Table of contents

List of Preface, About the Editors, ICRDMSA 2020-COMMITTEE, INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE, NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE and this titles are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

● Type of peer review: Single-blind

● Conference submission management system:Email

● Number of submissions received:262

● Number of submissions sent for review:172

● Number of submissions accepted:138

● Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted/Number of Submissions Received X 100):52.67%

● Average number of reviews per paper:4

● Total number of reviewers involved:57(4 Editors, 8 Review editors, 45 Reviewers)

● Any additional info on review process:

All the article have been checked for the Plagiarism by the Editors. Articles which were having the original content have been straight away sent to review committee and other articles have been sent after the correction to the review committee. Based on the area of specialization, reviewers have been assigned by the editors and the review editors. Sufficient time has been given to the Authors to incorporate the review comments and once again they been subjected to the review process. The Quality articles have only been called for the presentation and recommended for publication in IOP Conference Proceedings.

● Contact person for queries:

Dr. V. Dhinakaran, M.E., Ph.D. (NITT)

Professor/Mechanical Engineering

Head-Centre for Applied Research

Chennai Institute of Technology

Kundrathur, Tamil Nadu, India

dhinakaranv@citchennai.net

researchpublications@citchennai.net

Composites in medical sectors are effective and productive phenomena in fulfilling various necessary demands. Through proven results as a base, this technique can be used for further research to enhance the existing parameters. In this connection, present research extensively focuses upon studying the mechanical properties (Compression and Bending) and characterization of fibre reinforced composite materials along with Al₂O₃ as filler materials. Present study involves the investigation of mechanical properties like compression and bending for NFRPC (Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite) as bio material, Epoxy resin-LY556 as matrix material, using suitable hardener and natural fibers (Kenaf/Hemp) as reinforcement materials considering Al₂O₃ as filler material with appropriate percentage to enhance strength and hardness of the composites. Prepared specimens were subjected to (Compression/D-3410 and Bending/D-790) examinations. Later they were compared with the femur bone properties. It was noticed that NFRPC properties will match the femur Bone Strengths and results shows 12, 18 & 24% of NFRPC material are appropriate for orthopaedic implants. From the investigated results finally, it concludes that the mechanical properties like compression and bending will be increased with increasing proportion of fiber in composites.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a production facility for tailoring intricately shaped components. Unlike traditional machinery, ease of manufacturability along with intrinsic material saving nature makes AM gain eminence. This paper solely focuses on the capability of aluminium alloys, especially AA2024 and AA6061, being additively fabricated using the widely preferred AM technique of Powder Bed Fusion (PBF). The mechanism of PBF is elucidated by availing the experimental response mirrored in these alloy systems from erudite literary works. Additionally, a comparative review on yield strength, ultimate strength, elongation and hardness property values between wrought condition and PBF fused samples of these alloys has also been discussed. To the end, challenges involved in PBF built components were also addressed by the subsequent emphasis laid over improvement strategies.

Biopolymers are most commonly used in many medical applications nowadays. Polylactic acid is widely used for many biological applications due to its biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic properties. In this review, Polylactic acid usage in medical applications like tissue engineering, fracture repairs, orthopedic, drug delivery carriers, antimicrobial agents, stents is considered. The current medical field scenario briefly reviewed to assess Polylactic acid's potential usage and its derivatives in biomedical applications.

Over the years, transmission system plays a vital role in automobile industry in order to improve the performance of vehicle. Since 323 BC to till date gears plays a vital role in building the integral parts of washing machines, gear pumps, gear motors and wrist watches and so on. The lot of gear applications are extended in all sector of transmission mediums, without gear elements most of the transmission become invaluable in modern engineering industry. This paper aims to design and analysis of gear testing kit, for testing the load generation developed on the gear tooth through brake drum. The main objective of this work is to design the components in a gear testing kit and the components involved in the gear testing domain, are modelled using CATIA software. The main components in our paper are 1/2hp motor, coupling; shaft and bearing, mating gears are made of same dimensions and of different materials. Further the work is to analyse the mating gears which are made of same material and analysis are carried through ANSYS software. Static Structural Analysis is carried through ANSYS analytical Software. Two types of plots are performed and their corresponding Von – Misses stress and Total Deformation at three different torque levels are evaluated.

With the growing revolution in technology, quality is always being considered a major point of concern and developing countries like India where number of small and medium enterprises are working contributing for major part of employment, these quality concern need to be focussed. The present work involves the case study which has been conducted in one of small scale industry dealing with chemical processing, in Nagpur. The objective is to find out the solution for one of the problem discussed by production manager of the company. The problem is related to feeding of raw material into the processing plant which have been done manually and cause of quality issue and serious work hazard. So we have suggested a design of setup of feeding mechanism for pouring the raw material. While designing, first the survey has been conducted where it was found that different types of hoppers are available in market based in different size and shape. The hopper which we supposed to design should fulfil the requirement of the manager and all the technicalities. In order to do so we have studies number of design parameter and formulate the design procedure for each and every aspect right from calculation of mass flow rate, hopper angle, exit rate, wall friction angle, design of bevel gear, different force acting on hopper surface. The design of the hopper and the complete setup for the pouring resin is carried out by considering only porous raw material. So, comprehensive approach for designing the hopper as a solution have been done and proposed to company. Similarly the design is being validated using ANSYS software package.

The manufacturing industry nowadays is facing various environmental regulations and is in the process of development of new techniques to minimize use of chemical-based lubricants during machining processes. The heat generated in the cutting zone during machining play critical role in determining the workpiece quality and tool life etc. These cutting fluids are widely employed to dissipate the heat generated during machining; but they also put severe ill effects on the environment and health of workers. Hence, it is important to explore environment friendly alternatives of the chemical based cutting fluids. Coconut oil has been used in machining industries as such cutting fluid because of its higher thermal and oxidative stability. The present work investigates the use of Nanoboric acid suspensions in Coconut oil during milling operation on Al6061-T6 alloy. Variation of cutting tool temperatures and surface roughness under different cutting speeds and fluid flow rates are investigated. The cutting temperature increases with increase in cutting speed and decrease in fluid flow rate. Surface roughness decreases with increase in cutting speed and fluid flow rate, respectively. It was also found that minimum cutting temperature and surface roughness are obtained in case of 0.5% weight of Nanoboric acid suspension in Coconut oil.

This project work is created by manual procedure of restoring the tiny tension. It will be occurring till one hour and difficulty in atmospheric temperature. We are producing four layers to changing the position and number of times. We investigated the flexures and ductile properties of sisal with glass fiber composites. The results of this paper slightly increasing the fiber properties. The layer grouping has more noteworthy impact on pliable, flexural properties. Generally speaking examination between the properties of the considerable number of covers uncovered that the half breed overlay (GSSG) with both end glass employs on either side is the ideal blend with an honest harmony between the properties and price. Limited component models are made with ANSYS recreation programming. These models are utilized to reproduce the effect tests for half and half fiber composite material with various stacking grouping. Diagrams are plotted to think about the effect conduct of various utilize directions. This innovation brief depicts an examination on to the sisal and glass fiber fortified plate and the particular points of interest of ANSYS Express for this sort of reenactment.

The aim of this entire research approach is to produce the damage free drilling operation on the IPN composites by selecting the suitable cutting parameters. The standard combinations of polyurethane and vinyl ester resins were used as the matrix material to fabricate the IPN composite laminate with carbon reinforcement. To expedite this, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and taguchi combination method was used. Based on the technique proposed in taguchi, the plan of experiments had been carried out, by opting the variant process parameters of the drilling; similarly, ANOVA was used to determine the drilling characteristics of the IPN laminate (carbon fiber) of various drill bits like Helical flute, Four-flute, Helical flute – K12 drill bits. The main objective upon doing this experiment was that, to establish the finest correlation between the feed rate and cutting velocity as the output of delamination in IPN laminate, by precisely choosing the multi linear regression analysis. At last, the evaluation tests were carried out to compare the obtained result with correlated analysis, as well it had shown significant agreement with each other.

The current work studies the effect of adding chopped carbon fiber (CCF) on gypsum plaster properties (precisely the compressive strength and the modulus of rupture). The research plan consists of using six mixes of gypsum plaster; these mixes are divided into two groups according to the (Water/Gypsum) ratios (0.5 & 0.6). Each group was divided into three subgroups according to CCF volume fraction (Vf): 0.0%, 0.2% and 0.4%. Three cubic (50×50×50) mm and three prismatic (40×40×160) mm samples were performed for each mix. It was found that, the addition of CCF to the gypsum plaster mixes increases both the compressive strength and the modulus of rupture for both (W/G) ratios, and the percentage of this increase is enlarged with increasing (W/G) ratio. On the other hand, when (W/G) ratio is enlarged, the compressive strength and the modulus of rupture is deteriorated for all (Vf) of CCF, and this percentage of deterioration is decreased in the presence of CCF.

This current work rate the mechanical properties, wear resistance and frictional force of unidirectional hybrid fiber orientation composites. The orientation of fibers done by manually according to the size of fabricated plate and thickness of plate. In these research sisal/carbon and sisal/carbon/flax hybrid fiber reinforced composites are selected. Selected different combinations of hybrid fiber reinforced composites are shaped by using compression molding techniques. After that property of mechanical, wear resistance and frictional force were studied by using experimental study to discover their tensile, compressive, impact properties, wear resistance and frictional force due to the effect of unidirectional hybrid fiber combinations. The results of this study indicates that unidirectional sisal/carbon/flax hybrid combinations shows the better tensile strength, compression strength, impact strength, wear resistance and frictional force.

The manuscript discusses about the effect of compressive load on the E-Glass fiber reinforced interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). In this work, a series of combination of vinyl ester (VER) loaded polyurethane (PU) IPNs have been taken as the matrix material with the E-Glass reinforcement, with the loading of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% PU respectively. Besides hand-layup technique was used to fabricate the cylindrical shells in order to get the final shape of the IPN composite pipe. Simultaneously to validate the compressive strength behavior of the IPN composite pipe, experimental analysis was carried out as per the ASTM D695 standard at normal room temperature to extract compressive strength value of the PU loaded IPN composite pipes. During this test, it was observed that physical strength of the composite pipes reduces gradually as much as PU addition into the IPN composite pipe increases. Surprisingly, another important notification was that, the geometric structure of the composite pipes is not affected as like as the crushing observed on the pure VER pipe. As much as loading of the PU into the IPN, increases the structural integrity of the composite pipes in outstanding (retains structural ability) manner. Further the experimental analysis values are validated with numerical analysis software ANSYS, obtained values and numerical values are shown good agreement each other.

The populace growth and their expectations for everyday comforts have prompted impressive utilization of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel blends and its nano emulsions is a decent option for engine application. This paper depicts the use of crossover Multi Criteria Decision Making for the determination of best nano emulsion for engine. Here, two MCDM techniques TOPSIS and VIKOR used to get the best Nano biodiesel emulsion. Diesel, Jatropha biodiesel blend of B10, nano emulsions of B10 with 25, 50 and 100 ppm of Al2O3 are used. The Brake thermal efficiency (BTE), Smoke, Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Hydrocarbon (HC), Specific Fuel Consumption(SFC), excess Oxygen(O2), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) are considered as the assessment criteria. It shows that Diesel is positioned first for 0%,25%,50% and 100% load and fourth for 75% burden using AHP-TOPSIS and Diesel is positioned first for 25% & 50%, second at 0% & 100% and third for 75% load using AHP-VIKOR. Consequently, it is consistent that blending B10+50PPM and B10+25PPM biodiesel is recommended as a decent swap for diesel.

The effect of Gas Metal Arc Welding process parameters on the bead geometry of stainless steel (SS) claddings can be studied using statistical Taguchi L9 design of experimental model. In this study deposits were made with continuously varying weld bead overlaps of 0 – 100%. Cladding is proposed to impart corrosion inhibition properties to the low carbon structural steel plate. Selection of welding process parameters affects the arc stability, heat input deposition rate and quality of the surfaced layer represented by the percentage dilution. Minimization of heat input leads the reduced deposition rate and increased occurrences of weld bead defects like porosity, lack of fusion and cracking. In this context, it is important to identify the extent of influence exerted by the controlled welding parameters on the bead geometry. The reinforcement dimensions play an important role in the cladding process. Stainless steel claddings are deposited by automated Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) process by using Taguchi L9 design of experiment. The selected input variables are Welding voltage (WV), Wire feed rate (WFR), Welding speed (WS) and NTPD. The responses identified governing the bead geometry like bead width (w) and height of the reinforcement (h) in different bead overlaps like 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%. The paper also explores the variation in the bead geometry at different levels of overlap percentages including hardness evaluation.

Basic hydrodynamic lubrication theory has been considered in the present work. In this project, Reynolds equation in polar coordinates (r, θ) was derived from the Navier-Stokes and then it has been augmented with appropriate boundary condition and solved using a notable numerical technique namely finite difference method with a fast solver Gauss-Seidel (with relaxation factor 1.0). In the present investigation, hydrodynamic pressure generation in an oil film has been computed without the embodiment of roughness factor first and then compared with the incorporation of roughness factor between the sliding surfaces. It was behold from this study that there is a significant change in the pressure generation. So its conspicuous from the present investigation, the lubricant performance also relies on roughness factor at large. Therefore, it is the fruitful information for the designer while designing the hydrodynamic bearings irrespective of their type it is imperative to consider roughness factor suitably.

For the past few years, the generation of the solid waste was increasing which makes the environment pollution. In such solid waste products are reused by waste management process like gasifier. The solid waste products majorly dump into the municipal wastages, the paper cup waste was regular waste from the municipalities in such waste was regular in practice. Recycling of paper cups is not easy because it has a paraffin or polyethylene plastic and also need 150 years to degrade. So far focus on the recycling of paper cup waste, which was treated to the downdraft gasifier when the producer gas formed by means of supplying compressed air to the gasifier, After that the producer gas pass with inlet air into to the combustion chamber. In this project deals the analysis of paper cup waste which characterized by using TGA, CHN analysis and also evaluated the performance of CI engine.

This experimental study presents the effect of partial replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) by crushed rock dust (CRD) as filler material on the flexural strength of concrete when subjected to elevated temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C for duration of 2 hours using an electrically controlled furnace. The OPC replacement percentages are: 0% (C40), 10% (C41), 20% (C42), 30% (C43) and 40% (C44) by weight. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), Mass loss, flexural strength, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) are evaluated at the targeted elevated temperatures. At ambient temperature, up to 40% CRD, a dense microstructure with less pores is observed using SEM micrographs. No visible cracks are observed on the beams specimens of C40 and CRD concrete beams, when exposed up to 400 oC. Both C40 and CRD concrete beams begin to crack when temperature reached to 600 °C and pronounced surface cracks are observed at 800 °C. UPV values obtained with C40 and CRD concrete beams at elevated temperatures are in good agreement with flexural strength and mass loss values. SEM micrographs signify the use of CRD in concrete at elevated temperatures. The results of C40 and CRD concrete beams at elevated temperatures are found to be acceptable when exposed up to 400 °C.

Incorporating nanofillers in epoxy resin is a novel approach to improve the mechanical properties of polymer composites. Recent studies discloses that the inclusion of nanofillers such as SiC, CNT, alumina and nanoclay into epoxies at micro and nanoscale levels enhances the mechanical properties of epoxies. In this research, the improved mechanical properties of nanoclay modified carbon/glass fibre-reinforced polymer nanocomposite (FRPNC) were investigated. The neat DGEBA epoxy resin was modified with nanoclay at different wt % (0.5- 2wt %) by ultrasonication process for achieving better dispersion of nanofillers. The modified polymer laminates were fabricated with unidirectional carbon/glass fibres with the stacking sequences of (0°G/0°G/0°C)_S using hand lay-up process. The mechanical properties such as mode III delamination toughness, tensile strength and flexural strength were investigated using servo controlled hydraulic universal testing machine and 3-point bending test setup respectively. The highly cross linked structure between epoxy and nanoclay particles improves the mode III fracture toughness, tensile and flexural properties. The damage mechanisms of fractured specimens are characterised by SEM images.

In the Al6061 matrix composite, 15% weight percent of lanthanum phosphate (LaPO4) is added as a reinforcement to prepare a composite material. The composite is fabricated using a 2-Stage stir casting process. The machinability characteristic of the fabricated composite is measured using abrasive water jet machine at varied machining conditions. Water pressure, Stand-off distance and cutting speed are taken as dependent response to measure the kerf angle and surface finish. Water pressure and the cutting speed show a significant impact on kerf taper angle and surface profile roughness with a contribution of 40%. The effect of soft ceramic, LaPO4 in the matrix has low significance as it is easily removed with the cutting conditions and the influence caused by LaPO4 on kerf angle and surface finish is considerably low compared to other hard ceramic reinforcements.

Additive manufacturing technology has found its development in the various emerging engineering fields. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) had proven to be a suitable built-up technique for any complicated and instant shapes. Owing to the advantage of additive manufacturing and emerging industrial needs, the 3D composite filament has been used as a competitive material over the available materials. Commercially available Poly Lactic Acid (PLA), ABS filaments have been widely used in FDM. In the present work, copper particles of mesh size mesh 20-30 micrometers are taken as the reinforcement in the PLA matrix. After primary investigation, 12% of copper particles are found to be a suitable weight percentage in the PLA matrix. The suitable proportional mixture is ball milled for 2 hours, melted to 120oC, and then hot extruded to get a filament diameter of 1 mm. The newly fabricated 3D composite filament is printed at different FDM conditions for the compression test to the ASTM D695-15 standard. The printed samples are subjected to a compression test until failure. Failure mechanism happened on different condition printed samples are examined through scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination. The compression effect causes the squeezing and slippery action of copper particles inside the structure leads to having a displacement of particles.

The conductive hearing loss due to ossicular abnormalities occurs from many causes, including trauma, cholesteatoma, infection, surgery and congenital anomalies. Recent developments in the area of tissue engineering as well as in the area of fused film fabrication promise to profoundly affect the practice of reconstructive surgery. Therefore, a human external ear prototype is built by using the 3D printing technology from the CT scan by conversion using 3D slicer software. Firstly, the human head computer tomography (CT) scanned file of DICOM data format is collected. Then the DICOM data file is converted into NRRD file format by using 3D slicer software and saved in a folder. Then the NRRD file is converted into 3D printable STL file format by using Embodi3D.com website. Here the STL file is imported into 3D slicer for separation of external ear from total head model by using Mesh mixer. Then the STL file of the ear is imported into the 3d printing machine which builds the prototype of ear. The prototype was made with PLA plastic using an FDM 3D printer. During the prototype building, various parameters of printing machine are recorded. The analytical tests were carried on ANSYS by applying various Bio compatible stresses on the ear surface and the results are recoded.

This paper presents the effect of partial substitute of Ordinary Portland Cement 53 grade (OPC) by crushed rock dust (CRD) as filler material in concrete when exposed to 2% and 5% diluted hydrochloric (HCl) and sulfuric (H₂SO₄) acid solutions. OPC is partially replaced with CRD by: 0%-A40, 10%-A41, 20%-A42, 30%-A43 and 40%-A44 by weight. Visual assessment, mass loss and compressive strength are evaluated at the considered acid attack environment. The loss in compressive strength of CRD concrete has increased gradually with the increase in the CRD. It has been observed that the mass loss (%) and decrease in compressive strength of concrete cube specimens is found to be less in the case of HCl acid attack when compared with H₂SO₄ acid attack. The use of CRD in concrete as filler material showed comparable trend of decline in the compressive strength of concrete after exposed to both H₂SO₄ and HCl acid solutions.

The usages of composite materials in industries are become as a growing trend due to their inherent material properties such as good strength, low thermal expansion and high strength-to-weight ratio. Among the many classifications of composite materials, natural fiber composites are generally preferred due to their unique characteristics such as bio-degradable property towards the environment. In this study, based on the above selection criteria, from Borassus Tree trunk, Palmyra palm fiber and tamarind powder is selected for the study to use the same for practical application. During this course of examination, tamarind seed powder along with the exact proportionate of Palmyra palm fiber (treated and untreated) has been taken as the reinforcement, similarly epoxy resin has been chosen as the matrix material. To thoroughly validate the physical strength of the individual combination, five set of specimens were fabricated (treated and untreated) as well as their physical strengths such as tensile, flexural, impact and moisture absorption tests were evaluated. Out of all the tests, treated fibers wer shown the better upsurge in tensile, flexural, impact and moisture tests as against the untreated fibers.

The current research work aims to analyse the behaviour of mechanical and tribological characteristics of stir cum squeeze cast A356 with Boron Carbide(B₄C) and Fly ash (FA) Metal Matrix Hybrid Composites (MMHC's) on hardness, wear rate and friction coefficient. Experiments were carried out through stir cum squeeze casting method by keeping the influenced process parameters constant and varying three different equal weight percentage (2.5, 5, 7.5wt%) of B₄C and FA with A356 alloy. Each prepared composite samples were tested for hardness and also, wear and friction characteristics were accomplished in a pin on disc tribometer apparatus. The wear and friction characteristics were obtained by varying the load of 10,20,30,40N with a constant sliding distance of 2500m respectively on the tribometer. Experimental investigation results uncovered that the hardness of A356 with 7.5wt% B₄C and 7.5wt% FA MMHC's was increased with an increment in the weight percentage of B₄C and FA. Also, there is an increase in the wear rate and a decrease in friction coefficient with a rise in the load from 10N to 40N. Overall, the wear rate of the MMHC sample was reduced with a higher wt% of B₄C and FA. The study reveals that the prepared MMHC's via stir cum squeeze casting was a suitable component for automobiles.

A Shock tube is a device often used to recreate the shock phenomena by several methods. The present work is a preliminary study to analyse the efficiency of baffles in suppressing the noise generated from the shock associated jet ejected from the duct exit. The experiment was performed at a shock Mach number of 1.27 using a diaphragm based, small scale, open ended shock tube. Parametric study conducted by varying the baffle dimensions such as outer diameter, hole diameter and porosity reveals that the baffles with hole diameter less than half of the baffle diameter and with a greater porosity is a cost effective and efficient noise suppressor for shock associated jets.

Growing interest in the development of natural fiber composites have been witnessed over a period of last decade which is attributed to low cost, availability, eco friendliness. The large scale production and use of natural fiber reinforced composites is limited due to degradation by micro organisms, water absorption, low strength. These issues are addressed by using various fiber modification techniques such as biological, physical or chemical modifications. This paper addresses the recent developments in surface modifications of the NFRP composites ( Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer). The various effects of such modifications have also been discussed.

The present paper is about Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and its visualization using laser-based techniques. The smoke is produced by burning an incense material which acts as a tracer. The flow field is illuminated by a pointer laser by making a laser sheet for recording the image. The images were recorded using a digital mobile camera and were used for further assessment. The flow field shows the evolution of plume from the paper cup, the formation of Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices, and its transition to turbulent flows.

The cause and effect analysis mainly aims to reduce the consumer complaints with failure mode analysis and 8D principle. This work aims to reduce the run out defect percentage in clutch cover plate and most of the defects are produced due to run out. The overall defect observed from run out was usually 60-70%. The height difference between the fingers exceed the specified limit is named as run out defect for 18 finger diaphragm. The major parameters identified for measuring root-cause analysis of clutch plate are diaphragm finger uneven, diaphragm angle, diaphragm bi-cone height and diaphragm hardness. The root-cause defect was reduced by cause and effect method, 8 D analysis and 5W principle. The lean principle is employed in this work to utilize the men, material and resources with maximum efficiency. The lean principle reduces the waste and allows the company to supply the product in time with maximum accuracy.

Complicated and in strict shapes can be easily mold through 3D printing technology. To take the advantage of 3D printing Technology, a new PLA filament reinforced with 14% Bronze is used to build basic shapes for mechanical testing. The composite is cut to the ASTM standard for the flexural and compression properties. The influence of bed temperature, layer thickness and nozzle temperature over the mechanical properties of samples is investigated. The samples are tested to find the flexural, compression properties with varied operating conditions. From the observation it is found noted that the nozzle temperature has significant effect on the considered mechanical properties.

Invention of new materials is always essential for the growing industries. The materials which are newly invented or developed are expected to be of improved strength, light weight, simple preparation methods and lesser cost. Composite materials are found as better choices to be tested for satisfying the researchers' expectations for different structural applications. Various research works are being performed with metal matrix composites (MMC) by incorporating suitable reinforcing agents with them in order to achieve better desirable properties. The current paper presents the researcher works so far carried out on distinct metal matrix composites, the incorporated reinforcement agents, the amount of reinforcement agents added, the preparation methods of MMCs and the details of mechanical characteristics which got improved out of the reinforcement. This cumulative work will surely be helpful for the researchers in this field in selecting suitable reinforcing agent for preparing their composites.

In this investigation, the influence of the shear span to the effective depth ratio on the mechanical properties of deep beams was expansively illustrated. For this aim, three specimens representing deep beams with a medium scale were prepared using the same concrete grade. The specimens had similar dimensions of 1250 ×300×150 mm and identical details of reinforcement. The beams were subjected to a four-points load test, which was gradual until the specimens failed. Three different a/d ratios were inspected; 0.75, 1.25, and 1.75. the experimental observations were compared in terms of deformations, ultimate loads, stiffness, ductility, and toughness. The results of tests indicated that the a/d had a considerable influence on the mechanical characteristics of deep beams, except for ductility.

An experimental attempt was conducted in this paper, aiming at enhancing the shear and flexural behaviors of deep beams, where steel plates were applied as web reinforcement. Three beams having the same details were prepared using normal concrete strength. Their dimensions were 1250 mm long, 300 mm deep, and 150 mm wide. The specimens were designed to fail in shear, and therefore, they were supplied with two bars with a 20 mm diameter in addition to the top and skin reinforcement. For web reinforcement, the steel plates were cut in dimensions of 4×20 mm and then were applied as closed rectangular stirrups with the longer side (20 mm) aligned in the plane of the beam section. The beams were inspected by applying four-point bending with three shear span to the effective depth ratios (a/d) of 0.75, 1.25 and 1.75. The experimental outcomes revealed that the shear strength, stiffness, and toughness of deep beams enhanced as the a/d ratio dropped.

Due to the high depth to span ratio, shear stresses in deeps impose the need for careful design of shear strength. The shear strength of any reinforced concrete beam is the sum of its sectional strength and web reinforcement strength. Steel bar stirrups are the typical reinforcing material up to date for such a purpose; however, many studies were conducted to evaluate the use of other materials or different configurations to increase the shear strength of deep beams. In this research, closed-form steel plates (gagger plates) were used as alternative shear reinforcement in experimental deep beams. Three beams were cast and tested in four-point bending to investigate this possibility. The first was kept as a reference beam as it was reinforced with conventional closed stirrups, while the rest two beams were reinforced with 4 mm thick and 20 mm wide gagger plates. One with in-plane configuration, where the 20 mm side was aligned in the plane of the beam section, while the third beam was reinforced with out-of-plane gagger plates. Based on the test results, the mechanical behavior of beams with steel plates was noticeably improved compared to the reference beam with conventional stirrups. The in-plane configuration was superior to the out-of-plane and reference beams in strength, service stiffness, ductility, and toughness.

In this work, prediction of the maximum temperature in steel beam is investigated under the effects of the atmospheric thermal loads. The current work presents a nonlinear formula that relates the steel beam maximum temperature to the solar radiation, air temperature and wind speed. The datasets were obtained experimentally from an I-section steel beam that was installed in the field. The data cover the surface temperature at different locations on the beam section, air temperature, solar radiation and wind speed, which were recorded over 21 summer days. Two different correlation formulas were introduced and their performance was compared. Based on the results obtained in this study, the beam maximum temperature can be predicted accurately with a correlation coefficient of approximately 0.94 from solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and their duplicates.

Solar radiation and air temperature hourly, daily and seasonally variation is of a noticeable impact on bridge girders and other exposed structures. The time-dependent changing of the mean temperature of the girder and the complete superstructure is the key parameter to calculate support movements and rotations. Based on an experimental measurement from a steel beam installed in an open environment, the mean temperature variation of steel beams could be studied and modeled in this investigation. The experimental records included steel temperatures of web and flanges, solar radiation and air temperature and speed. The recorded thermal measurements were used to obtain correlation relationships that describe the mean temperatures of the web, flanges and the whole beam in terms of wind speed, air temperature and solar radiation. These correlation relationships were validated using a part of the experimental data. The results showed that predicted models has good correlation coefficients.

A finite element analysis was conducted in this research to understand the distribution of temperatures along with the depth of the standard steel W40×235 beam. The considered thermal loads were those of open environments, including the radiation of the sun and the temperature of the air in addition to wind movement. The thermal analysis considered the total solar radiation, ground reflected radiation, longwave radiation, mutual surface radiation and heat convection as the thermal boundary loads. The analysis was carried out for the experimentally recorded conditions of a sunny summer day. The results showed that the vertical temperature gradient approaches zero with stabilized beam temperature after midnight and up to the sunrise. On the other hand, the vertical temperature gradients at the top and bottom surfaces continuously increase with time reaching their maximum values at approximately 2:00 PM. The maximum temperature gradients at the top and bottom surfaces of the beam were 10.2 and 9.1 °C for the conditions of the investigated day.

Basically, columns of CFST ( Concrete-filled steel tube) are a common technique to increase the carried compressive forces in the frame. These columns are very effective method of composite building. The behaviors of these columns due to several various loading types have been well studied. This study investigated the CFST columns in order to advance their post-fire resistance. A standard fire exposure was used to examine columns without and with concrete. In order to study their performance after fire, fire exposed samples and specimens without fire exposure in total 6 samples were examined by concentric compressive load to the failure. Samples of CFST column were cast by high performance self-compacting concrete. The obtained results showed that concrete with steel tube provides very high post-fire resistances. Generally, certain configurations achieved post-fire resistances significantly higher than that CFST samples without fire exposure. The results of this work supply novel insights and suggest cost effective solutions to enhance the execution of concrete- filled steel tube columns that subjected to ambient temperature and due to fire exposure.

The present work is about a very low-cost Schlieren setup for compressible flow visualization especially high-speed jets. The conventional Schlieren setups employ knife-edge for chopping of rays. The specialty of the setup is that it does not employ a knife-edge for chopping off the deflected rays. The chopping off is achieved by a lens of the DSLR camera used for recording the images resulting from Schlieren Visualization process. The flow field of a supersonic jet from a convergent nozzle is used to check the visualization outcomes. The method is found to be cost effective and yields best results for jet flow visualization. The present method can be employed by students and research scholars for their research studies.

The main aim of this work is for safety purpose of women using electric shock technology. Smart glove is an electroshock weapon. To override muscle triggering mechanism, low current, high voltage electric discharge is used to give electric shock. The concept used in the electric mosquito bat is used as a major source and fixed in the glove through knuckle fixed in the glove. To achieve an alternating high voltage current, step-up transformer is used. Oscillator and resonant circuit also used in this circuit. It may be powered by one or more batteries. Various factors for output current contact with the target depends on internal circuitry, type of skin, targets resistance, moisture, type of cloth used, electric shock weapon and battery conditions.

Abrasive wear is of particular importance in various ground-engaging applications and the necessity of tools with high wear resistant materials has increased exponentially to extend the life span as well as to reduce the cost involved in manufacturing. This work is mainly focusing on the development of wear resistance for the aforementioned ground-engaging applications. An overlaying alloy (stellite 6) in the form of electrode form was used to coat the mild steel of grade C-45, which was used as the substrate material. The wear behaviour was characterized using a Pin-on-Disk test setup in a dry condition. A correlation between the size of overlaid material and the size of the C-45 material was observed by an optical microscope and observed that the presence of the CoCr alloy matrix significantly improves the wear resistance. The presence of the CoCr alloy matrix is found to enhance the wear resistance by reducing the rate of wear of the material. The results show that the increasing coating thickness increases the hardness of the material and the significant improvement in the wear resistance with coating.

Being one of the globally used construction material, upgrading in the concrete has always become the cardinal motif for the researchers inducing the advancements in the same. Self compacting concrete being one such special concrete has eased much of the work for the constructors in many aspects. Steatite powder (Hydrated magnesium silicate powder) is introduced as an additive in the self compacting concrete in this experimental study. The fresh properties of self-compacting concrete such passing ability, filling ability flowing ability and segregation resistance along with the hardened concrete studies such as compressive strength as well as split tensile strength were studied. An entire powder content of 530Kg/m3 and a water/powder ratio of 0.43 were adopted throughout the study for the mix proportions. Different percentages of Ultra Fine Natural Steatite Powder (UFNSP) were incorporated to the complete weight of the OPC at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% as an additive. The flow properties of the SCC developed with UFNSP were noted to be within the permissible limits of the European guidelines for SCC. Whereas on the other side, the mechanical properties remain elevated up to 20% of addition of UFNSP by developing optimum strength at 15% of UFNSP owing to the finer particle size of the UFNSP along with the presence of Mg in the SCC mixes thus developed.

This work presents an investigative study of the influence of adding chopped carbon fiber (C.C.F.) on the performance of two specified properties of cement mortar, namely; The flexural strength and density, for two (W/C) ratios (0.4 & 0.6). Four cement mortar mixtures were casted for this purpose, these mixtures were divided into two groups according to their (W/C) ratios (0.4 & 0.6), and each group was subdivided into two subgroups according to whether C.C.F. is used or not. It was found that, when C.C.F. is added, the flexural strength and density of the cement mortar mass are increased for both (W/C) ratios, and the percentages of these increases are slightly increased with the increase in (W/C) ratios. It was also found that, when (W/C) ratio is enlarged from (0.4) to (0.6), the flexural strength and density are reduced with and without the existence of C.C.F., and the percentage of this reduction is slightly decreased in the existence of C.C.F.

The Schiff base like 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-3-hydroxypropanoate from 2-Amino-3-hydroxypropionicacid and5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. The prepared aminoacid schiff base characterized by Infrared spectroscopy and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The aminoacid schiffbase fabricated modified glassy carbon electrode have been evaluated by electrochemical techniques like, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The optimized working conditions of aminoacid schiffbase glassy carbon electrode have been evaluated by the consequences of concentration, PH values, different supporting electrolytes and electrode potential. The heavy metal ions have been detected using electrochemical studies.

A differential is a gear train that transmits an engine's torque to the wheels. During a turn, the outer and inner wheels of the vehicle are forced to travel along paths of different radii. A differential allows the outer driving wheel to rotate at a faster speed when compared to the inner driving wheel during a turn. It is designed such that, increase in speed of one wheel is balanced by a decrease in speed of the other. This ensures that the vehicle can negotiate a turning without slipping. The gears in the differential are supported by a cage which results in its bulky appearance and heavy form. This causes a number of disadvantages such as difference in length of the driveshafts and offset center of mass of the system due to asymmetrical design. Such a cage also adds additional weight to the vehicle and increases fuel consumption as a consequence. Its elimination results in a more compact and lightweight configuration. This paper focuses on the complete methodology of designing and analyzing a cageless differential. Various materials were considered for the assembly and one with adequate properties of strength, wear resistance and other core parameters was selected. Gear ratios were obtained through theoretical calculation and the values were used as input for designing using Solidworks software. Finite element analysis of the gear train was carried out using ANSYS Workbench to test the structural integrity and durability of the system through various types of analysis such as linear static structural, fatigue and explicit dynamic analysis. The results proved that the design meets the desired functionality and is an improvement to the conventional type of differential gearbox.

Wind as a wellspring of energy is being utilized for a significant stretch of time. It has increased more importance in the current time of energy emergency. The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine and the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is created and executed monetarily. Inorder to have joined combined advantage the Omnidirectional Wind Turbine is created in this work. In this, plan of the part assumes the crucial job. The plan was advanced to accomplish auxiliary quality in which the E - Glass Fiber is utilized to design the blades and thwarts without trading off the weight and quality. The investigation is finished utilizing the ANSYS Fluent to decide stream boundaries. Omnidirectional breeze exploits to other family unit power age strategies. So, Apartment tenants could reasonably produce power and freely utilize feed-in levies. The Omnidirectional Wind turbine is appropriate to metropolitan situations consequently augmenting the scope of reasonable areas for the outfitting of feasible energy. Further prototyping and test will be made so as to advance its presentation. Past this arrangement, the innovation can be utilized for creating on-framework and off-matrix options for the metropolitan market just as for RVs, vessels and other independent applications at various sizes.

Aluminium alloy based hybrid composites with ceramic reinforcements has caught the interest of research nowadays. The addition of more than one reinforcement in aluminium alloy matrix leads to the fabrication of Aluminium Metal Matrix Hybrid Composite (AMMHC). The need for the present investigation arrives from the above considerations in exploring the potential of joining the newly developed AMMHC for automobile applications. The stir casted Al 6063 with reinforcement 5% wt. Silicon Carbide (SiC) and 5% wt. Boron Carbide (B₄C) was prepared and joined by friction stir welding (FSW) route. The prime experimental work has been tried out in the FSW process by varying Tool Rotational Speed (TRS) from 800-1200 rpm. The effect of TRS on AMMHCs was studied by evaluating macro and microstructural parameters followed by microhardness and ultimate tensile strength. It was seen that the1000 rpm of TRS gives better properties than other processing conditions. This effect of TRS revealed that fine particle dispersion followed by higher join strength can be obtained for AMMHC. This fabrication of AMMHC and the FSW processing parameter was recommended for automobile component applications.

In this work, the effect of Calcium Carbonate (CaCo₃) particulate filler on the mechanical properties of the coir fibre/Epoxy composites was studied. Calcium Carbonate was incorporated with Coir/Epoxy at different weight percentages such as 4%, 8%, 12%, 16% and 20%. Composite specimens were fabricated by incorporating surface-treated coir fibre at 15% fibre loading and powdered Calcium carbonate. Coir fibres were treated by 2% NaOH solution to improve the surface adhesion. Hand layup method was employed to fabricate the composite samples. As per ASTM standards mechanical properties were evaluated on specimens. The results indicated that the addition of CaCo₃ on coir fibre/epoxy resin up to 16% filler loading could improve the tensile, flexural and impact strength. The mechanical properties were reduced by adding more than 16% of CaCo₃ filler to the composites. The test results indicated a marginal increase in mechanical strengths and a relatively significant improvement in the mechanical moduli. SEM images of the tensile test samples were taken to study the surface morphology.

3D printing is a kind of additive producing technology by which a three dimensional object is created from birthing down serial layers of material. It's conjointly referred to as fast prototyping - a mechanized technique where 3D objects are created on a reasonably sized machine connected to a laptop containing blueprints for the factor. This revolutionary technique for making 3D models with the utilization of inkjet technology saves time and cost by eliminating the necessity to design, print, and glue the individual components. This method makes it possible to produce an entire model through a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D printer. The essential principles embody material cartridges, flexibility of output, and translation of code into a clear pattern. Models can be printed by CAD design or reverse engineered by scanning an object.

In this study, corroded reinforced beam specimens failing in bending were strengthened using near surface mounted (NSM) technique and evaluated. Two types of glass fiber reinforced polymer (bar, mat) were investigated for the strengthening materials. A simulated corrosion rate of 25% was considered in the study. The maximum recorded load of the strengthened beams with GFRP bars showed enhancement in the ultimate strength which reached 89% of the undamaged control beam strength. While using of GFRP mat for strengthening the corroded beams increased only the ductility but had negligible effect on the improvement of ultimate strength. The results indicated that using near surface mounted technique prevents the occurrence of de-bonding failure which results in an enhancement in the crack load and failure load of the tested beams.

The amount of the dead load caused by the weight of the structural concrete elements can be reduced when using lightweight aggregate in addition in saving in construction cost. Flexural behavior tests were conducted on five simply supported singly rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) beams of lightweight coarse aggregate concrete subjected to four points bending test up to failure. Lightweight coarse aggregate was produced from natural material locally available (Attapulgite) by burning it at 1100°C for 30 minutes and treating it with sodium hypochlorite of 6% concentration for 24 hour. The effect of silica fume replacement ratios (10 and 20%) by weight of cement and steel fiber content (0.5 and 1%) of volume fraction were investigated. The Attapulgite concrete mechanical properties were determined, as well as the flexural performance for the tested beams is evaluated in terms of cracking and ultimate load capacity, load-deflection relationships, failure mode and crack pattern. The test results show that treating the Attapulgite with sodium hypochlorite enhances the compressive strength of the concrete by about 18%. Adding silica fume and steel fiber contribute to enhance the mechanical properties of Attapulgite lightweight concrete. Significant warning of failure was observed for all beams, and 80 % of the total load capacity was achieved after the cracking load. The beam of 1% steel fiber fraction had the largest experimental ultimate load capacity in this study. All tested beams exhibited a typical tension failure.

Increase in vehicular emission affects the environment due to air pollution. Emission laws are formulated to control vehicular emission and all nations show their intensive interest in alternative fuel for pollution reduction and fuel economy. In the present work, experiment was carried out in a direct diesel inject 4-S engine; for diesel, Gasoline-Diesel and Gasoline-Diesel/pentanol blend (D70/P30). For dual fuel mode, Diesel is supplied from main injection and Gasoline was injected into the port at 5 bar. The result indicates high hydrocarbon emission at no load condition for both Gasoline-Diesel (1200 PPM) and Gasoline-Diesel/Pentanol blend (1170 PPM). Maximum NOx emission was observed for D70-P30 blend. Low CO emission (<2%), CO2 emission (<6%) and smoke emission (<70 PPM) was observed in blended fuel up to 60% load condition.

Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) is one of the popular AM technique which utilizes thin thermoplastic filaments to create prototypes and end use products. The parts processed through FDM method have poor mechanical properties and surface quality characteristics in comparison to conventional manufactured products. Extensive research is underway in various parts of the world to bring an enhancement in mechanical properties and other related characteristics of the parts produced through FDM for making the process highly suitable to produce parts for diverse applications. The present work considers slice height, infill density, shell thickness and raster angle varied din three levels (34) to study their effects over output responses such as specimen weight, flexural strain and flexural strength. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array is considered for preparing the experimental plan. Flexural testing is adopted for the evaluation of flexural strength. Grey Relational Analysis and Technique of Order Preference Similarity to the Ideal Solution methods have been adopted for multi response optimization of FDM parameters and the optimized parameter setting recommended have been validated through confirmation trials. The confirmation trail conducted has revealed that the setting recommended by TOPSIS A1B3C3D1 has shown higher flexural strength and slice height is found to be most significant factor. GRA method has recommended the combination A3B3C3D1 which shows lesser flexural strain and infill density is found to be significant from all the parameters considered.

The use of herbal tablets has been rapidly growing and significant research work is being carried out worldwide with the goal to reap the benefits of the many useful plants that are available with medicinal values. Many of these plants go largely underutilized either due to lack of information on not only just the medicinal properties but simple and effective extraction methodologies as well, without sacrificing the properties of the extracts. Once extracted, the concentrates also must be converted into a suitable form that can be loaded in a capsule etc., ready to be consumed. While there many process methodologies being used worldwide to extract the useful resources from the plant, focus also must be on the process methodology that is being practiced to convert the extract (liquid or semi solid) into a solid free flowing powder form. Thus, in an herbal tablet, there many factors concerned with the manufacturing. They are (i) Identifying the most suitable plant for a particular immunity boosting purpose (ii) extraction of the useful contents, mostly in a liquid or slurry form (iii) transform the extract into a user-friendly product such as powder and finally (iv) encapsulation of the powder for ease of human consumption. This paper brings in a review of the several useful plants available around us across the world. In addition, the paper also highlights the suitable experimental results of the usefulness of spray-drying technology, which is a highly versatile process methodology to transform the extracts into free-flowing powder.

Medical implants are devices, tissues or supports that are positioned in a suitable manner on any defective part of the human body to facilitate its smooth functioning again. Known as 'prosthetics', they may be used to offer support to a specific organ or tissues, distribute medication, or observe the body condition. While many of the implants are made from skin, bone or other tissues removed from the body itself, the artificial ones are made from engineering materials which could be any of the compatible metals, plastics, ceramics or even composites. The high end technologically advanced implant material is expected to withstand severe barriers and compatibility issues when in contact with the human body. One such application is dental implants, where, the materials must possess superior mechanical properties, exhibit good hydro-chemical and low thermal degradation characteristics. They are also required to possess characteristics such as low friction, strong wear resistance, good wettability and biocompatibility, when placed in the mouth. The only materials that come close to meeting the needs are ceramics, limited by the associated high fracture rate. Stabilized zirconia (stabilized with yttria, ceria etc.) has provided potential solution. Among the two stabilizers, ceria stabilized zirconia may be a better alternative to yttria stabilized zirconia. Other alternatives are alumina, apatites: but their use are constrained based upon technological and cost considerations. Implant product is a highly demanding technology. Spray drying is a suitable process methodology to obtain free flowing powders with uniform morphology and chemical composition, essential for an implant production. This paper presents (i) results from spray drying 8% Y₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂ and (ii) a review of published literature pertaining to dental implant materials, the various processing methodologies, with special reference to stabilized zirconia and spray drying.

In this paper, the strategic review of different materials that are used in FinFET structure is studied. This is achieved by using carefully designed source/drain spacers and doped extensions to mitigate the off-current, typically high in narrow band-gap materials, as part of a CMOS compatible replacement-metal gate process flow. FinFETs are promising substitutes for bulk complementary metal oxide semiconductor. FinFETs are dual-gate devices and Good electrostatic characteristics which are obtained in a wide range of device dimensions. The simulations provide further insights into device functionality and about the dominant off-state leakage mechanisms. The GaAs material was examined by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and the epitaxial structures showed good crystal quality. In this various types of materials are used and studied they are FinFET based Dual KK-structure, InGaAs-on-Insulator FinFET, Double Gate based n-FinFET using Hafnium oxide, SOI-FinFETs, MosFET (Multi gate), Deeply Scaled CMOS, FinFET, Selective Epitaxial Si Growth in FinFET and Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) in FinFET. Furthermore, we demonstrate a controlled GaAs digital etching process to create doped extensions below the source-drain spacer regions.

The study on the solidification of aluminium alloys has been reported by the squeeze casting method. In solidification analysis, the formation of casting plays a vital role. To provide quality casting, the preparation of composite is essential. Hence the liquid state processing of the squeeze casting technique is adopted. The application of pressure during the fabrication of composite would change the structure and properties of the developed composite. The squeezing pressure is assigned 30,60,90 and 110MPa, and the melting of the aluminium the selected temperature is 850°C, and the die temperature is 350°C respectively. At 30MPa, the solidification time is recorded at 69 seconds, and the pressure is increased to 110 MPa the solidification is recorded at 33 seconds. The cooling rate is reduced due to increasing squeeze pressure. K type thermocouple has been used to record the temperature values of the aluminium alloy. The theoretical solidification time is calculated, and the results are close to the values which have been taken from the experimental results. Further, the hardness value is identified to measure the grain structure formation in the aluminium alloy, which is correlated with the solidification process.

There are so many casting processes available in the manufacturing industry world. Each method has its distinguished pros and cons. The main drawback of the conventional casting process, such as high pressure die casting, is the presence of air, wrinkles and porosity. Casting without these defects is really challenging and leads to tailor the new innovative processing method. To develop the quality and integrity of the process the suitable technique is considered as squeeze casting. This method is versatile and exhibits unique properties since many automobile manufacturing industries have incorporated it. Squeeze cast component can have superior mechanical, micro, and microstructural characteristics of features compared with traditional casting techniques as it alleviates voids and blowholes. The current study focuses on the effect of process parameters of squeeze casting towards the mechanical properties of Al/SiCp materials. Volume addition of 10% SiCp to the molten aluminum metal to pour into the preheated die is performed in the laboratory. Cylindrical cast samples are cut into pieces as per the dimensions to carryout material characterization.

Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is belongs to the solid state welding process. The welding joints were completed by compressive force which can be achieved through the rotational speed of pin. In this process, the welded material was operated below the recrystallization temperature. The heat was formed due to frictional force between the pin and work piece. This experimental investigations have been provided to address the FSW of eglin steel. The Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) was the output of the experiment which it was depends on the input factor such as welding speed, feed and pin rotational speed. Taguchi optimization was performed to found the optimal factor. The variance analysis was used to found the contribution factor.

Electric vehicles or portable electronic devices have come to rely heavily upon electrochemical devices, such as rechargeable batteries with optimum charge discharge characteristics, current ratings, charge-discharge rate (rate capability), cyclability etc. to perform under the expected service conditions. One of the goals of a rechargeable battery materials researcher is to fabricate materials to realize solid-state batteries with high reliability and lithium–air batteries with ultimate capacities. Most of the materials although possess high theoretical energy density values: invariably suffer from inferior cyclic performance. The performance of these batteries is guided by the electrodes within these devices which in turn depend upon the materials used to fabricate them. Chemical composition and its uniformity, consistency in microstructural features, and adequate choice of various layers that may be in the form of coatings to be overlaid on the base materials mostly comprised of ceramic oxides such as oxides of Li doped with niobates, manganates, vanadate etc. with carbon or graphene coated over layers to provide with the suitable interfacial conductivity as electrode materials in Li-ion batteries. The interfacial layers and the mechanism of interfacial phenomena encompassing the grains play a significant role in determining the performance. Optimum microstructure is obtained by choosing the right processing equipment and spray drying the composition in slurry form provides the most optimum solution. Further, spray drying offers high potential for a transfer from a lab scale technology to industrial level extrapolation. In this paper, nano graphene has been spray dried along with nano alumina grains in water media and polyvinyl alcohol binder to ascertain the free flowability, consistency in formation of graphene over layer on alumina grains as well as uniformity in graphene on alumina composition. The free flowing spray dried graphene coated alumina powders were analysed via SEM, EDS and XRD and results are presented. Additional information based on a review conducted on published information on most popular compositions in terms of electrode materials such as in Li-ion, sodium-ion etc have also been included. In the review section the rapidly increasing literature on spray drying of solutions and suspensions are also included.

This study is aimed at the assessment of realistic values for the modification factors of beams' axial stiffness, applied in finite element analysis of structures under thermal effect. In a previous study, the authors developed an algorithm and software package to determine the relationship between the axial force acting on a specific beam, and the axial stiffness modification factor which takes into consideration the flexural cracking of the beam. In this study, these relationship curves are utilized using a newly developed analytical algorithm for the iterative analysis of RC multistorey frames under the effect of thermal expansion/contraction. A new Excel/Visual Basic software package is developed, and used to control and perform iterative analysis runs on ETABS program, while continually modifying the axial stiffness modification factors of the beams, to reach the accurate value of the modification factors at convergence. A group of building frames designed according to the application of the newly developed algorithm and software package and the effect of different numbers of floors on the axial forces developed in thermal analysis is investigated, with emphasis on estimation of the applicable modification factors in each case. The practical values obtained for these modification factors are compared to the common code specifications, and the common practice in design offices in the markets. Several geometric and section properties of the beam elements in the studied buildings are varied to widen the range of the study, and develop useful recommendations for designers in this field.

In modern days concrete paver block turned in to a component of towns and urban areas. It is to be locating in residential, commercial and industrial areas like as shopping malls, parking areas, footpaths, transport stops etc. The aim of this paper is to construct paver block by using cement is replaced by different percentages of fly ash and various types of fibers. There are the motive behind using of fly ash in concrete to improve the durability and strength of harden concrete and fly ash also cost effective. In this paper also discussed about the various types of chopped fibers which used in paver blocks like nylon fiber, steel fiber, coconuts fibers, glass fibers, polypropylene fibers etc for improving strength of paver blocks. The other materials have composed to design paver blocks, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate for concrete mixture. The curing process of paver block has done for 7days, 14 days and 28days. After curing days it is tested for compressive strength.

Structural failures are one of the important phenomena which should be very important to dealt with. Structural failures occur then and causing heavy damage to both property and human lives. Structural elements include beam, column, slab etc. The failure of the horizontal load bearing member beam is considered. The beams of Eighteen members were casted; keeping three as control specimens and others grouped into Five groups. All specimens are subjected to Failure load and Five methods of retrofitting were done. After the curing period the retrofitted elements were tested for Ultimate load bearing capacity. The values are tabulated and compared. The best method regarding high load bearing strength and lowest deflection were found out.

Aluminium metal matrix composites are generally produced employing stir casting technique. The effect of stirrer blade on stir casting of aluminium composite with 12 wt% SiC, 4 wt% magnesium and 2 wt% copper was observed. The composites were prepared with 6061 base metal using three different design of stirrer blade which created different vortex fluid flow while stirring. Due to high density of SiC particles, it tries to settle in lower part of the molten metal matrix. Hence change in vortex technique by stirrer design modification can have influence on the mechanical and microstructure behaviour of the composites. The aluminium SiC composite are evaluated by mechanical properties and microstructure analysis based on stirrer blade design used while stir casting. The change in blade stirrer shows variation in testing tensile strength and hardness. The optical microstructure and SEM images were observed to analyze the cast structure and reinforcement distribution in the composites. The SiC particles were appeared to distribute along the grain boundaries of the composite and also cast defects were observed. Composite prepared with alternate peddle blade produced best mechanical properties.

Silicon carbide reinforced aluminium have been developed since past 3 decades for many structural and automotive applications especially for manufacturing gears due to their excellent characteristics such as light weight, high strength, good wear resistance and other mechanical properties. Gears are transmission components that requires high wear resistance as well as self-lubrication properties while performing the needed operations. The present research elucidates the addition of particle reinforcement with Al6061 with particle size 50 µm and different weight percentages of Silicon carbide (SiCp) such as 3, 6 and 9 for gear blank application. The addition of SiCp with Al6061 enhance its properties and provides prolonged use of gear for many applications. In this study, the gear blank has been produced via traditional powder metallurgy method by adding Zinc stearate as binding agent. The compacted green part was further processed with sintering process with 500°C in muffle furnace. The sintered gear blank was examined for mechanical properties such as hardness and surface roughness according to ASTM standards. The influence of SiCp with Al6061 were evaluated by incrementing the SiCp. It was seen that there was an increase in the hardness showing the dispersion of hard particles SiCp throughout the structure. Further, the surface roughness varied depending on the process and heat treatment of compacted composites. This study gives better understanding about the effect SiCp reinforcement on mechanical properties of Al6061 metal matrix.

The prediction and control of residual stresses of machined components is necessary. The tribological properties such as wear and tear are get influenced by it. The analytical assessment of residual stress profile of mechanically micro machined specimen with XRD (X Ray diffraction) technique are proposed. Also the lattice strain and crystallite sizes for different specimens were assessed. Residual stresses and feed rates are found significantly correlated and gets affected for Low Carbon Steel Specimensduring micro milling.

The AISI D2 tool steel are the material that for machining of heat treated AISI D2 tool steel, a highly developed method must be employed. Due to exceptional thermo-mechanical properties and superior wear resistance AISI D2 tool steel are finding widespread applications in a lot of manufacturing industries. WEDM is one of the highly developed and sophisticated methods for making of intricate shapes and convoluted details as required for dies and punches. For efficient machining, the need of optimization and appropriate choices of process parameters such as Material Removal Rate and Surface Roughness is utmost goal.

In tissue engineering especially, aqueous injectable, untouched gel- forming systems, possessing variety of advantages has been an attention seeker for the industry when compared to scaffolds. In-situ gel forming matrix can be introduced easily to the defect sites through needle, because of which surgical implantation can be removed first. Secondly, the ease of conformity upon introducing on the surroundings, and introducing easily on cells, and can be introduced as therapeutic agents and growth factors by simple mixing, without any afflict about residual solvents commonly used in scaffolds, when combined. For which, Multi-walled Carbon Nano-tubes has been acid functionalized which then covalently grafted on Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) by the Oxidized Carbon Nano-tubes, to form acylchlorinated carbon nano-tubes which has been firstly reacted with thionyl chloride and later dispersed in HPMC to form composite material, MWCNTs – HPMC, several time has been washed multitudinous to eliminate not reacted materials. FT-IR, TGA, SEM and TEM are used for the characterization of the composites, and which shows that it exhibits enhanced thermal stability.

The present paper for study aims the characterization and investigation of the oxidative stress induced toxicity of nanotitania in liver of mice and zebra fish models. Physical characterization for its size and the affirmation of phase by XRD, SEM, and TEM reveals, the particles as crystalline, predominant anatase phase with the mean size of about <50 nm. The toxic effect was assessed in vivo using the giant zebra fish 3-6 months old on two groups, viz, control and 24hr treated with 1ppm as experimental. Similarly 6-8 months old Mice with control and experimental groups (24 hour treatment of 50mg/kg bodyweight). Spectrophotometric analysis of the inductively coupled plasma optical emission confirmed the presence of nanoparticles in tissues. In both experimental models, a considerable raise in lipid peroxidation as well as liver marker enzymes ALT, AST and the decline within antioxidants such as SOD, Catalase, GPx due to TiO2 induced oxidant stress. Topographic evaluation of tissue through SEM reveals a remarkable uptake of nanotitania. Histopathological examination of TiO₂ administrated groups infers cellular damage and DNA damage which was confirmed by COMET assay. It is substantial that nanoritania unlike to its bulk counterpart induces hepatotoxicity in both fish and Mice. The mice tissues are found to be more toxic than that of giant zebra fish in spite of better efficacy in its tissue.

Although there are many methods used 10 synthesis nanofibers such as drawing, template Synthesis, phase separation, self assembly, and electro spinning. In these techniques, electrospinning is a manifold method to move polymers into continuous fibers with diameters within range of a few micrometers to a few nanometers. Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) is a popular hydrogel polymers. Because of its good water permeability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and speciallyelectro spinnability it is easily sustained release of the transdermal drug delivery. The nanoparticle was prepared to reduce hypertension using Residronate sodium drug incorporated to PVA. The Electrospinning method was used PVA solution mixed with Residronate sodium to form the drug loaded electro spun PVA nanofibers. These nano fibers was characterized by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction method (XRD), and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). In vitro drug release at different time interval and different pH was analysed using acetate buffer method.

The environmental impact and building up toxicity of heavy metals have been a cause of great concern in recent years. This has given rise to a significant increase of studies with the objective of effectively developing alternative technologies for the removal of substances from industrial effluents that are potentially noxious to the environment. Biosorption can be a piece of the arrangement. A few sorts of biosorbents, for example, ocean growth, molds, yeasts, microorganisms or crab shells are instances of biomass tried for metal biosorption with empowering results. Ocean growth offer points of interest for biosorption on the grounds that their naturally visible structures offer an advantageous reason for the creation of biosorbent particles appropriate for sorption process applications. In the present paper a detailed study has been carried out to find a suitable bionano absorbent extracted from various seaweeds which is abundantly available in the coastal area of Thondi and characterized by UV and FTIR and TEM techniques.

For the development of the societies into modern world, people have a very basic need that is mobility. And in this context automobiles do have a very vital role to play. By 2030, vehicle tally must reach upto"1.5 Billion" approx. utility and passenger vehicle, when estimated worldwide. As the number of vehicles would increase so as the energy demand worldwide also as resultant would be increasing. Related to this many more challenges arose regarding cumber in safety of passengers, curtailment of pollutants, traffic guidance system, efficacious recycling of life of the vehicle so that the scant resources can be saved significantly. Considering this, for automobile manufacturers a large number of opportunities are getting generated. For future needs sustainable advantages of mobility can be achieved because of which OEMs are aiming their efforts by acclimatizing the comfort ability, safety and environment friendliness.

Nanotechnology can assume a huge job by adding to the fundamental developments and production of creative materials and processes in the automotive field. Auto OEMs look to the domestic industry to use the unique innovation potentials of nanostructured materials, thereby protecting and expanding their own position. It appears that the opportunities offered by nanotechnology has not been tapped sufficiently yet. There is a need for the domestic enterprises, the auto industry & research institutions to work together to identify and initiate necessary innovation processes through nanotechnology. The paper is an endeavor to distinguish the assortment of applications for nanotechnologies in the automotive space from an auto OEM point of view and investigate the financial and technical potential to additionally develop them.

Microorganisms like bacteria and yeast and their use in the combination of nanoparticles is a basically a recent phenomenon. These microorganisms lessen the toxicity by decreasing the ions of metal or through the creation of complexes which are insoluble along with the metal's ions (as metal sulfides) as colloidal elements. The present study focuses on bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles by the bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. The reduction of AgNO³ to Ag nanoparticles was due to the extracellular production of the enzyme nitrate reductase by the K. pneumoniae into the medium. The particles were characterized by SEM. The biosynthesized Ag nanoparticles were padded on the fabrics of cotton by cure method of dry pad. The preliminary antimicrobial activity was performed by disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial property of the treated fabrics were confirmed qualitatively and quantitatively by parallel streak (AATCC- 147) and challenge test (AATCC -100) respectively. SEM results revealed the form of the nano particles were in range of 50 - 60 nm. An area of inhibition of 7 mm as well as 5 mm were found against S.aureus and E.coli respectively by disc diffusion test. Parallel streak method also confirmed the anjinicrobial activity. The results of the challenge test revealed the fabrics treated with biosynthesized nanoparticles depicted 100% minimum point in comparision with S.aureus and 99% reduction against E.coli.

Nano-biosensors surely have their place in the modern universe of the nanotechnologies. The most recent age of electronic noses is nano biosensor clusters dependent on the electrical properties of olfactory receptors from well-evolved creatures, which are proteins arranged in the olfactory epithelium inside the nasal pits. The e-noses accompany various likely applications in sanitation and quality control (poisonous mixes, corruption, immaculateness), beauty care products, assurance of the earth (air and water quality, contaminants, smoke investigation), on-line observing of modern or natural procedures (aging, maturation), security controls (location of risky or harmful substances, explosives, drugs), as a guide while scanning for covered casualties, clinical diagnostics (diabetes, schizophrenia, malignant growth, and so on.), and so forth. These e-noses have been utilized for quite a long time in the research centers of numerous associations. Notwithstanding, as of not long ago they have been unreasonable for use in reality. E-noses have needed versatility, taken too long to even think about producing valuable outcomes, and have just had the option to break down lab arranged examples. The Nano-Nose will upset the electronic nose industry with its minimized size and down to earth pertinence. The lightweight gadget is handheld and can identify and measure analytes quickly. The Nano-Nose is likewise one of a kind in its capacity to break down gushing air instead of just lab controlled air tests, enhancing its true ease of use.

Co-W thin films have been produced as organic compounds using "electro deposition" with tri-sodium citrate. Typically, Co-W alloys have a strong toughness. Its hardness has been observed in various current temperatures and pressures. Co-W film having a strong magnetic behavior at a relatively low temperature and subtly changed to a soft magnetic nature as the temperature is elevated to a higher point. It was tested using a vibrational Sample Magnetometer. Surface morphology was analyzed using "XRD and SEM" measurements.

In this research paper the analysis of Axial crushing of Circular Tubes with Graded Corrugations is done by FEM using ANSYS 15.0 with LS-DYNA Explicit Dynamics. The analysis is carried out on simple cylindrical tubes with geometrical parameters such as different types of corrugations with different sizes, grooved tubes. Various structural analysis graphs were plotted and results show that corrugated tubes have a rather uniform and straight graph as compared to simple cylindrical tubes. Which also establishes that the structural crashworthiness of these corrugated tubes is better than normal cylindrical tubes?

The soil stabilization wealth modification of the soil assets by the addition of further material to meet the particular engineering necessities. Techniques for the stabilization would compaction and utilization of admixtures. Utilization of ragged rubber tires in geotechnical engineering for upgrading the soil properties has gained excessive consideration in the present times. The goal of the study might have been to utilize the dissipate material for stabilization of soil to decrease the natural effect. A few reinforcement methods are nearby for stabilizing soils. In the current examination, the ragged rubber from dissipate tires is picked as the strengthening substance and cement of 2% and 4%as binding agent. The binding agent that might have been haphazardly incorporated into the soil at 3 diverse ratios of shredded rubber satisfied, i.e., 5%, 10%, and 15% by influence of soil the examination is concentrated on the performance of soil reinforced by haphazardly incorporated ragged rubber. The examples are subjected to California attitude ratio (soaked and unsoaked) and released density tests. The tests have unmistakably indicated a critical development in the shear power and behavior ability limitation of the soil.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a continuing massive excitement for machine-to-machine communications to encourage individual devices to use the internet for data sharing. This work introduces the design and performance of continuous transformer monitoring and failure diagnostic and documents main distribution transformers indicators such as load current, transformer oil level, gas formation, and temperature. By using this project one must continuously take a look at it and it will reduce progress and maximize the stability, accuracy, and performance of this project. The sensors are used to track recurrent errors or voltage intake variations. The observed information is transmitted to the microcontroller and it tests parameter limitations that send it to the IoT web server using the IoT module. This data sharing means that the appropriate data are presented to the customer and before any significant errors occur according to the collected data the user will make useful choices.

In an expansive environment, due to continuous change of location of objects, tracking a moving object is a challenging task, in intelligent IoT service provisioned. Tracking of objects indoors using conventional methods like GPS can give out signals not as accurately as we get outside due to the signal attenuation, thus GPS gets poor results, moreover, the inclusion of other effective positioning modules increases the overall cost of production of the device. Nowadays, Wi-Fi networks are prevalent in most public buildings and do not require any additional infrastructure, so we have come with an idea of this is that we could propose an efficient and reliable Wi-Fi-real time tracking system with help access points and signals strength. We are using a combination of two approaches where the first one uses pre-recorded received signal strengths. From the access points, and data is transmitted from the user on the move. It is known as the fingerprinting method. The second approach is trilateration from the known access points coordinates from the user's device to find the position. The combination of these steps improves the accuracy of the user position in an indoor environment. The experiments presented in this research helps us understand and provide the source of a foundation for the indoor/outdoor positioning.

In a wind turbine, blades are the most important component of wind capture in wind turbines as they easily become unreliable due to environmental conditions. This paper demonstrates the malfunction characterization of wind turbine blades by the use of vibration data via the credal decision tree (CDT). The defects on the blades are replicated to model the defects through machine learning. The extraction of functions (statistical functions) and the selection of the component (algorithm of decision tree J48) were employed to identify the best framework for defect classification. Using the credal decision tree, 82.67% of classification accuracy have been obtained with the Kappa statistic of 0.792 and mean absolute error of 0.0768.

In the ongoing processes of the thermal power plant, temperature and pressure regulation and control is important. The complete process involves two main sections, such as a temperature- and pressure sensor, which is regulated with a real-time control program and therefore employing a temperature- and pressure sensors. Within this research, a temperature sensor and pressure sensor centered on the MEMS is developed for the sensing and monitoring of temperature and pressure, along with the use of LabVIEW. This study is mainly used in the thermal plants where the high-frequency wave is being emitted. Since the wireless data transfer is being distracted by these frequencies noise this study with the help of CAN is been implemented for the information sharing and with the help of LabVIEW the process takes place in the industry can be controlled from a single monitoring room which reduces the manpower.

Zero defects are the ultimate aim of any manufacturer casting aluminium alloys. shrinkage porosity is the major defect in casting AlSi5Cu1Mg alloy using Gravity Die Casting (GDC) process. This paper deals with development of effective approach to describe the optimal condition to reduce the shrinkage porosity formation. Solidification time, metal temperature, and preheat molten temperature are varied using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based Box-Behnken Design (BBD)and conducted experiments. Solidification time and pouring metal temperature are directly proportional and solidification time and preheat temperature of the mould are indirectly proportional. Theoretical approach is validated with the experimental approach and the predicted values from RSM based BBD is useful and effective in determining the optimized process conditions in GDC process.

In this study, the investigation on thermal property and characteristic analysis of Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEGs) material by varying the molecular weights is examined. In this context, the study on thermal energy material storage is explored by using the different techniques such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for persistent heating rate and Thermal Gravity Analysis (TGA) for determining the amount of change of mass of the material in addition to the function of increasing temperature. Subsequently, the characterization of PEGs with different molecular weight is carried out to explore the property and insight of the material by using the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) by examining the surface topology, crystallography in addition to this the X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques for catch a glimpse of the crystal structure is studied. As an outcome, in the DSC techniques the results made known when the molecular weight increases, correspondingly the melting temperature and solidification temperature similarly increases however, the heat of fusion during the freezing cycle increases. In the TGA techniques, similarly specified increases in the volume of PEG with different molecular weight has resulted in an increase in the temperature. Subsequently, in the characterization of the PEGs, the SEM has shown an enormous amount of insignificant sphere-shaped crystal-like structures which are joined together and impinging on their neighbour's which paved the way for the formation of a multi-layered lamellar structure in due course activated rise in the solidification temperature in its molecular weight. Henceforth, from the analytical studies, it's been evident that the molecular weight greatly influences the mechanical and thermal properties of PEGs. In this concern, the PEGs blends are a potential benefit to replace pure components.

Recent awareness in fossil fuel depletion due to large consumption with regard of population number growth from time to time, and environment degradation due to fossil fuel combustion emission has generated. This research focuses on the design of human powered flywheel equipped cycle rickshaw. The operating mechanism of this vehicle is same as the upright bicycle. The study conducted by reviewing different related previous works. The main objective of this work is designing flywheel equipped cycle rickshaw, to harvest kinetic energy lost during braking or slow down for later use. This done by using a mechanism incorporated with flywheel and clutch system. The study is carried out for design of the frame. The frame of this work cycle rickshaw designed by using both up right bicycle fit data and anthropometrics data in order to develop ergonomic and rigid frame. After the needed component geometry and dimension analyzed the model of cycle rickshaw components developed by using CATIA software. The design considers both static and dynamic condition. For FE analysis ANSYS 15 is used to find out total deformation, equivalent (von mises) stress, maximum shear stress and factor of safety.

Rubber processing manufacturing facility uses an injection moulding machine for its primary operation. This machine is fully automatic with one manual operation requiring two operators to push and pull the sliding tray during loading and unloading process. This work aims in eliminating the only manual operation by designing an automatic sliding rack system. As the weight of the sliding tray is 600 kg, it requires more effort from the operators resulting in fatigue. In few instances, minor injuries have been reported when the operators accidently get in direct contact with the finished components during loading and unloading. During the design process, rack and pinion mechanism is considered for the automatic sliding of the rack. The pinion is attached to the motor and the rack will push/pull the sliding rack as per the requirement. The design of all the components of the sliding rack system is performed in Unigraphics 2007. Also, the simulation studies shows that the cycle time is reduced from 9.67 seconds to 5.52 seconds. This shows the significant reduction in the cycle time.

Welding is inevitable process in the industry. So, many developments are being carried out in existing welding methods and new welding techniques have been developed. Likewise, Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding process is broadly used in manufacturing firms owing to its capability to produce high quality welds at an affordable cost. The Study of recent advancement in TIG welding is necessary to the welding community. Hence, this review paper dealt the recent evolution in the TIG welding which is Activated flux TIG (ATIG).

The main purposes of automobile open coil suspension systems are to isolate the chassis of the vehicle and the passenger from shocks and vibrations caused by irregularities of the road surface. The main objective of this work is to concentration on the stress and deflection of open coil helical spring used in light vehicle suspension spring with different materials. Finite Element Analysis of open coil helical spring has been carried out. In FEA 3D modeling is done in SOLIDWORKS and analysis is in ANSYS software. From the ANSYS results, it is observed that the maximum deflection in the Chrome Vanadium spring is 217.47 mm and in Chrome Silicon and Hard drawn steel springs are 212.83 mm and 212.36 mm respectively. From the ANSYS results, it also seen that the shear stress in the Chrome Vanadium spring is 757.21 MPa and in Chrome Silicon and Hard drawn steel springs are 753.65 MPa and 761.32 MPa respectively. From ANSYS results the maximum shear stress of Chrome Silicon alloy steel spring is less compared to Chrome Vanadium and Hard Drawn alloy steel spring.

Automotive seats are one of the most significant parts of vehicles and customers desires for comfort in vehicle seats in recent years. In the automotive field, the solace of the traveler, just as the driver, is to be guaranteed. Inappropriate and different contemplations may prompt forces a tremendous measure of stress in the driver over a while. If the seat of the driver isn't satisfactory, then the performance of the driver may lessen and it might prompt exhaustion and another musculoskeletal issue, ultimately causes an accident to the driver just as the traveler. Aside from this, the inconvenience may happen on account of inadequate space in the lodge, drivers see, reachability etc. Hence, by considering different parameters an examination is performed and given the accompanying. The comfort analysis of passenger car seat was done by utilizing the DELMIA software and the appraisal is broken down. The manikin is made in such a manner according to the Indian standard life structures and the investigation is completed with 95 percentile man and 5 percentile female estimations of Indian manikin.

The wind energy is more reliable, clear, and easilyexploitable form of renewable energy source. Wind turbines are being stationed to capture the wind's power and convert it to electricity. The wind turbines are operated at rated speed to ensure smooth operation. When the wind turbine faces the higher wind speed, wind forceimpacts the tower head causing immediate damage the turbine blade. Wind turbines are equipped with various Aerodynamic braking systems and mechanical braking system to control the over speeding of the wind turbine rotor at extreme wind velocity. In this novelmethodology, it is attended to reduce the rotational speed of the wind turbine aerodynamically by providing the chord wise slot (opening). The slot modifies the pressure distribution over the upper side and lower side of the turbine blade that slows down the rotational speed of the wind turbine within the safe limit. In this present attempt, the over speeding of the wind turbine rotor is effectively controlled without disturbing the power generation. The different parameters of the slot such as the position of the slot, inclination of the slot, and width of the slot are studied and the slot parameters are computationally optimized.

Composite materials are highly suitable to withstand with mechanical loads compared to conventional materials. At present, these materials are being substituted with composite materials due to their superior properties and broadly used in aerospace industries and other industries. In this work, investigations are conducted out to determine the mechanical properties of composite laminates, for various orientations (0°/30°/45°/60°) of kevlar fibres with glass fibres. The different mechanical testing such as tensile test, flexural test and dynamic Mechanical Properties of the hybrid composite material with various orientations of the top and bottom Kevlar laminates were evaluated. It is concluded that the Fabricated hybrid composites with 0° orientation of the Kevlar fibres exhibit higher tensile Strength as well as flexural strength compared to the composites with oriented kevlar fibres (30°/45°/60°). The increased mechanical properties of the 0° hybrid is due the alignment of the kevlar fibres in loading direction which causes it to act as the primary load bearing structure whereas in the oriented hybrid composites the glass fibre acts as the initial load bearing structure.

A newsboy problem is a specialized form of a general inventory problem which discusses the decision making skill of a trader, a retailer to be specific, who is facing uncertainty in the form of the demand of one or more perishable products. The lifetime of a perishable product depends on the domain. Products like newspapers, flowers are single day products as they are invalid or less useful after one day. Products like vegetables, fruits may be considered for two or three days depending on the storage procedure employed. So, the retailer has to dispense off the products within their lifetime, either by selling it or by salvaging it. This has been one of the most interesting and sought after problem for discussion as it provides with a simplistic platform to start the discussionsand hence the literature is huge for such problems. It has been analyzed using very many avenues in the literature. This paper discusses the problem of the retailer, dealing in two perishable products using Monte Carlo Simulation and compare its efficiency with standard theoretical Fractile method.

The major investigation of this work is to replace the synthetic fiber polymer composite helmet to natural fiber reinforced polymer helmet. This study examines the mechanical properties such as impact strength, impact modulus, flexural strength, hardness and water absorption capacity. It is performed to develop the natural fiber hybrid composite helmet. The fiber reinforcements are short neem fiber and alkali treated banyan woven fabric is used. The weight percentage of laminates contain as matrix 85% (510g) and reinforcement 15% (90g), the matrix consists of epoxy resin (450g), hardner (45g) and the granite powder is used as a filler material (15g), which is fixed for all samples and varied in the fiber weight ratio of Neem/Banyan (grams), natural fibers are 15/75, 30/60, 45/45, 60/30, 75/15. The result shows the weight fraction of neem fiber 12.5% (75g) and banyan 2.5% (15g) gives high impact strength and it can be applied for fabricating the motorcycle driving helmet.

In recent scenario, the Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) has been an essential role in all sectors such as automotive, marine, aircraft, agriculture and nuclear power plants. The MMC has commendable material behaviors. The better material characteristics have been achieved after conversion metals to MMC through the addition of reinforcements. Due to improved corrosion resistance and strength of the bronze metal matrix was considered for the present experimental work. It was formulated through stir casting technique. The machinability characteristics were analyzed through Abrasive Water Jet Machining (AWJM) process. The responses such as the Material Removal Rate (MRR) and Surface Roughness (SR) were evaluated based on its input factors. Taguchi optimization, contour plot and variance test were also reported.

Spark plasma sintering (SPS) is one of the advanced methods to produce MMC with the desired quality. The high amount of heat was achieved through direct pulse heating to enhance the diffusion mechanism and it's involved in the grain growth. Many of the researchers are doing the development of the sintering process for attaining better substance properties with lesser time. SPS was used to fabricate all kinds of materials including ceramics, glass, etc., Direct heat was applied to the graphite die and compact unit. The rate of heat was an essential role in this process to control the densification of powder particles. In the present situation, aluminium MMC plays an essential role in every field such as automobile, aerospace, manufacturing, and electrical sectors. It has superior substance properties such as specific strength, creep, toughness, and corrosion resistance. These properties are enhanced through the addition of reinforcements to the base metal.

The consequence of incorporation of titanium carbide (TiC) filler in diverse weight percentages on the mechanical characteristic of chopped basalt fibre-reinforced epoxy composites has been examined. The performance of the TiC filled and unfilled chopped basalt composites based on the hardness, tensile strength, interlaminar shear strength and impact strength are calculated as per ASTM standards. The outcome showed that the mechanical characteristics of TiC filled basalt fibre reinforced epoxy composites are better than unfilled composites. Mechanical performance for dissimilar configurations, point out that adding too much TiC content consequences in declension in energy assimilation capacity of the fibre and hence on the whole concert of the filler filled ones.

The current research work deals with the addition of basalt powder on the characteristics of vinyl ester resin composites. The vinyl ester was modified by basalt powder in the amount of 5%, 10% and 15% by weight. The impact of basalt powder on the performance, such as tensile strength and flexural strength was analyzed. The consequence of powder addition on the impact strength of the fabricated materials was also examined. From the results obtained the basalt powder has an encouraging outcome on the strength of the fabricated composites.

The present work aims to develop Fly ash (FA) reinforced Aluminium Alloy (AA6063) matrix composites using stir casting route and reporting their mechanical properties. The FA content is applied in the ranges of 0-9 weight percentage with the step of 3 % each. The mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength (UTS) and compressive strength (CS) of the composite and alloy samples have been studied. Results showed that addition of FA content up to 6 wt.% improved the mechanical properties and then decreased.

This paper presents the recent developments in polymer matrix composites (PMC). Polymer-based composites are widely used materials since the materials have good mechanical properties with low density. Polymer-based materials are used for many applications such as the aerospace industry, automobile industry, sports equipment, construction, and packaging industries. Recently nature fibers have been used as reinforcement materials to synthesize PMCs effectively. Polymer-based materials have been used in biomedical applications. This paper displays the summaries of synthesis, microstructure, and properties of recently reported various PMCs.

Super plasticity is the capability of materials to parade very high tensile elongation which can be more than 2500%, appearing in eminent temperature under low stress dependent on strain rate. In this paper intentions to optimize superplastic parameters such as yield stress, ultimate stress, temperature, strain rate and strain rate sensitivity index by using hot tensile test method in AA 7075 alloy in experimental and numerical simulation method. In experimental method, the cross head velocity concept has been adopted to attain the permeability by achieving the material properties with the functions' of temperatures conditions. Finite element method using ABAQUS software was modeled to compare the experimental results.

Superplastic materials are attributed viscous in behavior which exhibit very narrow and steady grain formation at half of the melting point temperature of given components. Superplastic deformation characteristics are carried out in different pressure control with constant strain rate conditions. In different alloy, the maximum (optimum) strain rate changes from 0.001 to 0.00001s-1. The objective of this research work is to predict the pressure requirements (optimize) to obtain smooth (uniform) profile in a re-entrant shape formation of 5083 Aluminium alloy by using mechatronics approach of Programming Logic Control method. The effect of various forming parameter such as, forming pressure, bulge forming time and thickness distribution of the sheet in a re- entrant shape product. Finite Element analysis is a powerful tool to evaluate the superplastic forming processes (SPF) with accurate prediction of the deformation characteristics.

Flame hardening was one of the surfaces hardening methods to improve the substance behaviors. It was a rapid and economical method to harden the selected surface of the material. It is suitable for all types of steels, particularly wear resistant steel. The hardening of the material was achieved through heating the material and then followed by quenching process. Eglin steel was one of the wear resistant steel which was considered for the experimental work. After the surface of flame hardening of it, Brinell hardness was found through the input factors such as surface temperature, standoff distance (SOD) and quenching time. The Taguchi optimization was used to analyze the effect of flame hardening factors and it has provided the optimal solutions. The involvement factor was studied through the variance test.

The mechanical based shot blasting was used to remove the oxides and scales from the surface of the materials. It was used to enhance the surface properties. In this work, aluminium 7068 alloy was involved in the shot blasting process. The particle velocity, standoff distance (SOD) and impact angles were included as input factors. These factors were mainly affects the Surface Roughness (SR). The round steel balls with diameter with 2 mm diameter were used for the shot blasting process. In addition to that, the elliptic and square shape of glass beads particles were used to enhance the surface finish. The parametric effect and surface roughness optimization was achieved through Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The role of factors has been analyzed through the variance test.

The recent development in environment and energy of hybrid structures with excellent and multifunctional properties aims to promote single-component nanomaterials. In this phase, Noble Metals are rationally integrated in carbon dots (CD), which is one of the most common nano-hybrids that combine their material strength with mechanical properties including electrical characteristics, enhancing and putting surface resonance plasma (LSPR). In this research work, synthetic approaches, physicochemical properties and recent developments are investigated in the applications of noble nanohybrid metal/carbon dots (NMs/CDs. The CD/NMs will help coordinate the synthesis of nanohybrids to accomplish the goals in the manufacturing and architectural industries accordingly. In these implementations, special focus is put on processes and synergistic activity between the two components. Lastly, for further improving these nanohybrids, limitation and opportunities are suggested for NMs/CDs.

The outstanding performance of producing complex three dimensional moulded components, which could be difficult or impossible to accomplish through traditional production processes. Additive processing in recent years has revolutionised the processing paradigm. Due to the high deposition speeds, which are substantially higher than powdered techniques, the wire and arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is distinct among various additive manufacturing techniques that are suitable for producing large metal components. WAAM's efficiency is growing rapidly, and thus substantial study is ongoing. This research work will include an overview of the greatest advances in WAAM, outlining the innovations and variants in processes to monitor the microstructure, mechanical properties and defect production in the as-built components along with the most important technological materials used, and the variants of WAAM.

In this study, the mechanical properties of a 2D woven novel hybrid laminate containing jute in the warp direction and Kevlar in the weft direction as reinforcement material is compared with four different weaving patterns. The hybrid laminates were tested for its tensile strength, elongation percentage and compressive strength. The results show that under the condition of identical composition of the matrix element, similarity in the thickness of the laminates and same stacking sequences, the weaving patterns exhibit profound influence on the tensile and compressive properties. The plain weaving pattern exhibited lowest tensile strength and compressive strength while the highest values for the two properties was observed from the hybrid laminate having twill weave pattern.

Materials prepared using powder metallurgy route exhibit dimensional stability which is required to manufacture critical parts such as brake pads, inlet valves and nozzles. In this paper, composite materials consisting of 5 and 10 wt. % of Titanium-diboride reinforcement in AA6061 aluminium alloy was produced by the sintering process via green compaction. 2 wt. % of alumina was added as the secondary reinforcement to produce the hybrid composites. The produced composites and its hybrid were compared with the base material AA6061 to determine the changes in its density, wear and hardness. The green density and sintered density of the composites and its hybrids reduced by as much as 8.47 % compared to the respective theoretical density. Microscopic examinations showed that the addition of alumina with the Titanium-diboride reinforcement increased the wear resistance of the hybrid composites by 1.22 % compared to the base material. The hardness of the sintered composite increased with the addition of the two reinforcement materials. The hardness for the hybrid composite increased by 74.94 % compared to the base material. After wear test, the hardness of the base material reduced by 6.83 % but the hardness of hybrid composite having the highest composition of both reinforcement particles increased by 6.36 %. The study revealed that the sintering process and subsequent hardening of the composites and its hybrid enhance its hardness property compared to the base material. Interestingly, the wear which leads to the changes in its tribological properties increased the hardness property of the composite and its hybrid.

This investigation, vibration analysis of cutting tool in turning of 42CrMo4 alloy steel using CNMG120408SMRH13A insert. Tool vibration is the important phenomenon which affects the life of the cutting tool, machining quality and behaviour of the metal cutting process. In metal cutting, tool vibration is the significant factor affecting the surface quality of machined surfaces. In this experimental work, control this vibration should be arrested by external force. In the proposed system damper method has used to control the tool vibration. It will be predicted by comparing the parameters of cutting speed, feed, depth of cut, material removal rate and surface roughness of turning operation. The generated vibration is measured. The machining performance has derived by the analytical method and experimentally.

The applications of non ferrous alloys have been significantly increased due to its desirable substance properties. The material strength and hardness were depend on the nature of reinforcements were added to it. In this chapter was utilized to formulate the Copper Titanium (Cu-Ti) Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) has been reinforced with Tungsten Carbide (WC). The stir casting of material fabrication technique was considered. The tungsten carbide was the suitable reinforcement for Cu-Ti composite because of thermodynamic stable system of compound was attained. The mechanical, corrosion and wear behaviors have been discussed. The wear parameters have been optimized through Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The influential factor on wear rate was found and compared with the variance test.

Welding is the most convenient fabrication process with tremendous development in past few decades. The noteworthy technique is Activated flux TIG welding method (also known as A-TIG welding) that was well-equipped a little while back, which enhances productivity and quality of weld joints by better depth of penetration. In this research work, the electrochemical studies are performed to investigate the corrosion resistance of excellent depth of penetration A-TIG welded 316L stainless steel (SS316L) sample at room temperature. At dilute aqueous ambience, Potentiodynamic studies reveal that the SS316L welding joints have an apathetic attitude with certain range. Electrochemical Impedance calculations illustrate the breakdown occurs due to corrosion in alkaline circumstances.

One of the promising methods for the manufacture of complex shapes is the Sheet Metal Forming process. The Brake hose bracket is made using this process using several procedures for its manufacture. In this work, the processes carried out for the manufacturing of Brake hose bracket has been studied using Finite Element Analysis carried out using commercial analysis software, ANSYS. The making of the Die and Punch for the manufacture of the Sheet metal forming process of brake hose bracket. The bracket is made of mild steel material and the results were obtained and were in good agreement with that of the experimental values. The Stress distribution, Strain distribution and deformation experienced by the component and the die cavity during manufacturing process has been investigated and the conclusion were made. The FEM method proves to be efficient in understanding the stress and strain distribution in the component.

The inductive thermal method of welding has been used for heating metals most commonly by all the industries. This method of heating is actually a very efficient means of treating high speed fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites over past years for enormous applications. The present research work clarifies the thermoplastic welding process. The primary goal is to explain the nature of the inductive welding process and to identify a broad variety of research efforts. The focus is on the method of heat generation dynamics during the inductive heating process and the parameters governing the welding process (frequency, power, stress, time of residence). The experimental methodology is often outlined with focusing on experimental set-up.

In this investigation, the effects of cryogenic soaking time on cutting insert were investigated. Cryogenic treatments were carried out at -196°C for various soaking times of 12, 24, and 48hours followed by tempering at 200°C for 2hours. The Scan Electron Microscope image and X-Ray Diffraction pattern analysis validate the structure of η-carbide on the surfaces of the inserts. The hardness result revealed that the deep cryogenic treatment improved the surface rigidity of the inserts. The speed, feed rate and depth of cut are preferred as input parameters of the experiment. The out response of the tool wear is measured the flank wear of the inserts. As a result, increase in soaking time of deep cryogenic treatment imports superior tool wear resistance of the inserts.

The present study investigates the effect of Ce addition on the microstructure of Mg-6Al-1Zn alloy with the use of optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The electrochemical corrosion behaviour of Mg-6Al-1Zn alloyed with different levels of cerium was investigated using static weight loss and polarization corrosion tests in 3.5% NaCl solution. The microstructural study reveals the grain refinement of the matrix and the stability of the phase β(Mg17Al12) were disintegrated into Al4Ce and distributed along the grain boundary. The literatures show that the intermetallic Al4Ce has a high melting point and expected to show better strength behaviour at relatively high temperatures. The electrochemical results show that cerium addition above 1.5wt.% increase the corrosion current density of the developed alloy which resulted in increasing corrosion rate. The best results of refined microstructure and corrosion resistance were obtained with 1.5wt.% cerium addition.

The reinforced Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) was broadly used in various engineering applications. The light weight and high strength metal matrix components were used in aerospace and automotive applications. The silicon carbide, boron carbide, aluminum oxide and carbon fiber were used as common reinforcement materials. The magnesium and its alloys were recently has a maximum role in MMC due to its high strength and light weight. In addition to the magnesium, the aluminium and copper was included through the reinforcement of boron carbide (B₄C). It was formulated through squeeze casting technique. The copper has good electrical conductivity and it has more corrosion resistance. The magnesium metal matrix was fabricated through squeeze casting technique. The Vickers hardness was determined through the different input squeeze casting factors such as pressure, pouring temperature and die temperature. The Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimization was used to analyze the parametric effects.

In recent years, in contrast with conventional welding methods, ultrasonic welding has been one of great importance among its relevant applications and materials. The bonding of different materials is always difficult, as the unregulated scale of the grain and the fragile mechanical properties are different than conventional welding techniques. In addition, this research paper offers numerous explanations and uses of the ultrasonic welding technique on different materials and its alloys such as aluminium, steel, titanium, nickel, magnesium and also on fiber reinforced composites and thermoplastics along with their mechanical properties. The key benefits of this method are also discussed such as clean and undamaged welding on outer sections, reliable and solid bonding, and saves time effectively.

The transportation industries at present world play a chief role in field of current commercial economy and developed countries. The usage of trucks is intensely increasing to carry the loads and materials. To enterprise a truck chassis many features to be considered including material selection, packaging, strength-to-weight ratio, stiffness. This paper mostly reviews on most research works and focuses on stress study of the truck chassis using four Finite Element Analysis (FEA) namely ANSYS. The result of this research paper gives the researcher instantaneous solution on modern and present developments in truck chassis field using FEA.

Issues of obtaining chrome die steels for cold deformation from sprayed powders have been considered. The blanks are obtained in a gasostatic capsule covered with powder at a pressing temperature of 1100-1150C at a pressure of 1400 MPa with isothermic exposure of 1-2 hours. It has been discovered that powdered vanadium-doped (˜ 8%) and chromium-doped (˜ 4%) die steels do better in high loads. Mouldability of powdered die steel types KH12M and KH12MPH1. It has been found that mouldability of powders greatly depends on their relative poured bulk density (PBD). To increase mouldability, it is advisable to deformation-process and finally annealoriginal powder.

The manufacturing industry plays a crucial role in the production process to meet the demands of the market and to raise the standard of living recently. Nevertheless, one of the most common issues associated with the industry is unnecessary overtime. Overtime has produced a variety of negative consequences on production output. This paper aims to identify the various causes of unnecessary overtime, and the causes have been categorised through the seven wastes of lean manufacturing. This paper also focuses on unnecessary overtime occurred in industries. The method used in this paper is by reviewing the relevant literature from conference papers and journal publications, including the International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, and International Journal of Engineering and Technology, amongst many others. Finally, the critical components of NAO have been finalised according to the necessaryscopes of operation, which considered as factors which are pre-production, in-production, and post-production. Based on the final critical components, there were two critical sub-factors in pre-production components, six critical sub-factors in-production elements, and five critical sub-factors post-production components.

In this study, observing the effect of variations in melt temperature and holding time on the mechanical properties of polypropylene composite materials with coal bottom ash reinforcement has been done. This composite used a particle size of 200-250 mesh with a composition of 10%, and a polypropylene matrix of 90% by weight. Melting temperatures had a variation of 170°C, 180°C and 190°C, and holding times had a change of 0, 30 and 60 minutes. Bottom ash was washed with fresh water (room temperature) and warm water (80°C) until clean from impurities. The next process, bottom ash was drained at room temperature for 24 hours and dried at a temperature of 120°C for 3 hours. The test results showed the value of composite increases to 24.4% for tensile and 123% for flexure strength from the pure matrix strength. These properties were essential information for alternative engineering material research.

This paper presents the idea of tracking framework which was executed on Simulink stage. The variety in current and voltage for static and tracking SPV power plant are appeared in this paper. The relative study at various situating of panel (static force plant) is additionally appeared in this paper. The entire model like sun tracking model, static SPV model, LDR sensor model, DC motor model additionally appeared in the paper. The primary goal of this paper is to break down the outcomes concerning static force plant. The tiltaion edges are 30°, 60° and 90° static force plants. The simulation results and the impact of tiltation point are additionally introduced in this paper. In the closing comment, the improved effectiveness because of tracking method is appeared.

The Brake disc is used to control the rotation of a wheel. Usually the brake disc made up of cast iron or ceramic composites. The current research is primarily deals with the modelling and analysing the disc brake using Pro-E and ANSYS. The brake-discs are designed using Pro-E and simulated using ANSYS which is based on the finite element method (FEM). The Structural & Thermal analysis is carry out in order to identify the firmness of the disc brake. In structural analysis displacement, ultimate stress limit for the design is found and in thermal analysis heat flow rates, and heat fluxes to be calculated by varying the two different materials of the disc. Differentiation can be concluded for displacement, stresses and nodal temperatures. Results will be compared for the two different material of the disc.

The foremost target of this evaluation is to optimize the impacts of Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machining factors of CNC turning machine for the AA7050/ZrO2 AMCs with response of material removal rate (CMRR) by utilizing Taguchi approach. The CNC turning aspects of this evaluation are Depth of cut, Speed and Feed rate. Taguchi route as L16 orthogonal array and 3 levels of machining factors are employed to guess the output like CMRR. The 16 samples of experiments are employed to determine the CMRR.

In this developed environment, most of the machineries and automobile parts are manufactured by using CNC machines. The working process for these requirements is common facing, turning, milling and so on. Of these surface roughness plays an important role. Since the strength and stability of the materials depends on the operation in which it undergoes on. The Taguchi method is adopted to reduce work effort. This method replaces the work of turning to minimize the surface roughness (SR). The goal of this analysis is to optimize the effects of machining parameters of CNC turning machine for the Aluminium Alloy AA2014+12%WC with response of SR through using Taguchi approach.

Natural fibers give strength to polymer composite for making very low cost materials and are very good market now a days. Therefore the researcher's main attention is to apply appropriate technology by utilizing these natural fibers as efficient and economically in order to produce very good quality fiber reinforced polymer composites for different engineering applications. In our research work, the experiments like tensile, flexural and impact tests were carried out for different natural fibers like, woven Jute, glass and flax hybrid-reinforced epoxy composites with filler of barium sulphate and without filler composite. Therefore the best, cheap and efficient process called hand layup technique was applied to prepare composite material. The surface morphology of the composites was examined through scanning electron microscope, due to the low density and high specific properties of glass, flax fiber composites, it offer cost savings when compared with synthetic fibers. Therefore this king of composite materials can be used in automobile industry. Fro the study, the hybrid composites with barium sulphate filler as composite was used by us to provide good and improved mechanical properties such as tensile, flexural and impact strength. And also the good reduced wear property analyzed on filler composite.

In the current trend applications the conductive composite polymers are obtained by filling up the polymer matrixes along with different Carbon blacks were also investigated. out of many One of the carbon black is the particulate filler and is the best example which is widely used as reinforce filler in all the polymer industry. The most available carbon blacks in the market are from thermal cracking of natural gas and furnace black which are generated by incomplete combustion of oil filled in different stocks. And hence it is most necessary to implement and develop the alternative best source of the fillers from the renewable resources from the waste from mostly like agriculture units, oil palms, forest bamboo stem and coconut shells. And these are rich in organic materials. Therefore the effective way of utilization of coconut shell which consists of as high as 70.5% Carbon, 0.99% ash, 31.75% lignin and 19.5% cellulose and 70% hemicelluloses. Hence mostly this agricultural waste which is unused can be utilized and upgraded. Hence after lot of experiments we implemented a polymer matrix composite using coconut shell char and investigated their mechanical and tribological properties and behaviour. The brand new item and also the material like hard porous carbon material coconut char has been prepared with the help of carburizing the coconut shell as the main raw material at various temperatures from 650°C till 950°C, and finally the different experiments were been conducted to check the friction wear behaviour of the composite material.

Optimization of the wear properties of AA6082/12%ZrO2 AMCs prepared through compo casting process using Taguchi's S/N analysis was evaluated. Taguchi's process was utilized and L9 orthogonal array was elected for behaving the wear tests. Optimal process parameters are estimated to eliminate the wear characteristics of the composite. Moreover, the effect of ANOVA also demonstrates that the sliding distance, the applied force and the sliding velocity have an essential function in the reduction of wear (gram). The values of the tests are consistent with the methodology of Taguchi.

The radiator fan blades is manufactured using various materials and we have chosen FRP has the material because it provides excellent corrosion resistance. The heat from the radiator is reduced by circulating cooling water and the fan supplies the air required for cooling. The design of entire blade is taken into consideration for analysing the failure of the blade as the radiator fan is analysed under static condition as the fan blade is in corrosive environment. The Fibre reinforced plastic radiator fan blade analysis is conducted to test the Fibre reinforced plastic object that is able to withstand dynamic as well as structural loads. For this paper the blade design is achieved by reverse engineering, static analysis is achieved using ANSYS where the FRP radiator fan's 3D rigid model is used for structure stability (analysis). The weight acting and external properties were implied to the radiator fan throughout its entire length. The FRP radiator fan is brushed with a coat of enamel based epoxy of grey in colour and validates the Fibre reinforced plastic radiator fan which can withstand the property of corroding by environment.

The performance consideration of various refrigerants such as R22, R134a, R410a and R290 are considered and the various properties of the refrigerant are considered. The experiments are conducted in Vapour compression refrigeration system based AC test rig with the selected refrigerants. The power consumption is calculated with no loads and various load conditions such as 100W, 200W, 300W &400W are monitored and recorded and the graph is plotted to attain the selection of refrigerant. The theoretical and actual COP is calculated using the standard formula and it is plotted with various load conditions. The selection of refrigerants R22 is selected based on the results.

The aim of this work intense on study of Femur Bone and compilation of the strength and further parameters of bone and compare the investigational results of the 12%, 18% & 24% NFRPC material with the Femur bone. This study signifying the lowest-weight, lowest-Density and highest-strength Bio composite, biocompatible material utilizes or advises to the Orthopedic Implants particularly for Femur bone. From the investigational results of Tensile strength of all 12%, 18% & 24% NFRPC material will match with femur Bone strength fand recommended these polymers for Femur bone replacement.

3D printing is one of the recently evolved manufacturing techniques which has wide range of applications in engineering, education, art and science. Bioprinting is the recent advancement of additive manufacturing process in the area of medicine. It is a process which involves layering and curing of biological cells or tissues and turning it into a fully functioning organ or hard supports(bones). It has solved the problem of shortage of organs for transplantation. It would be very difficult to find the right organ according to the needs of a particular person but this recent advancement has given a right solution for it. Bioprinters typically uses bioinks which dispenses through the nozzle of the printer for deposition, and a dissolvable hydrogel is used in order to protect and support the tissues of the organic material. This type of printing is done in lab environment only under a controlled system.

The niobium and its alloys have been used for automobile, marine, and aerospace due to its superior properties such as a lightweight ratio, strength, corrosion resistance, thermal and electrical conductivity. The present work was used to improve the substance properties such as hardness and wear. Tantalum Carbide (TaC) reinforced niobium metal matrix composite (MMC) was produced through the stir casting route. The specific wear rate was determined through a pin on disc tribometer with respect to the input actors such as sliding velocity, load, and temperature. Taguchi optimization was applied to found the optimal parameters. The variance analysis was used to found the influential factor in the wear rate.