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An International conference on Startup ventures: Technology Developments and Future Strategies (SV-TDFS) was held at Manipal University Jaipur, Rajasthan, India during 8^th-9^th October, 2018 with the collaboration of Institute for Engineering Research and Publication (IFERP), Technocrat Research and Development professional association.

The aim of SV-TDFS-2018 is to provide an international open forum for the researchers, academicians, practitioners, startup ventures and technocrats in academia as well as in industries from different parts of the world to interact, exchange concepts, prototypes, innovative research ideas and share the outcomes of their research work which could especially contribute to the academic arena and further benefit the business and industrial community, and as a whole helping the society. SV-TDFS-2018 is the first unique conference of its own kind which is trying to bring academicians, scientists and technocrats from various domains ranging from agriculture to industry, to provide the solution of the common man's basic problem at one platform and also discuss the challenges in their respective domains.

International Conference on Start-Up Ventures: Technological Development & Future Strategies (SV-TDFS) during 8^th-9^th Photographs and descriptions present in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Silicon nanostructures were realized using metal assisted chemical etching of silicon wafer (100) for two different etching times: 5 minute and 10 minute. Structural and optical properties of silicon nanostructures were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and photoluminescence (PL). XRD analysis probes the changes in crystallinity during etching and reveals reflection plane (220) of obtained silicon nanostructures. UV and visible spectra of photoluminescence from Si nanostructures suggest the optically active nature of Si at nanoscale and confinement of carrier. These results show that the structural and optical properties of Si nanostructures strongly depend on etching time of silicon wafer.

This paper presents the structural and optical characteristics of nanoscale semiconductor lasers for telecommunication and biomedical applications. Improved fabrication techniques, new materials and nano-scale heterostructures have led to improvement in the device performance. The material selection and their bandgap have an important role in the heterostructure to generate a lasing wavelength for particular applications. The bandgap modification can be done by the use of alloy semiconductor, quantum well structure, and strain layer epitaxy without changing the material itself. Semiconductor multilayers on the substrate are generally grown by using the metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) and molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process. Many researchers have provided different designs of heterostructures for the lasers. Generally, lasers are manufactured by using different semiconductor layers grown on GaAs, InP or GaSb substrate at the nanoscale. But controlling the thickness of the layer grown on the substrate at the nanoscale is the major problem in the fabrication. In a study, it has been found that for the proper functioning of semiconductor lasers it is beneficial to have light conduction and valence band masses. By using band structure engineering theory of quantum confinement and incorporation of strain on the active layer, this problem can be resolved. Red lasers are currently used in biomedical applications for treatment of superficial skin diseases like psoriasis, vitiligo etc. The manufacturing of red laser was earlier done by using nitrides material but they are harmful to skin and are expensive as well. An alternative for designing of red laser is manufacturing red lasers by using phosphides. The red laser is manufactured by using GaInP and AlGaInP ternary and quaternary compounds are widely used in the biomedical industry currently. This paper is the outcomes of the papers presented by many researchers in the field of optoelectronics.

This particular work has been designed to give an idea regarding W shaped nano based type II heterostructure and for the above particular design simulation concept have also been carried out in a theoretical way to obtain optical gain for the given material system InAlAs/InGaAs/GaAsSb, which is used to be operated at 1.55 µm near IR. The designed heterostructure contains two quantum wells (width ∼ 2 nm) of InGaAs material. To solve the carrier's localities within the heterostructure, k.p method has been adopted. As far as calculations are concerned we have opted a defined phenomena to measure the significant characteristics with respective to optical nature like dispersion, gain and many other properties have also been found in order to get good results that would be helpful to emit radiations of the order of the working wavelength and to employ great communication systems applications that can be optical fiber based

Doping of magnetic ion (Transition metal) in oxide based semiconducting material at nanoscale level serves a variety of spintronics based applications. In order to understand the influence of doping concentration of Fe ions on the magnetic behavior of semiconducting oxides, we have synthesized Fe doped tin oxide nanoparticles with 1 and 2% doping concentration via chemical co-precipitation method and then magnetic measurements have been taken through Superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) at 5K and 300K temperatures for both the samples. Various magnetic quantities such as coercivity (Hc), saturation magnetization (Ms), remanent magnetization (Mr) have been extracted from the obtained hysteresis loops and found reduction in their values with increasing doping concentration which might corresponds to the tuning of oxygen defects created due to the substitution of dopant ions in the host lattice. In this way, our study can contribute to fulfill the necessity of ferromagnetism based applications such as data storage devices, gas sensors, communication, quantum computation etc.

An electronic transport study about band structure effects of silicon nanowire (Si-NW) in [100] and [110] transport orientations has been done. A dispersion calculation has also been done for a sp³d⁵s* hybridized atomistic model along with a Poisson solver. A ballistic model has been used for the evaluation of I-V characteristics. For [100] and [110] transport-oriented nanowires, the total gate capacitance was decreased by 30%. The carrier velocity was affected by both [100] and [110] transport-oriented nanowires. The velocities depend on degeneracy and effective mass of the dispersion. In our study, we have used 3nm thick nanowire oriented in [100] and [110] directions. The [100] oriented nanowire gives better ON-current performance as compared to [110] oriented nanowire. We have studied the valley splitting effects which can lift the degeneracies of 3nm wires. The effective mass which changes with various transport orientations and quantization, was increased with quantization for [100] while it was decreased for [110] transport orientated nanowire.

Through this paper, we propose quad-band electromagnetic wave metamaterial absorber structure consist of square rings resonators arranged in two-dimensional periodic array with a metallic ground plane. Under normal incidence this structure manifests four sharp peak absorptions at 3.75, 5.05, 7.35 and 8.96 GHz with pinnacle absorptivity of94.28, 99.67, 99.98 and 99.90% respectively. This structure with four-fold rotational symmetry in design provides nearly 100% absorption for all angle of polarization. Moreover, this outcome is polarization Emancipated, which manifest aloft absorption (more than 90%) for oblique incident angles till 45°. Corresponding to the highest frequency the absorber is ultra-thin and uses commercially available FR-4 as substrate. The designed quad-band absorber can be employed in innumerable feasible execution like thermal emitters, sensors, receivers, shielding, optical organization, radar signal absorption, forbid drugs and many communication utilizations. It can be easily manufactured with simple PCB manufacturing techniques.

This Paper shows behaviour of the Doubly fed Induction generator(DFIG) for extracting the maximum power using vector controlled mechanism. This paper present the controlling of rotor side converter(RSC) and grid side converter(GSC) through conventional method of gate triggering by using d-q theory The paper includes the simulation model of DFIG and further the maximum power extraction from wind is estimated by using power coefficient which is completely dependent on pitch angle, tip to speed ratio(TSR). The novelty in power coefficient has design to harness the maximum power. Firstly the mathematical model of DFIG is developed with incorporated wind turbine as mechanical input and then vector controlled method is used. DFIG is broadly used in wind power applications which are more robust, reliable and very efficient system. The complete system is implemented using MATLAB software tool.

The electricity demand is increasing worldwide with a fast pace. Accomplishment of this growing demand with renewable energy sources is gaining importance globally due to it's negligible pollutant emission. In this work, solar power potential is analysed for Chandigarh. A 100-kW photovoltaic plant is analysed for selected area with different PV panel combination for finding optimal solution of power generation. This selected area is having a good solar radiation reception potential of 5.07 kWh/m²/day annually at annual 25.4°C temperature. The plant is designed with fixed axis orientation and has tilt of 31°. The plant has potential to export 156120 kWh of electricity to the grid with performance ratio of 76%.

Study of the response of an HVDC system to various conditions, types and locations of fault on the system is basic to developing suitable protection techniques and algorithms. This paper presents a study of the behaviour of monopolar HVDC system in the presence of a single double-tuned dc filter. CIGRE Benchmark model for monopolar HVDC system has been simulated on PSCAD/EMTDC for the study. Five different fault locations, viz. three dc line faults (two faults near the line ends and the third fault at the middle point of the line) and two ac side faults (one near the rectifier and the other near the inverter), and five different values of fault resistance (ranging from 0 to 2000 ohms) have been considered. It has been observed that incremental current and incremental power in the HVDC line can discriminate only mid-line dc faults from ac fault. Also, incremental current can discriminate between rectifier-side ac fault and inverter-side ac fault for all values of fault resistance, whereas incremental power can do so only for lower values of fault resistance (0 ohm and 10 ohms). Transient energy can discriminate dc line faults at all locations from ac faults with all values of fault resistance. However, transient energy can discriminate rectifier-side ac fault from inverter-side ac fault only for low values of fault resistance (0 ohm and 10 ohms) and not for high values. This study can be very effectively used in developing a protection algorithm/technique. The study can be further extended to analyze the performance of HVDC system in the presence of any type of the dc filter and for any length of the line.

Silicon is definitely, the most common substance used for manufacturing solar cells. Distributed Generation (DG) based on Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) cells enhance the voltage stability and economical profit as well as reduce the carbon emission. This manuscript optimized the location and size of PV base DG for the 13-Bus distribution network, using the nature base Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. This manuscript also gives an overview of the process of manufacturing of PV cell. The core intention of this manuscript is to demonstrate the economical benefits of optimal PV based generation unit. Results prove that the PV base power plant improves the technical performance as well as economical performance of the system.

Integrating Distributed Generation (DG) at appropriate location in distribution system can reduce its real power losses and can also increase the voltage regulation. Optimal allocation of DG has two parts, i) location identification of DG, ii) capacity determination of DG. This article uses loss sensitivity methods for fixing of optimal place of DG and then Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is implemented for determination of optimal size of DG at that location. During optimization, effect of inertia weight of PSO on the optimal placement of DG is demonstrated in this paper. For detailed study, IEEE 33-bus system is considered and impact of integration DG in the system is also shown.

A single switch single stage 24watt power supply is presented to run a light emitting diode (LED) load. In this power supply, the Zeta converter is used to operate in continuous conduction mode (CCM) for maintaining desired output voltage. A proportional integral (PI) controller is also proposed in the feedback to make system stable. The need of proposed controller is justified from stability analysis of the system with the help of small signal average modeling. A simulation model of the proposed LED driver is also carried out in MATLAB/SIMLINK using sim-power toolbox environment for a universal ac input mains. The results confirm a constant current of 0.4amp at output with improved power quality parameters such as total harmonic distortion (THD) and power factor (PF). All outcomes lie under the limit of IEC 61000-3-2 standards that verifies the theoretical analysis.

Monitoring and control of climatic variables inside a greenhouse (GH) play crucial role in quality production of crops in the green-house (GH). Measurement and monitoring of major GH variables, such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, light intensity and CO₂ in atmosphere, has been generally carried out using a central data acquisition system to which all sensors are individually wired. This technique involves huge cabling and lacks flexibility of adding sensors in future. This paper presents a detailed methodology and results of experimental measurement and profiling (both temporal and spatial) of temperature and luminosity inside a laboratory model of GH using a wireless sensor network (WSN). For the experimental work, the GH was divided into two rows, row 1 and row 2, with three zones of equal dimensions in each row. At the centre of each zone one wireless sensor node was placed for measurement and acquisition of temperature and luminosity in that zone. A WSN was created with these six wireless sensor (WS) nodes (or motes) and one network coordinator (NC). Profiling of temperature and luminosity was carried out under uncontrolled as well as controlled environmental conditions. Two controlled conditions were created. In the first case only temperature was controlled by placing a heater at the centre of GH. The second case involves simultaneous control of temperature and luminosity, for which an incandescent lamp was placed in each zone of row 1 while all the zones of row 2 were covered with a tinted plastic sheet. Data was gathered from all the six WS nodes in each controlled case as well as in uncontrolled environment. Surface profiles of both temperature and luminosity were drawn in Lab VIEW on the basis of collaborative processing of the data. The experimental results so obtained are correlated with the expected theoretical profiles. The use of WSN and Lab VIEW for collecting and processing the data, respectively, provides remarkable flexibility in terms of addition and deletion of WS nodes. Moreover, no wiring is needed for power or signals.

Light emitting diode specifically White LED has gain a lot of attention from both academics and industrial sector due to its high efficiency, environmental friendly, and long lifecycle. This is a feasible alternative for conventional bulbs and tubes in domestic, industrial and commercial lighting. However, implementation of this new source requires various parametric regulation. This proposed single stage isolated zeta converter (SS-IZC), with power factor correction maintains constant output for the load of 36 Watts LED, and follow the IEC61000-3-2 standard. The proposed SS-IZC is operating in DCM and controlled with PWM (Pulse width modulation), for power factor improvement and low THD, and obtain more than 0.9 power factor and THD less than ten percentages.

The energy consumption is increasing throughout the world. The renewable energy is potential answer to meet the increasing demand. Fossil fuel are diminishing with fast pace and greenhouse gas emission potential. So, the world is promoting renewable energy generation. In this work, government policy impact is assessed for renewable energy promotion. The 4% subsidy on solar, increases approximately 1200% of solar energy generation in 23 years' term and 4% subsidy on wind, increases 69% in wind power generation. The case, on per tone CO₂ emission by fossil fuel-based plant is also reducing the use of non- renewable power energy uses.

Utmost of elucidation about the research accomplished in an article is cleared from the objective function of the planning problem. An objective function is a mathematical expression which describe the existing condition of a system with numerous variables, in which alteration of these variables result in optimized value largest or smallest, depending on problem or desired value. That value may be obtained by minimizing or maximizing the objective function. In this paper, a review has been carried out on objective functions of distribution network expansion planning (DNEP). These objective functions have been classified into five main categories: financial, income related, technical, optimal size & location and social & economic. The selection of objective function clearly shows increasing penetration of distributed generation (DG), distributed energy storing systems (DESS) and fuel cells with renewable technologies. Most of the reviewed articles highlight these objectives in details, however; not all fields have been covered in any single work on DNEP. This review article aims to address this gap so that widespread DNEP can be achieved with flawlessness. Substantial information has been offered of research work done in the field of DNEP through this review article which will mitigate the impending researchers from the difficulties of getting apposite supervision.

In recent past years, growing carbon emission caused by vehicle and scarcity of oil resources gives attention of all researchers to investigate low pollution, improved fuel economy type vehicle such as Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). In this paper nonlinear hybrid electric vehicle speed control using different control techniques has been employed to improve the efficiency of vehicle by throttle position control. The controller like Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), Artificial intelligence based fuzzy controller, robust controller (H∞) and their comparative performance analysis has been done on the basis of rise time, settling time, and zero steady error in MATLAB-Simulink.

This paper present the speed control of DC Motor based on boost converter under the controlling of fuzzy logic. The DC motor has armature and field winding in which armature winding is controlled by using boost converter which is triggered by fuzzy logic controller which consist of 7x7 rule and the input are change in error and rate of change of error and output is firing angle. The fuzzy logic controller gives smooth, reliable, efficient speed controlling of DC motor. Further the compative analysis between fuzzy logy and PID controller is assessed. The complete system is designed with SIMULINK/MATLAB for perfect analysis between two methods mentioned.

Context: - Combination brackets are applied for fixing car and counterweight guide rails on the hoistway wall to deliver smooth and safe travel for side counterweight position.

Purpose: - The main intent of this work study is to compare the deflection and stresses value of the structural and sheet metal Combination bracket arises due to effect of forces imposed on the guide rail by the Car guide shoe.

Methodology: - Finite element method was performed for Structural and Sheet metal combination bracket to evaluate stress and deflection using SolidWorks Simulation software. Analytical calculation has been performed to calculate the forces acting on rail considering the case of safety gear operation as per EN 81-1

Research findings: - From this analysis, it has been found that structural combination brackets are stiffer compare to those made up of sheet metal.

Limitations: - Stress and deflection values shall be varied for different car cabin sizes. A case study of Car Size 1100x2000 mm for 13 passenger capacity rated load has been considered.

Originality/value: - This analysis results provides the possibility of selecting most reliable rail bracket for guide rail fixation.

3D printers are being explored by many of the industrial giants and daily customers as an excellent replacement for some of the traditional, inefficient, costly and waste producing techniques of manufacturing. Although, still at a premature state of development, and being thoroughly researched upon, there is lack of data concerning the physical strength or a proper machine design development for this 3-axis automated machine. Other, while being able to create a robust machine, over-utilize the resources. In this paper, we attempt to explore how analysis of vibration using minimal equipment could refine the quality of 3D printing as well as how would one improve the design to yield best results. The study is most relevant for the online open source community e.g. RepRap, within the development in new 3d printers design.

The purpose of this paper is design, virtual fabrication and simulation of microcantilever based Force sensor using Comsol Multiphysics Software version 5.3a to perform analytical analysis of MEMS/NEMS based sensor for microbotic applications.Piezoresistive MEMS Force sensor having dimension of fixed part is 1000 µm² with height of 50µm and movable part is 600 µm length, 500µm breadth and 20 µm height.The analysis of force sensor is observed by plotting a curve between force and voltage, Displacement and Voltage and Sensitivity. The range of force measured by this sensor is from 10N to 1µN, the simulating result shows that a very wide range of force can be measured by this single sensor. The force measurement at microscale has been very common in microbotics for micromanipulation . The simulated MEMS force sensor having resolution 0.1µN using piezoresistive sensing which is improved then the previous work. This range of force, resolution and sensitivity can be used for the application of two –fingered microgripper in microbotic system.Mathematically, dynamic frequency range for microcatilever based force sensor is calculated in range of 1.477076 KHz to 467.935969KHz, along with its different frequency harmonics for force 10N-100µN.Here, microcatilever is used for the measurement of force by using piezoresistors which are arranged in voltage divider sensing technique to obtain higher resolution, sensitivity and wide and lower range of force.

Sentiment search is clearly abstract cornerstone and essential administer in identifying user's importance preferences. To get the quality of the product, position in evaluations is precondition. Normally, if item's studys express constructive idea, the produce perhaps with bigger rating to some populous qualification. By analyzing the user considerations, their sentiments suggest unique experts to some target user in agreement the user culture. LDA is truly a Bayesian approach represented particularly to create the unification of studies, topics and discussions. In this paper, we have discussed about various machine learning tools and techniques for the better understanding of the concepts and efficient processing of sentiments from the huge data sets.

With the upgrading needs of automation and prediction requirements in the industries, automation for improving the quality of the product and prediction of the product cycle to make product more economical. Now a days the use of artificial intelligence techniques becoming crucial to apply in the industries which makes the products more reliable, robust and economical. This paper deals and explains the different techniques of artificial intelligence. Also covers the review of the different applications of these techniques in the industries. This paper covers the review of Artificial intelligence techniques applied in the different fields like civil engineering, biomedical engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical and electronics engineering and many more.

In human body, there are total 206 types of different bones. Each bone has its own importance. It is very important to correctly identify human bone and then suggest treatment. To classify the human bones, we will use Musculoskeletal Radiographs (MURA) dataset. MURA dataset is one of the largest public radiographic image datasets. MURA dataset contains total 40,005 x-ray images of 14,052 patients, in which 36,808 images use as a training set and rest 3197 images use the testing set. These all images belong to seven different categories of bones such as finger, elbow, hand, forearm, humerus, wrist and shoulder. This paper aims to present a novel classification method using a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN). Dataset is freely available at https://stanfordmlgroup.github.io/competitions/mura.

Antennas for off-body wearable applications needs to be flexible and its electrical characteristics should be stable in different body postures, different bending or stretching environments. Therefore, the designed antenna should be such that, even if the antenna is bent frequently, it should operate properly. In this paper, a conformal UWB antenna is reported which has been optimized to be conformal to any body shape and size. The proposed antenna has been designed on RT Duroid substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and loss tangent 0.0009. The thickness of the material is 0.127 mm. Due to low thickness; it can easily be bent and mounted on curved surfaces. The size of the antenna is 35 × 31 mm². To accomplish the design process, two different bending radii have been considered to bend the proposed antenna. The two bending radii of 25 mm and 50 mm have been chosen; one corresponding to the arm of a healthy child of around 5 years age and another corresponding to a healthy person of age about 35 years with medium built. The simulated radiation efficiency and total antenna efficiency are more than 60% for the bending at 25 mm and 50 mm radii in the UWB frequency range from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The gain of the proposed antenna for both the bending radii is changing from 1.4 dB to 5.3 dB. The return loss of the proposed antenna is obtained for 25 mm and 50 mm bending radii of curvatures and it is below 10 dB in UWB range. A prototype of proposed antenna has been fabricated and tested on Rohde & Schwarz 40 GHz VNA. Measured results are in close agreement with simulation results.

India is facing some major challenges in waste collection, segregation, transportation, treatment and disposal. Hence, there is a need to spread awareness about waste disposal and define better waste management techniques in India. The purpose of this paper is to utilize Internet of Things for waste management and optimized collection of wet (biodegradable) waste to produce bio-gas. It focuses on improving the current waste management system by using ultra-sonic sensors, Arduino-UNO and EC-GSM. Collection and segregation of waste in an optimized way is necessary because wet waste can be useful in producing bio-gas which in turn can be used to produce clean electricity and natural gas. Lastly, the paper also gives emphasis on cost analysis of this method to calculate revenue generation.

Innovation is advancing at a speedier pace and necessity for web organizations at whatever point wherever is required. To impact this vision ever to better organizations open to a customer, effective mobility managing procedures must be composed. Two key intends to execute mobility administrations are Handover and area administration. Therefore, we need to have an efficient mobility management system among heterogeneous wireless networks where several wireless networks can interoperate to provide users with good QoS. In this paper, distinctive issues related to mobility administration in the coming period of frameworks are highlighted and besides throws a light on the uncertain zones to ensure proficient mobility management.

This manuscript develops the design of rectangular patch antenna with loaded on defected ground structure (DGS), which covers the entire range of ultra-wideband (UWB). The area of proposed antenna 33×35 mm² and is printed on FR-4 plane substrate, its permittivity (ℇ_r) 4.2 and loss tangent (tanδ) is 0.02 at entire frequency range. Proposed structure renders wider impedance bandwidth extended from 2 GHz to 10.7 GHz at < -10 dB return loss (VSWR< 2) with multi-bands. The UWB antenna suitable for UMTS 2.1 GHz, WLAN 3.5 GHz, WiMAX 5.8 GHz, and X-band 7.5 GHz applications. The parameters of antenna such as loss of return are reduced, and width of band, as well as gain in VSWR, is improved to an acceptable limit with reasonable radiation pattern by means of CST V.17 EM simulator. The results from simulation and experiment results are almost similar to acceptable limit.

In this paper a 40KW solar photovoltaic design is presented and displaying the output curve with different parameters i.e. temperatures and irradiations. The different MPPT techniques are used and make comparison among these techniques by using solar PV modeling to get better results using in matlab simulation tool boxes. This paper is useful for solar PV modeling and power electronics converter design. The perturb and observe and incremental conductance technique is compared to get maximum output voltage, current and power of photovoltaic array and using feedback PI controller to regulate the output of different power electronic converters i.e. buck-boost and cuk converters. The comparative analysis confirms the best method by studying the performance.

Present paper focus towards implementation and commercialization of emerging solar PV technology with cost effective manner. Energy band gap, absorption coefficients and module implementation cost for 1KW solar power plant for ternary AB₂X₄ (A=Cd; B=Ga; X=S, Se) solar photovoltaic (PV) system is investigated here. All the material related calculations are carried out using density functional theory [1] and cost related calculations by using mathematical expressions. By performing a comparative cost study between proposed materials based solar photovoltaic module and crystalline based solar photovoltaic module we concluded that present material will be cost effectively commercialized as compare to Crystalline Si.

As per energy and power productivity of a solar photovoltaic (SPV) system is evaluated, Partial Shading Conditions (PSC) play a significant role. Under PSC, the panels of a SPV modules receive various levels of solar irradiance, as a result power generation of a SPV system diminishes, and these losses in SPV panels may be decrease by changing the configuration of the panels in array/module. The panels may be configure in many different configuration such as Series(S), Parallel (P), Series Parallel (SP), Total Cross Tied (TCT), Bridge Linked (BL), and Honeycomb (HC) to improve the output energy and power efficiency. This work is aimed to present all the configuration that already been presented in literature and result of PSC on SPV systems are referenced and analyzed. There are four configuration 4×4 array of solar photovoltaic panels to be discussed in this paper. Four configuration are Series parallel (SP), total cross tied (TCT), bridge linked (BL), and honey comb (HC). Four simulated models were performed to decide to effect of shadow with 10 shading patterns. The simulated results shows as a power against voltage (PV) curves of 4×4 array of SPV under PSC for above mentioned configuration. The PV curve of the proposed configuration is enhanced the power efficiency and the minute and exact finding of global maximum peak is simpler. The test of the simulated modules and its theoretical results ensure the effective implementation of this techniques in hardware setup also. It is confront that this work will be a reference of useful and important information for researchers in Solar panel area. The work presented in this papers envisages to be a source.

Smart grid is the key technology for an effective utilization of the Renewable Energy Sources (RES). The utilization of RES for the generation of electricity is increasingly gaining interest of researchers during the last decades. The main reason behind this is global incentivization, the increasing price of petroleum products, climate issues and deregulations in the energy market. As the Government of India, (MNRE i.e. Ministry of New & Renewable Energy) is targeting to generate 20000 MW power through grid-connected solar PVS by the year 2022 therefore, the main focus in this paper has been presented on power generation through grid-connected PVS. The emerging smart grid technology has enabled the grid-connected PVS as an evolving process in today's world for electrical power generation. However, apart from so many advantages, there are several issues and challenges associated with the integration of PVS to the electric utility grid hence, the investigation to find out available possible solutions to overcome these issues becomes essential in order to enhance the performance of grid-connected PVS. The most severe constraint associated with this emerging technology is it high penetration level. If during low load conditions there is some mismatch found between the real power output and the load profile characteristics of PVS then it may result into large reverse power flow, high power losses or severe voltage violation. In this paper, several issues and challenges associated with the integration of solar PVS with the electric utility grid are presented.

This paper provides concept of capturing the different kinds of energy conversions that can be in form of motion, physical force, heat energy and solar energy and converting all form of energy into useful electrical energy. It can provide endless supply of energy to electronic device also has attracted large number of researchers and has bought a growing amount of attention to energy harvesting. The hybrid human powered power generating unit is an electronic device, purpose of proposed model is to supply electricity for charging devices when the user is out of reach to the charger or charging port. This device basically transforms many different kind of energies to electricity (direct current) example piezoelectric plate produces electrical energy when mechanical force is applied on it and another we have Peltier plate (thermal electric generator) which transforms temperature differences into electrical energy. The proposed model is very much portable, so any individual easily can carry with them. This device does not need any external power supply to charge it, because this device made up of four energy inducing elements or can say transducers and one buck booster which step up the output voltage of the energy produced or induced by the generating elements assembled with a super-capacitor. This device is very useful in the situation where the person doesn't have power source around and need to charge any electronic device. This device can replace your heavy power bank with this light weighted device. Anyone can easily use this electronic device simply by squeezing it and shaking horizontally, these all physical movements induces electrical energy and got stored in super capacitor and further consume by the charging devices.

This paper presents Automatic moving floor of a room for smart homes; invention is provided to solve the problems like moving of heavy furniture in homes, cleaning of floor everyday and to help the old people to roam around the room. The complete invention consists of two disconnected parts namely, CoS (Control System) box and the Tiles. Tiles arranged in the form of an array, having high torque motors internally and set of gears. There will be a false floor just beneath the main designed purposely for several instructions (like cleaning of tiles, moving of tiles, etc.) to work upon. The CoS box is a control system that listen, record, analyze the data given by the user and finds the best suitable solution form the array with given conditions. The CoS box contains a microphone and a touch panel to give instructions, then it provides a suitable way or path for the tiles to move from starting point to desired locations within the room. The instructions to the CoS box can also be given through an android application to have more user-friendly interface.

This paper presents an idea of a retrofit design of a mechanism which helps in achieving the safety and stability of the two wheeler vehicle. The aim of the mechanism is to avoid the two wheeler from fall/skid and also work as an attachment for physically challenged drivers. The mechanism is a hydraulic system clubbed with linkages, where an extra two small sized wheels are grounded to provide safety from fall and give stability to the two wheeler. The proposed retrofit mechanism would replace the double stand of the vehicle. These extra wheels move along with the vehicle, hence providing the required stability. This forms a replacement of the costly attachments which the physically challenged drivers add to their vehicles. The shock absorbers would be included accordingly in the mechanism. The probable improvements on deploying the said mechanism on a two wheeler will provide easy riding, as the vehicle self-stabilize itself when the small wheels are grounded. This helps the less abled riders to easily ride the vehicle with no worries of grounding their feet. A number of designs were developed, studied and three designs were shortlisted based on the feasibility of the mechanism. Finally, a better design is proposed for further improvement and implementation.

The purpose of this paper is comparative study, design and simulation of two stage, analog to digital convertor to convert the properly conditioned stepwise linearized analog output signal from a ratio metric NTC thermistor circuit. The design part consists of linearization of thermistor temperature- resistance characteristics in analog domain. A CMOS sample and hold circuit is used to bridge linearizing circuit in analog domain and the flash ADC circuit in digital domain. Ratio of the voltage is sensed rather than absolute voltage across the thermistor, as part of linearization. Further linearization is done in two stage flash ADC consisting of a reference voltage divider resistance, comparators, analog multiplexers and 8bit differential ADC. A graph is plotted between temperature and the corresponding resistance of NTC thermistor NTCLE100E10 [1], having a resistance of 10kΩ at 25°C. The graph is an exponential curve and it is linearized [2] around 50°C by drawing a curve between temperature and voltage ratio across a resistor connected in series to the thermistor. This curve is still nonlinear at extreme values of the considered range -20 °C to 100 °C. The full range is divided into four sub ranges and piecewise linearization is done simultaneously with analog to digital conversion. Analog and digital integrated circuits are generally low powered and the voltage limit is 5V. Thermistor is compatible in this range. A number of signal conditioning circuits are devised in the past. Here the linearizing steps involved in simple circuit elements and simple design. Signal conditioning of thermistor response has a number of design circuits already devised, still there is room for research to make it is small in size, low powered, high sensitivity and cost effective.

This paper presents a research work on magnetic suspension system of two wheelers Automobiles, which are usually depending on spring type, Hydraulic and Pneumatic suspension systems. In this proposed magnetic suspension system, two permanent magnets made of Neodymium material are placed inside the shock absorber cylinder such that both facing same pole. So they produce a repulsive magnetic flux force, when they come closer due to shocking load. This repulsive magnetic flux force is used as shock absorbing media and provides damping force. Proposed suspension system proves to be more efficient over other type of suspension systems, absorb more number of shocks with high accuracy, has no leakage problem unlike in Hydraulic and Pneumatic system. So, all these beneficial qualities make the magnetic suspension system to work efficiently with less maintenance cost and hence the Automobile.

Model Predictive Control (MPC) has been a powerful control strategy as it has already been proved with simulation and experimental studies. In this study, MPC has been explored for the level control of a nonlinear benchmark quadruple tank system. MPC has been applied as a real-time control strategy for set point control and disturbance rejection. Rigorous simulations and experiments have been done and fairy compared with those from the use of decentralized PI controller. To validate the results, real-time experimental studies have also been carried out for two possible configurations. The application offers a new look at the performance of the MPC for complex systems control.

The future of biodiesel is bright. However, biodiesel is vulnerable to oxidative degradation due to autoxidation. Adding antioxidant is a probable answer to achieve clean burning and improved combustion. This paper addresses experimental study the influence of antioxidant with WFO biodiesel on diesel engine performance. WFOME was produced through transesterification process. BHA and BHT have been used as antioxidants. Increased oxidation stability of B40 (60% diesel + 40% Biodiesel) was observed with accumulation of antioxidants. A 5HP engine was preferred for this study. The outcomes illustrate that antioxidant-treated B40 produced 2.15% to 4.78% higher brake thermal efficiency and BSFC by 2.08% to 4.74% compared to untreated B40. Reduction in nitrogen emissions in tune of 4 ppm to 8 ppm was observed during this research. Increased CO in tune of 8.54 to 17.08% has been pointed out. HC emissions were higher by 7.73 to 14.95%.

For 2-D simulation of curvilinear flow field, use of momentum equations involves flow dispersion stress terms. Dispersion Stress terms take into account the effect of secondary flow variation arisen due to integration of the product of discrepancy between depth averaged velocity and the true velocity distributions. The objective of this paper is to present empirical mathematical functions to evaluate these terms. These terms can be incorporated in the 2D depth averaged flow equations as an additional source/sink term. In this work, the derivation is done to get revised set of empirical relations are later used in development of enhanced 2D numerical model. When compared with earlier investigations, the proposed formulations are simplified and numerically compatible. It is expected that modified formulation for flow dispersion stress tensor will lead to more realistic and improved simulation of flow field in curved flow domain.

Visible Light Communication technology is considered complimentary to Radio Frequency (RF) technology. More specifically, Light Fidelity (LiFi) based Visible Light Communication system appears to have enhanced wireless capability to realize IoT, 5G Cellular System conforming to requirements such as high data rate, low latency, connectivity etc. Recent developments in solid-state lighting technology have significantly influenced LiFi system Architecture. In view of these developments, we propose to carry out a study on feasibility of deploying LiFi technology along with the existing RF infrastructure. We emphasize to look for designing full-duplex LiFi Indoor communication module, utilizing multiple White Light Emitting Diode (WLED) based lighting equipment and integrate the module with network edge devices such as PC, smart phones for establishing efficient communication systems.

In today's competitive business deal the demand for any product is positively affected by its displayed stock level due to which the suppliers normally gave permission to his/her retailers for the delay in payment. We developed an inventory model to stem the auspicious conditions under which permissible delay in payment and displayed stock levels are beneficial for the manufacturing industry and business markets. In this decision model, for the permissible delay period; the retailer is permitted to postpone his/her payment for the products, which was bought without paying any interest. In particular, we analyze in this study the optimal renewal policy for non-instantaneous decaying products through variable demand. Furthermore, the results reveal that the optimum cost and time using the assistance of a numerical example which demonstrates the model with sensitivity analysis is carried out.

The research paper explores the possibility of long-life products on inventory model with variable demand rate. We established a new scheme for maximum life time product; their deterioration rate is considered as a function of maximum life time. The main conception behind the planned model is: time dependent both holding and sales revenue cost for finding the optimal total profit with the optimal cycle. Finally, numerical example and sensitivity analysis demonstrate that the proposed mathematical model result and realize the effect of variation in optimal profit function with respect to several parameters used.

The present paper reports the effect of substrate on the optical gain characteristics of InGaAsN material based quantum well (QW) heterostructure. To analyze the substrate effect on the optical gain, two substrate, namely, GaAs and InP have been chosen. Taking in to account both of the substrates, the quantum mechanical approach (k.p method) has been adopted to calculate the confinement of the carriers related with quantum well and the optical gain. In addition, for InGaAsN/InP heterostructure, the cladding effect has also been observed. The simulated results exhibit that the substrate has played a very important role in modifying the optical gain characteristics due to the presence of strain which comes into play due to the lattice discrepancy.

Miniaturization of sensing devices not only reduces the size, but also enhances the performance and reliability in sector of automation, space, weather monitoring and forecasting. It has become important for scientist and researchers working in the field of micro-electro-mechanical system area to simulate the structure before actual fabrication. This paper reports about the performance of proper meshing required to lead the exact results of simulated circular silicon diaphragm with the help of finite element method. In this paper, we have shown that the proper meshing of the circular silicon diaphragm has shifted the vibrating frequency of the diaphragm under different pressures applied.

Internet, since its root has reclassified the manners by which the world collaborates today, countless devices speak with each other which make our life simple and thus improve this world a place to dwell. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the system of physical gadgets, vehicles, home machines and different things implanted with hardware, programming, sensors and network which empowers these objects to interface and trade information. Today the world has swung to a place where each and everything should be associated. This paper discusses, how a generic IoT platform has been developed to get the data from various sensors from agricultural lands and conversely control the devices from distant places using Internet. For e.g., a smart plug can help you save and monitor your energy consumption by showing energy statistics. Sensors fitted in agricultural lands has been chosen to test the quality of the IoT platform.