Design of Automatic Insect Trap Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. based on Solar Cells as a Source of Stinging Energy

One of the plant-disturbing organisms that always harms coffee plants is the insect Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. which causes fruit borer attacks. This study aims to design a solar panel-based H. hampei trapper. This tool is designed to work automatically according to the settings on the solar charge controller; it can catch H. hampei effectively; this tool has a low current (DC) that is safe for farmers; this tool can be used in plantation areas far from PLN because the source of electrical energy comes from solar cells; maintenance costs are relatively cheap, but the tool is designed to operate in the long term. The H. hampei trap uses solar panels as an energy source and is equipped with a stinger that works automatically by utilizing the solar charge controller feature. The functional test results show that the tool that has been designed can work well according to the plan made. The average consumption of stingers is 23.70 Wh. The average panel energy yield is 26.85 Wh. The panels’ energy output has exceeded the amount of energy the stingers need. The tool is designed to trap H. hampei well.


Introduction
One sector that has an important role in the Indonesian economy is the agricultural sector.This is evidenced by its contribution to the Gross Domestic Product, which dominates according to the business sector.In 2019, the agricultural sector contributed 13.45% or was in the second highest position after the industrial sector of 19.62% [1].One of the sub-sectors that has quite a large potential is the plantation sub-sector.The contribution of the plantation sub-sector in 2019 was 3.27% of the total GDP, and 25.71% of the Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries sector was in the first place.Several plantation commodities in Indonesia, such as coconut, rubber, coffee, sugarcane and oil palm [2,3].
Coffee is an example of a leading commodity in the plantation sector, where coffee is a product that has broad market opportunities both domestically and abroad.Statistical data from the "International Coffee Organization" states that Indonesia is the third largest coffee producer after Brazil and Vietnam.
If we look at it based on the provinces in Indonesia, East Java province is the largest production producer according to GDP in 2019, namely 8.86 thousand tons.This is equivalent to 1.17% of the total production in Indonesia [4].
Jember Regency, one of the regions in East Java Province, is the largest producer of coffee commodities.Total coffee production in Jember Regency has increased.According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, in 2018 it produced more than 1.3 million tons and in 2019 it tripled to more than 4.9 million tons.The total area of coffee plantations in Jember Regency is 6,629.08ha.The area of coffee plants in Jember in 2019 doubled compared to 2018, which was only 3,149.53 ha.
The Argopuro Jember Mountains area is one of the mountainous areas in Jember that produces coffee, especially the Robusta type.Jember Regency located on the slopes of the Argopuro Mountains includes 6 Districts: Sumberbaru, Tanggul, Bangsalsari, Panti, Sukorambi and Arjasa.The six districts are coffee producers managed by smallholder farmers and farmer groups.Arjasa District coffee production data in 2016 was 2,519.10KW [5,6].
The Jember Regency Government promotes coffee productivity as one of the priorities in achieving the development goals of the plantation sector in Jember.The local government has made various efforts to maintain and increase coffee productivity, but several problems become obstacles for coffee farmers.Pest attack is one of the obstacles that often occurs in every coffee harvest season and can reduce the quality of the coffee produced so that it can affect the coffee production produced.The type of borer is Hypothanamus hampei and is an obstacle that usually becomes a problem for coffee farmers in partner locations.
Rayap Hamlet, Kemuning Lor Village, Arjasa District, is one of the coffee plantation locations in Jember Regency.Borer pest attacks cause coffee cherries to become hollow and have low coffee quality.This can be proven by the decrease in coffee yields due to borer attacks.Efforts made by farmers in the area are still conventional, namely by using insecticides.Using insecticides has several drawbacks, especially regarding the environment and the quality and quantity of coffee produced [7].
Rayap Hamlet, Kemuning Lor Village, Arjasa District, Jember Regency, East Java, is at a latitude of -8.096566 and a longitude of 113.697862.The area of Kemuning Lor Village reaches 1087.68 ha with an altitude of 150 -750 above sea level.The potential for solar energy in Kemuning Lor Village is quite large.The peak of solar irradiation during normal weather is 1024 W/m2 at 12.00 WIB.Peak irradiation occurred for 4 hours at 10.00 WIB to 14.00 WIB.In normal weather, the highest temperature measured is 33˚C and the lowest temperature is 26˚C.This temperature range is categorized as sunny weather because the sunlight received has a high irradiation value and not many clouds cover it.With the potential for irradiation that is quite large, the use of solar energy sources of electricity can make Kemuning Lor Village an energy-independent village.This also helps to implement the Sustainable Development Goals or SDGs on the seventh goal, namely clean and affordable energy [1].
Based on the mapping of the identification of the problems experienced by coffee farmers and the analysis of the situation above, the authors offer and provide solutions to the problems experienced by coffee farmers, in the form of an IoT-based integrated solar panel borer trap tool.It is hoped that this solution can help overcome the problems experienced and improve the community's economy by increasing coffee productivity in Kemuning Lor Village, Arjasa District, Jember Regency.

Method 2.1 Tools and materials
The tools and materials needed in this study consisted of design and prototype manufacturing equipment and measuring tools that were useful during testing.Prototype technical drawing using SketchUp software.Making a prototype using a 20 wp solar panel, 12 Ah 12 V battery (accu), 2 USB 12 V 24 V/10 A solar charge controller, wire nets, cables, iron, wooden planks, DC-DC adjustable stepdown circuit, high circuit DC stun voltage.Instrumental equipment that will be used to make measurements consists of an Avometer to measure voltage and current values and a solar power meter to measure the amount of sunlight intensity.Other supporting equipment consists of a roll meter that is used to measure the distance of the materials needed to make prototype construction in the form of iron, a protractor to measure the inclination of the solar panels, and a stopwatch [8,9].

Design concept
Based on the background of the problem, several design criteria will be used, namely: 1) Can work automatically according to the settings on the solar charge controller; 2) can catch H. hampei effectively; 3) low current (DC) that is safe for farmers; 4) can be used in plantation areas that are far from PLN because the source of electrical energy comes from solar cells; 5) maintenance costs are relatively low, but the tool is designed to operate for a long time; and 6) can operate even if the PLN electricity is off [10,11].
The H. hampei pest trapper can work automatically by utilizing the features provided by the solar charger controller.The H. hampei pest trapping concept utilizes a renewable energy source in the form of sunlight with a solar cell as an intermediary, the solar cell converts the intensity of sunlight into electrical energy.The electrical energy is then channeled to the solar charger controller before the generated electrical energy is stored in the battery.The battery stores the electrical energy generated by the solar cell during the day, so that the electrical energy can be used for electricity needs during the day when the weather is cloudy and at night.The tool is equipped with an attractant as a pest attractant and a stinger which helps kill H. hampei and where the insects fall (trap) in the form of a water-filled tub.Insects will come to the attractant and will be stung and then fall into a container filled with water, insects that fall cannot escape because even though the container has been glued.The adhesive is affixed to the tub filled with water on the outside and inside [12,13].

Pest stinger
The stinger that attracts H. hampei turns on automatically by utilizing the features of the solar charger controller.The purpose of being designed automatically is to reduce the settings in directly turning on and off the stinger by farmers.With this automatic system, farmers don't need to go to the coffee plantation to turn it on at night or turn it off in the morning [14].
The main component in this automatic system lies in the solar charger controller with other supporting components, namely the adjustable DC-DC stepdown circuit.The parameter used as a reference for the automatic system is the intensity of sunlight.When the solar charger controller reads that there is no received voltage, the solar charger controller responds that power will be released to supply and turn on the stinger.The schematic block diagram of the H. hampei automatic pest trapper is presented in Figure 2.

Fabrication and performance testing
The fabrication process and performance test ware carried out at the Energy and Mechanics Workshop, Department of Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Jember.The manufacturing procedure follows the instructions for functional design and structural design, the description of the working mechanism is contained in the structural design.The stages in the construction of the tool start from designing, functional testing, and the process of making the overall frame of the pest trapper [15].
The process of making the framework is done by going through a cutting process following the parts needed, after being cut the iron is assembled into one.The framework is made of hollow iron, which is chosen because it is more resistant to rust than other types of iron.Assembly of hollow iron with a length of 150 cm and using screws as a connector measuring 10 mm.
The component assembly process is the stage of unifying electronic circuits.The components in this assembly process include solar cells, solar charger controllers, batteries (accu), stinging wire nets, adjustable DC-DC step down circuits, relays, high voltage DC stun gun circuits, electrical boxes, pest container, and the tool framework [16].
During the test, observations and measurements will be carried out which include: 1) calculation of the voltage value; 2) calculation of the current value; 3) calculation the value of the power used by the stinger and the power generated by the solar cell; 4) number of trapped H. hampei; and 5) the performance of the automatic system on the tool.

Automated work system
The automatic performance system of the Hypothenemus hampei pest trapper is with a time range of 06.00 -17.00 when the solar panels receive sunlight until sunset.When the solar panel does not receive sunlight, the stinger will automatically turn off with a delay of 1 minute.The conditions of the intensity of sunlight influence this.Stingers are controlled by a solar charge controller, according to the conditions of the intensity of sunlight, the solar charge controller is connected to the relay, so that during the day when the solar charge controller receives the electricity generated by the solar panels then the output from the solar charge controller does not trigger the relay, then the relay will distribute electricity from the battery (accu) to the stinger so that the stinger is on.At night the electricity from the battery (battery) will be cut off by the relay caused by the solar charge controller which provides electricity to the relay so that it triggers the relay to close the path of electricity from the battery (accu) to the stinger [17].The stinger and relay have an input voltage specification of 5 Volts.It requires a voltage reduction, namely an adjustable DC to DC stepdown circuit because the solar charge controller and battery (battery) output is 12 Volts.The application of automatic performance system wiring on interceptors is presented in Figure 3.

Energy needs
The use of sections to divide the text of the paper is optional and left as a decision for the author.Where the author wishes to divide the paper into sections the formatting shown in table 2 should be used.Retrieval of energy demand data on the load is used to see the actual demand for electrical energy at the load.The load used is in the form of a stinger.The data is in the form of the voltage and current the stinger requires.Data was taken for 3 days at the same time.Data collection for 1 day was carried out by measuring the voltage and current of the stinger taken every 15 minutes every 4 hours for 3 days.Graph of voltage and current data on the stinger from minute 0 to minute 660 is presented in Figure 4. Based on Figure 4, voltage, current and power from the results of measuring the energy requirements for stingers show a linear graph.The lowest current and voltage required by the stinger are 4.95 V and 0.40 A. The highest current and voltage required for the stinger are 4.96 V and 0.40 A. The current and voltage fluctuations in the stinger are caused by the battery capacity (accu) the longer it will go down.This can affect the decrease in current at the load.
The total average energy requirement for stingers is 23.70 Wh.The average result of measuring the total energy requirement for stingers based on specifications is 27.5 Wh.There is a difference of 13.8% in the total energy requirement based on specifications with measurements carried out in 3 days.This is caused by voltage and current fluctuations in the stinger.

Electrical energy results
The electrical energy conversion system utilizes the intensity of sunlight and then converts it into electrical energy with solar panels.The Hypothenemus hampei pest trapper was tested to determine the design and manufacturing performance of the tool.The system for converting sunlight intensity into electricity with solar panels on a designed trap is then tested in several stages of testing so that it runs systematically and minimizes errors during testing.
The power generated in solar panel testing is carried out by measuring the value of the voltage and output current of the solar panel.Measurements of output produced by solar panels on day 1, day 2, and day 3 are shown in Figure 5, Figure 6, and Figure 7.The intensity of sunlight and the weather, which always changes every time, are the main influences on the voltage and current generated by solar panels, the greater the intensity of sunlight, the greater the voltage and current generated.The smaller the intensity of sunlight, the voltage and current generated will also be smaller.This happens because it is influenced by the number of electrons released in a material.The number of electrons released will greatly affect the current generated by the solar panel [12].
Based on the test data results carried out in 3 days, the largest total power that can be generated is 31.83Wh/day.The average total power generated in one day is 26.85 Wh.Based on the specifications of the solar panels, the power generated by direct measurement for 3 days has a significant difference.These results can occur due to the influence of unfavorable weather conditions.The resulting solar panel power according to the specifications should be 20 W.
The difference in power based on the specifications of the solar cell and the results of the direct power measurement with the highest value is a significant difference, which is around 24.48%.Several things can affect these factors, including the weather factor, the quality of the solar cell used, and the efficiency of the solar cell.The data collection process is carried out during the transitional season from rainy to dry.This can affect the intensity of sunlight which changes at any time.The efficiency of the solar cell used also affects the power generated by the solar cell.Solar panels with better quality will produce higher power (closer to specifications).
The highest current on the first day when charging the battery is 1.068 A. The highest current obtained when charging the battery (battery) can be used to calculate the length of time it takes to charge the battery (battery) when the solar panel gets good sunlight intensity.
The length of time for charging a battery (accu) with a large capacity of 11 Ah 12 V when the solar panel gets good sunlight intensity takes 12 hours 35 minutes 8 seconds.The theoretical calculation of battery charging time is 11 hours 28 minutes 48 seconds.The difference in the length of time it takes to charge the battery is due to the large current charging the solar cell based on the specifications and the actual measurement results.This difference is influenced by the intensity of sunlight which changes every time during data collection, bearing in mind that the data is taken during the transitional weather season.

Comparison of energy needs and energy panel results
The energy yield from solar panels has exceeded the amount of energy needed to be used.The greatest energy requirement is 24.35 Wh and the highest panel energy output is 31.83Wh.The average total of energy needs is 23.70 Wh.The total average energy yield of the panel is 26.85 Wh.The difference in energy yields on days 1, 2 and 3 respectively are 7.51 Wh, 1.26 Wh and 0.69 Wh.The 11 Ah 12 V battery (accu) has an energy of 132 Wh, based on the total energy, only 80% can be used, namely 105.6 Wh when the battery is full.The average condition of the required load energy requirement is 23.70 Wh/day, so the selection of a battery with a capacity of 11 Ah 12 V is sufficient for the load energy requirement for ± 4 days with a full battery condition.Based on these calculations, the total battery capacity can be used as a source of energy reserves, considering the uncertain weather conditions.The battery's design (battery) has been adapted to uncertain weather, namely days when the weather conditions are cloudy and rainy so that when it rains the tool can still operate because there is an energy reserve in the battery (accu).

Pest trapped intensity
The results of observations of trapped H. hampei pests have been carried out for 1 week after the application of the tool at the plantation site.H. hampei traps sting H. hampei pests that come near the attractant.H. hampei pest attacks in the morning to evening range.Based on the results of these observations, there were several pests with a total of around 20 to 30 individuals per day which were stung and then fell into the holding tanks.Within one week, the total number of trapped pests was 173.This proves that H. hampei pest trapping tools can work well in reducing the intensity of H. hampei pest attacks to increase coffee cherries' productivity.The results of the observations are presented in Figure 8.

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research on the design of H. hampei pest traps based on solar cells as a source of automatic stinger energy that has been carried out, it can be concluded as follows.A solar cell-based H. hampei pest trapper for automatic stinger energy has been well designed and made.The tool consists of a solar cell, battery (accu), solar charge controller, relay, stinger net, cable, iron, wooden plank, DC-DC step-down circuit, DC high voltage stun gun circuit with tool specifications, namely with a size of 49 × 35 × 200 cm.The automatic system on the H. hampei stinger works well between 06.00 -17.00 on, while around 17.00 -16.00 the stinger is off.The design results that have been carried out show that the results of a comparison between the energy yield of solar panels and energy requirements are appropriate.The average energy generated from converting the intensity of sunlight into electrical energy on solar panels is 26.85 Wh/day.The average energy consumption of the load, namely the required stinger, is 23.70 Wh/day.A solar cell-based H. hampei pest trapper as a source of automatic stinging energy can properly trap H. hampei pests with a total of 173 in 7 days of observation, thereby reducing the intensity of H. hampei pest attacks on coffee cherries.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Graph of voltage, current and power needed by stringer.

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. H. hampei Pests Falling in the Storage Tank.