Table of contents

It is our great pleasure to introduce the Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Renewable Energy and Materials Technology (ICOREMT 2021), held at Erbil, Iraq, from the 2^nd to the 3^rd of August 2021.

The core aim of ICOREMT-2021 has always been to bring together early-career researchers, scientists, academics, engineers, and postgraduate students to exchange and share their experiences and research results on all aspects of science, technology, and engineering. Accordingly, the professional keynote speakers and researchers have presented various perspectives on research.

All submitted papers were have gone through an initial assessment by the editors of ICOREMT-2021 before sending them for reviewers. The latter were carefully selected from many countries to ensure reliable outcomes. The committee of STEPS-2020 followed an accurate and professional double-blind peer-reviewing process that involved 223 reviewers from all over the world. In total, 272 papers were submitted to ICOREMT-2021; 22 were rejected during the initial assessment process, and 56 papers were accepted (acceptance rate of 20.59%). The accepted papers demonstrated novel ideas and impressive effort in engineering science and technology.

We wish to express our sincere gratitude to all individuals, authors, editors, reviewers, and committees of ICOREMT-2021 who have contributed to ICOREMT-2021. Without their support, it would not have been possible to make ICOREMT-2021 a successful event in this challenging time.

We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to our partner, Tikrit University, Iraq. Without their support, it would not have been possible to host such a successful international event.

Warmest regards,

STEPS Team

List of Editors and Scientific Committee are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Describe criteria used by Reviewers when accepting/declining papers. Was there the opportunity to resubmit articles after revisions?

Reviewers of ICOREMT-2021 considered the following vital points in the assessment process:

A- Technical Criteria (such as scientific merits and adequacy of discussion)

B- Quality Criteria (such as the scientific interest of the results and the ratio of length and importance of the idea)

C- Presentation Criteria (quality of figures/tables and conclusions)

One opportunity was given to the authors to address reviewers' comments and corrections.

• Conference submission management system: Direct submission via official email address.

• Number of submissions received: 272 papers

• Number of submissions sent for review: 250 papers

• Number of submissions accepted: 56 papers

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 20.59%

• The average number of reviews per paper: 2 reviewers

• Total number of reviewers involved: 203 reviewers

• Any additional info on the review process (i.e. plagiarism check system):

All papers were checked using Turnitin software; papers with a more than 20% similarity percentage were rejected without review. The reviewers checked the quality of the submitted papers, including the contribution to the knowledge, the importance of the idea, adequacy of discussion, quality of figures and tables, and the conclusions. After the reviewing process, one opportunity was given to the authors to address reviewers' comments and corrections.

• Contact person for queries:

Dr Khalid Hashim,

Liverpool John Moores University, UK

Email: k.s.hashim@ljmu.ac.uk

Perovskite solar cells attract the attention because of their unique properties in photovoltaic cells. Numerical simulation to the structure of Perovskite on p-CZTS/p-CH3NH3PbCI3/p-CZTS absorber layers is performed by using a program solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D), with changing absorber layer thickness. The effect of thickness p-CZTS/p-CH3NH3PbCI3/p-CZTS, layers at (3.2μm, 1.8 μm, 1.1 μm) respectively are studied. The obtained results are short circuit current density (J_sc), open circuit voltage (V_oc), fill factor (F. F) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) equal to (28 mA/cm², 0.83 v, 60.58 % and 14.25 %) respectively at 1.1 μm thickness. Our findings revealed that the dependence of current - voltage characteristics on the thickness of the absorbing layers, an increase in the amount of short circuit current density with an increase in the thickness of the absorption layers and thus led to an increase in the conversion efficiency and improvement of the cell by increasing the thickness of the absorption layers.

This system [microbial desalination cell (MDC)] is considered an excellent sustainable process to treat wastewater by biological anaerobic oxidation of the organic material by electroactive bacteria, desalinate saltwater, and electrical power generation. In the present work, MDC was used for treating oil refinery wastewater in the anode chamber by anaerobic bacteria. Simultaneously, an air pump was used to provide the oxygen to the cathode chamber as an electron acceptor to generate bioelectricity power. The power density generated by this air cathode MDC with 1KΩ external resistance at the 1^st experiment was 71.11 μW/m². It increased to a peak value of 570.86 μW/m² at the last experiment. The maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal percent of oily wastewater was 96%. The higher salinity removal rate 150.39 ppm/h with a first salt concentration in a desalinating chamber of 35000 ppm.

The use of agricultural pesticides is very important in improving production, but the residue of these pesticides on crops have a serious health effect on humans. On the other hand, there is another type of pollutants resulting from the use of veterinary medicines, as well as heavy metals and mycotoxins that also result in health risks to humans due to their consumption of milk and dairy products. Milk is an important and necessary food for the body as it is consumed daily by many people because its contain fat, protein, vitamin, and minerals. In this work, we present a review of most scientific articles from 1964 until 2020, related to evaluating milk contamination with various chemicals, especially pesticides and veterinary drugs. We observe from many research papers at different country in the world Lingering presence detectable values of chemical contaminate The maximum remainder, as a final result of this review paper we need to establish monitor program system for all chemical contaminate residue in milk and many food type to improve safety and reduce the risk for consumers in Iraq.

A total with 15 samples was collected from 3 wells in the aljazaier distreet in Babil governorate for the period from January to April 2020, to study the microbial contamination represented by fecal bacteria, while chemical contamination includes a physochemical and the heavy element's properties. The goal of this study: Study the water of some wells from some microbes and chemical aspects and evaluate this according to Iraqi standards and specifications. Results showed microbial pollution by fecal Coliform bacteria in well water when using Using the agar media. Results showed the difference in the mean of (MPN) of well water. It was found that the EC value (1061) μs/cm was exceeded the permissible limit in W1, Cl values (325, 430)mg/l, pb values (0.43, 0.14) μg/l and Ni values (0.11, 0.11) μg/l and the permissible limit were exceeded in W1, W2 and SO4 values (681, 653, 584) mg / l also the permissible limit was exceeded in W1, W2 and W3 as well as Ag value (0.12) μg/l is in W1 only. The total risk index (HIT) in the groundwater for W1, W2, W3 was acceptable for adult values ΣHI( 0.23, 0.97, 3.8E-4 ) and children values ΣHI ( 2.6E-2, 1.6E-2, 1.3E-3 ) respectively.

Estimating heat budget factors are important to understand the many physical processes of large lakes and their reaction to the atmosphere. Some of these components are affected by water temperature, while the other depends on atmospheric conditions. This paper estimates the total heat flux for Lawrence lake via a code developed in MATLAB environment. The code can deal with different time resolutions if the lake water surface temperature data were at different time resolutions from the meteorological data. Results showed that solar energy peaks at 842 Watt/m² at 540 Julian day, which is very normal for a sunny summer day, while the longwave radiation has 204 Watt/m² as a min value. The back radiation did not make any reaction for the variation, but it revealed a small gradient. Furthermore, evaporation recorded - 67 Watt/m² as a minimum value at 659 Julian day and 360 Watt/m² as a maximum value at 578.43 Julian day close to the maximum water surface temperature event.

When the gypsum rock is exposed to the relative humidity in a closed environment for a continuous period, the result is an increase in the weight of these rocks after the passage of the first 24 hours, and there is no effect on the percentage of gypsum that the rocks contain, as the weight increase occurred at the same time for the different gypsum ratios. For rocks submerged in potable water and located within a humid environment, most of these rocks witnessed weight gain, with some exhibiting dissolving behavior. As for the gypsum rocks submerged with water saturated with aqueous calcium sulfate salt, they witnessed weight gain without any solubility. It is worth noting the important effect that relative humidity plays in the atmosphere at high levels, as it stimulated the saturation property to cover and overcome the famous property of gypsum rocks, which is the melting at high humidity.

In this research, the environmental reality of the ditches to rainwater drain located in the residential neighborhoods of Al-Hilla city in Iraq was studied. The study was conducted on three ditches near schools and health center within three residential neighborhoods. Chemical laboratory tests (BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP, NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, CN-, pH, T, DO) were proceeded on this water and it was found that the water is high polluted in sewage water compared to the sewage entering the treatment plant in the city and comparing with samples of water taken from ditches outside the city (as a standard sample). The pollution of this ditches with sewage water is considerable hazard on people health in this urban area, especially on children, students and the people come in to the health center in this areas.

Assessing water quality provides a scientific foundation for the development and management of water resources. The objective of the research is to evaluate the impact treated effluent from North Rustumiyia wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on the quality of Diyala river. The model of the artificial neural network (ANN) and factor analysis (FA) based on Nemerow pollution index (NPI). To define important water quality parameters for North Al-Rustumiyia for the line(F2), the Nemerow Pollution Index was introduced. The most important parameters of assessment of water variation quality of wastewater were the parameter used in the model: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspension solids (SS), chloride, cl, hydrogen ion concentration, pH, sulfate, SO4-2, nitrate, NO3- and phosphate, PO4-3. Taking these criteria into account, samples of water from the sampling sites were graded as C, indicating the pollutant of the waste treatment. Then the water quality map using neural network model was based on the results of water quality assessment. The results showed that the model North Al-Rustumiyia for line F2 was more efficient and R2 was 0.965 with the impotence parameter was chloride (CL).

It is possible to expand the applications ranges of powder material products by enhancing the performance properties of these products in addition to their manufacturability and reliability together, it's possible by materials structures modification. In this paper, the effect of fullerene (C60) additives to iron-based powder material has been studied. All samples produced by Hot-Forging (HF) powder materials technology. Green and HF density of the obtained samples calculated by volume / weight and Archimede's principle, respectively. The effect of technological parameters on the microstructure of carbon steels' samples was done by an ALTAMI MET-1M metallographic microscope. Tensile test executed by using of a universal testing machine UMM –5 and the microhardness (HV10) was measured by REICHERT hardness test machine. The results showed that the HF C60 steels' samples had higher density and strength of 0.81 and 25%, respectively, with a good plasticity in comparison with graphite steels' samples.

Analysis of human biological samples, such as blood, is generally used to verify human exposure to uranium. The uranium content in the blood of patients with kidney disease in Salah al-din governorate was determined using the Fission Track Analysis (FTA) of the detector CR39. Uranium concentrations of blood samples taken from kidney failure patients ranged between 1.636 ppb to7.477 ppb, with a mean value of 5.496 ppb. And the health group values ranged between 0.301 ppb to 2.332 ppb with a mean value 1.089 ppb.

Fresh water fishes infected with different species of genus Trypanosoma parasite that is similar to that same genus in blood of mammals. Trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness disease that causes by protozoa flagellate parasites which live inside cell called Trypanosoma. Fish parasites play an important role in regulating the population of their hosts. This study was implemented to verify the infection with Trypanosoma sp. report the cellular intervening through inflammatory response in blood smears of infected fishes. A total of 190 fishes of three species Carasobarbus luteus, Aspius vorax and Liza abu were collected from Al-Hamare and Al-Chibayish marsh south of Iraq. The flagellate parasite Trypanosoma sp. observed in blood of Carasobarbus luteus 41.42% and Aspius vorax 12.28% fishes, while no infection was recorded with Trypanosoma sp. in Liza abu fishes. Prevalence and mean intensity of infection were calculated. The different counts and various types of inflammatory cells were monitored, there are increased in lymphocytes in the infected fishes. Statistically, there are significant differences (p<0.05) among species of infected fish with Trypanosoma sp.

Oil and gas sectors generate large amounts of oily wastewater, which is called produced water. In which, it contains high concentrations of hazardous organic and inorganic pollutants. This paper attempts to evaluate the performance and quality of using a polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane (UFM) to treat the produced water of Al-Ahdab oil field (Wassit, Iraq). 8 rectangular flat sheets of polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane were used. The area of each is 60 cm2 and pore size about 15 nm used in the experimental work. Prepared UFM is characterized by determining the surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The result showed that the UFM indicated high removal efficiency in all parameters and especially oil and grease and total suspended solid but in general it still less than the requirement of water reuse. The results showed that, a combination of a conventional treatment method and UFM technology have higher efficiency than using UFM only.

Water injection by water flooding was used to enhance and increase oil production in Zubair oil field, southern Iraq. Physical-chemical and biological analysis of five water samples from different sources were collected to evaluate its compatibility with formation water using biological experiments and chemical compatibility simulation. The results show that injection water is classified weakly acidic-weakly alkaline and saline water, whereas surface water samples are considered weakly acid-weakly alkaline. The total dissolved solids results show brackish types accept for Formation water which classified weakly acid and Brine water. All the studied water samples contain bacteria colonies of Escherichia coli and Coliform expect for one sample, while Sulfate Reducing Bacteria was founded in all studied samples. Mathematical model of chemical compatibility between studied water samples and Zubair Formation water of the scale prediction model show that there are no needs for any inhibition treatments of all scales except for Geothite and Dolomite that should be treated before water injection. The biological compatibility experiments results show Formation damage about (61%) and (69%) in the studied core samples, while Bactria in water injection caused formation damage about (20%) and (51%).

For any mobile system there is especially advantageous from a business perspective to develop energy-saving techniques that also extend to existing production processes. Therefore, looking for ways to enhance the energy efficiency of robot operations to maximize energy consumption efficiency is of considerable significance, a route-planning issue that refers to finding the shortest path to meet the predetermined goal location in a certain complex environment. So, one of the energy saving methods for a multi-mobile robot environment is to find the optimal path for a mobile robot that can improve power consumption. In this paper, an optimal power algorithm for "automatic storage and retrieval system" using multi-mobile robots is introduced based on efficient motion planning among a group of multi-mobile robots that gives a significant improvement in the level of energy consumption. Energy mechanism can be achieved using electrical power quantities on real robots, models or analytical equations based on robots' physical model. The simulation results indicate that the algorithm enhanced power consumption efficiency.

Used to operate small electronic devices, such as the cell phones. This work will deal with the electromagnetic signals as a renewable energy sources. An analog circuit will prepare using diodes and a charged capacitance and antenna to convert the energy of ambient E.M. waves (Radio Frequencies RF) to a D.C. voltage. The measurements will be demonstrated using different kinds of antenna. In addition, the ambient RF frequency according to Iraq/Babylon/Hilla city will be collected from the communications tower and measured using a receiver circuit.in this paper used three kinds of antenna, wire antenna, air antenna, dish antenna, Measuring the DC Power. the amount of the DC Power that obtained using a dish antenna is approximate the energy that collected using an air antenna. The amount of the DC. Power could be controlled by the charging time (RC) of the capacities.

This paper is a review of the number of experimental and CFD experiments performed with rib turbulators about the heat transfer and the at two pass channel. In respect to achieve higher thermal efficiency of gas turbines, efforts are made to raise the inlet temperature. The secondary fluxes resulting from the rib and U-shaped curvature play an important role enhancing heat transfer in the two pass ribbed channels. The ribs on the internal surface of cooling passage will increase the strength of heat transfer. This paper deals with the effect of tapered and straight two-pass channels with the influence of the variable rib cross-section on flow and heat transfer enhancement

The research dealt with the analysis of environmental changes in the types of land cover and land uses within the Muqdadiyah district center in Diyala governorate and revealed between 1995 and 2019 in order to determine the environmental deterioration of the land cover and land uses and the resulting environmental changes. For the American satellite (Landsat). It turned out that there were changes during the research period, as the amount of change in the area of agricultural land amounted to (-91,16) km2, and the area of pastures decreased as the amount of change reached (-39.89) km2, while the amount of change in the area of urbanization was (44, 38) km2, while the change amount was recorded (100,19) km2 for barren lands, which means a decrease in the area of agricultural and pasture lands in favor of built-up lands and barren lands, which negatively affected the biodiversity within the study area.

It is currently established that one of the paramount concerns in the built environment is the energy efficiency of new and existing UK dwellings, respective to the unfavourable impacts posed to climate change. The Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy in the United Kingdom have reported that the UK's highest recording temperatures have transpired in the years since 2002. With over 90% of England homes currently in use of high carbon systems for space heating and domestic hot water. Contributing to increased atmospheric carbon emissions in the dependency on fossil fuel burning; alluding to human-produced atmospheric temperature increase. To help tackle these issues in the residential sector, the capacity of zero-energy technologies has been introduced. Zero-energy implementation has potential to revolutionise the power system, with on-site power generation at the forefront of this. This paper will explore the influence of zero-energy implementation on two UK residential dwellings of disparate locations, using Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IESVE) by focusing on renewable on-site micro-generation systems. The ASHRAE climate zones of Edinburgh and London Gatwick has been selected to examine the performance of the building over varied regional climates of disparate locations. The selected design variables were finally implemented in combination for building simulation in IESVE and compared with a basic model dwelling. The processed simulation results showed a reduction in the buildings energy consumption of 43.4538MWh (71%) for Edinburgh and 33.9929MWh (64%) for London respective to the baseline model. The greatest savings in mitigation of UK climate change can be evaluated in relation to reduction of carbon emissions, which were 7880kgCO₂ (46%) and 5423kgCO₂ (36%) respectively.

PAS2050 was introduced in order to help combat the extremely high levels of emissions that the construction industry emits, as well as the large volume of natural resources they use, through the life cycle of a project. It was developed to create a consistent method of assessing the life cycle of Greenhouse gases as well as a method to increase understanding of where they arise from within a supply chain. This is essential in today's world as without change, the climate will continue to rise in temperature and contribute negatively to the already dramatic effects of climate change that have already been seen. By implementing PAS2050 the industry aims to allow stakeholders to realise the impacts and encourage movement towards a more sustainable future. This research aims to determine how well the construction industry has adopted the carbon assessment strategy covered by PAS2050 through informed opinions, data and case studies. Using journals and research, alongside a questionnaire which will be distributed to individuals within the industry, an informed decision will be made to determine how well the construction industry has adopted PAS2050. The results found that the industry is having difficulty in adapting to the change at all levels and scopes. The findings of this research show that the industry has only touched the surface and although the larger organisations are leading the charge, enough is not being done by smaller organisations and the supply chain.

In this paper, the effect of parameters of solar absorption system such as evaporator, absorber, condenser, generator temperatures and the mass of the solution on the evaporator cooling load and the coefficient of performance has been explained theoretically. The results show that, increasing of evaporator and condenser temperatures increase the evaporator cooling load, performance coefficient and the Ratio of Circulation while increasing the temperature of condenser and absorber decreases the evaporator cooling load, performance coefficient and the Circulation Ratio. In addition, increasing the solution mass increases the refrigeration power while the performance coefficient and the Circulation Ratio was constant at increasing the solution mass. The reached maximum cooling load was (1.932 kW) at 15 kg solution mass and 100 °C generator temperature, the maximum COP was 0.774 at (10 °C) temperature of evaporator and the peak Circulation Ratio was 0.3066 at (30 °C) temperature of absorber and (100 °C) temperature of generator.

In recent times, the concentrations of fluoride, nitrates and phosphates in the water have increased as a result of a decrease in the quantities of water and an increase in industrial waste dumped into the rivers. In the current study, a method of electrocoagulation was depended on to treat water contaminated with fluoride, nitrates, and phosphates, using aluminum electrodes as anode and cathode electrodes. According to the obtained results, it can be noticed that the best fluoride, nitrates, and phosphates removal were 99%, 99%, 100%, respectively. It was obtained with a Hydraulic retention time HRT = 3 hours, an applied voltage = 40 volts, a gap between the used electrodes=2 cm, the anode's active area= 792 cm², and the flow angle= zero. By using an initial concentration (5 mg F/l, with pH= 4) for fluoride, (75 mg NO₃/l, with pH= 6) for nitrates, and (0.5 mg PO₄ / l, with pH=9) for phosphates.

Diplomatic buildings are considered a mirror that reflects the civilization and values of one country in the space of other countries, and therefore one of the most basic elements in planning these buildings in our time is related to achieving the environmental suitability of these buildings. As embassy buildings in different countries of the world should be a guest that respects the local context and environment in which he is present, and with the increasing number of diplomatic buildings in different countries, the need to adopt more attention has emerged to study their relationship with the environmental aspect,so this will be given The research pays great attention to environmental standards in diplomatic buildings To become the research problem: the lack of knowledge in previous literature about the environmental planning and design indicators of diplomatic buildings in general, and how they deal with the host country's resources, The aim of the research is: to extract the most important vocabulary and indicators of greening decisions in diplomatic buildings,Where the research results confirm the role of treatments for greening diplomatic buildings in preserving the host country's natural resources from depletion, which in turn contributes to strengthening diplomacy between the two countries, in addition to achieving significant savings in the costs of paying bills for energy and resource use.

In order to evaluate the quantity of twelve PAHs (Naphthalene, Tetraphan and Acenaphthylene Fluorene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Pyrene, Benzo [a] Anthracene, Ovalene, Chrysene, Benzo [a] fluoranthene and DiBenzo [ah] Anthracene) in the soil samples from Kirkuk province, seven sites (Ras El-Gesr, Benja Ali, Wahed Hozeran, North Oil Company (NOC), Lillan, Kubri and Chimen) were selected using Gas Chromatography (GC) during the autumn 2017 and winter 2018. The results showed that the highest concentration of individual hydrocarbons during the autumn season was for the Acenaphthylene compound in the NOC site 131.19 μg/kg, and for Naphthalene compound, was 100.543μg/kg. The NOC recorded the highest concentration of total hydrocarbons 891.65 μg/kg. For the winter season, the highest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was recorded for the Fluorene compound at the NOC site 79.19 μg/kg. Fluorene and Naphthalene compounds achieved the highest averages for the season (43.24 and 42.984 μg/kg) respectively, and recorded the location of the NOC, the highest summation of total hydrocarbons amounted to 609.77 μg/kg.

The purpose of this study is to use eDNA in the biodiversity of the Tigris river's sediment. Algal samples were collected and examined under light microscopy. The collected algae were cultured, and after their growth, the DNA extractions were made from culture and amplified 16S ribosomal RNA gene partial sequences data by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Phylogenetic identification of species was conducted by the evaluation of obtained sequence analysis data by using computer software. Leptolyngbya benthonica (MN 714226.1) and Nostoc paludosum (MN 714225.1) were identified by molecular analysis and registered at NCBI and considered as a new record to the algal flora of Iraq. Implementing molecular data in the taxonomy of species will be essential to solve the taxonomic problems associated with microscopic methods.

Proper flood control plays an important part in designing hydraulic structures and environmental safety measures. However, in Iraq, a clear understanding either of the estimation or management of the magnitude of flooding is yet to reach a higher level. This has resulted in grave and frequent damage to much property and life in Maysan town. Therefore, this study was focused on the Flood Hazard contro; in the River Tigris at the downstream of Al-Kut Barrage to the Al-Musandaq Escape, by adopting the HEC RAS model. Here, information related to the hydrological and topographical Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data were used as the input data. The hydrological data enabled the estimation of the flood depth of the river, for April 2019. All the geometric data were prepared by the HEC-RAS model. The unsteady-state model simulation was performed employing the input data. In this study, the best method for flood control and management is to design a weir having an optimal level, the optimum level that does not permit the passage of a flow that exceeds 700 m3/s to the city of Maysan during the flood season and a flow that is not below 250 m3/s during the dry season, is 9.406 m.

In this article, for smart management and control of the solar pursuing device, an archetype is designed to evaluate or verify administration system and control. The newly-built prototype is designed for several applications to be a powerful platform for understanding the smart solar energy method. The Internet of Stuff integrates ordinary items using the Internet to enter the physical world. The IoT technology is facilitated to track solar PV (photovoltaic) power generation that can improve plant upkeep, tracking, and efficiency. This would include monitoring the solar panel and pointing it into the sunlight. It's all feasible to utilize LDR sensors. The IoT automatically preserves track of the voltage supply the solar panel detects the towards of sunlight. The suggested system demonstrates the online utilization of solar PV power.

Wastewater treatment is a process, which is being done on the wastewater to change its quality to be within the required specifications of water discharged to the surface waterway or water used for different purposes. In the present study, the performance of the oxidation ditch system related to Al-Muamirah wastewater treatment plant in Hilla city, province of Babylon, Iraq, in removing the pollutant of municipal were evaluated. The samples were taken from input wastewater and output treated water of the plant to measure the pollutant parameters. These parameters are the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD₅), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Ammonia (NH₃), Phosphorus (P0₄), and the quantitative measure of the acidity or basicity (pH). Data were analyzed by using Excel software. The results show that the efficiency of removal of BOD₅, COD, TSS, NH₃ and P0₄ was 91%, 78%, 93%, 69% and 68%, respectively on a monthly basis. Accordingly, it can be recommended that the Al-Muamirah wastewater treatment plant has an acceptable efficiency of wastewater treatment and producing water in accordance with Iraqi environmental standards of water discharged to the surface water or water of other uses.

The study explores the mechanical properties of treated recycled extended polystyrene (TEPS) concrete, treated by two methods, one by heating, and the other by immersed recycled EPS in cement neat. By substituting 0 %, 15 %, 25 %, and 35 % of the coarse aggregate volume with treated recycled EPS, (for both method). Treated recycled TEPS concrete ratios are experimentally prepared, while the cement is substituted thru 10 % silica fume (SF). Tests were carried out, like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and density. The outcomes display the decreasing of the compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of rupture of TEPS concretes with rise TEPS percentage around 26 %, 17 % and 32 %, respectively (35% TEPS) related to standard concrete. They also show that TEPS concrete density decrease about 30 % of normal concrete. The TEPS is suitable in concrete and meets provisions.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the properties of Recycled Demolition Aggregate (RDA) concrete. Five RDA concrete ratios are prepared experimentally by substituting, 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of the gravel weight with RDA. While, the 10% of cement is substituted by silica fume (Si). Adding steel fibres (SF) (0.5 %, 1.0 % and 1.5 %). Treated RDA with cement mortar and superplasticizer (SP) admixture added to (1%) of total cementitious materials (TCM). The concrete properties exams performed such as; density, compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and modulus of rupture. The tests concluded that the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and rupture modulus values of RDA concretes are reduced with an increased RDA ratio relative to normal concrete. Density of RDA concrete reduces around 9% of normal concrete. The RDA is suitable in concrete and meets specifications.

The Mauddud Formation is Iraq's most significant and widely distributed Lower Cretaceous formation. This Formation has been investigated at a well-23 and a well-6 within Ratawi oil field southern Iraq. In this work, 75 thin sections were produced and examined. The Mauddud Formation was deposited in a variety of environments within the carbonate platform. According to microfacies analysis studying of the Mauddud Formation contains of twelve microfacies, this microfacies Mudstone to wackestone microfacies, bioclastic mudstone to wackestone microfacies, Miliolids wackestone microfacies,Orbitolina wackestone microfacies, Bioclastic wackestone microfacies, Orbitolina packstone microfacies, Peloidal packstone microfacies, Bioclastic packstone microfacies, Peloidal to Bioclastic packstone microfacies, Bioclastic grainstone microfacies, Peloidal grainstone microfacies, Rudstone microfacies. Deep sea, Shallow open marine, Restricted, Rudist Biostrome, Mid – Ramp, and Shoals are the six depositional environments in the Mauddud Formation based on these microfacies.

This paper investigates the autoregressive (AR) model performance in prediction and forecasting the monthly maximum temperature. The temperature recordings are collected over 12 years (i.e., 144 monthly readings). All the data are stationaries, which is converted to be stationary, via obtaining the normal logarithm values. The recordings are then divided into 70% training and 30% testing sample. The training sample is used for determining the structure of the AR model while the testing sample is used for validating the obtained model in forecasting performance. A wide range of model order is selected and the most suitable order is selected in terms of the highest modelling accuracy. The study shows that the monthly maximum temperature can accurately be predicted and forecasted using the AR model.

In the current study, a moving forecasting model is used for the purpose of forecasting maximum air temperature. A number of recordings are used for building the AR model and next, to forecasting some temperature values ahead. Then the AR model coefficients are updating due to shifting the training sample by adding new temperature values in order to involve the change in temperature time series behaviour. The current work shows a high performance all over the temperature time series, which considered in the analysis.

In this research, the singular spectrum analysis technique is combined with a linear autoregressive model for the purpose of prediction and forecasting of monthly maximum air temperature. The temperature time series is decomposed into three components and the trend component is subjected for modelling. The performance of modelling for both prediction and forecasting is evaluated via various model fitness function. The results show that the current method presents an excellent performance in expecting the maximum air temperature in future based on previous recordings.

This research focuses on measuring of specific activity of natural radioactive sources (²³⁸U, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K) in some types of secondary ceilings that used as a decorate material and available in Iraqi markets. The measurements were done using gamma ray spectroscopy system that based on NaI(Tl) Detector. Also, the radiological hazard indices have been assessed for all samples in present study. The results show that the specific activity vary from 8.7±0.6 to 32.9±2.3 Bq/kg for ²³⁸U, 2.9±0.2 to 40.3±1.5 Bq/kg for ²³²Th, and 117.4±2.6 to 649.1±7.9Bq/kg for ⁴⁰K. The latter levels were compared with the world mean values that reported by the UNSCEAR 2008. It was found that all values of ²³⁸U and ²³²Th were below the world wide published values, while the values of only two samples of ⁴⁰K were above the upper range of the world wide published values. Regarding the average values of radiological hazard risk were found to be within the permissible limit according to the OECD, UNSCEAR 2000, and ICRP. It can be concluded that natural radioactivity levels together with radiological hazard risk studied from the most of the secondary ceilings samples available in local markets of Iraq within natural rates of permissible limits and may not cause any danger to the human when being used.

Gel casting technique is a promising technology that has ability to produce near-net shape ceramics via using toxic and non-ecofriendly agents. The current work aim to develop green gel casting technique using water as a solvent, agar as a gelling agent, and the microwave thermal treatment instead of cross linker. 8mo l% Yttria stabilized zirconia was selected as a case study to produce near-net shape ceramics. The experimental work involved the preparation of Yttria stabilized zirconia nanoparticles via chemical precipitation method. The effect study of agar ratio, Yttria stabilized zirconia solid loading percent on the physical, mechanical, surface properties of the prepared ceramics and selecting of suitable casting conditions. The study has been found that the microwave thermal treatment develops thermally activated cross linking in the agar aqueous solution leading to higher glass transition temperature for agar. The green combination (agar aqueous solution and microwave treatment) can be used as alternative to (monomer, solvent, cross linker) Companion. Also, using the ultrasonic treatment can effectively eliminate needs for dispersants, also the vacuum de-airing treatment. Yttria stabilized zirconia ceramic with high dimensional accuracy, low surface roughness (Ra=2. 81 nm) can be obtained using an agar ratio of (0.4%) and solid loading of (65%). The sample can be moulded with complex shape and the green gel, also the pre-sintered body is machineable. The sintered samples have a porosity of (31%) and compressive strength of (234MPa). Regression analysis and genetic algorithm are showed that the obtained microhardness, compressive strength, and surface roughness are predictable.

Geopolymer paste is a revolutionary building material that the chemical activity of inorganic molecules will create. It is an alternative to traditional Portland cement and is more Eco-friendly. This analysis aimed to classify the mixtures and their process parameters suitable for the development of Geo-polymer paste with one of the ultimate compressive powers, the highest-lowest porosity, and the lowest-lowest final and initial setting time. In the experimental design of the Geo-polymer-based-metakaolin, a Taguchi methodology has been utilized. Five variables parameters were chosen that are mostly to influence the properties of the geopolymer. These are the quantity of Si, alkali, the proportion of alkali reagents, duration of blending, and water amount. These variables' influence has been calculated at 7 and 28 days on compressive strengths, porosity, density, and setting time. The analysis indicates that the strong compressive strength (115MPa) of Geopolymer paste could be achieved with the formula (1Na2O. Al2O3. 3.8SiO2.xH2O) utilizing suitable processing conditions under which the molar ratio of alkali silicate to alkali hydroxide must be held within the range of 3.25-3.02.

The main idea of this research is to design a rechargeable paper battery from local cheap and available materials. The practical part is represented by adding Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to conductive polymer (PSS PEDOT) with adding different mineral salts for then study the quantum of electrical conductivity and heat influence on electrical conductivity and acidity factors of the Electrolyte solution.The next step was to produce a rechargeable, flexible battery manufactured from regular cellulose paper, sulfone, and ionic solution.The measurements were made using modern laboratory devices to study the electrical properties, conductivity, resistance (Hall Effect), and voltage quantum of the ionic solution. Through the results we obtained, we noticed an increase in the conductivity of the ionic solution when adding mineral salts. The voltage quantum of one battery ranged between 0.3-0.3 volts, also several batteries were connected in series, and the result was 1.8 volts. Manufactured paper batteries can be recharged with a direct current source and recover their efficiency marked up 98-99%.

Various human activities have led to the consumption of large quantities of pure water, which has led researchers to find efficient and economical methods for desalinating seawater and water containing impurities. In this review paper, solar energy where it is permanent, abundant and environmentally friendly, to produce pure water was discussed using a new solar distillation device, representing the paper's novelty. The distillation was designed and used in the way led to increase efficiency and improve productivity by adding a solar collector to the system and equipped with a tank containing phase change material (PCM). It has a low melting point and can change the phase by absorbing the system's latent heat to maintain the system's temperature. Which contributes to increasing the distillation period even after sunset, thus increasing the daily productivity of freshwater. Using phase change materials will increase distillation hours from (3-4) hours after sunset, increasing the amount of production between (75 - 90) %.

In this study, the influences of eggshell powder application on random fiberglass/polyester composite pipes thermal stresses were investigated experimentally and numerically. The experimental part involved industrializing tube samples which are Egg Shell Powder with Polyester at 50% volume fraction.(E50), Random Fiberglass with plyester at 50% volume fraction (F50) and Egg Shell Powder with Random Fiberglass with Polyester at 50% volume fraction (E25F25). Resin molding procedure and experimental rig design to study how tube samples are faced with thermal loads. Pipes are made with (95 mm) inner diameter, (400 mm) circumference, and (5 mm) wall thicknesses. Computational Fluid Dynamic, ANSYS software package version 11, is simulated with product form SHELL63. Results show that, composite samples (F50) had an average longitudinal strain, while composite samples (E50) had a low longitudinal strain. The composite (F50) had average longitudinal and hoop stress (62.2 MPa, and 61.1 MPa) respectively, while the composite (E50) had low longitudinal hoop stress (28.5 MPa, ad 30.8 MPa) respectively.

The heat transfer enhancement in terms of temperature of a vertical helically coiled tube heat exchanger is carried out experimentally. The experiments were achieved in a heat exchanger with a 50 cm height and 15 cm internal diameter under four different cold and three hot water mass flow rates and four different airflow rates. At the same time, the temperature difference was taken invariant (ΔT=20°C). To avoid some uncertainties, the hot side temperature of the heat exchanger was measured via k-type thermocouples. The results showed that the increase of air injection flow rate improved heat transfer from the hot stream flowing in the coil to the shell's cold stream. An intimate thermal mixing when air injected is clearly observed, which could be responsible for the heat exchanger's thermal enhancement. Finally, the injected air pressure was noticed to be having only a minor effect on thermal performance improvement.

The single slope solar still productivity strongly depends on the amount of energy absorbed by the solar still basin plate. Therefore, increasing either the basin plate's absorption or enhancing the heat transfer with raw water will increase the pure water production rates. To improve the evaporation and the solar still thermal performance, custom-designed evacuated copper pipes with different diameters and water filling rates are experimentally investigated in this paper. Moreover, it has been noticed that pure water productivity is significantly affected as it improved by 90.09% when using a 15mm diameter pipe with a 50% filling ratio.

This work presented the numerical and experimental study of the thermal performance of a flat plate collector (FPC). This study focuses on analyzing the performance of (FPC) in the climatic conditions of Najaf and calculating the thermal energy produced by the collector for domestic use, which reduces the electricity consumption that Iraq is witnessing a severe shortage in its supply. Also, various working fluids (water, oil engine, ethylene glycol-water mixture) were tested to determine the best working fluid that improves the collector's efficiency. The experiments were performed in Najaf, Iraq (32° 2' N / 44° 18' E) on January 9, 2019. The simulation study of the (FPC) is performed by COMSOL Multiphasic 5.3 software. The numerical results were validated with experimental results and there was good convergence between them. The results showed that the average daily efficiency of the solar collector (FPC) was 37.17%, and the highest outlet water temperature of the collector was 57.1C^o. The collector achieved a useful cumulative useful heat during the day of about 3.3557 MW, this contributes to reducing the use of electricity and achieving the required economic feasibility of use (FPC). Finally, the engine oil gave better results in improving efficiency compared to other working fluids.

The concrete need curing for cement hydration that is a chemical reaction in each step require water supply throughout the time period. The traditional concrete cured by external method that prevents the concrete surface dry so that keeping the concrete mixture wet and warm. The internal curing was adopted in normal and high strength concrete such as reactive powder concrete. In present paper, experimental approach is to study the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete cured internally with thermostone material. The materials that adopted to evaluate and find out the influences of the internal curing on the mechanical properties of reactive powder concrete is focused with different curing methods such as in water, air and combined water and air. Thermostone aggregate are used as partial sand replacement by volume with different percentages to explore the percentage that effects of the concrete mechanical properties. Test results showed that the best partial replacement by thermostone is 5% gave enhancement and increase in compressive strength and flexural resistance strength (modulus of rupture) and concrete density. Highest increasing of compressive strength is 10.07in case of 5% partial replacement at 90 days. In case of cured the specimens up to 90 days, the increase in modulus of rupture is 4.53%

This research exhibits an experimental and numerical investigation for the characteristics of heat transfer by utilizing an integral and smooth high finned tube and shows how the integral high fins affect in improving the transfer of heat. In the experimental work, the experimental rig consists of a cold water loop, a hot air loop and the trial part which is a concentric parallel flow double pipe heat exchanger. The first test smooth tube made of brass has external and internal diameter (32 mm) and (22 mm), respectively, the second test section made of the same material has external fins, the third test section possesses internal fins, and the fourth test section has internal and external fins. The dimensions of the fin are (2 mm) in thickness, (2 mm) in height and pitch (2.5 mm) center to center. And, the water flow rates are (6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 L/min). The inlet water to the trial tube was at temperatures (15, 25, 35, and 45oC). The investigational results manifested that the air side heat transfer coefficient of the smooth tube was lesser than the integral high finned tube. The ratio of improvement when using the integral high finned tube was (47.5%, 60.5% and 67.5 %). Numerical simulation was applied on the current heat exchanger to study both the transfer of heat and the field of flow by using ANSYS, FLUENT15 package. Steady state, Newtonian flow, incompressible and three dimensional analyses were assumed. The comparison between experimental work and numerical results elucidated a good agreement.

Cement is amongst the most polluting materials utilized in the building sector, contributing to a variety of hazardous pollutants, including greenhouse gas emissions. This raises health impacts related to the manufacture of cement. As a result, a substitute substance for conventional cement with low environmental effects and better building characteristics is required. The purpose of the study would be to look at the consequences of using supplementary cementitious materials (SCMS) to substitute cement in a concrete mix partially. This study employed silica fume (SF) and cement kiln dust (CKD) as supplementary cementitious materials. Several concrete mixtures were created by substituting cement by a combination of SF and CKD in three proportions which that 25%, 35%, and 45% within curing periods of (one week and four weeks); the concrete mixtures were tested. The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test has been used to investigate the concrete mixture's strength in this study. The findings show that the optimal proportion of SF replacement cement and CKD involvement ranged from 25% to 35%. The pulse velocity of specimens improves when the proportion of CKD and SF increases to the optimal percentage, while the larger amounts of these by-products begin to lower the pulse velocity of specimens.

This research assessed the removability of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from petroleum effluent using aluminum-based electrocoagulation reactor. A series of batch flow studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of current density, electrodes separation, and duration of treatment on the removal of COD from the refinery effluent. The COD levels were determined employing the remaining concentrations using spectrophotometer namely Hach-Lang and standard cuvette test (LCC 514, LCK 314, or APC 400). The findings of the current investigation indicate the capacity of the electrocoagulation technique in a relatively short processing time to reduce the COD levels. The greatest efficiency in removing COD has been determined to be 80.0%. After 100 minutes of electrolysis, a current density of 8 mA/cm² and electrodes separation of 20 mm achieved the highest percentage removal.

A modest quantity of fluoride can increase the mineralization of teeth and reduce their cavities. But the presomerence of fluoride in excess in water can lead to severe disease infertility. In the past few decades, scientists have thus been preoccupied with developing ways to reduce sewage fluoride concentrations and reduce their effects on human health. The present study is aimed at using the technology of electrocoagulation to remove fluoride from polluted water. Tests have been done to examine the elimination of fluoride with a rectangular electrocoagulation cell and examine the impact of the experimental aspects on fluoride extraction, specifically electrical current, electrode spacing, and pH. The authors found that 93% of the fluoride has been extracted using 5mm spaced electrodes with a current density of 2 mA/cm² and a level of pH of 7 from the polluted water after 20 min of processing. Experimental factors considerably impact the efficacy of fluoride removal. In the acidic environment, greater effectiveness of fluoride removal is being attained. The elimination effectiveness depends directly on the electric current, whereas the distance between poles is adversely linked to fluoride elimination.

As a consequence of natural pollution, water and sewage are polluted in many nations across the globe. Especially in poorer countries, sewage treatment and disposal practices are often substandard. Throughout many limited-income nations, the poor economic condition and absence of resources assistance severely hamper the planning and application of novel water and sewage systems. This has resulted in a rise in the number of bio-contaminants in the environment. The objective of this study is to use electrocoagulation as a low-cost method to remove or lower the amount of bio contaminant in sewage. By transmitting a voltage between the two conductors, disinfectants are generated in place. Sewerage samples were obtained at the Kerbala wastewater treatment plant, which is situated south of Kerbala, Iraq. In this work, steel plates were utilized to create coagulants. Furthermore, the effect of many factors on the performance of the electrolysis device was studied, namely spacing among electrodes and current density. The analysis indicates after 40 min of irradiation employing electrodes spaced 5mm apart and a current intensity of 2 mA/cm2, the E. coli bacteria as a biocontrol agent were killed. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that an initial pH value of 6.0 is appropriate for bio-contaminants removal utilizing electrocoagulation.

Various experimental studies have highlighted the negative consequences of Portland cement on health and the environment, such as toxic emissions and alkaline sewage. The development of environmentally acceptable substitutes for cement is thus one of the objectives of current investigations. The proposed environmental alternatives to cement, nevertheless, might have detrimental impacts on the concrete's characteristics. This investigation intends to study the suitability as alternatives to cement in cement mortar, using industrial wastes like silica fume and cement kiln dust. As a replacement for cement, the cement mortars developed in this research continue from 0% to 60% silica fume and cement kiln dust. Ultrasonic pulse velocity tests at 1 to 4 weeks of age were conducted on hardened specimens. The findings showed that a low reduction in the pulse velocity resulted from high proportions of silica fume and cement kiln dust replacements, whereas an improvement in the characteristics of the mortars with low replacement ratios. Using low kiln dust and silica fume of 20 to 40%, the durability of mortars may increase.

One of the widely present elements in the groundwater and surface water is phosphate due to two reasons; firstly, it is available at high concentrations in the soil, and secondly, it is widely available in wastewaters (industrial, agricultural and domestic wastewaters). Although phosphate causes many problems to the aquatic environment, eutrophication is the most severe problem due to its effects on water quality, economy, and health. Therefore, a number of studies have been made to evaluate the ability of different remedies to eliminate phosphates from wastewaters. Recently, phosphorus extraction may be achieved by filtering the contaminated solution. However, the cost of filtration materials is still high. Due to this reason, research to date has focused on employing inexpensive materials to reduce the cost of the filtering process. In this research, a by-product of steel manufacturing, kiln bottom ashes, was used to extract phosphates from polluted wastewater, considering the impacts of a number of operating parameters, such as to achieve the best possible extraction efficiency for the lowest possible cost. The findings of this study proved the excellent ability of the bottom ash in the extraction of phosphate from wastewater, where it removed more than 90% of 5 mg/L of phosphate after 40 minutes of treatment using 530 mg/L of bottom ash.

One of the most significant contributors to water contamination is the petroleum sector. Large volumes of refinery effluent contaminated with numerous sorts of contaminants are discharged into water sources, causing substantial environmental harm. As a result, researchers looked at the use of a variety of treatment techniques to mitigate the impacts of refinery effluent. Utilising hybrid electrodes (iron as cathodes, and aluminium as anodes) electrodes, this investigation intends to use the electrocoagulation method to minimised phenol contaminants from refinery effluent. In addition, the influence of experimental parameters such as electrical current density, electrode spacing, and duration of treatment on the elimination of phenols was investigated in this study. To eliminate the phenols from the effluent, batch flow investigations were employed. According to the findings, the electrocoagulation technique decreased the number of phenols in petroleum effluent. The hybrid electrocoagulation unit was able to decrease the phenol content by around 45%. With a current density of 4 mA/cm² and electrode separation of 2cm, the highest removal efficiency was reached after 110 minutes of treatment. Other experiment factors, such as the original amount of the phenols, must be examined.

In new residential structures and green architecture, it is necessary to maintain the heat of the internal environment to an appropriate level throughout winter conditions with low electricity usage. This work is thus intended to produce environmentally acceptable isolation substances (organic material). Lignocellular biomass, which is also referred to as Poaceae common reed and Phragmites australis and straw, were used as organic material in this study. During testing of its performance under controlled settings, the insulating effectiveness of these organic compounds was assessed. The exploratory project comprises three forms of isolation: organic made from straw and reed, industrial isolation (fibreglass), and brickwork without insulation. An infrared sensor was used to calculate the quality of isolation. For each isolation situation, the temperature characteristic was produced. The findings show that fibreglass was equivalent to the effectiveness of the organic isolation. Furthermore, the efficiency difference was 0. 84 percent comparing the industrial and organic isolation substances, which shows that Lignocellusic Biomass is a viable environmental-friendly replacement to industrial isolation substances.

The crude oil industry is a major source of water pollution because of huge volumes of refining effluents discharged into the aquatic environment. This effluent consequently consists of substances that causes harm to the aquatic environment and depletes the aquatic population due to depleted oxygen. This study investigated the application of various treatment procedures and materials to reduce the effects of refining process effluent on water. The current study proposes to employ the electrocoagulation (EC) method in the removal of phenol contamination from refining effluent utilising aluminium electrodes. Continuous flow studies have been carried out in order to remove phenolic chemicals from refinery effluent effects of experimental factors such as electrical current density (ECD), distances between electrodes (DE), and treatment durations (TD) while phenols were eliminated were examined. The results show that the EC method reduced the phenol level in petroleum refinery discharge. The EC unit decreased the phenol level by 57% using aluminium as electrodes. The-optimal removal efficiency was found at 120 TD with an ECD of 6 mA/cm² and a DE of 20 mm.

Phosphate is a naturally occurring chemical found in large quantities on the Earth's surface that causes eutrophication when deposited into rivers. A number of studies have been conducted to assess the ability of various treatments to remove phosphates from sewage. Lately, it has been discovered that phosphorus recovery may be accomplished by filtering the water. The cost of the filtering materials, on the other hand, is prohibitively expensive. As a result, current research has concentrated on utilising low-cost ones to minimise the expense of filtering. Steel production residues, such as kiln bottom ashes, are being utilised in this study to recover phosphates from contaminated wastewater. A variety of operational settings have been investigated in order to obtain the highest possible extraction efficiency at the lowest feasible cost. Bottom ashes were demonstrated to be an effective substitute for phosphorus extraction. The highest phosphorus extraction was 90.1 percent after 40 minutes, with a starting concentration of 5 mg/L and an ash dose of 530 mg/L. The findings were used to create a prediction model with a high degree of reliability.

Metal implants made of titanium and its alloys need surface modification operations because they are weak in terms of osseointegration and to protect them from corrosive body fluids and the growth of harmful bacteria that prevent them from performing their function and cause their failure. Hydroxyapatite and titanium dioxide have proven high efficiency by using them as biological and anti-bacterial coating. The basis of the current study is to deposit a functionally graded ceramic coating of titanium dioxide and hydroxyapatite on a Ti6Al4V substrate by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method at room temperature with optimal conditions of 20 volts and a deposition time of 1 minute, and then sintering in an atmosphere of argon at a temperature of 950°C for one hour. In addition, polarisation, open circuit, anti-bacterial activity, XRD, SEM, EDS was conducted. The laboratory results showed that the corrosion rate decreases for the coated samples compared to the uncoated. As for the SEM examination, the cross-section images showed that the gradient coating is dense, cohesive and free from microscopic cracks. Also, the surface images showed that the surface was uniform. In terms of XRD, the results showed the presence of rutile, anatase, and hydroxyapatite phases in addition to α_CaPO and β_TCP as a result of HAp decomposition. For the anti-bacterial examination, the findings revealed that the coating is anti-bacterial.