small gain, Q-factor, and a significant noise figure. This study characterized the Hybrid Optical Amplifier (HOA) combinations that contain EDFA with various doped fibers. The characterization was performed through Optisystem software simulation by observing and analyzing the gain, noise of figure, and Q-factor generated by each doped fiber variant. The results showed that the combination of Ytterbium-doped Fiber produced the most significant gain of 15.83 dB, less noise figure of 5,661 dB, and a relatively high Q-factor of 35,615 at 1,550 nm. It indicates that the HOA combination is suitable and ideal for long-distance transmission in fiber optic communication network applications.

Currently, the utilization of technology is needed in education as a learning media. This integration demands digital literacy skills. Hence, this research examines the digital literacy skills of Physics Education students at Jember University. This research is descriptive research with data collection methods using questionnaires. Analyzing the questionnaire results follows descriptive analysis techniques. The research findings indicate that students display good digital literacy skills in terms of operational abilities, excellent critical understanding skills, and satisfactory communication skills through media. Therefore, Physics Education students at Jember University possess good digital literacy when utilizing digital-based learning media.

Earth Physics Research Group (EPRG) is one of three groups of research running at Physics Study Program, the State University of Surabaya, Indonesia, where a number of research projects with corresponding topics have been conducted (and some are in progress) by the group members and associated students having final projects in the field of earth physics since 2018. Whereas the research roadmap of the group has been presented in association with definitive research projects for 25 years long starting from 2011, the specific goal of this paper is to shortly summarise all academic achievement in terms of research performance made by the group members during the last five years. The majority of the recent works was mainly based on computational work, where some were completed in collaboration with researchers from other universities and a national agency and others were performed by the group members and selected students. The topics were spread across disciplines in earth physics that included tectonic earthquakes, tsunami generation and propagation of seismic and non-seismic origin, volcanic eruptions and an integrated disaster mitigation study. A small portion of the projects were performed using a chosen method of applied geophysics. These studies have ended up with publications in recent years, where the saline points of the key findings are here presented. Future studies focusing on vulnerability to earthquake hazards in the northern areas of Java and on volcanic and meteo-tsunamis are also discussed in the context of possible tsunamis induced by seismic sources or volcanic processes.

The role of a physics teacher in learning is to facilitate student activities to construct correct conceptual understanding as that of a scientist. As the primary source of knowledge for students, a physics teacher is required to have the right concept, but this demand is not necessarily fully fulfilled. This study aims to determine the profile of physics teachers' understanding of concepts on kinematics material detected by a four-tier misconception test. Participants in this study were 20 high school physics teachers in Surabaya. Based on the results of data analysis, it was found that the dominant misconceptions included: (1) Two objects that make the same displacement at the same time interval will have the same velocity, regardless of the type of movement of the two objects (2) Objects that move vertically straight up or down will always have the acceleration of motion equal to the acceleration of gravity which is directed downwards. (3) As long as the object's position is at positive coordinates, it means the object is moving in the forward direction. (4) The graph of velocity against time, which has a positive gradient, means that the object always moves forward (5) In parabolic motion, the length of time an object is in the air only depends on the length of its path, the longest path will require the longest time. (6) In parabolic motion, the final speed of an object when it lands on the ground depends not only on its initial speed but also on its elevation angle. The findings of several misconceptions above show that even a physics teacher cannot escape misconceptions. Therefore, it is crucial for a teacher to be able to remedy the misconceptions he suffers so that these misconceptions are not transmitted to the students he teaches. This finding is the first step for researchers to detect misconceptions, followed by the application of certain learning methods to remedy misconceptions in future research.

Electrical energy has a very important role in human life, but the electricity supply still needs to meet society's needs fully. Many potential energy resources can be converted into electrical energy. One of the potential energy resources is the flow of water, which can be used for micro-hydro power plants in remote areas. This paper presents the results of an analysis of a prototype Micro Hydro Power Plant (MHPP) using a 3-blade turbine with a gearbox ratio of 2.8:1. The purpose of the analysis is to determine the greatest value of voltage, current, power, rpm, torque, and efficiency based on variations in the angle of the turbine tilt of 20°, 25°, 30°, and 35° at a water debit of 2.91 l/s and a generator in the form of BLDC 3 phase. The measurement results and data analysis found that the turbine tilt angle of 20° produced the greatest voltage, rpm, torque, and efficiency values. This is because the increase in the angle of inclination of the turbine results in an addition to the volume of the bucket so that the speed of the water flow in the turbine increases. As a result of the addition of this water flow, the turbine becomes heavier to rotate so that the efficiency value decreases.

This study analyzed optical and RF signals in optical communication systems using the On-Off Keying Non-Return to Zero (OOK-NRZ) modulation method and the direct-detection receiver model with PIN photodiodes. In this study, a simulation was carried out using Python software. Changes in optical modulation input power and Symbol rate (Rs) were explored to understand their effect on signal characteristics. Models of ideal photodiodes (noiseless) and noisy photodiodes (considering thermal noise, shot noise, and bandwidth constraints) were used to compare receiver signals. The eye diagram analysis was employed to visualize receiver signal variation in a given time span. The results of this analysis provide a better understanding of the influence of changes in input power and symbol rate on optical communication systems through the OOK-NRZ method and insight into the characteristics of the receiving signal under realistic conditions. This study is able to provide guidance for the design and evaluation of optical communication systems using OOK-NRZ modulation and direct detection receivers.

The problem of waste generated by activities at UNESA can threaten the health of the environment and the welfare of the surrounding community. A solution is needed to overcome the waste problem in the UNESA environment. One solution that can be taken is to make paving blocks from plastic waste, or it can be called LEGOBLAS. This research aims to improve previous research and utilize plastic waste to be used more beneficially. In this study, data was collected through LEGOBLAS testing, which included testing for compressive strength, absorption, slipperiness, and heat strength. In addition, supporting data is also collected through external observation and LEGOBLAS measurements, including the length, width, height, and mass of LEGOBLAS. The method applied in this study is descriptive quantitative; the form of data presentation is in the form of numbers, which are then analyzed using the LEGOBLAS test. Making eco-friendly LEGOBLAS goes through several stages, including sorting plastic waste, melting plastic waste, and printing LEGOBLAS. Melting plastic using used cooking oil aims to prevent the chlorine content from being released into the air so that it is environmentally friendly. Compressive strength testing using a Compression Testing Machine, Slippage test using a Surface Roughness Tester, Absorbency Test by immersing LEGOBLAS in water for 10 minutes, and Heat Resistance Test by baking for 12 hours at 38°C. Action is needed to reduce this plastic waste; one way to reduce this plastic waste is by making LEGOBLAS a utilization of plastic waste.

Climate change can cause an increase in rainfall, accelerated erosion and runoff of water on the surface, drought, and excess water, which in turn causes floods and landslides. A proactive response to disasters is needed to increase management effectiveness and reduce loss of life and property. Efforts to reduce the risk of hydrometeorological disasters can be carried out by involving the community. Disaster management knowledge and skills can save more lives and as a provision to respond to disasters. Therefore, research will be carried out to determine the profile of people's climate awareness and literacy in dealing with disasters caused by climate change, especially in coastal areas. A qualitative research design with the type of descriptive study is used to describe the profile of people's understanding of disasters caused by climate change, disaster risk mitigation/reduction, and ways of adaptation. Data collection will be carried out by researchers using in-depth interview techniques and field observations so that they can show the presence and involvement of researchers. The research results show that the community's climate literacy skills, especially regarding knowledge about climate change, are still not good. However, in action, the Community already has appropriate mitigation and adaptation activities in handling disasters due to climate change in coastal areas. The implication of the research is expected to provide information related to community climate literacy to meet the "Climate Action" sustainable development goals (SDGs) in physics learning.

Mount Semeru is the highest volcano on Java Island, with its peak of Mahameru at 3.676 meters above sea level (masl). The Semeru volcano is of the Strato type with volcanic-strombolian eruption. This study aims to identify the morphology of rocks found around the mountain in Ranupani Village, Mount Semeru, Lumajang, East Java. Samples were prepared from rocks that had been searched in a limited area from Ranupani Village, Semeru Volcano, then selected, and taken a small portion of the process into powder form, then filtered or sifted. After the sieving process is done, a subtle powder will be obtained. The subtle powder is then ready for XRD testing to find out the identification of the rock morphology. The x-ray diffraction test results were then analyzed qualitatively with the method of search and match. Qualitative analysis of XRD is to determine the crystal structure and composition of the elements contained in these rocks. The sample, phase 1, showed the presence of Barium diiron tetraoxide (Ba Fe2 O4) to form a crystal system orthorhombic. The sample_2 phase shows the presence of Albite (Al Na O8 Si3) to form a crystal system triclinic (anorthic). In sample_3, the phase indicates the presence of Anorthite (Al2 Ca O8 Si2) and the presence of Albite (Al Na O8 Si3) to form a crystal system triclinic (anorthic). The results of rock characteristics with X-ray diffraction show that in sample _2 and sample _3, resulting Silica and Aluminum elements are present. This suggests that the predominant minerals in these samples are likely silicates, such as feldspars and clay minerals, which are rich in silica and aluminum. Further analysis is needed to identify these samples' specific mineral compositions and proportions. Through Match! 2, from the top of the diffraction pattern (short angle 2 10, 10-60 °), the sample corresponds to the silica and aluminum diffraction patterns.

The concept of physics has various representations that must be mastered by the Pre-Service Science Teacher (PSST). It is not uncommon for PSST to have poor multiple representation skills, impacting the delivery of concepts in school. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the profile of multiple representation skills and their relation to understanding the concept of PSST Physics. The representations studied include verbal, visual, symbolic, and mathematical forms. Eleven PSST became respondents in the study. Multiple representation and conception measurements use instruments with a three-tier item format containing content, argumentation, and confidence levels. Student responses are analyzed descriptively, qualitatively, and quantitatively. The findings of this study are: 1) 18% of PSST belong to the concept understanding, 27% experienced misconceptions, and the rest (55%) were classified as not knowing the concept or responding by guessing; 2) the highest representation format mastered by students is the visual representation, and the lowest is the mathematical representation; and 3) the ability to multiple representations and understand physics concepts has a significant and perfect correlation with a Pearson Correlation of 0.847. This research implies that learning for PSST can emphasize multiple representation abilities as it affects their understanding of concepts.

Physics learning requires problem-solving in the learning process. This research is a pre-experimental study with random samples. This research aims to find out the initial profile of high school students' problem-solving on dynamic fluid material. The subjects of this study were 108 students of grade XI in senior high school. The problem-solving indicator used ACCES, which consists of 5 indicators. The result shows that the problem-solving abilities of high school students in dynamic fluid material still need to be improved because of several factors. Earning models and media need to be more relevant in supporting students' problem-solving abilities. This research can be used as empirical evidence that students' problem-solving skill in dynamic fluid material needs to be improved.

Understanding electromagnetic wave physical phenomena in three dimensions can be challenging. This research aims to create a model for how electromagnetic waves travel through a three-dimensional medium. One of the best ways to visualize this type of electromagnetic wave is Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD). The simulation results revealed that the properties of the dielectric material and conductivity affect the shape of the sinusoidal pulse propagation, where the electromagnetic wave experiences reflection and transmission. The properties of the material influence the electric and magnetic fields in various ways, affecting the interaction between the transmitted and reflected waves. This interaction is influenced by several factors, such as permeability, and leads to either constructive or destructive interference.

The science literacy skills of students in South Kalimantan have yet to be fully identified. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the profile of physics science literacy among senior high school students in South Kalimantan. This research is a quantitative study that utilizes a purposive sampling technique. The study subjects are senior high school students in each district/city in South Kalimantan, with one school selected as the sample from each district/city. The study includes a total of 13 schools with 502 students. Data were obtained through surveys and data collection using test instruments. The data were analyzed descriptively using the Rasch model in the Winstep application. The results of the study show that the physics science literacy skills of senior high school students are categorized as "sufficient," and the quality of the test items and the reliability aspects of the instruments are good. The categorization of science literacy skills among students in each district/city varies. The categories consist of four classifications: "very high" and "high" categories include two districts, the "sufficient" category includes five districts, and the "low" category includes three districts. Based on the variable maps of students' proficiency levels, they fall into the "sufficient" category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the profile of physics science literacy among senior high school students in South Kalimantan is categorized as "sufficient".

Physics practicum activities have an important role in the learning process because they can provide convenience for students in proving theories. This research aims to develop a prototype uniformly varied rectilinear motion teaching aid based on a video analysis tracker in physics practicum. This study uses research and development with an ADDIE model. The research results show that when an object moves up, the object experiences slowed down, uniformly varied rectilinear motion. Meanwhile, when the object moves down, the object experiences uniformly varied rectilinear motion accelerated. The survey results show that 60% choose the option resulting from the uniformly varied rectilinear motion teaching aids provided adequately, 73.30% agree that the developed tool is easy to operate, and 73.30% experience an increase in understanding after using the tool. Thus, the design and testing of existing prototypes have been successful. The implications of this research can be used to improve students' understanding of concepts through practicum activities. However, this study has limitations, namely, the results of data from Tracker Video Analysis are relatively inaccurate, both in terms of the ability of students to operate it and the inability of the device to operate it. Therefore, developing this research to obtain more accurate data is suggested.

Two methods can be used to solve the problem of electric potential distribution in a rectangular pipe: numerical and analytical. The analytical solution is obtained using the Laplace equation and the given boundary conditions to complete the solution in the form of a linear combination of sinusoidal and hyperbolic functions. While the numerical solution is obtained using the finite difference method in the Python programming language. The comparison between the analytical and numerical solutions shows that the two have a good fit. This can be seen from the graph of the electric potential distribution in the rectangular pipe produced by the two methods. Numerical solutions obtained using the finite difference method in the Python programming language provide accurate and efficient results in solving the problem of the electric potential distribution in rectangular pipes. The use of the first four terms in the analytical method and the selection of 4 observation points on the pipe, namely points A (3.33, 1.67), B (3.33, 3.34), C (6.67, 1.67), and D (6.67, 3.34) produces a difference in the electric potential value between analytical and numerical methods each point is 35.91%, 51.96%, 51.96%, and 35.91%. The value difference between analytical and numerical methods will be smaller if more terms are taken in the analytical calculation, and more observation points are considered on the pipe.

Polyaniline (PANI) is a conductive polymer that can be produced by the electrodeposition process. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of PANI sensors on hydrochloric acid (HCl) and acetic acid (CH₃COOH) vapor using a scan rate of 100 mV/s and ten cycles, a thin PANI layer was created on the surface of the ITO substrate. The PANI spectroscopic test results before and after CH₃COOH vapor exposure revealed no differences and remained within the PANI functional group range. A four-point probe (FPP) test was performed to evaluate the sensing performance of the PANI thin film against analyte gas. The results of recovery time, response time, and sensitivity tended to increase as analyte concentration increased. The quickest CH₃COOH sensing (1 ppm) has a reaction time of 29.7 seconds, a recovery time of 21.9 seconds, and a sensitivity of 5.11%. The greatest CH₃COOH sensing (10 ppm) resulted in a reaction time of 50.3 seconds, a recovery time of 39.7 seconds, and a sensitivity of 13.64%. The reaction time for the lowest HCl sensing (1 ppm) was 42.6 s, the recovery time was 32.4 s, and the sensitivity was 7.82%. The greatest level of CH₃COOH sensing (10 ppm) resulted in a response time of 60.6 s, a recovery time of 55.3 s, and a sensitivity of 16.31%. As a result, the PANI thin film is a functional material for acid gas sensors.