Table of contents

When implementing a multi-variant design of the machining process, one of the important tasks is to select rational technological parameters at the final transitions of the forming process, ensuring the specified quality of surfaces on the finished part made of the appropriate material. When modeling most design procedures at all stages of machining, there are problems associated with algorithmization of the solution method, adequate selection of the regression equation and the range of acceptable solutions at the specified processing stages. In this paper, as an algorithm for solving the problem, we propose the use of a well-known method of rational planning of the experiment, which allows us to obtain a mathematical model of the multi-factor process under study. In the process of implementing this algorithm, based on a priori information, the research object was selected, its factors and the main levels of changes in these factors were determined. The proposed algorithm for obtaining the regression equation for solving problems in the field of machining production can be effectively used in computer-aided design systems for selecting technological parameters in the modes of processing parts with a blade tool, using numerical data from technological reference books and catalogs of cutting tool manufacturers.

The article covers technological reliability of thin lamellate knives in terms of accuracy in size and shape of cut blank, identifies the main reasons for the deviation of the cutting edge from the cutting plane, the block diagram of lateral deviation of lamellate knife and experimental setup are developed.

When designing the machining process, one of the essential tasks is the rational choice of cutting modes for various materials, which guarantee the specified quality of the processed surface while ensuring the performance of the process being implemented. The paper describes an algorithm for implementing a multi-factor experiment of the cutting process with a blade tool and constructing a regression equation based on it that describes the quality of the treated surface on polymer material blanks. To implement the algorithm, it is proposed to use the method of planning a rational experiment, which is convenient for obtaining different mathematical models when studying multi-factor processes. In this context, when modeling the three-factor experiment, the initial data of domestic production of various types of polymer materials were taken into consideration. The developed method can be effectively used in the conditions of operating machine-building enterprises for modeling the roughness of the processed surfaces, through a mechanism for rational selection of processing modes, especially in the absence of relevant reference data, and integrated into existing automated systems created on the basis of General-purpose application software.

A significant aspect of advanced industrial cyber-production (ICP) in the proposed understanding of the Industry 4.0 concept is complementarity. Complementary ICP is a business-system (BS) of mutually beneficial commercial companies interacting with each other. Companies resort to ensuring the complementary of ICP to improve their business processes with the resources of the BS. The problematic issues and methods of organizing a stably functioning complementary ICP are considered. A promising way to improve complementary ICP is the introduction of adaptive management mechanisms for the supply chains of components in the overall BS. Adaptive supply chain management tools optimize inventory and supply logistics. A scheme of interaction between business entities forming complementary ICP is proposed. Adaptive management and complementary ICP bring to life the ideal business approaches of a virtual factory.

The article deals with an approach to dispatching the work of mechanical processing technological divisions of machine-building single and small-scale multi-product production. Algorithms for dispatching technological processes based on the fuzzy control device are shown. Input and output fuzzy variables are defined and their membership functions are presented. The control algorithm is given in the form of fuzzy rules. An example of the algorithm implementation is shown.

Automation of analytical control of the composition and properties of drinking and treated wastewater can be considered in two directions: compliance with quality requirements and optimization of the treatment process. Measuring systems with which it is possible to organize automatic control of the composition of drinking and wastewater allow real-time regulation of the technological processes of water treatment and water purification, as well as providing the required hygienic and environmental control in accordance with the requirements of environmental and sanitary legislation. The article presents approaches to standardization of automatic control systems of pollutants in water, shows the possibilities and some limitations of automatic control systems from the standpoint of standardization, identifies indicators that can be interchangeable for automatic control systems of pollutants in water, and presents methodological approaches to determining the corresponding conversion factors.

In transport engineering, elastic elements are widely used that work under static, dynamic and cyclic loads. Elastic elements are required to demonstrate specified operational properties within specified limits and for a long time. The most widely used mechanisms are tension, compression and torsion springs with a different profile and made from various materials. The main operational properties of elastic elements are strength, relaxation resistance and elastic characteristics. The existing methodology for assessing the relaxation resistance of elastic elements consists of building a relaxation curve using the results of measurements of the force before and after cyclic loads. This technique has the following disadvantages: the relaxation resistance of a sample batch of elastic elements is assessed; and the control implementation is associated with a significant complexity and high energy costs. To assess the most important indicators of reliability and durability, as well as relaxation resistance for a long period of operation, non-destructive testing methods, including the acoustic emission method, are of interest. Existing techniques are highly complex and do not always guarantee a good result. We propose to use a technique based on the registration of acoustic emission signals.

It is known that a large share of the costs in perennial plantings of fruit and berry crops is associated with weed control. In the ranks of plants, chemical methods of weed control using herbicidal rods are used. In recent years, requirements for uniform distribution of herbicides on the treated surface have increased. The article analyzes the accuracy of the dosage of herbicides in the intercustal zone with a bar with a deviating section. The movement of the rod in the horizontal plane and the spill of liquid along its length is considered. The volume of the poured liquid, the area of the wetted surface, the amount of liquid per unit area are determined. It was established that the dose of application of herbicides over the area depends on the speed of the bar, the angle of its inclination to the direction of movement and the specific spill of the liquid along the length. It is shown that the more the rod deviates from its initial position and the closer it is to the row line, the greater the spout of the solution per unit area with respect to a given one. Dependencies are obtained that allow one to compare the doses of the application of the working solution of the herbicide on the treated surface before the bar meets the cultivated plant and when it is bypassed. The paper shows the data of calculation of the spill of the working fluid at a specific point of the rod. It was revealed that during the processing of the inter-brush strip in one pass with the half-line deviating section of the row line overlapping, the excess of the given outflow dose can reach 20 times. To process the inter-bush zones of perennial plantations, it is recommended to stack the herbicidal booms with short deflecting sections up to the row axis, providing compensation for inaccuracies in driving and planting trees in a row, and processing the row in two adjacent passes.

A drum dryer with a paddle mixing device which can significantly increase productivity and improve the quality of the drying process has been developed. The recommended values of the following parameters, which provide the most energy-saving mode while maintaining the high quality of the finished product (air supply speed is 2.5 m/s; drum filling factor is 0.25; the stirrer rotation speed is 20 rpm, the drying temperature is 60°C) have been established. These parameter values correspond to the specific power consumption equal to 1.83 kW* h/kg of evaporated moisture.

The simultaneous rolling process of two identical wheels in the driving and braking modes is simulated, taking into account the rollback process. The processes of interaction of the driving and braking wheels of the same size with each other and with the mobile platform (road) separating them are studied. The circular diagrams of the wheel rotation angle of a tractor of the traction class 1.4 obtained with the help of a radial recorder are presented in the driving mode when trying to start from a place under a traction load and in the driven mode when stopping after rolling on different support surfaces. As a result of field experiments, it was found that at low values of the relative rise (descent), the transition of the wheel from rolling to rest is not only accompanied by a rollback to the angle α_r, but also by damping fluctuations relative to the position of the future rest.

Continuous improvement of the design and parameters of engines is possible only with a thorough study of the processes occurring in them. The development of engine theory is also not possible without setting up increasingly complex, precise, and sometimes unique experiments and research. Research and testing of diesels is one of the main means of checking the quality of manufacturing parts and Assembly units, components and the engine as a whole, the correctness of its installation, compliance of the main characteristics of the diesel engine with the requirements of technical documentation. Putting diesel into production is preceded by a number of stages for the development of normative and technical documentation, including design, technological, as well as for the production, research and testing of the main and subsequent samples. Development and commissioning of diesel engines for production and types of their tests are regulated by state standards, which establish the procedure for acceptance and requirements for the technical level of diesels. After acceptance and commissioning of engines for production, the improvement of their designs and technical and economic indicators does not stop. In this regard, the diesel engine must pass certain types of tests that are standardized in terms of terminology and definition of basic concepts.

The article proposes a method for improving the quality of cold straightening of non-rigid shafts. The essence of the solution is to change the sequence of traditional technological operations by introducing dynamic straightening of the workpiece with subsequent application of a given depth of the deformed layer, immediately before roughing and finishing, and after them, in addition, in the process of roughing and finishing, the depth and nature of stresses are preserved. due to the exclusion and redistribution of surface stresses arising directly in the process of machining non-rigid parts, taking into account the changing dynamic characteristics of the cutting process itself. A complex functional diagram of the automatic control system has been developed. The results of straightening a non-rigid shaft, without a system and using automatic control, are presented. Decrease of processing error by 2..3 times is shown.

This article provides a calculation of the performance of cotton harvesters. The previously proposed models of cotton-harvesting machines are described, as well as new developed models are offered. Based on a numerical study, a comparative analysis of MX-1.8 vertically spindle cotton harvesters and Keys 2022 horizontally spindle cotton harvesters is provided. The influence of the parameters of the cotton harvesters on their productivity is determined.

The article is devoted to the issues of assessing the level of digital transformation of fields of activity and industries. The paper analyzed the trends of digital transformation and the direction of this transformation. The studied indicators indicate that the regions of the country plan to develop digital, information, communication and innovative technologies in all fields of activity and industries. It was revealed that in the regions mainly different programs for innovative and digital development are being implemented; however, they have a single state trajectory. The study proposed a model of digital transformation of fields of activity and industries, the implementation of which should be carried out according to common requirements, and among the stages were highlighted the assessment of digital development, development of digitalization plans and assessment of the effects of digitalization. At the end of the study, conclusions were drawn from the results of the work.

This article is devoted to the state of production of crop products and the problems of technical support of peasant (farmer) households and individual entrepreneurs of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Based on the results of the All-Russian Agricultural Census of 2006 and 2016, using a comparative research method, an analysis of such indicators as: dynamics of cultivated areas, volumes and structure of production; the yield of the main types of agricultural crops in general for the agro-industrial complex of the region and categories of farms; the state and assessment of the development of technical equipment of peasant (farmer) households and individual entrepreneurs (the availability of agricultural machinery and the state of the machine and tractor fleet, the actual equipment supply). The place of this category of agricultural producers in the agricultural production of the region has been determined. It is proved that technical equipment has a significant impact on the efficiency of agricultural production of peasant (farmer) households and individual entrepreneurs. The study made it possible to identify the factors influencing the efficiency of agricultural production, to formulate conclusions and proposals for the formation on this basis of effective mechanized structures with the required production and economic parameters. The research results can be used in the implementation of the concept of creating a multi-level system of production and technological support of mechanized processes in crop production, optimization of the distribution of work between the performers: agricultural producers and structures of production and technological services.

The dynamic characteristics of discrete systems, as in the theory of continuous systems, include transfer functions, time (impulse, transient) and frequency characteristics. When determining time characteristics, a single discrete impulse and a single discrete function are used as typical signals. The transient characteristic of a linear discrete system is the response to the single discrete function under zero initial conditions. The study of discrete systems begins with an assessment of their fundamental operability, that is, stability. The stability of continuous linear systems is determined by the behavior of the transient component of the general solution of a homogeneous differential equation of the system under study. Similarly, the problem is solved for discrete systems described by linear difference equations. A discrete system is called stable if the transient process tends to zero over time. The analysis of the discrete control system on the stability and accuracy of the transient process is conducted. Conclusion: in a discrete system stability, accuracy and control quality depend on the parameters of the gain system and the time.

An object of research of article is the friction coefficient at refining of fibrous semi-finished products in the knife refining machines. The main consumed energy of these machines is spent for overcoming friction of rotor about stator. On the basis of the theory of contact interaction of knives the tangential coefficient of friction between rotor and stator is investigated. This coefficient depends on type of friction of rotor and stator, concentration and type of fibrous semi-finished product, pressure in an interknife gap, the given module of elasticity of material of plate, the area of contact and speed rotation of rotor. Recommendations for decrease in power consumption of process of refining are developed.

Cyberphysical systems of adaptive manufacturing control are considered. It has been shown that the concept of Cyberphysical systems can be used for both the construction and analysis of adaptive systems. A generalized technology of research is proposed. A generalized model has been formed both for manufacturing in general and for structured manufacturing with a universal structure. All possible perturbations in the system and their compensating controls are considered. It is noted that the prior art publications use simpler system structures. It has been shown that the proposed model can be used in the study of newly studied systems with different structures, including those not previously discussed. Initially, we consider the technology of building a model that allows you to ensure the optimal mode and the prompt transition to the production of new products. Emphasis is placed on obtaining numerical data. A specific technology for using the model for control purposes is then proposed.

The article proposes an MHD device designed to automate the management of casting aluminum melt from a stationary mixer. The product is made on a modular basis, similar to an induction detachable unit, has three magnetic cores with windings. The design of the MHD device, the location of the magnetic cores, and the features of connecting the windings to the network turn it into a universal unit. The location of the casting trough inside the closed cores allows the device to be used as an MHD pump for aluminum melt. Methods of connecting the windings make it possible to realize the function of dosing the melt using automated process control systems. Pumping the melt through the chute when placing the module between two sockets ensures stirring of the melt in the mixer. The use of a group of single-phase transformers in three-phase switching ensures the movement of aluminum in the channel by creating traction forces in the melt. The presence of windings, allowing for opposition, puts the electromagnetic module into transformer-inductor mode, improving energy efficiency in traction modes, providing melt heating beyond the furnace and maintaining aluminum temperature.

The article describes the original technology for the formation of a multilayer polymer coating, which will improve the quality and, accordingly, increase the resource of the entire bearing assembly and housing part. When forming a coating, a base layer is initially applied from a polymer composite filled with a metal nanosized powder, constituting from 60 to 80% of the coating thickness, and then an outer layer of non-filled polymer, constituting from 20 to 40% of the coating thickness. The base layer of the composite coating has an increased modulus of elasticity, provides the necessary flexibility of the rolling bearing, which prevents the bearing axis from shifting relative to the axis of the bore during loading, and increases the limiting thickness of the coating. The outer layer of the coating made of non-filled polymer has a significantly lower modulus of elasticity, provides increased deformation of the bearing rings, a decrease in contact stresses during loading and an increase in the bearing life. To reduce the porosity of the polymer coating, the thermal treatment of the coating is carried out in two stages: at the first stage, the coating is kept at a temperature below the boiling point of the solvent by 5°C until the solvent evaporates, and at the second, it is kept at an elevated temperature for a period of time. Heat treatment of the polymer coating in the body part is carried out using a thermal radiation method. The article presents the results of experimental studies that confirm the effectiveness of the new technology.

The work is devoted to study of profilograph features for determining geometric characteristics of products by laser scanning. The control methods applied are implemented in science-based designs of technical means of control that can provide high accuracy of parameter measurement when profiling the surface of parts. The analysis of graphs of the metal sheet surface in full and Cartesian coordinates made it possible to determine the highest and lowest points of the surface, therefore to determine the profile of sheet undulation. For example, the height of metal sheet irregularities resulted from some deformations was 6,378 mm.

The paper considers the solution to the problem of developing an algorithm for automatic classification of the processed surface quality on the example of hard turning of 105WCr6 steel. The input data for the algorithm are digital photos obtained on a metallographic optical microscope "Labomet" with an x4 magnification. The developed algorithm successfully solves the problem of binary classification, where the classes are groups of samples with high (acceptable) and low (unacceptable) quality of the processed surface. The algorithm is based on the search for a template corresponding to a characteristic defect in hard turning on a converted digital image of machined surface. The results can be used to automate scientific research.

The work is devoted to the study of possible layout options for various soil-throwing machine-tractor units using the 3D-CAD SolidWorks system. In the process of research, three basic mass-produced models of wheeled traction devices were selected. This is the T-150K tractor, the DZ-122 grader and Amkodor 2661-01 forwarder. Its simplified 3D models were created, while all the basic geometric parameters were saved. At the next stage, the mass-inertial characteristics of the main moving elements were set by applying the properties of materials from standard libraries to it. These are wheels, suspension elements, linkage mechanisms of working equipment, front and rear frames. To compensate for the mass-inertial characteristics of the stationary elements located on the front and rear half-frames, spherical elements were added, with the possibility of changing the spatial position and mass. To study the possibilities of aggregation, simulation 3D models of three types of soil throwers were created: heavy mounted, mounted medium, light manipulator. Also, various types of additional tillage equipment were modeled: stripper harrows, strip cultivators. Next, ten versions of the most promising soil-throwing machine-tractor units were arranged. The coordinates of the center of gravity of the aggregates and the mass-inertial characteristics were obtained and analyzed. In the future, the developed models can be studied on static and dynamic virtual stands using the methods of multibody dynamics (MBD), for example, in the integrated environment for engineering calculations SolidWorks Motion, or exported to specialized programs, for example, MSC.ADAMS.

Technical and technological upgrading of agricultural production is a necessary factor in maintaining the competitiveness of an agricultural producer. According to experts, the lag in technological development as compared to the level of developed countries is a generation in production process, and from two to three generations in machinery for most agricultural producers. To ensure a decent position of the Russian Federation on the global food market, it is necessary to close this gap in the shortest possible time. Therefore, the timely introduction of the latest scientific and technical projects in production is currently an unconditional basis for its further development. Technical and technological upgrading has a direct impact on the efficiency of agricultural production and the sustainability of agriculture in general. The experience of these agricultural producers who have upgraded their own production shows that agriculture is becoming a high-tech and highly efficient industry. The upgrading of agricultural machinery is a continuous process of introducing innovations into individual components and systems that increase the power, functionality and efficiency of the machinery as a whole. The article analyzes a number of projects of domestic machine builders that are competitive with respect to foreign models.

One of the main difficulties in combating forest fires with conventional water-based methods is the difficult topography and the fact that there are usually no accessible roads to bring firefighting techniques closer to the fire site. Today, a large number of scientific teams are working on the topic of extinguishing the edge of a forest fire with soil. The aim of the study is to increase the efficiency of forest fire prevention and extinguishing by ground-throwing machines by removing the upper combustible layer of forest soil, the formation of a loosened soil shaft from the mineralized layers of forest soil and throwing soil into the edge of a forest ground fire. The paper briefly describes the technical means for extinguishing forest fires using soil. The analysis of the structures of soil-throwing machines has been carried out. The promising directions for improving the technology and working bodies of fire-fighting ground launchers are described, the advantages and disadvantages of its designs are revealed, and ways of further improvement are outlined. A promising design of a strip-laying soil gun with a hydraulic drive of working bodies for preventing and extinguishing forest fires is presented. A distinctive feature of the developed design of the strip-laying soil launcher is the use of an auger to remove the upper fire-hazardous cover, consisting of plant residues, and cut spherical discs to improve the quality of loosening the soil shaft. As a result of the conducted studies of the working process of the strip-laying machine, it was found that the share of the soil covers with combustible materials in the soil flow decreased from 40 to 7%, and the quality of soil shaft loosening increased by 17%, due to which the average distance of soil ejection increased from 10 to 15 m and the power consumption of the rotor-thrower is reduced from 12 to 10 kW.

The aim of this article is to illustrate the integration of new technologies in agricultural sector, especially in biotechnology laboratories in Vitro. The new technology applying in this project is an automation process of virus - symptom detection in the micro –cut rootstocks that are planted on nutrient medium. Additionally, the comparative analysis of laboratories with and without an automation process on subject-rooted plants in Vitro on the same nutrient medium will be also studied. The annual profit was in this project calculated to be 1.8 mln Russian ruble due to the integration of an automatic system into the laboratory in Vitro.

A reverberatory furnace for nickel refining is an open flame furnace that comes from a burner, which uses natural gas as fuel; and which working temperatures vary from 1450°C to 1550°C. In reverberatory furnaces there is a waste of heat generated by the burners. If we in time use an adequate recirculation of the combustion gases from the flame we could increase the fraction of heat transferred to the molten metal, in our case, nickel alloys. In this work, we developed a CDF modeling for this type of furnaces to optimize the dynamics of the exhaust gases, to contribute to a more efficient smelting process, focusing on the fact that the efficiency depends on the composition of natural gas. In our study we used 3 different compositions of natural gas, focusing on the percentages of methane with 95.89% Russian natural gas, with 89.67% Spanish and with 89% Bolivian natural gas. This modeling allows us to work with fluid dynamics, combustion and heat transfer, using the Finite Volume Method. Radiation is a very important process to take into account and is adapted to calculate heat transfer. The modeling has been using the ANSYS CFD 19R3 program. The results show the influence of the composition of natural gas on heat transfer in reverberatory furnaces fed with natural gas.

In the design of gears, the most important task is to obtain centroids. Features of selection of centroids of round and non-round gears obtained by means of functions of harmonious form are considered, process of its formation is shown. Analytical dependencies are presented describing the geometry of the centroid of a round and non-round gearwheel. An example of an implementation of a mechanism based on dependencies describing the construction of a centroid is given.

The paper considers the possibility of installing a device for positioning reference metal samples in the measuring channel of an isotopic thickness gauge at the cold rolling mill of the Magnitogorsk Iron and SteelWorks. The need for modernization is due to the increased background radiation in the zone of operation of the device. Additional positioning system for reference samples allow to consider the object of modernization as a complex mechatronic system.

The article discusses the possibilities of using the OPC UA protocol to collect information from CNC machines and graphically represent data about the technological process, according to Industry 4.0 concept. A generalized organization structure of NC kernel with an embedded SoftPLC module, OPC UA server and various types of OPC UA clients has been developed. The mechanism of interaction between the NC kernel and the standalone OPC UA server is proposed. The possibility of developing a remote OPC UA web client based on the Node-red programming tool has been investigated.

The aim of this article is to illustrate an integration of methods, abilities and the usage of remote sensing in agricultural part of economy. In this project it was clearly stated that, the use of remote sensing in agricultural sector is based on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with soil or vegetation and refers to the non-contact measurement of radiation reflected or emitted from agricultural fields. Different types of platform for measurements were listed in this research work such as: satellites, aircraft, tractors and handheld sensors.

This article reviews the method of increasing the stability of geometrics of non-rigid parts of the "shaft" type. The authors give the grounds for the necessity of treatment by the complex vibro-impact method. The authors also present the unit functional diagram, complete with the automatic control system for the implementation of the proposed method. The unit consists of a self-centering steady rest with a non-flow electrohydraulic drive; a vibro-impact drive with a waveguide converter, a workpiece temperature control device. The control system provides the workpiece axis stabilization and temperature control in the process of axial complex vibro-impacts. The article proves the expediency of using the complex vibro-impact method.