Table of contents

We are pleased that the proceeding of the 3^rd EPI International Conference on Science and Engineering 2019 (EICSE2019) has been published. The conference is an annual international conference held by the Center of Technology (COT), Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University. The 2019 conference was held on September 24-25, 2019 at Engineering Faculty Campus, Hasanuddin University, Gowa, Indonesia. Besides by Hasanuddin University, the conference was also supported by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through C-BEST (Capacity Building in Engineering, Science, and Technology) project. The conference was also co-hosted by Engineering Faculty, Universitas Sulawesi Barat.

The purpose of the conference was stressed on the collaboration of 3 (three) parties which are University, Industry, and Government (UIG) known as "triple helix" to contribute to the development of a science technopark especially in the eastern part of Indonesia. Therefore, the adopted theme was "Strengthening UIG-Based Research and Innovations in Developing an Advanced Science Technopark". With this theme, we hope the research results presented and published in the conference could give a significant positive contribution to the acceleration of the development of this science technopark.

List of Proceeding Editors and Reviewers, Documentations and Photographs are available in this PDF.

International Scientific Committee (ISC), Organizing Committee (OC) are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The beginning of the reformation era was the post-New Order era marked by the resignation of President Soeharto in 1998, and the process is still ongoing. The purpose of this study was to identify trends in the development of architectural styles in Makassar, outlined in the form of a timeline for the development of architectural styles in the era. The used research method was the historical-diachronic analysis with data collection techniques through exploration on the internet using google maps, interviews, observations, and documents. The research population was phenomenal buildings in Makassar. Phenomenal means the amount was large/the shapes were prominent/it had a certain style/it had a political background in its emergence. The sampling technique used criterion-purposive-snowball sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed and interpreted descriptively. The assessment of validity and reliability of the data were done through the triangulation of qualitative data collection techniques. This research found that there were diverse architectural styles that developed in the reform era in Makassar, namely: No Style, My Style, Classic, Modern, Minimalist, Perforated Skin, Double Skin, Corporation, Iconic, Container Box, Colonial, Postmodern, and Tropical. The background of the emergence of these styles was influenced by various external factors: globalization, local strongmen, local/national/international corporations, local iconic interpretation, decentralization, industry, and the availability of materials and experts, local and national government, political, economic, social and cultural dynamics. Furthermore, there were also internal factors that influence the styles, namely the taste of the architects, and the taste as well as economic capabilities of the users/owners.

Aerial cable car is one of unique and efficient transportation modes that the world has today. This research aimed to explore the potential application of this mode in the urban areas of Makassar City, specifically in its city centre. It is designed to answer preliminary planning questions with regard to the best potential routes, technology, and station locations for the implementation of this mode in the near future. The research was conducted in 5 months (from April to August 2019). The data was collected through literature study and field survey including a traffic counting. The spatial analysis utilized satellite image map of Google Pro Earth, mapping, illustration and descriptive explanation. The research identified at least three trip purposes that the aerial cable car could potentially serve the city: for daily transportation, tourism, and shopping/business centres trips. It was concluded that trips to Lae-lae and Kayangan Resort Islands, the Losari City Tour, and trips from shopping mall to mall, are among potential routes that deserve for further comprehensive researches and feasibility studies. Monocable Detachable Gondola (MDG) is considered the best choice as a starting point in introducing this type of mode to the city and its people. The locational analysis based on defined criteria resulted five to nine potential station locations.

Anjungan Pantai Losari is one of the famous public spaces in Makassar; it is a primary landmark in the city. Nevertheless, this public space is considered not optimal because it is only crowded with people's activities in the afternoon and night. On the other hand, some theories argued that a good public open space has the ability to accommodate various people all day long. This study was conducted to evaluate and to study the effectiveness of public open space using the Good Public Space Index (GPSI). There are six variables used in GPSI: intensity use, the intensity of social use, people's duration of stay, temporal diversity use, variety of use, and diversity of users. This study found that the average of GPSI value shows the high score of Anjungan Pantai Losari effectiveness. However, two variables, intensity of use and people duration of social use were still at a low level. It was expected that this research could be a reference to develop spatial planning, especially the improvement of public open space quality.

This research aims to study the adaptive thermal comfort in elementary school buildings in the west coastal area of South Sulawesi. It was conducted by field survey method to obtain personal data (clothing and metabolic rate) and environmental parameters such as air temperature and humidity, mean radiant temperature (MRT) and the airflow. During the measurements of environmental parameters, the students filled out questionnaires to find out their perceived comfort level by the Thermal Sensation Vote (TSV) and Thermal Comfort Vote (TCV). In addition, respondents are also asked to give an opinion on their desired thermal preference. The results of the environmental parameters measurements were used as references to calculate the Predicted Mean Vote (PMV), Operative Temperature (T_op) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD). The results show that the condition of the elementary school classrooms along the west coast of South Sulawesi are generally in high temperatures. However, most respondents still feel comfortable and able to adapt to these conditions.

This paper discussed the concept of dwelling and its influence to the disaster-responsive mitigation on the spatial configuration of Lakkang waterfront settlement, as settlement is formed by the local cultural. This research was conducted by using space syntax analysis techniques and supported by the disaster mitigation concept. The result of this study shows that dwelling concepts of Lakkang communities is developed from natural dwelling to collective dwelling. The spatial configuration of Lakkang settlement is developed by collective dwelling. Collective dwelling will form a more integrated space of the space which is formed by natural dwelling. Dwelling culture of the Lakkang people has formed an open space configuration so that the spaces are integrated with each other. The Lakkang settlement is adapted to the natural environment so that disaster can be minimized. The spatial configuration of Lakkang settlement is in accordance with the disaster mitigation concept. The layout of settlements and ecological carrying capacity are the determining factors for disaster response settlements. This paper could be a concept for the development of the waterfront settlements based on local wisdom.

The hyperbolic parabolic facade is the appearance of a Phinisi Tower Building. The building facade characterizes this building and is also the aesthetic value of this building. Building facade models are increasingly developing, but need to pay attention to their association with visual for space users. Visual comfort is related to the standardization of the level of illuminance, which has been recommended by Indonesia National Standards. Quantitative research methods that used describe data measurement results in the workspace, which are directly related to the opening of the building envelope. The level of illuminance measurements are carried out in the workspace and in open areas in medium sky conditions. The results of the study are that the level of illuminance in the workspace is very different, because of the different facade models. vertical and horizontal strip facade models have a higher level of illuminance than the hyperbolic parabolic facade, whereas in spaces that do not use a facade but shaded by sunscreen are the highest. The results of the study concluded the building facade model influence of the level of illuminance in the workspace. The contribution of this research can be a guide in designing the facade shape of buildings, by paying attention to the distribution of lighting into the space, so that it can reduce the use of energy in terms of lighting and can create energy efficient building designs.

This research aims to determine sound absorption coefficients of absorber materials making from coconut leaf midribs. Absorber material has been made with different arrangement and thickness. Nine samples have been made which consists of 3 configurations and each configuration consists of 3 thicknesses. Absorption coefficients were measured by using impedance tube method. The experiment results show that coconut leaf midrib is up to standard for absorber material according to ISO 11654 with α over 0.15. The absorption coefficient obtained by the whole sample is in the range 0.02 to 0.65. Fluctuating values are affected by differences forms and thicknesses. Absorber materials that have been made are also compatible with marketed products.

The existence of traditional house until now could be believed as proof of a good human protector. Bugis traditional house is one of them. The research problem is how Bugis behavior and building structure performance to struggle in flood. The goal is to reveal the performance of house structure and Bugis ancestor behavior to survive after disasters. The methods are logical argumentation to explain the architectural knowledge, and modeling simulation to explain building structural performance. The results are Bugis ancestor has been leave inheritance a good behavior in survive after disasters through they architectural space arrangement. They prepare space in a safe area at their house for food storage, so when disasters happen they still have food stock without waiting for aids. The structure system as the stilt house its find in safe for the occupant because of space for human living lifted more than two meters above the ground surface. The structural performance indicates the displacement in early dangerous occur when flood loads higher than human living space. The best knowledge can be adopted in this research is the availability of food stock at own house. The better construction method to apply in flood area is the stilt house.

In higher education institutions, an effective and efficient communication is an important competitive advantage. Most of the communication is carried out in various meeting room environments. In terms of creating the right space for meetings, flexibility, easy use, and supporting university productivity, meeting rooms must be specially designed according to the architectural standard of space requirements. The Senate Room in the Faculty of Engineering, of Hasanuddin University, is one of the many rooms that are designed especially for meeting activities within the faculty. It is located on the 2nd floor of the Center of Technology (CoT) Building, with a capacity of 64 seats, and an area of 180 m². This room is arranged in a two-way theater or proscenium type, with lined tables and flat floors. This study aims to: 1) Identify the characteristics of the elements that shape and fill the room; 2) Analyze the effect of technical space planning on the functional aspects of users, and 3) Evaluate spatial design performance in terms of functional aspects. The research method used is the Post Occupancy Evaluation with qualitative data analysis. The population in this study is the users of the room as the subjects 0f space as the subject of research and the Senate Room of Engineering Faculty as the object of research. The results showed a discrepancy between the standards and needs of users both functional and technical aspects. The results of this study are expected to contribute practical insights to architectural design, specifically related to the creation of meeting room interiors.

The purpose of this study are: 1) What are the characteristics of Student Informal Gathering Room (SIGS) in the Faculty of Engineering, and 2) What attributes are felt by students in the Student Informal Gathering Room (SIGS). To get the results of the research purposed applied qualitative research methods with purposive sampling techniques. Data collection is done by distributing questionnaires to students, in-depth interviews and mapping behavior with place-centered maps. The results of the study is the closeness of the gathering place with the main activities of students in the teaching and learning process which is a characteristic of SIGS found on the campus of engineering faculty at Gowa campus. While the environmental attributes felt by engineering students at SIGS are accessibility, comfort, sociality, visibility, and activities.

This study aims to measure the level of infrastructure service performance of Mariso low-cost apartment (Rusunawa), which is the key to the comfort of occupancy that ensure the sustainability of daily activities both physical and non-physical. Targets to achieve in this research are to formulate the infrastructure service performance according to the standard service of building infrastructure and facilities and as mandated in the standard of planning, building and evaluation of building post-occupancy. This method is used to determine the extent to which the perception of occupants responding to the results of a built environment after more than 10 (ten) years occupied. The applied research method was descriptive research method through the recording and infrastructure service performance analysis by linking between the comfort factor with the standard planning of Mariso low-cost apartment (Rusunawa). The results of the research are the recommendations on the suitability of the service standards/performance infrastructure of the building with the existing conditions of the building with attention to the variable availability of infrastructure that become the focus of research.

The article aims to analyze the most affecting thermal environmental factors on students' thermal comfort in elementary schools. The questionnaire has been collected from 1,111 students. The one-minute interval of data measurements was carried out in the 33 classrooms at six primary schools in Makassar. Environmental data involved measurements of air temperature, globe temperature, air velocity, and relative humidity. Students wrote down their personal data and their response to the thermal environments of classrooms in the questionnaire sheets. The results show that the most affecting factor of thermal comfort of students is operative temperature (T_o). Based on the students' thermal sensation votes, the operative temperature ranges from 29.1 to 30.0 °C is recommended to provide a comfortable condition for students to learn more successfully in the naturally ventilated primary schools' classrooms. This result is slightly lower than the neutral temperature obtained from the regression between actual votes and the operative temperature, which was 30.2 °C. The results agree with the neutral temperature calculated using the revised Humphreys adaptive model which give the result of 29.4 °C. The second variable that has a significant effect on the students' thermal comfort is air velocity. The students felt comfortable at air velocity at about 0.25 m/s and also at air velocity more in the ranges of 1.00 to around 1.50 m/s.

Makassar population growth is also quite large, accompanied by the development of urban activities. The development was followed by city facilities and road. The connection between central and periphery area is a demand for community activities in an efficient, safe and comfortable manner. However, in general, the area has low-level accessibility, although the distance is relatively close. The study aims to examine the relationship between regional development level and accessibility level in Makassar coastal area. The accessibility index is analysed using the alpha index (α), while regional development level using LQ-analysis which focuses on residential, education, health, worship, and commercial. Furthermore the relationship between accessibility index and regional development using correlation analysis. The study results showed that the highest accessibility index was located in the city centre and the lowest in the urban periphery. It was also found that urban facilities tend to be higher in city centre than periphery direction. Low accessibility as a result of inequality in road infrastructure has implications for low performance of urban development. It shows that there is a connection between regional development and accessibility level. Therefore, it is recommended to policymakers to build access with high connectivity between the city centre and periphery area while paying attention to the availability of public open space.

Concrete compressive strength is one of the parameters used to control the quality of a concrete. Concrete compressive strength testing method which is considered the highest level of reliability is a destructive test using a compressive testing machine. Testing requires quite high costs and a longer processing time. But sometimes testing must be done in the scene. Based on the case, a testing tool is needed to measure or determine the compressive strength of concrete without spoil, which is known as the non-destructive test. The tool commonly used for this test is the hammer test. The type of research is experimental. The purpose of this research is to get the compressive strength value of a concrete plate variation of 30% candlenut shells from the test results using a hammer test so as the results can be close to the results of testing using a compressive testing machine (destructive test). The research variable is the testing method (3 point of testing with angle 0°), the age of concrete plate curing, the method of curing (wet curing and dry curing). The number of samples of reinforced concrete slabs is 8 pieces measuring 50cm x 25 cm x 12cm. The research results are Compressive strength of concrete slabs of 30% candlenut shell variations using a Hammer test showed that the concrete strength reached 23-27 Mpa both in wet curing and dry curing or equivalent to the quality of K250 concrete at 28 days. The results also indicate higher values compared to normal concrete slabs.

The availability of urban public space supports the survival of the community. The importance of public space sometimes ruled out by the government. The problem that often occurs in urban areas is the transfer of the function of free land to built land. Child Friendly Integrated Public Space (CFIPS) is an open space as a play ground, for the growth and development of children. However, the number and quality of its benefits are still not proportional. In this study taking up waterfront public space in the city of Makassar, case study in the Losari Beach to satisfy the Child Friendly Integrated Public Space aspects, must adjust to the criteria set out in the CFIPS policy. This research was conducted to identify the availability of CFIPS in Makassar City, determine the condition of existing CFIPS and measure the level of visitor satisfaction through direct observation, questionnaires and visitor interviews. The result of this research is the Losari Beach as a friendly public space for children with activities with variable accessibility, safety, comfort, cleanliness and completeness of various facilities of the community views both for the child-friendly aspects.

In the last ten years, there have been two developing universities in Gowa Regency (Faculty of Engineering, University of Hasanuddin and UIN Alauddin). Both universities are the centres of growth in housing and settlements, especially student rental houses. The development of housing has not yet been served with adequate housing/city infrastructure and facilities. The purpose of this study are: 1) to analyze the student travel behaviour in meeting their shopping needs (daily or monthly), 2) to explain the visit location of shopping facilities of those groups of student, 3) to arrange the resource development directions for environmental and sub-district development. The data were collected from field surveys, and online questionnaire using non probability sampling. The analytical method used were spatial and descriptive analysis. The results of analysis showed that the dominant student travel behaviour using a motorcycle, both for daily and periodic shopping needs. Travel behaviour always done together (two people). Behaviour movements, using motorcycles, both to the service centre in the environmental scale or district and city scale. The location of the visit is an environment scale service centre with a distance of ± 200 meters and a district or city scale service centre with a distance of > 5 km. Direction of development to support the dominant path of students using motorbikes within short reach is, provided a bicycle lane and pedestrian shade. In addition, the procurement of mass transportation to support long-distance travel to district and city-scale shopping centres. Development of sub-district service centres can be directed using the concept of mixed use and smart transportation (TOD), where the distance of the two groups of student housing is within a radius of ± 5.2 km.

Waste is an endless environmental problem. The amount of waste production has increased due to the increasing population. Besides being produced in a city, waste generation is also produced by universities or campuses. One of them is the Gowa campus, the campus of Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University. Current waste management is carried out by holding, collecting and burning in open areas without further management. It can cause environmental pollution and health problems. The objectives of this study were to determine the amount of campus waste generation, to analyze the needs of incinerators in campus, to determine incinerator tools, and to determine the advantages, disadvantages, efficiency and effectiveness of the incinerators in Gowa Campus. The results showed that the amount of waste generated at the Gowa campus was 0.25 liters/person/day and 0.12 kg/person/day. This incinerator requirements analysis uses the geometry method and the efficiency and effectiveness method. From the calculation, it is known that the use of incinerators for the next ten years is one unit. The disadvantage of using an incinerator is that the cost is very high. However, the advantage is that it can reduce waste generation and overcome environmental and health problems. The comparison between Double Chamber and Maxpell incinerator gave the results that the most effective and efficient is the Maxpell incinerator with an effectiveness of 97.5% and efficiency of 17.17%.

One of typical problem in a developing country is the lack of controlling odors, vectors, fires, and litter in the waste landfill. It is known that this problem can be reduced by landfill. However to maintain cover material always available, it is uneasy, especially due to limited budget. This study intends to propose compost-soil mixture as an alternative material using residual soil cover from completed waste landfill. In order to investigate and assess the geotechnical properties of soil-compost mixture as an alternative material, several tests were conducted such as compaction, unconfined compression, and permeability tests. Compaction tests showed 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% of compost in soil mixtures results the values of dry density in the range between 1.297 g/cm³ and 1.330 g/cm³, which meet the minimum requirement according to Indiana environmental department USA. Shear strength of compost-soil mixture that derived from results of unconfined compression tests, reduced slightly for additional compost without curing time. However, the values increased sharply for 3 and 7 days of curing time. All the shear strength values of 0.88 kg/cm³ to 34.76 kg/cm³ passed the minimum requirement for cover material according to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Environment Agency. In case of ability of the soil mixture to transmit water, permeability coefficient were 1.5 × 10⁻³ cm/sec, 7 × 10⁻⁴ cm/sec and 3 × 10⁻⁴ cm/sec for 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% of compost respectively. Referring to modern sanitary landfill and design, it was shown that, the soil mixtures meet minimum requirement for permeability coefficient. To sum up, compost-soil mixtures with composition tested can be considered as material alternative for soil cover in landfill.

This paper presents strength and behaviour of concrete by the addition of percentages recycled waste plastic (polyethylene terephthalate-PET). Almost 60 concrete samples with a cylindrical shape of 100 x 200 mm and a prism of 100 x 100 x 400 mm were prepare. Concrete strength (compressive, indirect tensile and flexural strength) were investigated throughout 7, 14, and 28 days using 10%, 15% and 20% of PET plastic aggregate as a substitute for coarse aggregate. It is found that when the percentages of PET plastic increase in concrete, the slump value and weight of concrete decrease significantly. The compressive strength, indirect tensile strength and modules of rupture are also found to be decreased with increasing the percentages of PET plastic. The addition PET plastic more than 10%, the strength dropped drastically more than 40%. The usage of waste plastic in concrete leads to a change in the modes of failure from brittle (rapid) failure to more ductile failure.

Critical air quality levels lead to an unhealthy environment which disrupts physical activities and human health. Wet deposition of air pollutants might cause a high concentration of water pollution due to rain water washout of nitrate and particulate matter (PM). This study aimed to investigate the impacts of air pollutants deposition on river water quality in Malaysia. The methodology involved in the analysis of secondary data (January to December 2013) for air quality and river water quality using factor, correlation, and regression. Parameters of air quality were PM₁₀, Nitrate (NO₃), ozone (O₃) and temperature while water quality data were turbidity, Nitrate and PM₁₀ (Ca, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na). The results show that there were positive correlations between air quality indicators and Kinta river water quality parameters. Correlation matrix shows that in terms of turbidity, air and water data were having 96% similarities. Regarding Nitrate concentrations, air and water records had only 30% of correlation matrix, which can be due to other sources of Nitrate which was agriculture activities near Kinta River. The factor analysis results showed that PM was the main contributor to river water quality particles with 94%.

Bacteria and fungi grow indoors when sufficient moisture is available. This study aims to determine the total viable bacterial count and fungi levels and to compare these levels among various science teaching laboratories and staff offices in Gaza city universities. A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted, sixty-five (65) air samples were collected from three local universities using Air Sampler. Auto Ranging Multimeter was used to record humidity and temperature. Air samples with counts of bacteria or fungi more than 500 Colony forming units "CFU"/m³ were considered polluted according to the world health organization (WHO) standards. Among the 65 samples from the three universities, 48 sample (73.8%) had more than 500 colonies/100L. In term of fungal concentration, nine samples (13.8%) exceeded the WHO standards of 500 CFU/m³. The highest percentage of bacterial load in air samples at the three universities (more than 500 CFU/m³) was at IUG with 80.8% due to its old existence, more labs and lab activities. The lowest was at AQU with 61.5% due to less lab and lab activities. The highest percentage of fungal load in air samples at the three universities also were at IUG with 19.2 % and the lowest was at AQU with 7.7%.

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of prolonged exposure of non-smoking traffic police men to vehicular emission within the northern Gaza Governorate-Palestine. Samples of atmospheric pollutants such as PM₁₀, CO and CO₂ were collected alongside respiratory data involving lung function, chest and respiratory status and direct physical examination. This was done in order to understand the level of association between respiratory status such as effect on breathing, upper respiratory tract irritation, frequent cough and eye irritation. Chi-square statistical techniques and descriptive statistics were applied in the datasets. The result shows that there is a strong association between air pollution and respiratory disease with a p-value 0.027 at significance of alfa 0.05. The statistical result shows that about 20 non-smoking traffic policemen have upper respiratory tract infection, 15 with frequent cough symptom, 6 with shortness of breathing and 25 with eye irritation. This study is an indication that vehicular emission within the study area is a primary source of pollution that possesses a risk in exposing non-smoking policemen to series of respiratory diseases. Government agencies and other stakeholders should provide preventive measures in either reducing the number, concentration and sizes of pollutants emitted or provide protective measures to reduce the level of exposure of traffic policemen and other habitants.

The Hasanuddin University Faculty of Engineering in Gowa is the largest engineering campus in South Sulawesi. The lecture activities are very complex which are not only teaching and learning but also households and offices activities. Therefore, it is important to know the mapping of existing carbon footprint on the campus due to the complexity of the campus activities. The purpose of this study is to determine the level and mapping of the carbon footprint on campus. The method used is to halve emissions into primary and secondary carbon footprint emissions. The results of this study indicate that the greatest emissions is generated from the secondary carbon emissions which is electricity consumption amounting to 1,315,429.63 KgCO₂/Year, and the lowest emissions is resulted from the use of paper at 49.39 kgCO₂/Year. For the buildings the highest CO₂ emissions is generated from the Architecture Department building at 289,176.26 KgCO₂/year and the lowest CO₂ emissions is generated from the Naval B Department building at 20,599.20 KgCO₂/year. The mitigation scenario in reducing CO₂ emissions effectively is by implementing Earth Hour for 1 hour every month which can reduce electricity consumption by 582,541.78kWh/Year and CO₂ emissions at 164,428.70 KgCO₂/year. The effective scenario to decrease waste is by implementing 3R with 2% waste reduction which is 167,332.79 Kg/Year and emissions CO₂ are 4,772.41 KgCO₂/Year.

The vehicle growth is one of the problems affecting traffic congestion. The circulation of entry vehicles and circulating vehicles in confluence made the conflict point. Avoidance the conflict is the need to increase road performance. The roundabout of the road is one of the utilities to increase the performances of traffic and reduce congestion. The prevention step is to maximize the utilities to control and manage the traffic. The roundabout dispersed and controlled the traffic flow. According to Makassar roundabout observation, the queuing and delay of vehicles recently occurs. This study aims to an analysis of the roundabout using the microsimulation Vissim program. The model uses the geometric condition of the road and volume of the vehicle that produce the models based on real condition and validation. This model performed the visual condition and calculated the capacity and shows the emission of the operational vehicle, and the general performances are summarized for operation performances at roundabout confluence sections. The result indicated that the roundabout is still useful to reduce the potential of queuing and delay the time of vehicles, and it needs supervision periodically for preventing the traffic from the potential congestion, especially in developing countries. The research result is useful as a reference for improving the capacity of roundabouts.

Coal mining activities in Indonesia are quite high and generally use the open-pit method. The problem that arises due to open mining is the presence of acid mine drainage (AMD) containing heavy metals such as Fe and Mn. The existence of heavy metals can cause water pollution and cause the death of aquatic organisms. Active processing methods that are widely used to process AMD have shortcomings, including high costs and can produce large amounts of sludge. One of the passive processing methods, namely phytoremediation method using constructed wetland system, is an alternative processing method which has advantages such as easy design, low cost of financing, and does not require expert operations, but has a fairly good ability to reduce pollutants, including heavy metals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a constructed wetland system in reducing Iron metal (Fe) and manganese metal (Mn) in AMD. This study was designed in a laboratory-scale research experiment by flowing AMD into a reactor that has regulated discharge and growing media. In addition to these two variables, the success of the constructed wetland system in this study was also influenced by the presence of Typha angustifolia which functions as a phytoremediation agent in reducing the concentration of Fe and Mn metals. The analysis showed that the best treatment in this study was Q1M2 which had the highest removal efficiency of Fe and Mn respectively 94.35% and 85.21%.

Breakwater overtopping catcher model is a breakwater or shore protection model, which can accommodate or catch wave overtopping. This breakwater model is different from most other conventional breakwater models, at the back of this breakwater model, an opening is made to form a reservoir. This reservoir serves to collect overtopping wave, which is then collected and released back to the sea through an energy conversion process. How many waves overflow at the peak of the breakwater model is strongly influenced by several factors, one of which is the wave characteristics. This research was carried out experimentally to determine the characteristics of the waves, especially the influence of wave steepness to the wave reflection coefficient. The experiment was carried out in a wave flume with regular wave generation. Variations of research carried out on variations in the model that is slope and freeboard and wave variations that is period and wave height. The results of the study show that the wave reflection coefficient decrease with the increase of wave steepness, it is also seen that steep slopes produce the largest wave reflection coefficient.

The origin-destination (O-D) matrix is fundamental data for transportation planning. It is a primary process for modelling approaches the public transport. Generally, the observation survey of O-D volumes takes much cost, time, and effort. Therefore, establishing an inexpensive and simple observation method is expected to be able to carry out the continuous observation of passengers O-D volumes. Defined that many problems in transport planning and management tasks require an origin-destination (O-D) matrix to represent the travels pattern. The need for low-cost methods to estimate current and future O-D matrix is even more valuable in developing countries because of the rapid changes in population, economic activity, and land use. In this study, the O-D matrix use for modelling trip distribution of passenger in the current and future situation and plotting the model with Visum as a macro simulation program. This study focuses on the O-D volumes on a line of local public transport service. The on-board observation is carrying out, and the frequency of service is observed. Then, the passengers O-D matrix is estimated. These results must be useful to improve the operation of the service of public transport.

The influence of service quality has limited attention to the airport study. The services are according to the demand that directly influences the development of the airport. This study investigates the development of the airport. The increasing of passengers used aircraft for the mode choice of transportation made the polemic. The quality of service with the growing demand of passengers could satisfaction the passenger to use the airport facilities and made a flight. The rising trend of passengers has to cover the quality of service performance with the expansion of the airport. The demand analysis is conducted to predict and optimize the services of the airport facilities According to the population and daily flight information. Demand shows the forecast of passengers use the semi-average method, least square method, and the quadratic trend method. The result confirms that the trend of passengers is attracted to choose a cheap flight as a priority than the safety factor. The population affected by the demand for a flight. Otherwise, the growth of domestic products is related to increasing flight demand. Finally, the result shows the factors that affected the demand of passengers to travel with aircraft influenced the expansion in developing the airport facilities.

Chemical soil stabilization is known as the most economical method compared to others. The development of stabilization materials has led to studies of the utilization of natural materials and waste materials to replace cement and lime which has become the most popular binder agent ever known. This research utilizes natural minerals such as overboulder, zeolite and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as its binder agents. The amount of natural material varies at intervals 3% - 15% by the weight of soil. Additional of natural materials is done to increase bearing capacity as a subbase layer, which is based on FHWA standards CBR minimum is 20%. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were carried out to see the effect of each material for increase bearing capacity of soft soil. Curing periode is varies at 7 days, 14 days and 28 days. The results shows, by adding natural minerals such as overboulder, zeolite, and POFA increasing the CBR value up to 5 times, 6 times and 5 times compared to untreated soil and close to the CBR value of cement stabilized soil. Referring to FHWA standards, we can conclude that natural materials can be used for stabilization materials on subbase layer.

Waste material is considered as residual material which is not used during construction projects. These materials are unable to be reused, returned, recycled, or salvaged which have significant impact to environment. The residual material that occurs is caused by inaccurate planning and inefficient use of material in the project. This research is intended to identify quantity of residual material in the construction of low-rise buildings. Data was collected from 25 housing and shophouse projects. It then analysed using quantitative analysis to determine the type and quantity of the construction waste material. The result shows that the highest waste material for housing is sand while for shophouse projects is bricks.

As a Maritim country, most of Indonesia's population lives near the coast or estuary. The main problem felt by the community is sanitation, clean water. The utilization of groundwater is very limited in number because of the influence of seawater intrusion. On the other hand, excess freshwater from upstream is very abundant, especially around the estuary. However, the morphological condition of the river downstream or bay has a significant depth and dimension, so it requires expensive exploitation costs in using the water. One of the solutions that have been done currently to use the water as raw water for clean water is by building free intake around the estuary. Along with river utilization, problems have been found regarding intake capacity and sediment entering the intake beyond the expectation. As a result, it gives an excessive burden on the water treatment plant. This research is an experimental study conducted in the laboratory that aims to determine the distribution of sediment in free intake building. The aims of the research end up to get the most effective intake placement elevation in terms of the capacity and the amount of sediment entering the intake. As a result of this study, it can cope with the high sedimentation rates in the free intake building. The results showed that the minimum discharge to 0.5 lt/second in the intake high (h1) was 0.04 gr, while in the intake high (h3) was 0.01 gr. For the maximum discharge to 0.7 l/sec in the intake (h1) was 1.7 gr while in the intake high (h3) was 0.02 gr. The amount of sediment that comes out through the intake will be directly proportional to the fluid flow in the channel with the same slope and elevation. However, the amount of sediment that comes out through the intake will inversely proportional to the intake elevation, discharge, and the same slope.

Porous asphalt is a surface layer or a wear layer is one of the asphalt material developed to overcome the problem of inundation during the rainy season making it suitable for use in Indonesia which has high rainfall intensity. Furthermore, it is necessary to optimize the use of a number of natural resources in Indonesia such as natural rock asphalt in Buton Island (BRA) and limestone which is available in many places. In addition, reducing of plastic waste is attracts the attention of a number of countries including Indonesia. This paper is part of a series of investigate study related to the behaviour of porous asphalt mixture made with modified Buton asphalt (MBA), waste plastic and lime stone powder. The compaction results showed good adhesion can unite the waste Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), limestone powder and coarse aggregate particles. There is no visible negative effect of waste PET and limestone powder in porous asphalt mixture against compressive strength.

This study discussed about of prototype of electrical generator device from piezoelectric with serial configuration - based on mechanical pressure. A prototype of a piezoelectric-based power plant that is able to convert mechanical energy (footing) or object load on piezoelectric into electrical energy was the aim of this research. The piezolectric generation system can be applied to serve limited loads and can be a support system for a distributed generation system. The method of research was device design and experimental testing. The experimental testing was carried out by varying pressures on piezoelectric to produce the desired output voltage. In testing, the pressure was generated by two different objects, a human footing and a object load with varying weight. The average voltage produced on human footing was 9.736 V for 60 kg body weight. The average voltage produced on object loads was 1.33 V for 5 kg object weight. This research has succeeded in making a prototype of a power plant using piezoelectric.

Every year the number of deaths caused by heart disease continues to increase. This is mostly caused by misdiagnosis or misinterpretation of the heart disease symptoms. Therefore, people need to be aware of this disease by maintaining a healthy lifestyle and conducting regular checks on the potential for heart disease. This early examination can be done using the iridology method, namely by analyzing the iris of the eye. This paper presents the implementation of computer vision and machine learning of iridology to detect the potential for heart disease. This system uses Canny edge detection and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to extract features in the iris region of the eye, and Backpropagation Algorithm of Artificial Neural Networks to create the predictive model. There are 110 data used in this system, consisting of 55 eye images from subjects suffering from heart disease and 55 images of normal subjects. The data is divided into 88 data for training and 22 data for testing. The proposed system produced accuracy up to 95.45% for the test data using the sigma 0.3 for canny edge detection, 50 principal components, 50 hidden neurons, and 0.01 for the error limits.

This research aims to determine the feasibility of a location to build Wind Power Plant (WPP). One of the challenges in wind energy development is to find area or location with high suitability for optimizing wind farm to allow the installation of as many wind turbines as possible within a limited area. To construct as many wind turbines as possible, the Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) method is adopted using 7 parameters i.e wind potential, elevation, slope, type of land use, soil condition, access to roads, and populated areas and 2178 rules of fuzzy logic. The research was conducted in Kelara District, Jeneponto Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The most optimal result is obtained in the village of Tolo with a percentage of feasibility of 91% and error 0.48287. The output of this system can determine the feasibility of a location of wind turbine installation and can be used as a reference for determining wind farms in Indonesia and other countries.

Parking our vehicles sometimes become troublesome and situation gets worse when the user is required to park their cars at the unknown parking availability. Not to mention, this situation also occurs within the new Campus of Engineering Faculty of Universitas Hasanuddin. This campus has a motto to be the centre of technology, so it is something unfortunate that the parking management does not incorporate technology to support the parking system. This paper emphases on designing smart parking model which is suitable to be adopted within this new campus. Technology based Internet of Things is used to modernised the parking system with advanced features of monitoring and booking mechanisms. These features are accessible through smart phones which increases the usability of the proposed smart parking system. The experiments show that the parking management system can function accurate and effectively in enhancing the quality of parking system, with the two-mentioned features of the proposed smart parking system, which are monitoring and booking capabilities.

Hadoop is a Java-based and open source software framework that serves to process big size data in a distributed manner. Hadoop uses a framework for applications and programming called MapReduce. Along with the development of Hadoop, big data research using Hadoop is running using a single board computer (SBC). SBC is a mini computer which has a specification similar to a conventional computer but has lower specifications and power usage. However, the use of storage used on a single board computer has constraints, namely low bandwidth and limited local storage, therefore NAS is used because it has large storage and bandwidth speeds is upto1 Gbps. It uses as storage that is carefully used on Hadoop. Based on testing by running Hadoop in a single node and multi nodes using Micro SD storage and NAS does have a significant difference. When running Hadoop on a single node the difference in data access speed generated by Micro SD and NAS has a difference of 2 seconds. On multi nodes (clusters) the ratio is 4 seconds. The difference in NAS bandwidth that is 2 times faster than Micro SD show a significant difference if it is run on Hadoop.

Partial discharge is the flashover of sparks that occur in an insulating part. as a result of the high potential difference in the insulation. Partial discharge can occur in solid insulation materials. It is play an important role in the electrical power system to separate two or more conductor of electric voltage. So, between these conductors do not occur flashover. The material was chose as the insulation material for high voltage equipment is polymer material, it is because in addition to having a high breakdown voltage. Polyethylene is one of the materials included in the polymer group, generally better known as plastic because the material is thermoplastic. There are several methodologies before conduct this research, that includes literature studies. Literature Studies is a research method by finding material from various libraries on topics that will be discussed in this research. Do Partial Discharge testing. And then, record the data obtained. From the experiments that have been done, the results show that a good Partial Discharge value is below 10 pC, if the cable has more than doubled from the normal value, the cable have been damaged or have been consumed by the age of the cable.

To finish study, students are requested to submit final projects. In some universities, the final projects are not necessary to be submitted for publication. The final project reports are stored in a local database. As the number of final projects is growing in the local database, similar contents may exist among the documents. The commercial tools cannot be used to detect the content similarity since the documents are not published. This paper proposed a system to detect content similarity in documents that are stored in a local database. Considering the number of stored documents, this similar content detection system implements two step processes. First, clustering documents to find most related documents. Second, finding content similarity among the selected documents. The experiment results show that the system is successfully clustering documents and detecting content similarity by implementing TF-IDF and Cosine Similarity algorithms. This system is limited to proceed documents that are written in Bahasa.

Computer Programming is one of the basic compulsory subjects for the electrical engineering field. This subject needs continuous practice so that it can be mastered well. This study aims to develop an interactive learning media based on Android so that students can practice anywhere. The interactive learning media for computer programming course takes in explanation of operator c++, input-output statement, program structure, data type, condition, repetition, string, and array, complemented with evaluation facility using the cosine similarity method so that the automated essay scoring feature is available. Interactive features provided in this learning media are the auto complete syntax and function in the code editor. For the evaluation used the black box testing method to test the functionally of the android application and the distribution of questionnaire to determine the response of students. The responses of student have proven that the level of practically of this interactive learning media is 87.5%.

Electricity in South Sulawesi system is so extensive that it is necessary to construct a 500 kV Extra High Voltage (EHV) to avoid instability and waste of electricity during the distribution of electricity. need. Therefore, this paper describes the implementation of research on optimizing the electrical energy network system from renewable energy power plants in the form of the application of extra high voltage transmission. This research was carried out as an effort to implement a 500 kV extra high voltage transmission in South Sulawesi. The length of the 500 kV EHV to be installed includes an extra-long transmission, which is 365 kms which will produce more voltage on the network during light loads. So, it is necessary to make efforts to improve the electrical system to meet applicable standards, including the addition of the shunt reactor. The purpose of this study is to obtain conclusions about the effect of the shunt reactor on the South Sulawesi transmission system after the 500 kV EHV is applied. The research that has been carried out aims to obtain the optimal location and capacity of a shunt reactor. The results of this study will be very useful for electricity stakeholders, especially transmission companies in South Sulawesi.

Based on the projected increase in urban population in Indonesia released by the Ministry of PUPR and Bappenas in 2017 that there was a significant increase in urbanization, which is estimated that in 2015-2035 the population in urban areas will exceed the population in rural areas (66.6% of the population urban and 33.4% rural population). Increasing the number of the urban population needs to get proper handling from the government. If not, it will trigger the emergence of various urban problems ranging from the physical city to the problems that will have an impact on the reduced level of comfort in life in the region. Based on this, it is necessary for the participation of city dwellers in playing the role of planners, actors, and supervisors of city development. This research work develops a framework which uses fuzzy Inference System to calculate urban comfort level, starting from a questionnaire-based survey. There are seven input variables used to produce an output of urban comfort level. Based on the stages of using the Mamdani Model Fuzzy Inference Logic System starting from the formation of the fuzzy set, the application of the impulse function, the composition of the rules to the process of affirmation (defuzzification), it can be proven that there is a correlation between the input variables so that it can determine the output of urban comfort level results. The outcomes help the city government in making public policy on city development.

Voltage stability problems and renewable energy penetration in power systems are the main issues in the electric power system at this time. This paper aims to examine the condition of voltage stability at the time before and after the entry of wind power plants in the sulseltrabar interconnection system. There are two wind power-generating units that will be studied, namely the PLTB Sidrap with a capacity of 75 MW and the PLTB Jeneponto with a capacity of 72 MW. The simulation using Matlab program. From the simulation results, it can be seen that Sulseltrabar's voltage stability interconnection system at the time of the entry of PLTB Sidrap and PLTB Jeneponto, has improved stability, this can be seen from the eigenvalue and bus participation factor values. From the minimum eigenvalues it can be seen that the penetration of PLTB Jeneponto is slightly better than PLTB Sidrap in improving voltage stability. The condition that has the greatest influence on improving stability is when the two wind power plant enter to the Sulseltrabar interconnection power system.

The change in voltage at the generator terminal is highly correlated with the change in reactive power at the center load. There are several reactive power sources in the power system including those from field amplifiers that are controlled by equipment called Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR). Changes in reactive power in the system will change the voltage profile including the voltage at the generator terminal. To maintain the voltage level on the generator terminal, the AVR must be adjusted properly. Determination of the value of the amplifier gain on the AVR largely determines the performance of the AVR in stabilizing the voltage. Wind Turbine penetration greatly affects the system voltage. This research is to see the impact of voltage changes due to wind turbine penetration in sulseltrabar interconnection systems. Determination of AVR gain is generated from the Routh-Hurwitz equation. Furthermore, in this study PID control will be applied to increase the AVR output response. Determination of the correct Kp, Ki and Kd constants is obtained with the help of a MATLAB simulation model. The simulation shows that using a PID controller, the overshoot and settling times obtained are better. The maximum exceeded voltage is 1 per unit and the settling time is 10.15 seconds.

There are three main requirements to meet the criteria both in the electric power system, namely reliability, quality, and stability. Stability is the ability of the system to return to work normally after experiencing interference. System stability analysis is a guide for operators to detect or prevent voltage drops and power outages. This research discusses the stability of the 150 KV electrical system in South Sulawesi before and after interconnection with the Sidrap and Jeneponto Wind Power Plant. The method used is the Line Stability Index (Lmn Index) to view the voltage profile. Index Lmn coding is run and simulated using Matlab. Validation is done by IEEE 14 bus simulation data, and comparing the results of the analysis before and after penetration with PLTB. The study was conducted on the Sulselbar 150 KV system before penetration with PLTB, namely 44 buses, 14 generators, and 52 lines / networks. The highest Lmn index result is the network from bus 38 to bus 39 that is equal to 0.0292. Second is bus 15 to bus 16 which is 0.0291, and third is bus 40 to 42 that is 0.0273. After penetration with PLTB Sidrap and Jeneponto, the number of generators will be 16 generators. The highest Lmn index results are from bus 38 to 39 that is 0.0292, then bus 15 to bus 16 that is 0.0290 ranks second, and bus 40 to 42 equals 0.0272 or keeps the third order. After the sidrap load bus is converted to a bus generator, the Lmn index before in reactive power supplied to the load by a generator is a certain thing, this condition must be maintained so that the plant continues to work in stable conditions.

Ad hoc network is a network where each node can act as a terminal and also as a router. Ad hoc technology does not require infrastructure that controls communication systems centrally. Therefore, each node on the ad hoc network can manage itself. This study aims to design nodes that can be used for communication on wireless ad hoc networks then compare the networks performance on OLSR and BATMAN routing protocols. There are four performance parameters used, namely Throughput, Round Trip Delay (RTD), Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), and Convergence Time. The topology used includes P2P communication and multi-hop communication. Network performance testing is done both for P2P and multi-hop communication on MESH networks. Convergence Time Testing is done only for multi-hop communication to find out the time needed by the protocol to repair the path when a path fail occurs. The test results show that OLSR gives a better average value of throughput compared to BATMAN. Whereas RTD shows that the BATMAN routing protocol is better compared to OLSR. Both protocols, OLSR and BATMAN, successfully received all data packets sent by the source node on P2P communications. Failure to send data packets occurs in multi-hop communication as indicated by a PDR value of 98% for the OLSR protocol and 95% for the BATMAN protocol.

With the increased number of information systems used in an organization, there is also an increased importance of data exchange between these systems. This research deals with prototype development and performance analysis of Rest API for academic information system. Rest API was developed using two different server technologies, NodeJS and PHP. The prototype was developed on top of a database server using one sample table that represents employee in a higher education institution. For each of the Rest API developed, there were 2 types of endpoint created. Experiment was set with one database containing a single table and utilized Apache Jmeter to simulate up to 1000 concurrent requests. The results of the experiment show NodeJS implementation of REST API consistently has better performance compared to PHP based REST API implementation. NodeJS implementation reached 100% throughput for up to 1000 concurrent requests, while PHP reached 48.70% throughput when serving the same number of concurrent requests.

This study presents stability analysis using a new approach to model the disturbances that occur in multi-machine systems connected with wind turbines. Consideration of stability and operability of conventional electric power systems planning and developing facing problems with the integration of installations in wind power plants (WPP) is needed because the current system is connected with renewable energy. This study highlighting the effects of WPP connected to a multi-engine 9 bus system from the effect of changes in disturbances occurring on several buses when operating. Disruption in multi-machine systems connected with wind turbines can affect system stability. The noise changes from bus to bus in the voltage drop effect on the system bus. The effect of wind turbine when a fault has a small moment of inertia can make the system unstable on the bus. The results of simulations carried out using ETAP to observe system stability have been carried out. The simulation results show that a system disruption that occurs in a multi engine system connected to the wind turbine does not result in a decrease in the bus near the fault then the stability decreases.

The Barru area is known as the rock basement location in Sulawesi Island. The disclosure of ultramafic rock, metamorphic rock, and various sedimentary rock formations in the field and outcrops of unmapping intrusive rocks on a regional scale are certainly very interesting to be used as a media experiment in statistical methods in exploration of mineral resources. This is quite reasonable because among these rock formations are revealed intrusion of dacite and diorite rocks which are alterated and deposited as sulfides. The research gradually combines the pearson hybrid correlation geochemical stream sediment data and intrusive rocks on the relationship between SiO₂, TiO₂, Al₂O₃, Fe₂O₃, MnO, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, and Cr₂O₃ variables which are illustrated by multidimensional spatial correspondence analysis and anomalous sources based on Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Mo, Co, Sb, Cd, and Pb variables. The results showed that the application of the hybrid statistical analysis method was effective enough to identify elemental variables in identifying sulfide deposits and the characteristics of anomalies were quite different from diorite and dacite due to magmatic hydrothermal and tectonic activity.

PT Ceria Nugraha Indotama is planning to open a new mining site in Lapaopao Block area. In order to determine the most profitable pit design on this new area, pit limit optimization is required. Pit limit is optimized by considering economic parameters, geotechnical parameters, and production target. The optimal pit limit generates the highest Net Present Value (NPV) which is affected by economic parameters. The objective of this research is to analyse the NPV sensitivity of pit due to the changes of economic parameters namely mining cost, processing cost, and selling cost by using sensitivity analysis. Data used in this research were drill hole, ore and waste density, slope geometry, production target. The planned production target, ore price, recovery factor, dilution factor, mining cost, processing cost, and selling cost. The analysis results showed when mining costs increased by 20%, NPV decreased from $2,407,032 to $1,683,430 and when mining costs decreased by 20%, NPV increased from $2,407,032 to $3,130,635. When processing cost increased by 20%, NPV decreased from $2,407,032 to $2,133,523 and when processing cost decreased by 20%, NPV increased from $2,407,032 to $2,680,542. When selling cost increased by 20%, NPV decreased from $2,407,032 to $1,995,755 and when selling cost decreased by 20%, NPV increased from $2,407,032 to $2,818,310. It indicated that the economic parameters significantly affect the NPV and most sensitive to the mining cost parameter changes.

Jakarta as the country's capital, has experienced a series of floods that crippled cities in 2002, 2007 and 2013 and extreme rainfall has always been the main cause of major flood with casualties and property. Given the increasing impact of flooding in Jakarta, methods for assessing current and future flood risks is needed. A model is needed that can predict and determine which areas have the potential to be affected by future floods. Several models have been carried out for prediction and assessment of flood risk in Jakarta and several other major cities, namely GIS based on SVM models, hierarchical process analysis models (AHP), machine learning with ensemble models, and multivariate discriminant, classification, and regression trees. However, from several methods there are still some weaknesses, one of which is the time to get a predictive model that is quite long, which is 3-4 hours depending on the amount of data. To overcome this problem, genetic algorithm rule-set production (GARP) and quick unbiased efficient statistical tree (QUEST) models can create a prediction model with a shorter time with the same results. Several factors that influence flooding are used as input model data: precipitation, slope, distance to river, distance to channel, depth to groundwater, land use, elevation, and flood data for 2002 - 2019. The Area under receiver-operator characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as evaluations for model performance. The results showed that the GARP model (AUC-ROC = 94%, RMSE = 0.2) had higher performance accuracy than the QUEST model (AUC-ROC = 84%, RMSE = 0.4). The results also indicated that the distance to channel, land use, and elevation as important parameters in determining flood hazards.

Mining activities disturbing large areas of land may increase erosion rate up to several hundred times greater than from undisturbed areas. The erosion process occurs in stripping overburden, excavation of rocks and minerals, dumping in stock file and waste dump, and mine reclamation. Since the eroded material/sediment becomes a big problem to the environment and for mining operations, estimation of soil erosion need to be carried out to create a good mine planning. For the early stage, a study of soil erosion was performed to classify erosion hazard level and to estimate soil erosion size. This study uses the Revised Unified Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) method supported with Geographic Information System application for study area in the Block D1-D3 of Petea Mine Area. The study result showed that the research area can be classify into four erosion hazard level namely; low, medium, heavy, and very heavy with estimated material losses is 116,146.43 tons/year.

Characterization and leaching study of a limonitic laterite ore from Sulawesi has been undertaken in order to find out mineralogical nature and Ni and Co concentration along with dissolution behavior during leaching process in nitric acid. Extraction rates of Ni and Co in different acid concentration and reaction time were also assessed. Mineralogical identification was conducted using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques; whereas Ni and Co content was determined by means of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results of analyses show that minerals found in lateritic nickel ore studied were dominated by goethite with less quartz, talc, and trace spinel. Goethite was found to be high dissolution rate in nitric acid whereas quartz, talc and spinel were not dissolved during the leaching process. The highest extraction rates of Ni and Co with different acid concentrations at 1 hour leaching time were 13.22% and 24.17% respectively; whereas the maximum Ni and Co extraction rates under 2 molar nitric acid with different leaching times were obtained at 90 minutes with recovery of 24.17% and 56.53% respectively.

Research on Losari beach sediment profiles and distribution aims to analyze subsurface conditions and composition of coastal sediment materials based on hydrodynamic processes consisting of currents, waves and tides, analysis of sediment textures and subsurface profiles. The research method used in the form of primary data collection consisting of hydrodynamic and coastal characteristics data, and sediment data collection using SES 2000 and grab sampler. Bathymetry measurements show depths ranging from 0.5 to 13 m. Current direction from west to east and southwest to north at speeds of 0.05 - 0.25 m / sec, wave direction from west to east with speeds between 1.50 - 6.50 m / sec and height of 0.30 - 1.00 m. The distribution of the type of sedimentary material consists of sand, silty sand, silty clay and clay. This research is expected to be useful in adding evidence and information regarding the profile and distribution of coastal sediments, both to the local government and the surrounding community, so that it can become a reference for local government and as a material for consideration in efforts to deal with coastal damage and serve as a basis for decision making and policies to preserve nature and develop tourism.

Bantimala Mélange Complex is about 75 Km to the North of Makassar, the capital city of South Sulawesi Province. The presence of High-pressure Metamorphic Rocks, and Ultrahigh Pressure in the Bantimala Mélange Complex, has been known and studied by a number of geologists. Eclogite and Blue Schist are Ultrahigh, and High-pressure metamorphic rocks in the Bantimala Mélange Complex which have important significance in explaining the Cretaceous tectonics in this area. Furthermore, Bantimala Eclogite is the only Ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rock known to be exposed in Sulawesi. The results of thin section analysis of Eclogite show the presence of Omphacite Minerals, and Coesite as an index mineral for Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks. While in Blue Schist with Glaucophane Minerals are found which are partially replaced by Chlorite which indicates the presence of Poly-metamorphism as a result of retrogradation from Ultrahigh pressure to High pressure and to Medium pressure metamorphic rocks. Radiometric age dating using the Ar⁴⁰/Ar³⁹ method shows an age spectrum of 100 Ma-114 Ma (Early Cretaceous). The 114 Ma, age is interpreted as the age of Eclogite's Ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks formation with respect to the peak of subduction tectonics. Whereas the age of 100 Ma before now is interpreted as the age of exhumation or collision as the end of the Cretaceous tectonic subduction in the South Arm of Sulawesi or in the East or Southeast of Sundaland.

The purpose of this research is to identify the potential of landslide disaster based on weathering grade of rocks from selected areas. There are three aspects of field observation method used in this research, consist of slope geometry, lithology, and weathering grade of rocks aspects. The result shows that the rocks on research area have been slightly to completely weathered, some areas have became residual soil and slope angles of the research area varieties from steep to very steep. With those condition of weathering and slope angle, the research area will be slightly to very susceptible to landslide. The landslide models or types that will occur are debris slide and debris fall.

Generally, the aims of the machining process are to produce a smooth surface according to a specific standard. To get a good surface quality can be implied by improving the machinability of the raw material. In addition, the selection of machining methods and machining parameters is also an important factor. This study aims to obtain a relationship between heat treatment and surface quality of AA6061 alloy after machining. Heat treatment is expected to improve the machinability of the AA6061 alloy to produce a surface with low roughness. The study was conducted using two heat treatment methods, namely AA6061-T6 and AA6061-O and comparing it with AA6061-F. After the heat treatment process, the AA6061 alloy was machined using a lathe with 1500 rpm spindle speed, 0.05 mm/rev of feed rate and 2 mm depth of cut. The condition of the turning process was varied with and without lubrication. The effect of heat treatment on the surface quality after machining is in terms of surface roughness, microstructure, hardness value, and chip shape. From the results, it was found that Al6061-O has the best surface quality with lowest hardness and lowest surface roughness.

Self service check-in is a new service that has been given by the airlines for passenger. This service is able to minimize the use of manpower in the airport and reduce the time consuming for passenger to do the requirement before flying. Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA) is expected to extract the phases and explore the parts that implied to the system. CWA is a method to analyse an industrial complex system which is useful for industrial design. CWA divided into five stages which outlined different function in each stages those are work domain analysis, control task analysis, strategies analysis, social organization and cooperation analysis, and worker competencies analysis. This research used brainstorming as qualitative method and got several results such as there are five categories that implied in the WDA, five categories involved on CTA, seven categories on SOCA, and nine categories implied on WCA.

The limitation of natural resources especially crude oil employed in automotive engine has made an attention to switch over to biodiesel. Biodiesel is known as carbon neutral and produce no carbon dioxide leads to decrease of pollution and potentially improve the engine performance. In this study, an experimental investigation on variable compression ratio diesel engine is observed based on the engine performance using the VCR Engine test setup 1 cylinder, 4 strokes with EGR (computerized). The effect of compression ratio change on the torque, specific fuel consumption (SFC), indicated power, and brake thermal efficiency has been studied using mineral diesel and biodiesel B20. When increasing the compression ratio from 13 to 18, it was found that torque was significantly increased when using biodiesel B20. As the torque increase resulted in higher indicated power. The decreasing of SFC were about 44% and 11% for mineral diesel and biodiesel B20 respectively. Specific fuel consumption was optimum at 0.21 g/kW.h at a compression ratio of 16 using mineral diesel.

This study aims to determine the effect of the use of aluminum-filled foam tubes on crash boxes and the effect of cross-sectional variations in the use of aluminum-filled foam tubes on crash boxes. There are several parameters to determine crashworthiness performances such as energy absorption and deformation. Test specimens used are single walled (SW), single walled foam filled (SWFF), and double walled foam filled (DWFF), where DWFF is varied into 4 different wall thicknesses. All models have validated with experiment data from relevant reference and it evident that there are good agreement between simulation and experiment results. Tubes are impacted by rigid wall as impactor with velocity 0.4 m/s. From the simulation results, it was concluded that the aluminum crushbox construction added with aluminum foam is able to absorb more energy, where the recommended thickness is neither too thin nor too thick. Tube of DWFF 3 has energy absorption of 11.911 Joule, however the highest of deformation value is 178.66 mm for SWFF.

The purpose of this study was to identify work postures and determine the risk of health problems due to the body postures of traditional salt farmers. The sample used in this study was 37 traditional salt farmers from Pundata Baji, Pangkep Regency - Indonesia. The analysis techniques used were the Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) methods. The results show that based on the RULA score, there were two work postures that require investigation and change as soon as possible (urgently) (Level 4). As for the REBA score, there was one posture that is included in the very high-risk category, which needs improvement right now. Subjective complaints data show that the most complaints from traditional salt farmers occur in the back area with a percentage of 72.97%. This is caused by the fact that most work postures are carried out in a bent position for a long time.

This research deals with the improvement of hardness property on the composite material made from aluminum matrix reinforced with carbon nanotubes (Al-CNTs). There were two experiments conducted to enhance hardness property; forging and friction surfacing process. An axial mechanical force forged the Al-CNTs composite up to 40% of height of a cylindrical aluminum. A thermo-mechanical force was also applied in producing Al-CNTs coating by the friction surfacing process using Al-CNTs composite rod. Then, the hardness property obtained from these two processes was investigated. Results of the experiments showed that the hardness of Al-CNTs after the forging process improved 40–50% due to high amount of dislocation during forging which avoids deformation. This was indicating that 1 wt% CNTs does not decrease the hardenability of aluminum alloys. Meanwhile, the hardness Al-CNTs coating was not altered too much by the process of friction surfacing. This is becaused that the homogenous dispersion of the CNTs have occurred during the stir casting process.

PT. XYZ Indonesia is a national company engaged in animal feed production. through the Production Planning Inventory Control (PPIC) department has implemented the Material Requirement Planning (MRP) system for inventory control but in the implementation of the company's MRP system, the PPIC department only considers the quantity of raw materials that can meet demand without regard to the issue of lot size inventory efficiency, so that the cost of raw material inventory is high. The purpose of this research is to compare the cost of procuring raw materials that have been carried out by the company with the cost of procuring raw materials using the silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm. From the results of research and analysis conducted a comparison between the methods used by the company with the lot size silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm in order to obtain the total inventory cost of raw materials in 2016, where yellow corn and rice bran raw materials have the same inventory costs between the methods used by the company, the silver meal method and the Wagner Within algorithm method are Rp. 1,080,000 so they do not have cost savings. As for the inventory of lime stone raw materials, it is more optimal to use the silver meal method and Wagner Within algorithm with a total inventory cost of Rp. 606,394 and can save costs by 35.08%.

The fatigue strength of low carbon steel is a limitation that is often considered in machine construction, especially in rotating component parts. Low carbon steel has special properties that are soft, good welding and good machining, as well as relatively inexpensive prices but have low fatigue strength. For this reason, in this study, a carburizing process was carried out with the media of coconut shell charcoal as a source of carbon and shell powder as a catalyst. The addition of carbon using the carburizing method is relatively easy and does not require a large cost because the materials used are abundant in nature. The carburization process was carried out at 950°C for 4 hours. Furthermore, mechanical properties were tested with hardness, tensile testing and fatigue testing. The carburization process with charcoal media is expected to increase hardness, tensile strength and fatigue strength. Fatigue testing is carried out by the reverse bending method with a load varying 70%, 60%, 50% and 45% of the tensile strength of the material. In addition, microstructure examination and fault surface observation are also carried out to analyze the phenomenon of changes in material structure due to carburization. The hardness value of ST37 steel before carburizing ie 118 HRB increased to 127 HRB after undergoing carburizing treatment. Tensile test results also experienced an increase in which the initial tensile strength value of ST37 steel by 356.66 MPa increased to 541.15 MPa after the carburizing process. Likewise in fatigue testing, the fatigue limit has increased significantly, where the ST37 steel fatigue limit before the carburizing pack is at a stress level of 161 MPa. After experiencing the carburizing pack process the ST37 steel fatigue limits are at a voltage level of 232 MPa.

The study aims to evaluate the quality level of raw material in order to improve its quality. This study is constructed based on the implementation of six sigma methodology. Six Sigma is one powerful tool that used in this study to identify the problem, determine the quality level, and to develop the improvement comprehensively. Five phases of the model has been structured by stages respectively. Six sigma had been implemented in many kinds of industry, particularly in production process phase. However, there is a challenge to implement the methodology in other phase in supply chain in the context of developing country. The implementation was conducted on receiving raw material process part in the industry. The result showed some defects identified dominantly; damage seed, broken seed, insects, and moldy seed. There are 6734.13 possibilities of raw material in experiencing defect per million opportunities (DPMO). Lack of knowledge of the workers about the raw material and lack of supporting equipment are the two main causes of poor quality of receiving raw material process.

This paper presents the application of a sweep algorithm to optimize distribution route of a Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP). The objective of this research is to find a set of optimal routes that minimizes the number of vehicles required and total distance travelled for all vehicles to serve customers. The algorithm consists of two phases, a clustering phase and a route generation phase. Experimental results from its application to a real-world case of PT Eastern Pearl Flour Mills, Indonesia are presented. The obtained vehicle routes which are compared against the existing daily distribution routes showing that significant savings can be gained on the daily cost of transportation related expenses. The number of vehicle routes and vehicle used for delivery are reduced and therefore, the distance travelled and the utilization of the vehicles are also improved. The algorithm applied in this research would be suitable for solving practical vehicle routing optimization problems in other logistics companies.

Production scheduling aims to minimize processing time, waiting time, and inventory levels, as well as efficient use of facilities, labor, and also equipment. In producing these products there is usually ineffectiveness in the scheduling process, such as sorting jobs that are not optimal so that the production requires a long time to produce products in large quantities. Therefore improving performance in order to increase productivity must be carried out continuously considering tremendously strict competition in the industry and manufacturing sector. This study is aimed to minimize the makespan value by scheduling the job sequence optimally. In this study, simulated Annealing Algorithm is used as one of the algorithms for generic optimization that is then compared to the algorithm used by companies. Based on the data processing, the maximal iteration has been reached with 2 iterations. The last iteration is selected which has the smallest makespan value, namely J2-J4-J3-J1 schedule with makespan value of 18,811.2 minutes. The makespan value obtain by simulated annealing algorithm is considered 9.03% more efficient compared to the companies method.

Biomass fuel is an alternative energy source used in the form of briquettes using clay stoves. Utilization of clay as a briquette stove often results are not satisfactory as is the use of other fuel stoves, this is because the amount of air in the furnace burning chamber has not been determined and focused properly, so the purpose of this study is to determine the thermal efficiency of the furnace at variations in the diameter of the aluminum sleeve in the furnace burning chamber. The method used is to test 5 variations in diameter of the furnace burning chamber (cylinder). The results showed the best thermal efficiency was obtained at 52.87% at 180 mm slab diameter, boiling time at 9 minutes, with a heat loss of only 2.02 kW.

This study studied the characteristics of machining hard material milling by using carbide Endmill tool with variation machining and carried out without using cooling water. The method used in this study was experimental by providing machining variables (rotation = 191 rpm, 398 rpm, 764 rpm and 1,082 rpm; feeding speed (Vf) = 0.1; 0.18 and 0.26 mm / min). After machining, a tool wear is measured using a digital microscope with magnification 1,000 times. The results of Endmill tool wear measurements show that maximum wear at Vf = 0.1 mm / min = 0.42 mm; Vf = 0.18 mm / min = 0.428 mm and Vf = 0.26 mm / min = 0.4325 mm / min, the greater the feeding speed, the fewer the number of holes produced. While the effect on roughness is that the speed of feed is more influential on roughness compared to changes in workpiece rotation and the rake angle. The roughness data obtained ranged from 0.495 μm to 2.095 μm, this means that the surface roughness value is still in the standard area (Ni ÷ N9 = 0.025 ÷ 6.3 µm) or it can be said that the selected machining variable can be used as the machining variable perforating hard material

A Fixed Jacket Platform is usually designed using tubular structures in which every steel pipe has a thickness and diameter. Generally, for the structural analysis of this structure, the tubular members are represented using 1D beam elements. But stress distribution, plastic strain and also ovalization around the tubular member cannot be determined by a beam element. In this research, all tubular structures were modeled using 2D shell elements to identify how the stress distribution around a tubular member is. And the non-linear analysis was carried out to identify the initial plastic condition. This study was focusing on the splash zone where this area was assumed to be exposed to the extreme wave in 8 directions according to the API RP2A-WSD code, in addition to the structure weight and deck load. Due to each direction of the wave loads, the stress distribution and initial plastic condition are studied. The modeling and non-linear static analysis in this study were done using Altair Hyperworks software.

Ocean structures like a jacket, jack-up, and other floating structures consist of many structural elements to support and strengthen from internal and external loads. The structural element, like a beam, plate, and the stiffened plate, has a significant influence on the ultimate strength of the global structure. So that all these elements components should be evaluated and analyzed for the local and global of the structural strength. The objective of the present study is to analyze the plate deflection due to different mesh dimension. The plate is modeled by shell elements with different mesh dimensions; those are 8 x 8 and 16 x 16. The clamped edges as boundary conditions are applied to all sides of the plated. The applied load is located at the center of the plate. The Finite Element Method is used to analyze the plate deflection with different mesh dimensions under axial load acts at the center of the plate. The result obtained by FE Method is therefore compared to the analytical solution. It is found that the plate deflection obtained by the FE method is in good agreement with the analytical solution, and the behavior of the plate is also presented in this study.

In most relatively shallow waters, fixed platforms are the optimum economical choice. One of the important aspects of offshore fixed platform design is their installation procedure. Among the several conditions during installation, launching is probably the most critical. This operation has to be modelled and examined carefully in order to insure safe separation of jacket from barge. Sensitivity studies are performed to clarify the influences of the initial condition of launch barge to the jacket launch process. Launch analysis is carried out by using numerical simulation methods that supported by MOSES software. Jacket structure and launch barge are modelled on SACS and MOSES respectively. The jacket structure is laid on top of barge with the position of the top of jacket in the stern launch barge. Simulation results on the base case with a barge initial trim is 3.5° and a draft at midship is 6.1 m show that the jacket launch process can take place safely. Sensitivity analysis shows that the greater the trim angle and the initial draft of the barge the shorter the sliding speed and the reaction of the rocker arm decreases. While changes in the LCG jacket and the additional weight of the jacket have a significant effect on the bottom clearance and jacket free floating conditions after being separated from the launch barge.

Sorong local port is one of the ports in Sorong City that provides services for pioneer ships, machine-sail ships, and fast passenger ship for tourists. Currently, mooring locations for the pioneer ships and machine-sail ships are nearby the mooring location of fast passenger ships. This condition affects the safety and amenities of passengers, mainly when the loading and unloading of cargoes and passengers take place at the same time. Besides, their ave not been proper supporting facilities such as passenger terminal, warehouse, and parking area. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the performance of existing facilities and the required capacity of supporting facilities for service improvement purposes. Some methods are being applied to assess the performance of berth (Berth Occupancy Ratio or BOR), passenger terminal, and warehouse (Shed Occupancy Ratio or SOR). The result shows that the ship calls grow by 13.33 % annually, where the highest number of visiting ships is the fast passenger ship (47.62%). Current BOR of Sorong local port can reach up to 77.88 %, which is higher than the standard BOR 70 %, while SOR of the warehouse is 20.98 %, which indicates that the utility of the warehouse is low. In the meantime, the required area for the passenger terminal is 617 m².

Currently, the ship container generation has allowed for the carriage of containers on deck up to four tiers high. The container loads in tiers high affect on deck structure. Consequently, an insert plate is used and located on the top of the ship deck structure for placing the container corner fitting. Sometimes container fitting is placed between longitudinal deck beams under without supporting construction such as pillar or carling. Therefore, this matter should be analyzed to obtain the strength behavior of the insert plate. This study describes the strength analysis using the finite element method (FEM) through ANSYS software. Based on the simulation results, the maximum Von Mises stress of the insert plate was obtained exceeds 181 N/mm² and 235 N/mm² in the initial condition, whereas the insert plate could support only 15% loads per corner fitting (three tiers high). Then, the thickness addition of the insert plate until 24 mm reduced the stress, however, the reduction was a small magnitude. By adding two carling construction is similar to the size of a transverse deck beam, under the insert plate, the stress was obtained 138.54 N/mm².

Accumulation of sediment on the beaches absorbs and reflects energy which mainly comes from waves. If all wave energy is absorbed, the beaches is in a balanced condition. Conversely, if the beaches is in an unbalanced condition, erosion and sedimentation will occur which in turn will cause damage to the coastal line. To overcome the problem of erosion and sedimentation that occurs usually the first step that must be done is to look for the causes of erosion and sedimentation, so that by knowing the cause, then you can determine how to overcome them. To find out what approaches can be used to overcome erosion and sedimentation problems, a survey and study of erosion and sedimentation that occur on the beaches must first be conducted. This research was conducted by first analyzing the characteristics of coastal sediment grains then analyzing the predicted erosion and sedimentation on the beaches and calculating the magnitude of longshore sediment transport using empirical equations. Result of the research shows that Padongko Beach Mangempang Village Barru Regency has sedimentation with total longshore sediment transport was 201.71 m³/years, and Desa Aeng Batu-Batu Beach Galesong Utara Takalar Regency has sedimentation with longshore sediment transport was 169.79 m³/years

Nowadays, the monohull and catamaran design as the high-speed vessel (HSV) become the convenient ships in sailing for the use of civilians, cars, buses, large trucks, and freight. However, some accidents by this kind ship due to its performances at high speed still occurred and required serious attention. The resistance and stability of a semi-planing hull must be reasonably considered because sometimes these are contradictory in making decisions for proper design. Therefore, this study has investigated the performance characteristics of a semi-planing ship hull at high speed. The semi-planing hull was modeled into three trim by stern conditions. The trim by stern of the semi-planing hull increases air cavity length and effects on resistance reduction. The decreased resistance is significant in FnV > 1.5 and the resistance reduction was averaged 34%. The powering requirement of the semi-planing hull would reduce due to trim by stern to then shifts on higher FnV. On the other hand, the stability range of semi-planing hull for all trim conditions is reduced due to the increase of trim by stern. Also, the maximum righting arm (GZ) shifts due to trim by stern as well where the increase of maximum GZ was averaged 3.72%. The GM decreases in increasing the angle of stern trim averaged 9.12%.

The boat plays significant role in supporting the household business scale for the seaweed farmers. Their current boat are made from fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP) which is lighter then the wooden boat. However, based on the field survey in the seaweed farmers boats in the area of Pattontongan village, Jeneponto regency, their boat is susceptible for sinking if any leak is occur on the boat body since they are not designed with the reserved buoyancy system. Geometry and the reserved buoyancy of their boat become the serious issues. Hence, an improved design for their boat is need to be developed with the criteria of the boat capacity and safety. This paper discusses two of the improved design of the boats which are ND₁ (design 1) and ND₂ (design 2). The result shows an improved design with the additional of the boat reserved buoyancy while considering the boat capacity. The parameter of the boat design is the relationship between the boat reserved buoyancy volume and the boat weight which is called anti sinking ratio. The anti sinking ratio for ND1 with the boat length 6 meters, width 0.85 meter, and height 0.5 meter is ≥ 1. The ratio is obtained in the condition of the boat reserved buoyancy of 0.066m³ and the boat carrying capacity of 0.969m³. Meanwhile, the anti sinking ratio for ND2 with the boat length of 4.2 meters, width 1 meter and height 0.5 meter is ≥ 1 in the condition of the boat reserved buoyancy of 0.055m³ and the boat carrying capacity of 0.936m³.

The main cause of marine accidents that lead to loss of human life is purely human error. Specifically, in fishery activities, as much as 80 percent of marine accident factors are caused by human negligence. The purpose of this study is to inventory and describe all hazards and their possible consequences in every aspect and stage, to inventory and identify aspects related to fisherman safety management, both institutionally, existing regulations, and human resources, working environment conditions and designing work safety models fishers in Takalar Regency. The next method is the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA), the human element can be incorporated into the FSA process by using human reliability analysis. HRA in this study was carried out quantitatively. To complete the detailed description of the model development, system analysis is carried out to understand and make decisions related to the Work and Health and Safety Management System. Activities that have the greatest risk and consequences of work accidents occur in fishing gear operations. Risk control by minimizing human error can generally be done by making plans for fishing activities, improving the ability of fishermen skills, safe working procedures, using equipment as needed, using self-protection equipment and conditions a healthy work environment.

One of the most issues on a boat for using energy is resistance. Therefore some energy is needed to be able to overcome the boat resistance. The total resistance depends on the speed of the boat. By reducing the resistance, it will affect the energy usage on the boat. One way to reduce the boat resistance is by installing a stern flap to the stern. Stern flap is a new addition on the stern appendage. Previous studies, the stern flap was able to reduce the resistance. The reduction of resistance occurred on boats can reduce fuel consumption, so it can be one of the innovations in combating the energy crisis. This study used an experimental method that analyzes the position and size of the stern flap, where each position and size of the flap were tested at the same load. From the results and analysis, it shows that the changing position of the stern flap on the surface of the water will increase the boat speed by 4.62% and the changing size of the stern flap size to 85 × 80 cm will increase the speed of the boat by 3.82%.

Traditional wooden fishing boats are still being produced by most of the traditional wooden shipyards in Indonesia specifically in the area of South Sulawesi. Nevertheless, the traditional wooden boat craftsman facing the difficulty of wooden log supply as the main wooden boat material especially for wooden frame construction despite the increasing demand for wooden material for the boat construction. The difficulty to acquire the specific wooden for wooden frame caused by the specific requirements of each wooden frame. They must be in the specific shape according to the specific curvature of each transversal boat section along the boat length. Hence, for the sustainability of wooden boat construction process, alternative material is needed for replacing the certain wooden boat construction component, especially for wooden frames. Fortunately, research relating to the use of alternative material for wooden boat construction have been conducted. The focus of the research is on the use of steel frame to replace the wooden frame on the wooden boat construction. This paper discusses the cost comparison for the fabrication and installation process as well as the material cost of the steel frame to the wooden boat construction with wooden frame to the wooden boat construction. The result shows that the cost for fabricating and installing steel frame is 13% higher to compare to the wooden frame. However, if the total wooden boat construction cost is being considered, the total difference is only 3%.

The need of floating breakwater is increased to protect harbour by wave storm. The study and development of some model have been done in the past decade. However, their model still not effective to protect harbour against wave period greater than 5.0 second. This study deals with performance of a new type floating breakwaters in terms of heaving motion and transmission coefficient. The result compare with heaving motion of PI-type floating breakwater. Heaving motion is evaluated by using seakeeper tools, while transmission coefficient is obtained through laboratory experiment. The results indicate that the performance of proposed model better than PI-type model in terms of motion and transmission coefficient.

One type of breakwaters that can be used to protect port basin is floating breakwaters. The use of floating breakwaters is suitable for relatively large water depths. In deep waters, the floating breakwaters volume is smaller than rubble mounds breakwater. Consequently, floating breakwaters are cheaper than rubble mounds breakwater. Unfortunately, a practical approach to analysing the performance of floating breakwater in reducing wave height is unknown. Floating breakwater performances indicated by wave transmission coefficient. Therefore, in this study an analytical wave transmission coefficient was formulated. The simple formula can be used to estimate high of wave at behind of floating breakwater. Based on these equations, the wave transmission coefficient influenced by the wave parameters and structural parameters. Wave parameters represents by wave high, wave period, water depth and wave length while structure parameters represents by both of width and draft of structure. Wave transmission coefficient also influenced by the wave frequency and having motion frequency.

Trip Distribution is one of the step in the Four-Step Transportation Planning Model. The modelling of inter-zone trip patterns considered several things as the effect of the inter-zone accessibility network system level as well as each-zone production and attraction level. The trip distribution model that used in this study is gravity model (GR) which is classified in synthetic method group. The aims of this study is to estimate the distribution trip model into origin-destination matrix form in both the passengers and cargo trip flow at archipelago North Liukang Tupabbiring sub-district region, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. Determination the number of trip is using Production Constraint Gravity Models with exponential barrier function to estimate inter-island traffic distance. The results showed that the total number of passenger trip from the urban capital to Pangkajene Regency was around 137 passengers per day and the inter-island trip was around 41 passengers per day while the total of cargo trip from the capital sub-district to the city of Pangkajene was around 0.96 tons per day and the inter-islands trip was around 0.28 tons. The result of this distribution trip matrix will be used as a basis for capacity planning of inter-island passenger transport fleets in the North Liukang Tupabbiring sub-district.

Utilization of the ocean energy to meet the electricity need is important to realization. The increasing need for electricity and environmental issues are the reasons. In last several decades a number of studies on wave energy device have been carried to find the effective one. In this paper, the double-water-chamber type seawall is basically adopted that has a similar structure to the OWC was examine to extract wave power. In the experiment various arrangement of wave power device inside the double water-chamber was tested to obtain optimum of wave extraction rate. Another function of the double water-chamber as wave dissipation is also clarified in the experiment. Based on experimental result the maximum wave energy conversion efficiency is about 30% and the reflection coefficient of the double-water-chamber seawall is about 0.3 on average.

In order to save spaces inside a small-sized fishing boat, the high-pressure flow behind propeller is utilized instead of a special cooling pump to cool the main engine. From the previous study, the system is referred to as the Propeller Flow Cooling System (PFCS). As a continuation of the previous study, the present study conducted more experiments in order to compare the performance of a single and a double intake designs of the PVCS with the same cross-sectional area. The designs with circular and elliptical intakes shapes were measured. The experiments were also conducted at the Circulating Water Channel (CWC) facility. The main parameter which was compared in the experiment and analysis was the flow capacity produced by both designs for various propeller revolution (RPM). The experimental results showed that single intake design has a higher flow capacity than the double intake one which was caused by higher flow losses inside the pipe of single intake design mainly due to higher surface friction as well as an additional elbow joint needed in double intake design. This tendency occurred for both circular and elliptical shapes cases.

Disaster victims' children are required to live in temporary shelters provided by Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) and the government. In the first phase, 699 units have been built in 72 locations. The focus of the government in the first three months after the earthquake and tsunami in Central Sulawesi was to rescue the emergency and clean up the area after that the focus then began to shift to improving the economy of the affected area. In handling post-disaster, the government does not prioritize education as its main aspect, so many of the victims of disasters do not go to school until they drop out of school. Focus Group Discussions conducted in several HUNTARA locations in the city of Palu, resulted in education being one of the concerns of the people living in temporary shelters. The community is concerned about the sustainability of their children's school education, due to the absence of educational facilities in the shelter as well as the community's economy that has fallen due to lack of work is exacerbated by the government's lack of attention to the education of children in refugee camps / HUNTARA. These methods are Focus Group Discussion (FGD) that has the main target of refugee communities. On the other hand, researchers also the distribution of questionnaire in several refugee locations in the city of Palu, in order to obtain accurate data for supporting this research. By quantitative SWOT methods and AHP Analysis to determine priorities in determining the EPIC (Education Priority Compact) Strategy which is expected to be one of the solutions for post-disaster education in Central Sulawesi.

Internet networks using VSAT have some disadvantages caused by the relative distance of the satellite and the earth which is a significant propagation delay. To determine the optimal quality of VSAT internet network, a study of VSAT internet network performance was performed using Fuzzy Logic method, based on the parameters of bandwidth, delay, packet loss, and throughput conducted for 2 days in the morning, afternoon and night in 2 villages in Enrekang Regency, namely Singki Village and Tindalun Village. Retrieval of data parameters at these locations using a wireshark application software which is then inputted into fuzzy logic so as to produce three categories of performance, good or sufficient, and bad network quality. It is said that performance is good if the results on fuzzy logic are 0, sufficient performance compilation of results from fuzzy logic is 0.5 and performance is poor if the results of fuzzy logic are valued 1. The VSAT internet network requests optimal compilation parameters of network quality such as 6 mbps bandwidth, delays below 1,000 ms, packet loss less than 50% and throughput above 50 kbps which has been designed in fuzzy logic. From the results of the study, obtained a value for the village of Tindalun 0.5 which means enough. Whereas, for performance in Singki Village, 2 different values were obtained, while compilation using Wifi was valued at 0.5, which was sufficient, and compilation using WireLAN was 0 which meant good.

Tuition Fee or UKT has a different group, in which each group has a percentage each of the which has been set by the government based on the economy of each student. The absence of clear standardization in determining Tuition Fee raises many problems. The approach of Decision Support Systems (DSS) will help in the decision making of Tuition Fee students are more effective and efficient. The purpose of this study research is to compare the 4 DSS methods used in the decision making process, Simple Additive Weighting (SAW), Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), a combination of Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used in making Decision determination Tuition Fee students in accordance with established criteria determine the method relevant to the problem. By using a comparison of four methods: SAW, TOPSIS, SAW-AHP and AHP-TOPSIS, the experimental results obtained using accuracy measure where the highest accuracy obtained by TOPSIS-AHP is 80%, then followed by the TOPSIS method 78%, SAW-AHP 74% and SAW 76%, so the TOPSIS-AHP is the best method used in determining Tuition Fee.

Classification of web pages manually requires quite a long time because most of the available web pages are not structured, so the classification method is needed quickly and accurately. Naïve Bayes algorithm with a good probabilistic approach in classifying web pages, seen from the advantages that are included in the classical category with a simple probability concept. However, this algorithm provides pretty good performance for many modern cases with large data. For the process of extracting information from web pages, it is proposed to use JSOUP which is a java library that provides a good API for extracting, manipulating data, and completing the initial data cleaning using the best methods from DOM, and CSS. The use of the JSOUP library makes it possible to be able to do web page analysis without having to save web documents to a computer store, so computer storage resources will be constant even though the amount of training data is increased. In this study, implementing JSOUP as a tool for extracting information from web pages and Naïve Bayes algorithm for classification of web pages.

Chicken eggs are one of the commodities that become easily available foodstuffs. The level of egg production in good condition is directly proportional to the capacity of the cage. The process of calculating the amount of egg production becomes a problem for farmers when they want to calculate the amount of egg production in the condition of a chicken coop on a large scale. Smart systems are one form of technological development with the primary goal of producing effective and efficient systems. One area that plays a role in technological development is image processing, eggs are objects with certain color characteristics and pixel scales. In this study, the process of calculating the number of eggs based on color segmentation and selection of pixel scales on eggs and the process of calculating objects using the Connected Component Labeling algorithm of images that have gone through gray-scale and threshold processes and implemented using MATLAB. The trial results show that the object image of an egg is strongly influenced by the size of the image, the intensity of the light, and distance of capturing images. The number of eggs that can be detected in this study depends on the process of segmentation and measurement of the object's egg scale, in this study it was found that colors other than egg colors and objects that are outside the egg scale will be considered as noise and will not be detected.

This study evaluates the mechanical properties of performance fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin and blast furnace slag mortars due to contaminated chloride. The compressive strength and pore structures at water-to-binder ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 are investigated. The result, in general, showed mineral admixtures mortar contaminated chloride improved compressive strength and porosity but different rates depending on their binder type.

Electability is one of the concerns as public figures who will take part in the elections, various things are done to improve their electability. Now, there are many methods to measure electability, one of which is the Natural Language Processing method. In this study, an electability analysis of public figures was conducted on online news to determine the electability level of a public figure. Where information obtained by the public is through online news sites. According to the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Data (APJII) in 2014, internet users in Indonesia will reach 107 million. This number has become one of the potential Public Figures, both institutionally and individually in capturing their masses through new media. 100 million of the masses will be contested by candidates who will compete in the political stage. Therefore, candidates who will advance will carry out digital political imaging. The public figures used in this study are 12 figures who are rumored to be going forward in the 2020 elections based on the online news site MAJENE 2020 ELECTION.

The use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) technology with Internet of Things (IoT) technology has been developed. Internet of Things (IoT) is a technology that enables control, communication and collaboration with various hardware devices over computer networks. The Internet of Things (IoT) has been a form of transformation and development of information technology and Internet networks. This article uses IoT-based environmental monitoring networks to monitor environmental safety in real time. The proposed WSN network is structured to allow continuous monitoring of environmental safety and environmental issues, such as: For example, the potential risk of fire or crime in the environment and many others. In practice, the WSN network consists of sensors and local servers connected via the Internet. The generated data comes from several electronic sensors, such as proximity sensors and fire sensors, all of which are connected to the local server via the gateway. A number of interesting experimental results, including the analysis of energy consumption, are discussed in detail.

Increasing the number of vehicles, especially cars, raises some quite complicated problems. One of them is parking availability. Searching for empty parking slots is often be problematic related to time efficiency issues. In this paper, we proposed the detection of parking slots using GLCM and similarity measure. There are four main step that using in this paper. The first step is getROI, then feature extraction using GLCM method. For the classification step, similarity measure with Euclidean distance is used and the last step we calculate the accuracy. Detection of parking slots using gray level co-occurrence matrices and similarity measure is pretty good, marked by an average accuracy rate that is above 95% in all three datasets with different weather.