Table of contents

Preface

The 5th AMMSE 2018 is the 2018 5th International Conference on Advanced Materials, Mechanics and Structural Engineering (5th AMMSE 2018) took place in Seoul, South Korea, on October 19-21, 2018.

The conference program covered invited, oral, and poster presentations from scientists working in similar areas to establish platforms for collaborative research projects in this field. This conference will bring together leaders from industry and academia to exchange and share their experiences, present research results, explore collaborations and to spark new ideas, with the aim of developing new projects and exploiting new technology in this field.

The committee of AMMSE expresses their sincere thanks to all authors for their high-quality research papers and careful presentations. All reviewers are also thanked for their careful comments and advices. Thanks are finally given to IOP Publication as well for producing this volume.

The Organizing Committee of AMMSE 2018

Committee Chair

Prof. Mosbeh Kaloop

Incheon Disaster Prevention Research Center

Incheon National University

List of Conference Photograph, Sponsors, and Lists of Committees are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The present paper deals with lengthwise fracture analysis of functionally graded four-point bending beams. The Ramberg-Osgood equation is used for treating the material non-linearity. A lengthwise crack located arbitrary along the beam width is studied. A solution to the strain energy release rate is derived. It is assumed that the modulus of elasticity varies exponentially along the beam width. The J-integral is applied for verification. The approach developed is a useful tool for assessing the influence of material non-linearity on the lengthwise fracture in functionally graded beams.

The strain energy release rate for a delamination crack in a multilayered cantilever beam which exhibits material non-linearity is derived by considering the energy balance. The material non-linearity is described by the Ramberg-Osgood stress-strain relation. A cantilever beam made of adhesively bonded lengthwise vertical layers is studied. Each layer has individual widths and material properties. Besides, the delamination is located arbitrary between layers. The strain energy release rate is derived also by differentiating the complementary strain energy with respect to the crack area for verification. It is shown that the solution derived is useful for parametric investigations of delamination in multilayered beams.

The dynamic responses analysis method of structure with random parameters under stochastic seismic loads is proposed. The generalized probability density evolution equation for compound stochastic process is solved by the finite difference method. Then, for the first passage criterion, the dynamic reliability is analysed by establishing the one-dimensional integral in safe domain and the absorbing boundary condition. A new optimization method is coming up combining improved genetic algorithm and PDEM. Taking the parameters optimization of a three-story floor-shear frame structure with TMD under random seismic loads as an example, the correctness of the proposed method is verified by comparing interlayer displacement response and dynamic reliability.

Millions of people around the world are handicapped and most of the amputees belong to a war struck third world regions. Any amputee who is unable to walk needs prosthetics which are costly or wheel chairs for movement. Manual wheel chairs are not easy to use. Most of the people cannot afford high quality motorized expensive wheel chairs. Keeping all this in mind, a very economical hand gesture-controlled wheel chair design is proposed. This wheel chair reads the signal sent from control glove and can also be switched to mobile application control where needed. The overall implementation design has simplicity and robustness which are dire features of wheelchair applications.

In this research, diamond grits were brazed to stainless steel successfully using active filler metal and porous nickel as an interlayer. Brazing was accomplished at three (3) brazing temperatures (880°C, 920°C and 960°C) for 10 minutes. SEM-EDS and XRD analyses were adopted to facilitate the research process. However, the analyses were specifically focused on the porous nickel (Ni)/stainless steel interface. The interface near the bonding diamond did not seem strong enough for potential grinding tool applications. It is concluded in this research that 960°C brazing temperature is the best for brazing because it causes less and discontinuous formation of the AgTi₂ reaction layer in the brazed area. Otherwise, a continuously reacting layer would increase the small void formation in the area near the reaction layer, which could deteriorate the bonding joint.

This study presents a static analysis of laminated composite doubly curved shells using a refined kinematic model with polynomial and non-polynomial functions. In particular Maclaurin, trigonometric, exponential and zig-zag functions are employed. Refined models are based on the Equivalent Single Layer theories and obtained by using Carrera Unified formulation. The shell model is subjected to different mechanical loading such as bi-sinusoidal, uniform and point load. The governing equations are derived from the principle of virtual displacement and solved via Navier-Type closed form solutions. The results are compared with Layer-wise and higher-order shear deformation solutions available in the literature. It is shown that refined models with non-polynomial terms are capable of accurately predicting the through-the-thickness displacements and stress distributions with a low computational effort.

Attention should be paid to variations of crack effects on the stability of offshore structure during building and using. The body of the deep-water Spar platform is the important support of the whole structure, once produced edge cracks in certain parts, the overall structure of the platform would be severely affected. By using boundary integral equations which applied to the edge cracks of the cylinder, this paper discussed singularity of the crack tip; then used the boundary element numerical calculation method to divide the crack boundary into many units, used different interpolation functions to calculate the stress intensity factor of crack tip; Finally, calculated torsional fracture of spar platform with edge cracks under different wind loads, got the allowed maximum crack length of Spar's body with cracks under different wind scale. It was concluded that used the boundary element calculation method was practical in ocean engineering.

In the present research work investigations have been made for surface hardness of Al-SiC metal matrix composite (MMC) prepared by combining fused deposition modelling (FDM), vacuum moulding(VM) and stir casting process. This combination resulted into novel method for preparation of MMC as green process in single step with significant reduction in time. The input process parameters (namely:SiC particle size, proportion of SiC, vacuum pressure and VM sand grin size) were studied at three levels using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to find out there effect on surface hardness of casted specimens. Microstructure analysis was conducted to support hardness data.

Vacuum moulding (VM) process has many potential engineering applications. Not much work hitherto has been reported for modeling the surface roughness (SR) in VM process. In the present study, outcome of Taguchi model has been used for developing a mathematical model for SR; using Buckingham's π-theorem. Three input parameters namely type of metal / pouring temperature; shape factor and vacuum pressure were selected to give output in form of SR. This study provides main effect of these variables on SR and shed light on the mechanism of SR in VM process.

In the present study multi-material 3D printing of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polylactic acid (PLA) and high impact polystyrene (HIPS) has been performed by using a low cost printing technology for manufacturing of innovative and sustainable composite materials. Further thermal (heat capacity at glass transition temperature, thermal conductivity) and mechanical (break elongation, break load, percentage elongation at break, break strength and young's modulus in tensile as well as pull out test) properties have been investigated for 3D printed multi-material components.

The present work deals with a numerical study on the flexural-torsional buckling of a thin-walled beam with uniformly varying C-section. Approximate solutions to the examined problem are obtained through the Dirichlet variational method and the Rayleigh-Ritz discretization procedure. The presented results prove to be asymptotically convergent for increasing numbers of test functions. This convergence property highlights the technical utility of the proposed approach, on considering the difficulty of obtaining analytic solutions for buckling problems of thin-walled beams with non-uniform cross-section.

This paper describes a study of cable-stayed bridges (CSBs), with a focus on the computation of the optimal pre-tensioning cable forces to be applied in the construction phase and the service behavior. We distinguish the case of a structure built using temporary supports from that of a structure built through the so-called cantilever method. We formulate an optimization procedure aimed at determining the cable pre-tensioning forces that ensure a target stress distribution along the longitudinal axis of the structure. The goal of this procedure is to make the bending diagram distribution as much uniform as possible over the bridge length, in order to avoid undesired stress localization effects. The proposed procedure is based on an influence matrix approach, and makes use of a single pre-tensioning cycle. It can be applied to optimize the mechanical response of the structure in any phase of its life cycle.

Taking the butting weld structure of channel which was fabricated by BS700 as study object, the residual stress and influence factors of welding box section which was butted by two channel section were studied. The study results show that the main welding residual stress of butt weld channel steel is longitudinal residual tension stress, and it affect the stability and fatigue performance. Longitudinal residual distribution of two pieces of weld are located at the district of tension stress, the residual stress of welding foot in the second weld have bigger peak value. The varieties of section length have influence on transverse residual stress, but have little influence on longitudinal residual distribution. Changes of thickness of wall in channel section have marked influence on residual stress value of transverse and longitudinal weld. So it is necessary to choose appropriate thickness of channel for reducing the influence of residual stress on channel steel structure.

Structural analysis of human-induced induced vibrations in pedestrian bridges due to the passage of pedestrians is presented. An antecedent of this phenomenon is the Millennium Bridge located in the city of London, which had to close to the public, shortly after its inauguration due to unexpected lateral vibrations produced by the passage of people across the bridge. The present research analyses this effect on a pedestrian bridge in Lima, for transverse, lateral, longitudinal and torsion movements, due to the passage of pedestrians walking with a period similar to the modal periods of the structure corresponding to each direction of movement, finding displacement and acceleration responses. A software Puente.exe was developed to find the response of the peruvian footbridge due the synchronic excitation.

With increasing humanistic spirit, health concepts and environmental awareness in human beings, ceramic materials, with its strength, are increasingly applied in murals in architectures. As innovative breakthroughs are constantly taking place in terms of ceramic materials and workmanship, greater satisfaction of people's aesthetic needs for architectural environmental decoration are being realized. Focusing on the expression forms of ceramic materials in architectural murals, the paper analyses the practical application of modern ceramic materials in architectural murals from the perspective of color and texture. The paper also explores the innovative development of ceramic murals in hope of promoting the application of ceramic materials in relevant fields.

One of the efficient techniques that is currently used in pavement engineering to improve the stress–strain response conditions of the pavement structure includes the stabilization of its structural layer components. There are several laying techniques that include the usage of stabilizing agents such as emulsified and foamed asphalt. In these technologies, the temperature of the environment is observed to play a critical role. This condition is often considered to be the main factor that encourages the usage of foamed asphalt for stabilization. Further, the aforementioned technique specifies that, at temperatures of approximately 10 °C or lower, the asphalt particles are not effectively inserted in the foamed granular material mastic; they are instead merged with other asphalt particles. This causes an agglomeration of coalesced asphalt, prevents adequate foaming, and hinders the pavement layer from compaction. In such a situation, the pavement will exhibit a structural strength deficiency. Therefore, this study experimentally investigates the environmental temperatures at which an efficient layer that is stabilized using foamed asphalt may be obtained both in the laboratory as well as in the field. Further, this study proposes a new limit. Apart from exceeding this temperature limit, the study also offers an alternative with respect to the usage of asphalt emulsions to stabilize the granular layer. This technique comprises the dispersion of asphalt particles in an aqueous medium; however, when this technique is applied at low temperatures, the low temperatures do not allow the system to reach a critical condition of inapplicability, which is observed when the asphalt foam is used for stabilization. Further, the mechanical behaviors of the foamed pavement at temperatures of lower than 10 °C are discussed. Additionally, this study exhibits the results of stabilized layers that use a slow-setting asphalt emulsion (CSS-1h) as a solution to the temperature problem that is associated with the usage of the foaming technique. The investigation is performed based on a project that is conducted in the extremely low temperature areas of the Peruvian Andean highlands, which are located at an altitude of 4,000 to 5,000 meters above the sea level.

On the background of large scale rocks engineering in cold regions, Temperature Field and Stress Field of Tunnel Surrounding Rock under the freeze-thaw environment are numerically analysed. According to the single temperature field equation of tunnel surrounding rock and Da Ban mountain tunnel project in Qinghai province as an example, large scale finite element software is used to simulate temperature distribution under freeze-thaw cycles, which is from the rising temperature to the decreasing temperature and from the rising temperature to the decreasing temperature again. The frost heaving force of the tunnel in the cold region is introduced and the mathematical model about rocks temperature field is also researched. Finally, finite element method is used to calculate the frost heaving force of rock tunnel in the cold regions. The results show that in the freezing and thawing environment, the area near the inner wall of the tunnel is more likely to be affected by the ground temperature and the effect of open ventilation and convection, and the temperature and stress changes more violently. In the design and construction of the cold regions, the influence of the frost heave force of the surrounding rock must be considered. Because freeze-thaw circles could cause the destruction of the tunnel structure, convective heat transfer will occur between tunnel mouth and walls and the environment, resulting in large temperature difference. Therefore, in order to reduce freeze-thaw disasters in the cold regions, we should consider the Protection measures about the hole and the wall. In this way, it reduces the range of freeze-thaw circles and prevent the convective heat transfer effectively.

This scientific study focuses on the investigation of the cutting forces developed during dry longitudinal turning with TiAlN PVD coated inserts of a CoCrWNi alloy used in medical applications, especially in orthopaedics. The present paper is organised in two main parts: the first part presents the experimental procedure in terms of material, input data, necessary technological means, physical experiments and data registration while the second part presents the results and their subsequent interpretation. The study reveals the variation of the turning cutting forces in relation to the cutting regime parameters.

In this article the coupling between the Cold Gas Dynamic Spray (CS) particle flight instance just before impact and resulting surface morphology after impact of a cluster of particles are investigated with a view to understanding the complex CS process for possible optimisation for the CS fabrication process in nano thin films. This study identifies two main variables for the analysis namely particle flux density and particle size distribution and examine their influence in the structural properties of the coatings, in particular, the deposition efficiency of the cluster of particles and its applications in functional properties of the coatings. This process determines the deposition parameters that characterize the surface roughness. Given r as a radial distance from the axis of a nozzle, and R as the maximum radial distance reached by the particles, the results indicate that increasing the flux density of a cluster beyond a certain limit (yet to be identified) creates a deformation behaviour closely related to that of a single particle, however this process lowers the deposition efficiency as r approaches R; where R is the radius of the nozzle particle flux distribution radius at impact surface and r is measured from the centre axis, (where r = 0), of the impinging particle jet to towards the peripheral (where r = R). A similar characteristic on the morphology of the surfaces is observed when particles have a varying particle size: the smaller particles (and indeed any other particle sizes) that hit the target substrate at the peripheral at an angular velocity and possibly with reduced velocity from the average particle flux jet velocity, eject outward due to the oblique impact imposed by the traverse velocity component. These findings have potential applications in fabrication of functional surfaces for various applications and provide us with control variables necessary for modifying the surfaces.

The study of the application and mechanical behavior of new composite and hybrid materials within the bodywork industry in its different parts (external and internal) has led to perform different characterizations and analysis of results which determined the material with the best mechanical properties in many cases depending on the subjectivity of the researcher. In the present study the optimization of the mechanical properties tensile and flexural hybrid composite made of natural fiber and synthetic fiber was made. To produce the hybrid fabric, abaca (AbF) and cotton (CF) over glass (FG), combined with a polymer matrix polyester resin was used. The configuration of the fibers and the type of drying (ambient and oven), were taken as input factors. The influence of these factors on the overall responses were analyzed using factorial design. A function of desirability was used for the optimization of experimental responses. The results indicated that the optimal factors to take advantage of the experimental responses or mechanical properties, were the configuration of 20% FV + 7.75% FAb (45°) + 2.25% FAI (135°) and the type of oven drying, with a value of global desirability of 0.8208.

The HVDC single-pole operation mode gives the Hami grid be in the risk of DC bias. Grasp the DC bias level of AC power in extreme cases can provide a basis for the defense system failure risk. In this paper, the DC bias risk assessment method of Hami power grid based on extreme value theory is put forward. Firstly, the method of continental plate and soil is analyzed. Secondly, the DC bias risk evaluation index for the power grid is constructed. Finally, the risk level of DC bias of Hami power grid is assessed. The results can provide a theoretical reference for defusing the DC bias risk caused by DC transmission.

In the paper there was analyzed a mechanism of loss of performance in properties of joint sealing tapes on the basis of pre-compressed flexible polyurethane foam. The results of tests reflect the operation of the two main functional factors are discussed, i.e. resistance to change in temperatures and resistance to the effects of UV radiation in the presence of moisture. After those tests the water tightness of the samples, appearance and the remaining compression deformation were assessed. The results of laboratory tests showed that the biggest influence on the remaining compression deformation in the tapes has UV radiation and the main reason for the loss of water tightness are changing temperatures.

Indonesia is late in updating its structural steel building design code to AISC 360-10. Revision was done in 2015 replacing the 2002 code. The new version changes the method of steel stability analysis from effective length method (ELM) to direct analysis method (DAM). The 2015 code implements DAM, which is based on second-order elastic analysis which directly calculates P-delta effect in analysis. DAM takes into account geometric imperfection and strength reduction. Notional load as 0.002 of gravity load should be applied horizontally to represent geometric imperfection. It is allowed to adjust the notional load coefficient. Numerical study has been conducted to compare the use of DAM and ELM on eccentrically-braced frame subjected to Indonesian seismic load. Different values of notional load coefficient are considered. Experimental results conducted by other researchers were used as reference. The frames were reanalysed using four different stability methods: ELM first-order analysis, ELM second-order analysis and DAM with different notional load coefficients: 0.002 and 0.003

Photonic crystal is a kind of artificially material composed of two or more dielectrics arranged periodically, which can control the flow of photons due to the photonic band-gap. In this article, the band gap properties of the one-dimensional (1-D) conventional photonic crystal and the 1-D function photonic crystals are comparativly analyzed according to dispersion relation, periodicity and incident angle systematically. The results have some guiding significance for the 1-D photonic crystal and photonic crystal device fabrication.

The maximum seismic response of irregular U-turn curved bridge is significantly related to the pier and deck connection. An irregular U-turn curved bridge with radius of 45m, 8.5m total width and 154m total length was analyzed in this paper. This highly horizontally curved bridge was evaluated by performing nonlinear time history analysis on the representative bridge model with 3 types of connection between pier and deck: (i) rigid connection, (ii) hinge connection, and (iii) lead rubber bearing connection. Nonlinear hinge was modelled at the base and the top of the pier by using fiber hinge. Moreover, the effect of the number of connection between pier and deck was evaluated. The results indicate that bridges with one connection give better performance level than those with two connections; however, bridges with only one connection is more critical to the torsion issue.

The results of suspension polymerization of styrene were studied by changing the dosage of initiator, stirring speed, size of stirring paddle, content of dispersant and reaction temperature. The results showed that when using 500 ml four flasks, styrene 40 ml and polyvinyl alcohol solution (3 g polyvinyl alcohol dissolved in 1000 ml deionized water) 200 ml, initiator 0.5 g, stirring speed 300-450 r/min, temperature range 86-95°C, using the stepped heating method and using the impeller with a spreading blade diameter of 43 mm can ensure the success of the experiment, and the yield is relatively high.

An "L" shaped plan is often being chosen for residential, office, or hospital, whereas this configuration plan does not meet structural torsion requirement. This selection is done by the consideration of limited area and architectural needs, e.g. hospital needs for ventilation. Since the development of technology is very rapid this era, an innovation emerges beyond conventional solution, in terms of base isolation. In this paper, the selected research object is known as lead rubber bearing (LRB) with damping ratio 27%. To fulfill the research of L-shaped, the variation of length of the wings are proposed. Six models are functioned as office buildings in 6-story tall; three fixed base models are designed with dual system and another three isolated models are design using linear distribution lateral forces according to ASCE 7-16 code. Three-dimensional nonlinear time history analysis for isolated models is performed and will involve seven pairs of ground motions, which are matched to MCER target spectra of Jakarta in soft soil condition. In the end, the non-linear dynamic main responses of isolated structure may provide better and optimal results. In addition, estimated cost for design phase of pre-construction can be done by the assessment of rebar ratio and equivalent thickness of concrete, known from the results of this study.

This paper studies the geometrically non-linear bending behavior of functionally graded beams subjected to buckling loads using the finite element method. The computational model is based on an improved first-order shear deformation theory for beams with five independent variables. The abstract finite element formulation is derived by means of the principle of virtual work. High-order nodal-spectral interpolation functions were utilized to approximate the field variables which minimizes the locking problem. The incremental/iterative solution technique of Newton's type is implemented to solve the nonlinear equations. The model is verified with benchmark problems available in the literature. The objective is to investigate the effect of volume fraction variation in the response of functionally graded beams made of ceramics and metals. As expected, the results show that transverse deflections vary significantly depending on the ceramic and metal combination.

Seldom is temperature changes effect taken into account in structural design and monitoring. However, in some cases temperature may be the governing load case, especially for a long span bridge. Moreover, statistics have shown that the world's temperature is gradually increasing nowadays and may cause the temperature effect to increase. This may cause an alteration to dynamics parameters of the structure, which will be a highlighted object in this research. These parameters are directly corelated to physical parameters, e.g. mass and stiffness. Hence, as the physical parameters has any kind of change, dynamic parameters will also immediately change. This alteration may modify the health index of the structure. In some regulations, the deviation of the value of natural frequencies, as one of dynamics characteristics, is limited to be 10%. This research is aimed to observe the health index of a determined case study bridge and to observe the effects of temperature changes to dynamics performances of a pinned-supports-arch bridge in the Province of Riau, Indonesia, and it was found, by modeling the structure in Finite Element (FE) Model and performing vibration testing, that temperature difference has caused the natural frequencies of the bridge to vary up to 3.63%.

As one of the largest palm oil producers in the world, by-products of this commodity are also produced in Indonesia. One of the solid by-products that are obtained from palm oil production is called Oil Palm Shell (OPS). These days, this material is interesting to be studied as it has a lightweight but sufficiently tough and rough outer surface. In previous studies done in laboratory, OPS was used as alternative coarse aggregate in concrete mix proportion. The designed compressive strength of OPS concrete is in the range of 20-23 MPa. In this research, the authors are interested in studying the crack behaviour of reinforced lightweight concrete beams using OPS replacing natural coarse aggregates. First, pre-treatment of OPS is performed by using hot water at 50-°C as based on previous studies. Second, two samples of identical beam with 15 × 25 × 300 cm³ of dimension were cast and tested under four-point loading using force control hydraulic actuator. Third, crack opening evolution due to flexural test that occurs in OPS lightweight concrete beam is measured, to be precise, on the pure bending area. The crack opening is compared to service limit cracks from building code to find the corresponding loading application.

The coupling effects of low grade heat source on thermodynamic performances of both the basic and regenerative sub-critical Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems are investigated and compared. Turbine inlet pressure and turbine inlet temperature are treated as independent variables. The system exergy efficiency is selected as the thermodynamic performance criterion. The waste hot water with temperature range of 373.15K to 423.15K is selected as the low grade heat source. Optimization studies are carried out by using eight common organic working fluids to recover heat energy, and relevant operating conditions are obtained respectively. The results indicate that both hot fluid inlet temperature and the allowable minimum hot fluid outlet temperature influence the optimal working fluid, relevant turbine inlet condition and system exergy efficiency. Optimal system exergy efficiency increases monotonously with increasing of hot fluid temperature for both ORC systems above. In comparison to the basic cycle configuration, optimal system exergy efficiency for the regenerative system using the same working fluid is not changed if relevant turbine inlet vapor is saturated, but is significantly improved if relevant turbine inlet vapor is overheating. Besides, the optimal working fluid is dependent on the heat source temperature and specific cycle configuration.

Nowadays Lightweight Steel (LWS) Constructions made with Cold-Formed Steel (CFS) profiles are currently used in seismic area, especially for residential buildings. The increasing use of these systems is accompanied by a large development of the research in this field. Indeed, the University of Naples "Federico II" has recently started an important collaboration with Lamieredil S.p.A. Company in order to investigate the seismic behaviour of strap-braced CFS systems through a series of shake-table tests, performed on two reduced-scale strap-braced structures. In addition, 3D numerical models were developed in OpenSees environment in order to simulate the dynamic/earthquake response of the whole structure, considering also the effect of the two different floor typologies. The present paper illustrates the main results of the shake-table testing and numerical modelling.

In this paper, a typical cylindrical hole with contoured craters is investigated in terms of the downstream flow field by numerical method at blowing ratios of 0.5, 1 and 1.5. The flow field and the cooling effectiveness are analyzed using three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the shear stress transport turbulence model. In comparison to the cylindrical hole, the cratered hole shows a wider coolant coverage in lateral direction and a lower penetration into the mainstream flow due to the larger hole exit area. Moreover, the interaction between the coolant and the curved protrusion induces a new anti-kidney-shaped vortex pair, which can obviously improve the cooling coverage and thus the cooling effectiveness. The area-averaged cooling effectiveness for the cratered hole is always higher than that for the cylindrical hole at all three blowing ratios.

Both bending and torsional stiffness are the important factors affecting the spatial work of the reinforced concrete engineering structures. While bending stiffness is studied carefully, the torsional stiffness is not sufficiently investigated. This paper studies one of its components, the torsional constant. The accepted in the practice formulae of the strength of materials are appropriate only for thin-walled sections and give a significant error in other cases. That's why the exact technique has been tested on the example of the T-section, which is one of the most common cross-sections applied in engineering (for the reinforced concrete overlaps, bridge superstructures, etc.). The results of the calculation by different methods have been compared. The essential error has been proved.

In this work, the optimal design method for self-supporting transmission tower is put forward, whose procedure is that the tower body form is selected intelligently firstly and then the members types of tower are chosen. The case base of towers is established with application of object-oriented technology. Then, the knowledge of tower body is mined out with case based reasoning and data mining technology. At the same time, the structural regulations of tower in the standard are merged into the knowledge base. So, the intelligent selection system of tower structural scheme based on case reasoning and data mining is explored. A 500kV self-supporting tower is optimized according to above method and a real model test is conducted. Comparison between optimal tower and original tower indicates that weight of optimal tower is decreased by 3% and its ultimate bearing capacity is increased by 19%. Statistical analysis results of 20 optimal towers indicates that the weight is average reduced by 4.7%, the components of the optimal tower are stressed more uniformly and bearing capacity of the tower is enhanced 12% at least.

Transmission lines are important lifeline projects. The stable operation of transmission lines is closely related to economic and social security and stability. Ice storm seriously affects the safety of transmission lines. The simulation analysis of ice damage of transmission tower structure has important theoretical significance and engineering value. In this paper, the finite element software ANSYS is used to analyze the buckling of the self-supporting tower based on eigenvalue buckling analysis and nonlinear buckling analysis. The effects of vertical span, uniform ice coating, uneven ice coating, and wind load were considered. The ice thickness of the tower buckling is reduced with the vertical span decreasing under uniform ice coating the transmission line. As the coefficient of unevenness increases, the thickness of the unstable ice coating of the tower drops sharply. The unstable wind speed decreases with the increase of ice thickness.

Modern practice and codes provide design rules of moment resisting frames (MRFs) based on the assumption that the dissipative zone is the end of the beams, which implies assuming full-strength joints. The recent EQUALJOINTS Research Project demonstrated the advantages of using equal-strength joints in MRFs in seismic areas. Further beneficial aspects can be attained when replacing the plastic deformation mechanism with a friction-based energy dissipation mechanism, as highlighted within FREEDAM Research Project, where friction connection have been developed and qualified. The current paper presents the comparison between the response of MRFs alternatively equipped with equal-strength joints and friction connections

Recent research ventures focus on structural systems characterized either by low-damage or easily repairable solutions. In this context, moment resisting frames (MRFs) equipped with friction joints represent a viable option. Among the different types of friction beam-to-column connections, the arrangement with symmetric friction devices are very effective to provide stable and ductile friction hysteresis, thus reducing the damage in the structural members (beams and columns) to a minimum or even to zero. Numerical and experimental investigations on the beam-to-column assemblies within the RFCS FREEDAM project testify to the good seismic performance of the friction device when properly designed. However, within this research project full scale pseudo-dynamic tests will be performed for a better understanding of the influence of such joint on the overall structural behaviour of MRFs. In this paper the results of preliminary numerical simulations are presented to give the first insights on the response of the experimental mockup as well as to validate the accuracy of two software with largely different capabilities. Static pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed and the results for the benchmark structure (frame equipped with reduced beam section joint) and for the structure equipped with the friction devices are presented

In this paper the influence of measurement errors (spikes) on surface topography parameter valuation was taken into consideration. More than 30 plateau-honed cylinder liner surfaces were taken into account. They were measured by white light interferometer Talysurf CCI Lite. The effect of two types of spikes (upper-spikes and/or lower-spikes) on areal form removal and/or surface texture parameter (from ISO 25178 standard) calculation was taken into account. It was assumed that surface topography parameters were falsely estimated when spikes appeared. Moreover, selection of reference plane was also disturbed when measurement errors (spikes) occurred.

In the article it was suggested to simulate the process of super-plastic deformation on optically transparent materials, created on diene and vinyl-aromatic carbohydrates, polar softener and achromatic stabilizer. It was shown that the index of rate hardening of such materials could change from 0.2 to 1.0 within the rate intervals of super-plastic deformation. The authors are convinced that prior to this article the alloy Sn-38%Pb was the best material for simulation of the processes of super-plastic deformation. Advantages and disadvantages of tin-lead alloy for simulation of super-plastic deformation were mentioned in the article. The article contains examples of chemical composition of new materials: the foundation (component content – 100 weight parts) – butadienesterene, isoprenesterene, butadiene-α- metylsterene; stabilizer (component content – 0.5 weight parts) – 2,6-ditretbutyl-4-metylphenol; polar softener (component content – 5-40 weight parts) – dibutylphtalate, dibutylsebacate. It was shown that introduction of polar softener reduces the effort of material flow. An unsufficient alternation of softeners content allowed modifying either behaviour of an alloy with different super-plastic structure or various temperature conditions of deforming.

Experimental studies of improvement of the quality of gravity die casting by a low-frequency vibration treatment were carried out. The objective of the study was to establish in principle the possibilities of applying the method of vibration effect in the gravity die casting process for improving the production efficiency. Different testing methods established the advantage of the proposed method comparing to the basic one. The use of the technology of interest reduces a number of casting defects and can be recommended for use in conditions of large production capacities.

This paper presents the results of characterization of microheaters fabricated on the surface of ceramic substrates by aerosol jet printing with commercially available platinum ink containing colloidal particles with the average size of about 100 nm. The microheater under study represents planar microstructure with variable cross-sectional area comprising narrow segment capable of being heated up to few hundred degrees when current is passed through. The narrow segment is fabricated in the form of single line with the width and height of 50 μm and 6.7 μm, respectively. To remove the organic substance from the deposited material (dry residue of the ink), the printed microheaters were fired at 150°C for 20 min. The dependence of the operating temperature on the power consumed by the microheater was obtained from the measurements of direct current resistance as a function of consumed power with the use of previously determined temperature coefficient of the material (3.910⁻³ K⁻¹).

Lightweight Steel Structures with high application targets, rapid construction and low cost. However, the influence of heat radiation on the internal temperature is very large, and in order to reduce the heat conduction caused by the sun, the user often attaches a flammable heat insulating material inside. In this study, the fire simulation software FDS was used to simulate the lightweight steel structure building fire, and the research on the thermal buoyancy, heat conduction, smoke distribution and building structure collapse limit of this type of building form was calculated. The research found that the steel thermal fluctuation and the fire flashover temperature of 600 °C were achieved after 520 seconds of fire. This study provides lightweight steel structure construction based on numerical calculation results. It is recommended to set the smoke exhaust window appropriately or use fireproof materials for interior decoration to reduce the heat accumulation inside the building to prolong the time of steel thermal fluctuation and make the lightweight steel structure It is not easy to flashover (backdraft) in the building, and the steel structure is not easy to collapse. It can improve the safety factor and make the life of fire rescue personnel more secure.

The windage power loss is main factor of the power loss in a high speed gearbox. CFD simulation method has been developed for a detailed understanding of the physical mechanism of windage power loss. Comparisons are made with experimental data from the open literature. The CFD results are in good agreement with experiment. The study focuses on the influence of the shroud on the windage power loss for rotating speed ranging from 5000rpm to 7000rpm. It is critical to capture the energy efficiency prize by shrouding the gear. Smooth shroud and grooved shroud have been selected to reduce the windage power loss. It is observed that the better performance occurs with shroud, whereas it is found that the grooved shroud provides a considerable increase in energy efficiency at about 10% over the smooth shroud.

High-power lasers based on GaAs bars meanwhile are well established as reliable and highly efficient laser sources. Continuous improvement of the material itself, mounting and cooling techniques during the last years have led to increased output power and high lifetimes. This paper summarized beam shaping technology of high-power lasers and evaluated these advantages and disadvantages. The beam coupling methods of the high power laser array were expatiated and a new beam coupling structure was present in the paper, also as the results and analysis of polarization coupled experiment.

The post-tensioned slabs have been using for many years. Over the years, many guidelines regarding design methods and calculations have been issued. There are several methods of static analysis and obtained results interpretation. It should be noted that the selection of method has a large impact on the final results in terms of required amount of presstresing steel. It is a great importance for economic aspects of realization of the post-tensioned slabs. In this paper the results of analysis of flat post-tensioned slab are presented. The calculations were carried out using two methods: the equivalent frame method and final elements method. The differences between these two methods and the impact of the selected method on the final usage of the prestressing steel are described in detail.

Toe-in and camber of the wheel are important driving performance parameters in the four-wheel positioning parameters of automobile. In this paper, the mathematical geometrical models of toe-in and camber of the first and second bridges of the double-front-axle automobile are established, concluded that the relationship of toe-in and camber between the first bridge and the second bridge. At the same time, based on the side slip mechanism of the tire, the reasonable matching formula for toe-in and camber of the double-front-axle are concluded. Finally, according to the dynamic model established in the Adams/Car, the matching values of toe-in and camber are simulated and verified. The experimental results show that the matching value is reasonable and effective, for the matching of toe-in and camber of double-front-axle steering wheel has a certain guiding role.

Dorim Goh is a prestressed concrete (PSC) continuous bridge in Seuol, Korea. The structural health monitoring is used to assess the behavior of this bridge. 12 strain, 6 displacement and two accelerometer sensors are used to collect the behavior of the bridge under static and dynamic loads. The low-pass filter is used to estimate the static behavior of bridge and extract the accurate values for the bridge performances. Six's cases of static loads and truck's speeds from 10 to 60 Km/h are evaluated. The maximum strain and deflection collect during static loads are 60 με and 1.8 mm, respectively. Moreover, the distribution of stress on the bridge deck is assessed, and we find that the bridge status is safe under static loads. The dynamic factor (DF) is calculated during dynamic test, and the results show that the maximum DF is 0.228. In addition, Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) is used to estimate the dominant frequency of bridge. The dominant frequency is estimated from acceleration measurements after filtering the collection data; the results show that the dominant frequency of bridge girder is 4.94 Hz. The results are compared with the design simulation model results and we find that the bridge is safe under applied loads.

In order to give a reasonable forecast of firearms combat readiness, analysis of gun working method is the stochastic process of which time and status are both discrete, to simulate it by Markov process, and to deduce the calculation model of the steady state availability of firearms. Through the calculation model, as long as the known of gun state before start to work, we can just determine the probability of which gun is in the normal state at each firing time, this model can provide an important theoretical basis for maintenance test of the gun.

This study examines the impact of information system management implementation on the company performance with the mediating role of process innovation and process innovation. Data collection is conducted by distributing questionnaires to, and through interviews with the respondents engaged in the department of the information system of 41 companies in Surabaya, Indonesia. The questionnaire is designed using a five-point Likert scale ranging from 1: strongly disagree up to 5: strongly agree. The data analysis uses smart PLS software version 3.0. The study found that the implementation of a management information system directly affects the process of innovation. The implementation of a management information system also directly influences product innovation. The implementation of a management information system does not directly affect the supply chain performance. The process innovation improves product innovation. Process innovation does not provide a direct impact on supply chain performance. Product innovation directly gives an impact on the improvement of the performance. In total, the implementation of management information systems affects supply chain performance through the process innovation and product innovation by the coefficient of 0.526. This study contributes to the current research on supply chain management and paves the way for managers to improve the supply chain performance by implementing the management information system, product innovation, and process innovation.

This study examines the impact of organizational commitment on upgrading ERP for maintaining the quality of information and the performance. Many manufacturing companies in East Java have been implementing ERP in managing their business. Although the ERP postimplementation has been continuously maintained by these companies, the inevitable changes and development in the current business practices have forced them to upgrade their ERP infrastructure. All ERP system upgrades require a commitment from both management and employees, which is also known as the organizational commitment. This research used the population of 110 manufacturing companies in the region of East Java which have been implementing ERP for more than two years. The response rate is quite good, as many as 90 questionnaires out of 110 distributed questionnaires are completed by the respondents. Data analysis has been performed using partial least square (PLS) technique. The result demonstrated that the organizational commitment brings a significant impact to the ERP infrastructure upgrade. While the organization commitment shows a significant impact on the information quality. The organization commitment does not show a direct impact towards the ERP performance. Similarly, the ERP infrastructure upgrade also shows a significant impact on the information quality. The ERP infrastructure upgrade does not show a direct impact on the ERP performance. The information quality contributes a positive impact on the ERP performance. In total the organizational commitment affects directly and indirectly the ERP performance. The management commitment empowers the key user to be aware of the ERP system upgrading all the time. By keeping the ERP to the most up-to-date condition will contribute to the high quality of the information. Furtherly, the best information quality provides the appropriate information in term of the right time and the right information in the decision making process. The appropriate information enables the top management to decide in the pursuit of improving the company performance.

The initial changes in standard procedures made by manufacturing companies when implementing ISO 9000: 2008 system (SNI / National Indonesia Standard) are establishing procedures related to the system in each department of the companies. These changes are related to the standard operating procedures, work instructions, and forms. The second stage of changes happens during the implementation of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) in which the companies have to integrate various departments into one integrated data system. These processes of changes in the companies are called business process redesign or re-engineering (BPR). The changes are conducted by making adjustments to all procedures in the companies so that they can fit into applying ERP modules. Proper adjustments will increase the employment performance for manufacturing companies. The data are collected from 100 questionnaires distributed to the manufacturing companies in East Java, and can further analyze from 77 questionnaires with a 77% response rate. Data processing is performed by using structural equation modeling of PLS and finds that BPR does not provide a direct improvement to the implementation of ERP in the companies. The changes to the standard procedure of the company, or BPR, give an impact of 0.422 to the implementation of ISO 9001. The implementation of ISO 9001 brings an impact of 0.763 on the implementation of ERP. The implementation of ISO 9001 does not affect the company performance, but the implementation of ISO gives a significant impact to the company's performance of 0.664. The changes in standard procedures performed in the company, often called BPR, can improve the company's performance by 0.2138, obtained through the implementation of ISO 9001 and the implementation of ERP.

The direct cause of the collapse of granary is irregular design, old breakage, lack of routine maintenance, and improper operation in the process of staff operation. The indirect reason for the collapse of granary is the customary operation of staff. If the grain height exceeds the grain line, it goes beyond the capacity allowed by the warehouse design, overloading the grain, and its side pressure exceeds the strength that the wall can bear, resulting in cracks and even collapse in the wall of the bungalow, which eventually leads to the occurrence of a buried accident. A granary was built in the 80s of last century, and it collapsed in the process of stacking grain. This paper analyzes the causes of collapse from the aspect of stress, according to the exploration situation, the actual calculation model is determined and the force calculation is carried out. The calculation parameters should be collected in force analysis, including: section size, strength, load and structural layout.