Table of contents

Dear Authors and Readers,

It is a great pleasure for me to write this foreword for Autex 2018, 18th World Textile Conference, held in Istanbul, Turkey between 20-22 June 2018. Autex Conference brings together academicians, researchers, industry professionals, experts in textile field from all over the world and makes a significant contribution to realization of Autex objectives. It is a great honour for Istanbul Technical University, Textile Technologies and Design Faculty, to host this organization, which is one of the most important events in the field of textiles.

The papers presented in the conference contributed to the knowledge and novelty in textile science in the sessions of Protective Textiles, Innovative Functional Textiles, Ecological and Environmental Textiles, Recycling and Life Cycle Analysis, Surface Functionalization and Coating, Smart, Interactive and Multifunctional Textiles, Technical Textiles, Composites and Membranes, Nanotechnology, Nanotextiles, Electrospinning, Textile and Clothing Machinery, Comfort Science, Modelling and Simulation, Fashion - Garment Industry and Marketing, Textile Testing, Measuring Technology, Fashion - Design and Garment Industry, Textile Economy, Textile Supply Chain Management, Advanced Fibers and Materials. Medical Textiles. Tissue Engineering, Implants, Textile Processing, Advanced Fibres and Materials, Modern Textile Education and Training, Innovation & Entrepreneurship, Fashion, Garment Industry, Simulation & Modeling. Seven plenary speakers made presentations in addition to the contributed papers.

I deeply hope the proceedings included in this book will conribute as a reference book for novel studies and research.

Prof. Dr. Fatma Kalaoğlu

Conference Chair

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

In this paper, UV curing technology and screen printing method were firstly together applied on synthetic leather, in order to determine the gloss and hardness values of screen printed UV curable polyurethane acrylate binder films prepared with different pigment concentrations. UV curable water-borne pigmented formulations were prepared with different pigment concentration (3%, 5% and 7%) and two types of photoinitiators (Omnirad® 500 and Omnirad® 819 DW). The curing process were conducted under different combinations of lamps (Ga, Hg, GaHg and GaGaHg) at three power levels. Pendulum hardness and gloss values of printed films were investigated. In gloss measurements, higher gloss values were obtained at the pigment concentration of 3% at all lamp combinations. Moreover, the highest gloss value (20.96) of the sample printed with 3% pigment concentration was obtained at GaHg lamp combination at 679 mJ/cm² energy density. The higher hardness values were obtained at a pigment concentration of 3% at all lamp combinations. The highest hardness value (9.8) of the pigmented polymeric films with 3% pigment concentration was obtained at GaGaHg lamp combination at 966 and 1663 mJ/cm² energy densities. The results show that high gloss and hardness values can be achieved at lower pigment concentration of 3%. Considering energy efficiency, curing under the GaHg lamp combination at an energy intensity of 679 mJ/cm² can be recommended for synthetic leather samples, which are printed with low pigment concentration (3%).

In the transport and industrial sectors, moving parts and kinematics play an important role. In this context, weight savings and a reduced number of joints of moving parts are essential factors, enabling lowered fuel consumption and precise dynamic movements of machine parts. Hence, single-axis and intrinsic adaptive fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) components with structurally integrated actuators can replace conventional moving parts. Thus, this paper aims at presenting shape-variable, adaptive FRP based on shape memory alloy (SMA) hybrid yarns. In order to protect the matrix from direct contact with SMA, to ensure free and even mobility of SMA in FRP, and to fully exploit the deformation capability of SMA and therefore the adaption potential of the entire FRP structure, wire-shaped SMA was converted into textile-based actuators in a core- sheath structure. The functionalized preforms were developed by means of weaving technology. The SMA hybrid yarn was introduced into the woven fabric structure in the warp direction. Subsequently, the functionalized preforms were infused. The adaptive FRP were characterized in terms of their deformation behavior with fully and partially sheathed SMA in lengths of 240 mm and 120 mm, respectively. Results revealed that adaptive FRP with fully sheathed SMA deform stronger than those with partially sheathed SMA.

A multi-model pore system, which includes the micro, meso, macro and mega pores, develops between fibers, yarns, fabrics or multilayer fabrics and human body respectively during wearing clothes. This multimodel pore system significantly affects thermodynamic processes of human and consequently the thermal wearing comfort of outdoor and protective clothing. The objectives of the research are to analyze this effect and to develop application-oriented principles and processes for the holistic simulation of outdoor clothing according to geometrical, textile-physical, and thermal parameters. To achieve the required aim clothing samples for five selected test persons are developed and sewed and the textile materials are comprehensively characterized. The size distribution of the mega pores are identified by the fit simulation and the wear trials are conducted in climate chamber to analyze the heat transfer between body and clothing system. In this paper the thermal simulation of the jacket and test person1 is presented. This innovative approach will give the opportunity to analyze the effect of body shape, design of clothing, environmental conditions and level of activity of human.

Samples were treated with quat-silane to achieve antimicrobial property for further designs to help bacteria resistant during use. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of quat-silane treated cotton and cotton/elastane fabrics in comparison with untreated control samples were investigated. Results showed that a small significant decrease was observed for tensile strength (strip and grab methods), tear strength and seam strength. A small significant decrease was observed with the increase in quat-silane concentration for all samples. Panama weaves showed the lowest tensile strength and the highest tear strength and a small significant decrease was observed for all treated samples. Antimicrobial tests showed that all treated samples have a very good antimicrobial activity.

In the present study, evaluating the fabric characteristics on thermal insulation properties of garments was aimed. For that purpose, two fiber combinations and seven different knitting structures were chosen and seven long sleeve basic shirts were manufactured from these fabrics. As a water-repellent finishing treatment, all shirts were treated with 5% of a fluorocarbon-based product. A thermal manikin of PT-Teknik made in Denmark was used to measure the heat loss of the shirts and the surface of manikin was kept at a constant temperature. Afterwards, the total and effective clothing insulation values were calculated for each shirt. The comparisons of heat loss values according to the body parts, and also for the effective clothing insulations were done. Moreover, the heat flux according to the body parts were determined. In the light of these obtained data, a new shirt design was designed and proposed by combining the evaluated fabrics in order to enhance the comfort and performance of the user.

The equipping of polyester multifilament fabrics with functionalized micro particles for partial and targeted reduction of the size of continuous inter-yarn pores in the fabric, utilizing the filtering effect of textile surfaces, has proven to be a very effective method for increasing the barrier properties of fabrics for use as surgical reusable textiles, cleanroom clothing or cleanable filter media. The objectives of this study were to understand the interrelationships of weaving parameters and fabric properties and to model the porous fabrics under loading conditions. Artificial Neural Networks were trained and tested in order to link the weaving and processing parameters with the fabric properties using the experimental data. Mean flow pore sizes and permeability values of woven fabrics under biaxial loading conditions were measured according to a method previously developed using a special sample holder connected to a conventional porosimetry. Finite element models of unit cells were developed and loaded virtually. Those models were transferred into voxel models and imported into software DNSlab, where they were virtually equipped with particles. For the simulation of the fluid flow, the Navier-Stokes equations were solved numerically by the Lattice-Boltzmann method. The experimental and numerical studies show that pore size of barrier fabrics can be tailored using the developed methods and models. Important parameters are the fabric construction parameters and the particle size.

Several methods for silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) deposition on dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treated and not treated polyamide 6,6 fabric were tested for the production of durable antibacterial textiles. Ultrasound-assisted, dip-coating, exhaustion at 70°C and spray deposition methods were applied. The treated fabrics were analysed in terms of coating uniformity, plasma effect, nanoparticles concentration onto the fabrics and nanoparticles release. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and reflectance spectroscopy(%R) were performed. In the fabrics impregnated with AgNPs by dip coating or spray methods there are no significant differences in the plasma treated and untreated samples. Ultrasound tip and exhaustion at 70°C presented higher AgNPs loading. Better AgNPs distribution, higher concentration and less agglomeration were observed in the plasma treated samples and an improved controlled release as well. The plasma treated fabrics with AgNPs deposited with the ultrasound method showed the highest concentration of nanoparticles onto the fabrics as well as the lowest NPs agglomeration. However, this deposition is limited to certain areas of the fabric, the samples were not uniform. The exhaustion method showed the best equilibrium between the NPs distribution and state of agglomeration.

Manufacturing complex composite part via Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) processes involves preforming dry textile perform before injecting the liquid resin. The defect that may be encountered within the textile structure during preforming step decreases the expected mechanical properties of the composite part. The intra-ply yarn sliding is a defect frequently observed during preforming of a woven preform but its mechanism is far from being fully understood. In this paper, a contribution for analyzing the mechanism of this defect and the influencing process parameters is presented. This analysis is based on an experimental study performed for one ply carbon fabric using a hemispheric punch. The effect of the ply orientation and blank holder force on the fabric behavior during preforming is evaluated regarding the required preforming force and yarn slippage. For the performed tests, it was obvious the impact of these two factors on the fabric behavior. The slippage phenomenon occurred in zones with low shear angles, for specific ply orientation. The fabric behavior has been analyzed by considering the evolution of the yarn tension which is related to the contact shear stress induced by sliding the fabric across the die and blank holder during preforming. Using an analytical model for the yarn tension in friction sliding, the influencing ply geometry and process parameters have been identified. Based on this analysis a solution relative the ply geometry to reduce the yarn tension is examined.

The Six Sigma approach aims to improve the quality of products in order to ensure the customers satisfaction. It focuses on the improvement of the quality by reducing of process variation in order to improve its efficiency. Small- and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) face several quality problems in progress or in the end of the work process. Few studies have been reported about the application of Six Sigma in SME. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new model based on the integration of Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC) and Plan, Do, Check, Act (PDCA) approach in order to improve the effectiveness of the Six Sigma structure in solving quality problem in clothing SMEs. An example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed model to fix the parameters of a laying carriage in order to minimize tissue cutting defect

Visual merchandising plays a key role, basically for pursuing the customer to enter the store by making the store attractive and changing the perceived image from the view point of consumers. The brand image and the retailers' image can be emphasized with the combination of these visual merchandising components. The aim of this study is to analyze and to compare the selection of design elements of different type of retailers such as fast fashion retailers, luxury apparel retailers, sportswear retailers or the retailers presenting products for women, men or both. To this aim, a content analysis was applied among 36 apparel retailers acting in Turkey. The findings showed that the visual merchandising elements were inarguably well employed by the luxury brand retailers, which was followed with the retailers selling high price fashion products. Among the visual merchandising elements special lightning and window displays were seen to be favored by all the retailers. Besides, the selection of different types of visual element were found to be based on the target customer group, while the apparel retailers selling products for females only are much more caring about the visual merchandising, it was vice versa for the apparel retailers selling only menswear.

In this study, "smart", stimuli responsive PLA fabrics with controlled antimicrobial activity were tailored, by the application of microgel based on temperature responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (poly-NiPAAm) and pH responsive chitosan, with incorporated β-cyclodextrine (PNCS/CD microgel), and subsequent embedment of essential oils (EO). Antimicrobial activity of lavender, thymol, savory and cinnamon bark EO was tested in 1 – 5 % concentrations. Based on the results, the 4% concentration of savory and cinnamon EO were chosen and prepared as emulsion, allowing further embedment into the PNCS/CD microgel using in-situ procedure on the PLA fabric. Morphological and chemical changes of the studied samples were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Temperature responsiveness was analyzed by determining moisture content (MC) at 20- and 40 °C, antimicrobial activity was determined by evaluating the reduction of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli, thus controlled release of the EO was tested by determining the zone of inhibition at 20- and 37°C. The results show that the embedment of the EO emulsion did not affect the temperature responsiveness of the PNCS/CD microgel. The PNCS/CD microgel proved to be a suitable carrier of antimicrobial agents, assuring the effective controlled release of EO emulsion and excellent antimicrobial activity. Temperature related controlled release of the EO emulsion was proven by the formation of zone of inhibition, which occurred only at conditions dictating shrinkage of the microgel particles.

Start Excessive usage of electronic gadgets, telecommunication devices and electrical appliances has led to unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) as side effect. The EMI pollution interferes with the performance and functioning of the electrical equipments, which is generated through the conduction or radiation of emitted electromagnetic (EM) waves. In addition to affecting the quality of electrical appliances, EMI has a huge negative impact on the health and life of living organisms. Moreover, microwave frequency operated functions such as radar surveillance systems; weather radar, military aviation, radar guns, wireless technology and satellite communication are more prone to EMI pollution and specifically with regard to stealth purposes. In this paper carbon nanomaterial based polyurethane nanocomposites have been synthesized and investigated for decreasing the EM wave pollution due to their light weight, flexibility, optimum conductivity and good dielectric properties. Three different types of graphene sheets such as thermally reduced and exfoliated graphene (TRG); chemically reduced graphene (CRG) and Polyvinyl-pyyrolidone stabilized silver nanoparticles based graphene nanohybrid (Ag-PVP-CRG) have been synthesized and characterized for EMI shielding properties. Further, TRG, CRG and Ag-PVP- CRG sheets have been dispersed in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymeric matrix to create multifunctional nanocomposite films with properties such as EMI shielding, electrically conductivity and dielectric behavior. The study presents for the first time a comparative evaluation of three different types of graphene sheets in both neat and nanocomposite form. The synthesis of Ag-PVP-CRG nanohybrids and its application for EMI shielding is novel and reported for the first time for such an application.

A facemask is a loose-fitting, disposable device that creates a physical barrier between the mouth and nose of the wearer and potential contaminants in the immediate environment. They are generally labelled as surgical, isolation, dental or medical procedure masks. On the other hand, respirators are personal air purifiers. They are designed to protect the wearer from inhaling dangerous substances such as toxic chemicals and infectious particles. Respirators are designed to help reduce the wearer's respiratory exposure to airborne contaminants such as particles that are small enough to be inhaled - particles less than 100 microns (μm) in size. A face masks or a respirator consist entirely or substantially of filter material or comprises a face piece in which the main filter(s) form an inseparable part of the device. Nanofibers could be the key elements for filter materials in face masks or respirators. They have a very high surface area per unit mass that enhances capture efficiency and other surface area-dependent phenomena that may be engineered into the fiber surfaces (such as catalysis or ion exchange). They could enhance filter performance for capture of naturally occurring nanoparticles such as viruses, as well as micron-sized particles such as bacteria or man-made particles such as soot from diesel exhaust.

The aim of this research is to propose the enhanced method of pattern block drafting with novel pattern-oriented body measurements and to optimize the fit of men shirts and customization process that demonstrating by the virtual system "body-garment". To investigate and devise this method, 119 young male bodies were scanned by 3D body scanner. New anthropometric indexes were proposed according to the theories and basic rules of sketching patterns^[1]. Competitive neural networks and self-organized mapping neural networks²(SOMNN) were trained and tested to clustering the male body features into certain types. Thereby novel patterns for diverse types were employed as the database of customized men shirts. Compared with the traditional pattern blocks, the new ones are providing the better fit in virtual environment. Based on the proposed method, the individual pattern could be generated immediately from the existed database with facilitated precision and efficiency, by matching the body measurements of customers to certain anthropometric features.

The focus of this study is on the tensile properties of a novel graphene pattern stitched carbon/epoxy 3D composite which could be considered in aerospace industry applications. Tensile modulus and strength are reduced by18-25% due to filament breakage during stitching; this reduction varies with stitching density. Fabrication induced voids and resin rich regions also contribute. However, extensive delamination observed in the tension loaded unstitched laminate is constrained by the graphene pattern stitching and the proposed 3D reinforced composite is expected to be more damage resistant under lateral impact loading.

Phase changing materials are widely investigated in many different aspects due to the increasing interest in energy storage applications, thermal insulation and thermal comfort. Electrospinning is a simple technique for producing ultrafine (sub-micron) fibers from a wide variety of polymers. With PCMs, it is generally used as a method to obtain shape stabilized PCMs. In this study, microencapsulated phase change materials (MPCM) are incorporated into nanofiber structure. Morphology, chemical structure, thermal properties and water absorbency of the composite nanofibers are investigated. Uniform nanofibers displaying both thermoregulatory properties and hydrophobicity were obtained.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) which is also called as "TEFLON" is a synthetic fluoropolymer of tetrafluoroethylene that has wide applications due to its differentiating properties. In this study, different PTFE dispersions for preparation of polytetrafluoroethylene mesoporous active membranes doped by basalt and carbon particles which were created in high voltage electrostatic field has been studied. The adjusting of process parameters of common electrospinning system (Nanospider) for preparation of membranes with tunable porosity created by nanofibrous assembly (electrospinning) and interconnected particles (electrospraying) has also been investigated. The nanoparticles based on milled basalt and carbon was used for activation and achieving of special effects. Superhydrophobic Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microporous membranes with different surface structures were obtained by controlling operating parameters in the electrospinning process. The diameters and microstructure of the PTFE microporous membrane were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The contact angles on the microporous membranes were evaluated by static micro-drop observation, and a modified Yang equation was applied to analyze the contact angles. The superhydrophobic PTFE microporous membranes were also tested for thermal properties. As a result of this study, optimized PTFE blend solutions were identified. The results also revealed that the specific surface area was the key factor affecting the contact angles. The thermal properties revealed that thermal conductivity was higher and thermal resistance was lower for carbon and basalt doped membranes.

The yarn is transferred from one bobbin to another in many textile processes. In these kinds of processes like warping, weaving, doubling and twisting, yarn tension change with respect to bobbin diameter has a significant role because it affects product quality and machine efficiency. Yarns including lycra component are widely used in fabric production which are sensible to tension changes. This paper presents an experimental research aiming at determining the relationship between yarn tension and bobbin diameter during unwinding for continuous filament polyester-lycra yarns. For this aim, an experimental research set-up was established representing unwinding from bobbins in many textile processes. Experimental research set-up consists of a winding machine, a creel with single bobbin holder, a laser sensor measuring bobbin diameter, a tension sensor for measuring yarn tension, a PC and a DAQ card. A software program was developed in C programming language to read and record the tension and bobbin diameter simultaneously as a data file. Based on the recorded data, average values of warp tension and bobbin diameter were calculated and relationship between yarn tension and bobbin diameter was obtained in this way. Experimental work was carried out for 3 different yarn numbers (75, 150 and 300 denier) at 5 different unwinding speeds (100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 m/min). The results were compared with the yarns without lycra component and found to be in agreement with theoretical findings in the literature expressing that high elasticity of yarns limited the tension change from full to empty bobbin.

Carbon nanofiber webs have high electrical and thermal conductivity, porosity, surface area and good mechanical properties promising great potential for different applications. In this paper, three types of chemically different polyacrylonitrile (PAN) copolymers were electrospun in various concentrations and nanofibers with average diameter between 220 and 530 nm were produced. After stabilization and carbonization of PAN nanofibers, carbon nanofibers with diameter in the range of 110 to 300 nm were produced. The effects of chemical composition and processing parameters on the formation of the sponge-bond interconnected morphology and electrical conductivity of the carbon nanofibers were studied. The results revealed that the progress of stabilization reactions higher than 98% is inappropriate, whereas the stabilization progress in the range of 87% was considered adequate for the development of a proper structure for obtaining high electrical conductivity during carbonization process. Formation of nanofiber mats in shape of a network interconnected sponge-like structure was believed to be necessary for obtaining much higher electrical conductivity (16.70 S/cm compared to 1.10 and 2.33 S/cm in the case of nanofiber mats without interconnections and sponge-like structure).

In this study, fast responding and user-friendly biocompatible, halochromic nanofibrous mat was successfully produced for the purpose of wound healing monitoring, including a natural pH-indicator dye which was extracted from Red cabbage (B. oleracea L.) inside an alginate (NaAlg) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) mixture solution. The morphological characterization of the halochromic nanofibrous mat was examined by scanning electron microscope. Nanofibrous mats exhibited a pink color when exposed to pH 4-6, simulating the wound-milieu salubrious to the wound healing, and a green-blue color when exposed to pH 7-10, simulating the wound-milieu that obstacle wound healing.

A woven 3D composite is a new type of an advanced construction material. A prototype of three dimensional (3D) textile based on combination of a flat textile with two intersecting tunnels with a rectangular cross-section was constructed and the feasibility of this type of weaving was studied. Prototype of 3D woven fabric was made.

Based on 3D textiles preforms composites for the mechanical trial was made. Composites used for strength tests were made using a vacuum infusion method. The basic elements of the composite, that is the flat part and the element with the rib, were selected for testing. This selection resulted from a complicated process of making a composite based on the entire fabric. A 3D composite, created through the lamination of two flat fabric, was also made for comparison. The study compared the material strength with and without rib reinforcement. Tensile and bending test was made. The analysis of the third composite was aimed at demonstrating the purpose of implementing the complicated weaving process.

The laminate reinforced with 3D fabrics made from a unified weaving process is characterised by the best mechanical properties of the tested variants. The results can be considered to be encouraging.

Recently there has been great interest in flexible electronics and wearables. Traditional electronics fail to satisfy that demand due to being rigid and uncomfortable to wear. As an important element of electronic systems, flexible capacitors are needed in the application of wearables. Poplar fibres, which do not have any usage are in industry, perfectly suit with the demand of market owing to their unique properties. Silver nanowire coated non- woven poplar fibre webs exhibited very good electrical properties and they were quite sensitive to loads.

Drop/fill rinsing method was used for reducing the high water consumption of overflow rinsing process in textile dye house. However, it is not known whether this drop/fill method has adverse effects on the final fabric properties or not. In this study, the effects of using drop/fill method instead of overflow rinsing process on colorimetric and fastness properties of 100% cotton towel fabrics are investigated. It is found that, skipping to the drop fill rinsing method from the over flow rinsing process and obtained fresh water saving has no negative effect on colorimetric and color fastness values of the processed fabric samples and can be used conveniently in the industrial sized production.

The investigation of textile sensors has increased and has gained an important role in the creation of new solutions for the most varied products, from monitorization sensors, actuators and controllers, implemented in garments, house textile items, or textiles structures used for a specific purpose e.g. bridge structural monitoring, soil proprieties, among others. This paper presents the development of pressure sensors base in a conductive silicone with piezoresistive conductive properties. The objective is to explore the combination of different types of conductive material (conductive silicon, nonconductive silicon, conductive ink and conductive fabric) and test the interactions between them. In the production methods the conductive ink, and conductive fabric were fixed to the silicone in the curing phase. Conductive and nonconductive silicon were mixed to obtain better control of sample conductivity. Samples with different thicknesses were developed, it was study the influence on the voltage variation and conductivity for each sample.

Magnetic hyperthermia has been arising as a promising approach for treatment of cancer. When magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are locally injected through cancerous tissues and subjected to an appropriate alternating magnetic field, they generate heat due to the rotation of the nanomagnets, causing the destruction of the cancer cells. For repeated applications of magnetic hyperthermia, it is highly preferred to keep the temperature constant at about 41-46°C while preventing the leakage of MNPs, to minimize secondary effects on surrounding healthy tissues. In our study, we produced novel nanowebs provided with magnetic and thermal buffering properties by encapsulating MNPs and Lauric Acid in poly(methyl ethyl acrylate) matrix via uniaxial electrospinning. For the oleic acid functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, the magnetization for the corresponding nanowebs is higher by a factor of two for all concentrations than the ones with non-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles, indicating a more effective integration of the functionalized nanoparticles through the nanoweb. The heat absorption and release capacities of the nanowebs, incorporated with 1.25-2.50 % functionalized MNPs, vary between 70-75 Jg^-1 at 40-48°C. They also demonstrate thermal cycling ability and thermal stability.

Cotton fiber is one of the most used materials among other natural fibers in the textile and clothing industry. On the other hand, environmental pollutants are formed during the processing of cotton industry especially in conventional wet processes such as bleaching, scouring for raw cotton. In order to make alteration to those processes enzymes can be also used in some of them such as: bleaching and scouring. Due to the fact that conventional textile finishing processes with intensive energy, water and chemical consumption are not environmentally friendly; it is necessary to develop more "green" and economic production methods. Plasma technology and enzymes are promising techniques to support eco-friendly production in textile industry. These eco-friendly methods can also be combined to produce high quality materials and to reduce production cost. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of plasma treatment combined with enzymatic bioscouring system over raw cotton fabric.

Several techniques of characterization were used to study the effects caused by the interaction between plasma discharge/enzymes and cotton fabric, such as: static and dynamic contact angle, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) and reflectance spectrophotometer. All analyses performed in this study showed that DBD plasma discharge combined with enzymes, when applied on cotton fiber, produces significant modifications on the surface of this substrate, improving hydrophilicity and whiteness without altering its intrinsic properties. Thus, proving the effectiveness of the synergy of two important technologies to textile industry.

In recent years the commercial importance of carbon nanofiber has increased due to its high mechanical properties, electrical and thermal conductivity and lightness. Therefore, carbon nanofibers are candidate to replace many commercial products. In general carbon nanofibers are produced from precursor fiber. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) is usually used as precursor fiber because of comparatively high carbon yield and a thermally stable and highly oriented molecular structure. Large number of scientific publications have been demonstrated with the help of progress in nanofiber production methods, such electrospinning, centrifugal- spinning, air blowing from melt or solution, and optimization of process parameters of those methods. In this study, PAN nanoyarn is first obtained by the electrospnning method which is very convenient process for producing thin fiber. Stabilization is then applied by exposure to air at 230°C to provide thermally stable structure so that the resulting PAN nanofibers could be thermally durable during the carbonization process at high temperature. Finally, the process for the carbonization of the stabilized sample is operated in a argon gas atmosphere at 600°C. The produced material is characterized by SEM to observe its morphology.

The use of natural dyes for textile fibers has become an alternative to solve issues as environmental pollution and health risks caused by synthetic dyes. With this purpose, the use of silkworm excrement to dye textile fibers was targeted in silk (SK) and polyamide 6.6 (PA) weave fabric. This extract was characterized by spectroscopy to evaluate the color intensity and the color strength (K / S) and, finally, measured color fastness to wash, to friction and perspiration. The SK fiber as a better dye yield with silkworm excrement. Although the PA fiber shows also reasonable dye yield. With the results presented, it is possible to conclude that the SK and PA fabrics can be easily dyed with the natural dye extracted from the excrement of the silkworm, obtaining yellowish- brown colors.

Compression, and relaxation of a reinforcement fabric during composite manufacturing dictates mold design, resin flow, and fiber volume fraction of resultant composite; and single layer fabric architecture, and numbers of layers in a fabric stack change the compressibility character of overall reinforcement material. This study dealt with the effect of knit architecture and number of layers on dry compression and relaxation responses of weft knitted fabrics from glass yarn. Fabric architectures of 1x1, 2x2, English, and Fisherman ribs were selected. The thicknesses of single-, double-, and triple-fabric layers from same knit architectures were measured under compression and recovery pressures ranging from 2 to 200 kPa. Areal densities of single layer fabrics were measured. 2x2 and fisherman rib fabric architectures exhibited higher thickness, areal density and fiber volume fraction than 1x1 and English rib fabric architectures due to their nested and compact structures. Due to nesting between adjacent layers; multi-layer fabrics demonstrated higher fiber content than single layer fabrics. The difference between the compression and recovery thicknesses proved the existence of dissipated energy. Compression curves - the relationship between fiber volume fraction and compression pressure - classified by number of layers were fitted by square equation with fairly high determination of coefficients (R²).

The use of natural dyes is a field of great interest to solve the problems related to environment pollution and health risks. The objective of this research was to study the plasma discharge of double dielectric barrier (DDB) to modify the fabrics surfaces of polyamide 6.6 (PA66), silk (SK) and cotton (CO) dyed with leaf extract of teak (Tectona grandis). It was also aimed the improvement in the penetration and fixation properties to the natural dyes even without using metal mordants, which are toxic and usually used in this type of dyeing. The dye extract obtained from the teak leaves was chemically characterized by using UHPLC/QTOF-MS. The color parameters were calculated by means of spectroscopy to evaluate the color intensity (K/S) and its fastness was evaluated for washing, friction and perspiration.

The objective of this paper is the assessment of heat shield offered by a racing suit in extreme environmental conditions. The method was based on driving simulations in a climatic chamber, during which thermal strain was monitored by measuring a number of physiological and psychological parameters. It was found that a conventional racing suit offered some protection from heat flow but a greater level of protection could be obtained by a reflective outfit. During the test evaporative cooling was negligible because of poor breathability of the outfit and the seat. In conclusion, it was proven that a conventional racing suit offers protection from extreme environmental conditions but it does not guarantees thermal comfort. Use of reflective elements in the racing suit could be beneficial for thermal protection.

The present study aimed to develop a dyeing process of cotton fabrics with natural onion skin extracts in order to obtain dyed fabrics with antimicrobial and anti-UV properties. The extract was characterized by LC-ESI-MS/MS and the antimicrobial activity of the extract was also evaluated. The dyeing process was optimized considering the influence of the temperature, pH and electrolytes. The effect of cotton pre-treatment with chitosan in the dye uptake was also evaluated. The dyed fabrics were characterized according to antimicrobial activity, anti-UV protection and fastness properties.

Wool and polyamide blended fabrics are widely preferred for aircraft seats. Due to the requirements of the flammability regulations of airline authorities, aircraft fabrics have to pass vertical flammability and smoke density tests. In this work, polyamide/wool blended yarns produced in five different ratios. Yarn samples were knitted on a circular knitting machine. Fabric samples were dyed in overflow dyeing machine. Following the washing of the fabric samples, well known low smoke Zirpro flame retardant treatment based on a zirconium salts were applied. The effect of polyamide content on the flammability properties, the thermal behavior and heat release properties of the wool/polyamide blended knitted fabric samples were investigated. For this aim, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, smoke density and vertical burn tests were performed. Results showed that polyamide content decreased the flame retardancy of the wool fabrics.

This study aims to explore the relationship between compression bandage (CB) and muscles' performance. Hand wrist, mid-calf, and ankle muscles are subjected to electrical voltage test with and without wearing CB. Electromyography (EMG) analysis is a substantial component often used for the assessment of muscles activity. Flexor Carpi (FC), Medial Gastrocnemius (MG), and Soleus (SO) muscles are selected to represent wrist, mid-calf, and ankle muscles respectively. The standardized activities protocol used to test FC muscles are (flexion-extension and squeezing a soft roll), while the activities for MG and SO muscles are (flexion-extension and while walking). The obtained data are analyzed using Mega-win and Mat-lab software. Wearing CB was associated with significantly lower muscle activation and higher median frequency for MG and SO muscles during different actions. These results suggest that using CB can improve muscles function, which might enhance walking performance and reduce muscles fatigue.

Start Optical fibers are one category of specialty fibers originally developed for light transmission (fiber optic) and information (optical cables). The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding. Standard polymer optical fiber (POF) is transferring light across its axis by the mechanism of total internal reflection. In the side emitting plastic optical fibers (SEPOF) the light leaks out from their surface. The conditions for obtaining side illumination can be derived from POF geometrical model composed of two materials with different refractive indexes. The main aim of this contribution is description of SEPOF optical properties and their efficient embedding into fibrous structures for creation of line illumination hybrid structure useful for design purposes and creation of safety textile structures with active visibility in shadows. The special device for measurement of light intensity on surface and cross section at various distances from light source is described. Light intensity of textile structures is compared with light intensity of fibers.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting the tooth supporting structures - the alveolar bone in particular, to extent of eventual tooth loss. Among others, the guided tissue regeneration (GTR) procedure including placement of occlusive barrier membrane is very promising approach. Herein we develop chitosan (CHT) / gelatin (GEL) bilayer membranes via successive solvent– and freeze-casting procedures and genipin (GEN)-mediated cross-linking chemistry. By utilizing the auto-fluorescence signal from GEN cross-linking products (i.e. the secondary CHT (GEL) amines and GEN esters), the Confocal Fluorescent Microscopy (CFM) identifies the chemical as well as physical integration between layers´ interfaces, supported also by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) data. The presence of non- and highly μ-porous and pore-interconnecting regions is demonstrated within cross-sections of GEL-prevalent membranes in contrast to the sheet-like organization in membrane with equal components presence. The constant processing conditions onto variable compositions did not significantly affect the pore size distributions (in 1-230 μm range), while pore wall thickness increases up to 220 μm with GEL increase, which also improves the yield stress at compression from 10 to 19 kPa and elastic modulus from 26 to 34 kPa. The further applied rapid mineralization resulted in deposition of non-regular to spherical minerals, containing nonstoichiometric carbonated apatite with Ca/P ration in 1.7-2 range, which demonstrates formation of osseointegrative interface. The intensive, composition-dependent swelling (up to 580%), as well as 67% to 100% weigh loss in 4 weeks in vitro degradation experiment imply on bilayer membranes GTR relevance.

Using recycled nonwovens as sound absorption materials are of great interest because of the increased nonwoven waste. In this study, needle-punched recycled polyester nonwoven was coated with polyethylene film, vinyl-based recycled polymer film and blends of these two materials in order to obtain new sound absorptive materials. Abrasion, tensile and acoustic features of the produced samples were measured and compared with the commercial PP-Fusing sample. It was seen that use of VBR polymer with polyethylene enhanced sound absorption properties of samples as well as their tensile strength and abrasion resistance performance. It is suggested to use needle-punched recycled polyester 'PET- 50% VBR- 50 %PE' sample for automobile rear trunk where acoustic insulation is required.

Digital printing of textiles first appeared in early 90's, and its share in total printing market dramatically increased due to developments in the last five years and advantages of technique, but there is still much to achieve to gain a respectable place in the market. Pigments were most commonly used inks in digital printing and they have nearly no solubility in water or no affinity for any fiber, that results in a demand for binders to create a strong bond between pigment and fiber. In this study, 12 binder solution recipes were prepared with various amounts of KEOJET PGT® binder (0, 20, 25, 30%) and Catalizzatore PGT® catalyst (0, 9, 12, 15%), as well as distilled water. Then, binder solutions were applied onto 100% cotton twill fabrics before printing of Cyan (C), Magenta (M), Yellow (Y) and Black (K) colors via ink jet machine, PicassoTex. After a fixation process, color fastness to rubbing, light, washing and perspiration tests were conducted to printed fabrics. Color fastness to washing and perspiration test results were around 4/5, color fastness to light test results were 5 for all printed samples. However, color fastness to rubbing test results were observed between 3 and 4/5. When all of fastness results were taken into consideration, best results were obtained at the recipe which has 25% binder and 12% catalyst.

Today, with the increasing awareness of environmental conservation, many scientists are directing their work on environmental improvements. In the textile industry, dyestuff load of wastewater increases, and improvements are made to reduce this load. As a contribution to these improvements, a nanocomposite is designed with clay, chitosan and its modifications, which are totally natural. As a preliminary study, the clay was modified and treated with dyestuff solutions to investigate the absorption properties of Methylene Blue with various clay types. According to the results obtained by UV visible spectrophotometer, Cloisite 30B, which is the clay with the best absorption property, has been determined as the reference material. With the lights of preliminary study, a nanocomposite was designed to adsorb dyestuffs from textile waste waters using modified clay and modified chitosan. With the anionic modification of chitosan, it can be converted into carboxymethylchitosan (CMCTS) and it can also have affinity to cationic structures. With this structure, colored composites are obtained while contributing to recycling and environment by providing adsorption of dyestuff. According to UV-vis and FT-IR results, CMCTS that is modified with Butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) has better adsorption from textile wastewaters.

In the process of developing new products, validation through prototypes is of fundamental importance. This traditional task accelerates the process, allowing detection of errors, identification of changes in the styles, turning possible the observation of new potential solutions. CAD 3D software for textile-based products contributes to the aesthetic and constructive visualization of new products. This paper has as objective the evaluation of the contributions of the virtual prototyping systems in the aid of the ergonomic validation of functional garments, related to the compression and the tension produced on the body of the user. The research procedure of this study lies within the exploratory field of qualitative character. Through the experimental process, it was possible to identify the characteristics and differentials between the traditional and virtual procedure in the ergonomic validation of clothing. Finally, it is possible to conclude that the virtual simulation offers significant gains in the development process for new products. Nevertheless, this technique does not eliminate the need to produce the physical pilot garment as a final evaluation of the development process.

This study presents the improvement of durable flame retardant (FR) effect of 100 % cotton fabrics via chemical foaming system which provides energy and water saving significantly, compared to conventional methods. In order to carry out the experiments, dialkylphosphonocarboxylic acid amide based flame retardant agent and auxiliary chemicals were applied on cotton fabrics in a foam formed. Foam parameters such as blow ratios and wet-pick-up ratios were varied and flame retardant properties of foamed cotton fabrics were compared with cotton fabrics treated through pad-dry-cure process in order to determine the performance effect of cotton fabrics in flame retardancy via different finishing methods. After the finishing processes, flame retardant effect of all treated fabrics was examined with vertical burning test method. As durability of flame retardant applied cotton fabrics against washing process is one of the most important subjects that has been tried to be improved with different approaches for a long time, all treated fabrics were washed and dried 50 times, separately. After repeated washing and drying cycles, burning behavior of washed and FR treated fabrics were also tested vertically for determining flame retardancy effect. Beside the vertical burning test, tearing strength test, color spectrums, SEM and SEM- EDX analysis of fabrics were carried out. According to test results, even at the low wet-pick-up ratios, a significant increase was observed in flame retardant effect of cotton fabrics that were treated with FR agents via foam application. Moreover, all treated fabrics were durable against 50 washing and 50 drying processes.

All over the world, the importance of the sustainable and biodegradable materials is increased very fast. The use of agricultural stem waste as a technical textile material can be made a huge contribution for save the environment. The aim of this research was to pre-treat the okra fibers with microwave energy. The fibers were obtained from Marmara Region agricultural waste by use a specially designed machine. They were microwave- assisted surface treated with 7 % sodium bisulphate and 10 % acetic acid. The results of tensile strength, fiber diameter, SEM and X-Ray analyses were compared to the conventionally treated fiber samples. Finally, microwave-assisted treatments were quite good. Bisulphate treatment was more effective than treatments with acetic acid. When the SEM images was investigated, a lot of porosity was observed on the surface of acetic acid treated fiber and the tensile strength values increased bisulphate treatment.

Biofilm formation, caused particularly by pathogenic bacteria like methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on medical devices, is imposing threat to public health. There is thus an ever growing demand for designing materials that are both cytocompatible and resistant to biofilm formation as well as bacterial infections. Surface functionalized polyamides, such as Nylon 6, are widely used as biomaterial due to its strength, flexibility, toughness and cytocompatibility. The undertaken study is focused on the surface functionalization of Nylon 6 by reducing the surface with borane-tetrahydrofuran complex (BH₃-THF), followed by grafting with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether tosylate (mPEG-OTs) via a novel lithiation approach. The modified Nylon 6 surfaces were characterized by various techniques such as water contact angle (WCA) analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the modification of Nylon 6 surface. Evaluation of bacterial adhesion on the pure and modified surface against biofilm active pathogenic bacterial strain: Staphylococcus aureus (S.A.) CCM 3953 was accomplished. The functionalized Nylon 6 surfaces showed significant resistance towards bacterial adhesion compared to pure Nylon 6.

In recent years transdermal drug delivery has aroused significant interest as a sustained and non-invasive way of administering active substances. The advancements of nanotechnology allowed the development of novel pharmaceutical formulations overcoming skin barrier. Furthermore, such nano-system can be combined with conventional fabrics to pave the way to a new generation of wearable drug delivery devices: bio-functional garments. First the NP were produced by flash nanoprecipitation technique (FNP), the production process was optimized to produce particles with suitable size for transdermal applications. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of drug content by UV-visible spectroscopy and in term of antioxidant activity by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance spectroscopy (EPR) coupled with spin trapping technique. The NPs were used to functionalize cotton and viscose-micromodal fabrics and the transdermal release properties were tested in vitro by Franz's Cell experiment. FNP was proven to be an effective technique to produce tunable size particles. Moreover, the nanoencapsulated drug exhibited antioxidant activity. The Franz's Cell test evidenced a controlled release behavior, providing evidence that the bio-functional textile is suitable for applications where sustained release and antioxidant properties are required.

Nowadays different types of carbon containing fibers become more and more popular in textile. Pure carbon fibers, fibers with carbon particles, graphene and even carbon containing dyes began to apply in textile for different purposes. Fibers may contain from about 1% of black carbon for antistatic property up to 40% of graphene for special mechanical and moisture management properties. Carbon has pro and contra as thermoinsulating material. It possesses great ability to absorb heat but, at the same time, carbon is good thermoconductive material, and heat escapes quickly due to high thermal conductivity. Heat loss from human body is realized through several channels. For example, thermoconductive heat loss is only 10-15%, whereas irradiative heat loss can reach up to 80% from total heat loss value. Based on this information, we developed non-woven carbon containing compositions which is targeted for maximizing capture of outgoing irradiation heat and minimizing heat loss in thermoconductive channel. In this work, we presented result of development of different carbon containing non-woven compositions for insulation. As a result, some of our non-woven paddings with density 100 g/m² have clothing insulation value (CLO) equal 4, which makes them close to natural down insulation. We also provided wide characterizations of non-woven samples such as stiffness, IR absorption and reflection, washing stability, analysis of economic feasibility of industrial production.

Smart textile structures are promising solution nowadays for in situ structural health monitoring of composite parts that have important place in transportation industry. Composites made from a polymeric matrix and a fibrous reinforcement have been increasingly studied during the last decade. Conductive yarns as textile sensors can be integrated in textile structures by diverse technologies and crucial issue is that sensors integration does not modify their general behavior. In this work interest is focused on the structural health monitoring of textile reinforced thermoplastic composites with newly developed textile sensors in situ based on the conductive polymer complex poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS).

Human population is aging. Therefore, considerable amount of attention has to be given to the problems specific to aging. Dementia is one of such problems. There is a strong relation between dementia and gait disorders. With aging the amount of people falling during standing, walking or climbing stairs dramatically increases. Because of this, the elderly people have a greater need for care and assistance and are more likely to be admitted to a nursing home after a fall, although they would like to stay at their own home and be independent. Although a number of researchers are dealing with this problematics so from the point of the medical diagnostics, as from view of possibility of integrating fall detection device into clothing, there are still unresolved problems on the area of providing safety of people with dementia.

This contribution deals with the integration of a fall detection system being supplied by printed batteries into clothing, designed with medical function in mind for safety of elderly people and patients with dementia. The first part presents a fall detection and long-term motion monitoring system and considers its power consumption. Energy consumption will be considered based on an amount of current consumed by particular parts of fall detection and long-term monitoring system. The second part gives an overview of various batteries suitable to supply the fall detection and long-term motion monitoring system integrated into clothing, while the third part presents suggestions for fall detection and long-term motion monitoring system integration into clothing.

Thermal behavior of electrospun PVA nanofibrous membranes was studied by thermal analysis techniques i.e., differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For the production of nanofibrous membranes needleless (roller) electrospinning method was used. DSC graphs showed that there is a decrease in melting temperature of the PVA polymer when crosslinking agent is used. Moreover, the change in the polymer concentration doesn't influence the T_m. Considering the TGA results, it is realized that while crosslinked PVA nanofibers have weight losses at about 240°C, pure PVA nanofibers have a weight loss at about 290°C.

Composite structures, that are one of the most critical materials of today, are being improved day by day with high performances besides their lightness. Textile reinforced composite structures constitute a key share among all composite forms. In these structures, textile components provide strength and dimensional stability to the composite material. In this study, the effects of different types of Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT, MWCNT-OH,MWCNT-COOH) on mechanical properties (tensile strength and impact strength) of jute/E-glass fabric reinforced hybrid composites were examined. Unsaturated orthophthalic polyester resin was used as the matrix material. Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding technique was utilized for the preparation of four-plied composite specimens. In sample codes, J and G refer to jute and E-glass fabrics, respectively.

Since late 20th century, the drawbacks of pollution became obvious which increases the demand for environmental friendly and ecological approaches in all disciplines. Not only using environment friendly materials and procedures, but also detecting any pollution, and potential solutions are also common area of current research. SO₂, one of the significant topics in waste management, is reported to cause acidic rain. To abolish SO₂ waste, excess temperature is required. The current efforts are to develop materials that can remove SO₂ at comparatively low temperatures. The aim of this study is to examine a potential use of graphene oxide (GO) fibers and composite polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) incorporated GO fibers in SO₂ filters. So as to observe the effect of PVA incorporation on composite fiber properties, PVA incorporated GO fibers and neat GO fibers were prepared. GO fibers were prepared with modified Hummers method followed by wet spinning through three coagulation baths. For composite fiber formation, 10% PVA was added to coagulation bath three. So formed fiber morphologies were analyzed with SEM, AFM and BET. Electrical conductivities were calculated from electrical resistances measured with conductivity tester. The SO₂ adsorption and desorption properties were measured in a quartz reactor. PVA addition did not have a significant effect on electrical conductivity whereas increases the SO2 adsorption capacity and reduces the surface roughness, pore size, pore volume and surface area.

Plasma technique can be used to improve the surface characteristics of polyamide fabric with elastane through surface modification. In this study, the Polyamide fabrics with elastane treated with low-temperature, low- pressure, radio frequency argon plasma were investigated. After treated with the Plasma, in order to observe the effect of plasma treatment, fabrics were characterized and examined by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The changes in surface roughness and etching effect was observed. SEM analyses showed that the surface roughness increased due to the etching effect of the plasma treatment, leading to the improvement of the making the fabric conductive via different coating approaches for E-Textile applications.

From the experimental results, it was observed that higher surface roughness can be achieved by the increasing the plasma exposure time. The polyamide fabric with examined at different plasma exposure time 2, 4 and 20 minutes with the argon gas.

The obtained samples are promising for making the fabric conductive via different coating approaches for E- Textile applications.

The present study investigates the mechanical properties of newly developed FR chemical Fire-off in order to assess textile service-life features. 350 g/L Fire-off finished bath was prepared and CO/PET fabric samples were treated via impregnation method. In order to investigate FR performance of treated fabrics LOI test was performed. Subsequently, fabric strength, abrasion properties and outward appearance; tensile properties, abrasion, pilling performance and whiteness of Fire-off treated fabrics were tested and evaluated. Mechanical test results showed that there was a slight increase in strength, elongation, abrasion and pilling. On the other hand, whiteness and air permeability of fabrics were decreased after Fire-off treatment.

Seam strength has a huge impact on the durability of the garment. Conductive yarn usage in a stitching while development the e-textile structures is often used to connect electronic modules to sensors and actuators. Most common conductive yarn, used for the joining of e-textile products, is silver coated polyamide yarn. In this standpoint, chosen woven fabric stitched with silver coated polyamide yarn and seam strength was measured in both directions, weft, and warp and seam efficiency was calculated. Moreover, washing procedure was applied to the stitched samples to investigate the changing behavior of mechanical strength and electrical conductivity through the washing. Durability of the e-textiles is one of the key factors of maintaining the product through the washing. In this perspective, mechanical performances of the seam were tested together with the washing and electrical resistance values of the seam were recorded. After the washing procedure, seam elongation was decreased for both warp and weft directions. As expected, washing cycle has a negative effect on the silver coated yarns thus, some signal damage was recorded. However, electrical conductivity of the silver coated yarns is not totally destroyed after the gentle washing cycle.

In this research study, knitted fabrics were produced on an E=12 gauge electronic flat bed knitting machine for the High frequency attenuation characterization in the frequency range of 1 GHz -1,5 GhZ. Conductive yarns with different linear resistances were knitted into non-conductive base fabrics made from double covered PA 6.6 core spun lycra yarns. Two different design approaches have been applied for manufacturing of samples. In the first approach, conductive yarn has been knitted in plain arrangement into elastomeric interlock base fabric. In latter case, the base fabric was produced with elastomeric yarns in an interlock arrangement and a conductive yarn was embedded in this substrate to create a series of single loop structures. Effect of design approaches and conductive yarn linear resistance on high frequency attenuation properties of conductive knitted samples was investigated. It was observed while design differences have more effect on attenuation characteristics of samples, linear resistance values of conductive yarns have also slightly affected the properties of samples.

An efficient cleaning and disinfection practice plays a crucial role in preventing cross-contamination in food industry, domestic situations as well as nosocomial environment. Pre-impregnated disinfecting wipes (ready-to-use disinfectant wipes) are broadly applied in above-mentioned conditions. Regarding the effectiveness of the disinfectant pre-impregnated wipes, research still stays in case study phase and no comprehensive investigation has been carried out to evaluate the structure and function change of the ready-to-use disinfecting wipes over storage time. This work studied the ageing of the disinfecting wipe over storage time. Chloramine as surface disinfectant and 3 commercial wiping materials of polyester (PET), 55% cellulose/45%PET and pure cellulose have been selected. The FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) and DMA (Dynamic mechanical analysis) result revealed that oxidation occurred on the textile substrates during the storage of the pre-impregnated disinfecting wipes with special emphasis to the cellulose polymer. Moreover, the occurred oxidation changed the mechanical properties of the cellulose-containing wipes increasing their viscous properties over the elastic ones.