Table of contents

We are honored to bring you this collection of articles from the 2020 10^th International Conference on Future Environment and Energy (ICFEE 2020) which was held in Kyoto, Japan from January 7 to 9, 2020. ICFEE 2020 is dedicated to issues related to Future Environment and Energy.

The primary focus of the conference is to bring together academic scientists, engineers, and industry researchers to share their experiences and research results, and discuss the practical challenges encountered and the solutions adopted. The ICFEE 2020 served as a good platform for the scientific community where more than 100 participants met, exchanged ideas and research results, and examined the way forward regarding future environment and energy.

ICFEE 2020 Conference Chair Prof. Kondo Akira Osaka University, Japan did the Opening Remarks and delivers his keynote speeches titled "Evaluation on current and future air quality in Continental Southeast Asia by using WRF/CMAQ"; also there were two other Keynote Speeches. They are Prof. Jae K. Park from University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA) presented Keynote Speech titled "Innovative Upcycling of Scrap Tires for Pollutant Abatement" on 8^th January. This was followed by Keynote Speaker Prof. Rodney Stewart, form Griffith University, Queensland, Australia who spoke on "Role of Intelligent Sensor Networks and Big Data Informatics for Managing Urban Water and Energy Resources". All the three keynote speakers focused on the latest information and most innovative developments in their respective expertise areas on future environment and energy. For the conference proper, there were nine sub-sessions and one poster session with various interesting topics as follows: Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Atmospheric Monitoring and Water Quality Analysis, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Building Energy Efficiency and Energy Management, Life Cycle Analysis of Photovoltaic Solar Panels, Combustion Science and Power Engineering, Urban Engineering and Transportation Engineering, Battery Technology and Photovoltaic System Optimization, Geological and Civil Engineering.

ICFEE 2020 was indeed a golden opportunity for academics, students, researchers and engineers to interact with the experts and specialists to get their advice or consultation on state-of-the-art developments in future environment and energy, technical matters, as well as research methodologies and innovative strategies in the field of environmental and energy management. On the third day of the conference, we had a one-day visit in Kyoto city.

This proceeding presents a selection from papers submitted to the conference from participants from universities, research institutes and industry. All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers selected were based on their quality and their relevancy to the

conference. The volume tends to present to the readers the recent advances in the field of Future Environment and Energy and various related areas, such as Energy and Environment, Renewable Energy, Advanced Energy Technologies, Fuels and Combustion, Benefits of the Conference, etc.

Finally, it is appropriate that we record our thanks to our organizing committees and reviewers for their work in securing a substantial input of papers from 15 countries and in encouraging participation from those areas. We are also indebted to those who served as Keynote Speakers, Conference Chairmen and Session Chairmen. Without their support, the conference could not have been as successful as it was. We also acknowledge the authors who have contributed to this volume, without whose expert inputs, this compilation of proceedings would not have been possible. We would like to thank all the conference participants for their support to ICFEE 2020.

Prof. Kondo Akira Osaka University, Japan April 23, 2020

List of Conference Committee, Conference Chairs, Program Chairs, Guest Editors, Publication Chair, Technical Committee, are available in this pdf.

List of First name, Surname, Institution, E-mail address are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: Iconf submission system

• Number of submissions received: 113 papers

• Number of submissions sent for review: 96 papers

• Number of submissions accepted: 89 papers

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 78.76%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3 papers

• Total number of reviewers involved: 31 reviewers

• Any additional info on review process:

1. Preliminary Review

2. The papers passed the first review will be eviewed again from the following aspects: Originality, Innovation, Technical Soundness, Applicability, Clarity of presentation and Relevance

Contact person for queries:

Ms. Hedy Zhao

Hong Kong Chemical, Biological & Environmental Engineering Society

icfee@cbees.org

The increasing environmental and energy issues have made the promotion and use of electric vehicles an important measure to respond to energy conservation and emission reduction. This paper considers two different types of electric vehicle emission reduction measures: the emission reduction achieved by electric vehicles instead of fuel locomotives and the total reduction of V2G(Vehicle-to-Grid) peak-shaving. On this basis, this paper uses the typical monetary value method of carbon emission to convert carbon emission reduction from weight to monetary level, which is more suitable for the assessment of energy transformation and benefit comparison. Finally, we verify the emission reduction potential of electric vehicles when the grid factor adopts the BM algorithm.

Under the assumption that the emergence and expansion of the new energy vehicles market is due to consumer groups entering market sequentially, and the size and characteristics of each consumer group are different, this paper proposes the R&D investment model of a new energy vehicles firm based on product subsidy. The firm's optimal R&D investment and pricing strategies are given through theoretic analysis. It is found that when the initial value of the firm's marginal profits is positive, the optimal R&D investment strategy is to make its marginal profits equal zero if its R&D funds is sufficient enough, otherwise, the optimal R&D investment strategy is its whole R&D funds. And when the initial value of the firm's marginal profits is non-positive, its optimal R&D investment strategy is zero. It is also found that there is a crowding-in effect of product subsidy on the firm's R&D investment under two conditions: only if the unit product subsidy is large enough when the firm doesn't conduct R&D without subsidy, and if only the firm has surplus R&D funds when the firm has conducted R&D without subsidy.

The continuous deterioration of environmental problems and the energy crisis has prompted countries and regions to increase research and development and support for new energy vehicles (NEV). NEV's battery as the core components play an essential role in the cruising range and manufacturing cost in terms of energy, specific power, new materials, and battery safety. In order to know the development of NEV's batteries, as well as research hotspots and technology trends, this paper analyses the market performance and technology trend of China NEV's battery industry. Firstly, this paper analyses the policy and market, then clarify the macro environment of China's NEV battery industry development. Secondly, this paper uses CITESPACE software to analyze the scientific knowledge of the literature data, such as research hotspots, research institutions, and technology development trends. In the end, this paper proposes policy recommendations for the future development of China's NEV's battery industry from the perspectives of technology, market, and industrial chain.

The global natural gas markets are undergoing profound changes, with the supply and demand patterns in a historical transformation; the market supply and demand keep loose – both the gas traders and trade volume are increasing, the links between regional gas markets are enhanced, the gas pricing and trading mechanisms are diversified, the LNG trade share keeps growing, and the links between regional LNG markets are also strengthened. Influenced by the supply side reform and the accelerated urbanization, among other factors, gas consumption in China is increasing rapidly. However, the consumption of natural gas changes significantly from region to region, affected by the mismatch in gas production and consumption locations, as well as the gas import patterns. With the continuous energy restructuring in China, the gas consumption in different sectors is growing at very different paces. Analysis of the current situation, future trend and characteristics of China's gas industry indicates that it is in the third stage of fast growth. Natural gas will play an even more important role in the future energy structure. With the continuous growth of gas consumption at home, the existing and expected gas deliverability is still faced with the risk of enlarging shortage in the mid-long term. In consideration of such circumstance, it is suggested that top-level design be strengthened on the national strategic level to seek rational, robust and scale development of the China's gas industry. Internationally, diversified import channels should be sought to dilute supply risks, cooperation with the Asia-Pacific markets should be enhanced, and establishment of an international gas trading centre should be accelerated. Domestically, construction of a national gas interconnection system and a number of gas hubs should be speeded up, to make the gas industry an important component of the national energy network; the gas pricing mechanism should be established and completed as soon as possible to facilitate scientific allocation of profits and costs for gas production, storage and distribution, and to ultimately promote the sustainable and scale development of the whole chain of China's gas industry.

Park energy Internet is an important research and development direction catering to the requirements of energy sustainability. In this paper, a typical structure of park energy Internet and models of several energy equipment are built. Multiple evaluation indexes including overall energy utilization rate, overall energy self-sufficiency rate and energy shortage expectation are proposed. Based on this, a bilevel programming model of park energy Internet considering economy and security is proposed. Further, a hybrid solving strategy of cataclysmic genetic algorithm and CPLEX solver is used to reduce the time of solution and improve the convergence. Finally, it is proved that the proposed method can meet the requirements of the economy and security of the system as well as the energy sustainability.

Photovoltaic (PV) Generation system is one of the easiest green energy systems to generate small amounts of energy as in houses or for large amounts as in fields. Although PV generation system does not burn fuel for power generation, it does still faces some problems regarding heat. One of these problems are called Hotspots. Hotspot is an increase of the cell`s heat in certain conditions and positions. In some cases, the heat can even start a fire. In this study, we propose a new method to detect this hotspot phenomenon in an early stage. The proposed method utilizes Artificial Intelligence (AI) as the main detection system. In fact, we were able to detect the hotspot with an accuracy of 82.25% using only two parameters, string current and string voltage. This system is a secondary system to be used with the main control system. The output will be a flag sent to the main controlling system. Making this system a secondary one, makes it easier to apply in already built PV fields. In near future, the detection of other deficiencies is going to be a major task for this system.

A significant solution to the current global energy demand worldwide is the advancement of renewable energy, and one of these major renewable resources is the conversion of solar energy to electricity that is made possible by solar cells. In this study, the electrical quantities of a dye-sensitized solar cell were characterized to determine its efficiency, which is usually the main basis for this prototype. The researchers used a grape dye-sensitized solar cell composed of conductive glass as the photo-electrode, titanium dioxide (TiO2) sensitized with grape anthocyanin ethanol-based dye, KI3 electrolyte, and conductive glass with carbon as the counter-electrode. In characterizing the electrical quantities, the room temperature, lux level, and cell size were held constant at 23°C, 1500 lux, and 2.032cm x 1.524cm as controlled testing parameters. The researchers determined the voltage (Voc) and current (Isc) by using open and short circuit tests. The measured values were: 0.43 V; 0.40 V; 0.40 V; 0.45 V; 0.41 V and 41 µA; 38 µA; 35µA; 41µA; 39µA respectively. The computed efficiency of the cells were 1.22%, 1.05%, 0.94%, 1.29%, and 1.11% respectively.

As the use of renewable energy resources such as solar energy still leads to the augmentation of energy supply insufficiency, this study aimed to provide an alternative source of economical, time-efficient and environment-friendly solar cell as a powerful potential energy source using grape skin Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell. The experimental parameter was the concentration of anthocyanin. The anthocyanin was extracted by boiling the dried grape skin in the ethanol solution. The semiconductor paste was prepared by mixing Titanium Dioxide and very dilute Acetic Acid (0.1 mL acetic acid in 50 mL water), and was coated on the conductive side of the conductive glass through screen printing method. The Construction of DSSC was done layer by layer. It consisted of working electrode (TiO2 semiconductor-dye) and counter electrode with carbon applied on it. The construction time for the 5 dye-sensitized solar cells was approximately less than an hour. The measured voltages were 0.43V, 0.40V, 0.40V, 0.45V, and 0.41V respectively, while the measured short-circuit currents were: 41µA, 38µA, 35µA, 41µA, and 39µA respectively.

The PV generation system operates in maximum power of PV array by MPPT control of power conditioning system (PCS). However, there is a problem that maximum power of the PV array configuration greatly decreases by partial shadow. For this problem, the authors previously proposed the active PV array(APV) system which is able to extract total power of the maximum power of each PV panel with preset PV array voltage, equipping each panel with the buck-boost converter(Unit). This APV system is able to maintain the ideal P-V characteristics under all conditions. In this paper, the effect of this method is demonstrated by simulation and experiment. In this investigated condition, it is clarified that the generated power of the proposed APV system is 1.6 times, compared with the conventional PV array system.

The outcome of Numerical methods such as Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based on Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) is dependent upon selection of several critical parameters. The effect of boundary conditions, boundary flow modelling and turbulence numerics has been quantified in this study. Steady state RANS CFD simulation are performed by utilizing a Rotating Frame of Reference (RFR) model along with a Shear Stress Transport (SST) closure model. The simulated performance results were compared with experimental data over Tip Speed Ratios (TSR) from 2-9. Four different sets of boundary conditions that can possibly represent an experimental water channel were evaluated. The variation of boundary condition resulted in the variation of prediction error at different TSR's. Critical variations were observed at the extreme operating conditions of minimum and maximum TSR's. However, the C_P prediction error at the optimum TSR was not much affected by the variation of boundary conditions.

The experimental study on the heat and mass transfer performance of membrane humidifier in high-power atmospheric fuel cell system cathode side was carried out, and the main factors affecting the performance of membrane humidifier were determined. The mathematical model of heat and mass transfer of membrane humidifier was established to study these factors. Mechanism of influence on membrane humidifier performance is studied with a humidifier heat and mass transfer model. Results show that reducing the operating pressure of the humidifier, increasing the air flow rate, and increasing the intake air temperature are beneficial to increase the diffusion coefficient; reducing the air flow rate and lowering the dry air inlet temperature are beneficial to reducing the water content gradient in the membrane.

Bio-electrochemical technology in form of single chamber microbial fuel cell was used to simultaneous reduce organic pollutants and electricity generation under anoxic condition. Reactor was fixed working volume 1liters. Single chamber microbial fuel cell was started with open circuit that inoculates to biofilm on anode chamber and microorganisms can be adjusted to single chamber microbial fuel cell condition. Close circuit was started with 1,000 ω. Initial COD was converted to 5,109 mg L⁻¹ that obtained current density per area 154 mA m⁻², maximum power density per area 152 mW m⁻² and COD removal efficiency was 70%, respectively. Moreover, the economic feasibility was evaluated in term of net present value (NPV) was 1,746.20, payback period (PBP) was obtained 1 year 4 months, respectively. Therefore, single chamber microbial fuel cell is technology that suitable for simultaneous reduce organic pollutants and electricity generation.

Owing to increasing applications of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), it is worth investigating the thermal runaway (TR) behaviors of LIBs under extreme conditions such as flash freezing, which has been proposed as a feasible way for LIB transportation or storage. In this study, a series of experiments was conducted to explore and compare the TR behaviors of batteries with and without freezing treatment. According to the results, the batteries after freezing treatment exhibited a faster temperature rise, and the onset time of TR (t) was shortened. For example, t was 277.2 s in the blank test, whereas for the battery after 72 h freezing, t was 250.2 s. Moreover, the microstructure comparison on the internal electrode materials after TR showed that freezing treatment aggravated the agglomeration and clustering of them. Additionally, we recommend storing LIBs with a lower state of charge (SOC) even in freezing or extreme-cold conditions.

In this paper, a scheduling framework based on air-conditioning load aggregator is first proposed. Then the split constant frequency air-conditioning load is optimized by minute level. The step function characteristic between the average air-conditioning load per hour and the temperature difference set at the beginning and the end of the time is obtained and linearized. A temperature difference-power model suitable for air-conditioning hourly scheduling is established. Secondly, aiming at the multiple load aggregators existing in the distribution area, this paper proposes a non-cooperative game model of air conditioning load aggregators. Considering the problem of discretization of control variables in the game revenue function, this paper introduces continuous intermediate variables, establishes a hierarchical optimization model of the game, and gives the proof that the hierarchical optimization of the game has a unique pure strategy Nash equilibrium solution and the solution method. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulation.

Production sharing contract (PSC) is one of the most commonly used contract type in international petroleum cooperation practices, under which, contractors obtain net reserves composed of in kind "cost oil" and "profit oil" by taking risks, bearing exploration, development and production costs, paying royalties, income taxes and other fees to the government of the resource country (the host government). The net reserves owned by a contractor refer to the remaining economic recoverable reserves that the contractor can obtain during the remaining contract period, which represent the real revenue the contractor can realize. Taking Project XX in Africa for example, this paper analyzed the methods for estimating net oil and gas reserves under PSCs, discussed the impacts of production, decline rate, plan, prices, costs, profit oil sharing and taxes on net reserves from four aspects including technique, economics, commerciality and engineering. In addition, the paper also made sensitivity analysis of the factors having significant influence on net reserves, such as the oil production, oil prices, operation expenses and investment, and put forward some recommendations for optimizing field development strategies to maximize contractors' economic benefits.

By taking the energy complementation as an idea and the steam methane reforming as well as coal partial gasification and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis as the core technological means, this paper establishes a coal and methane to co-produce liquid fuels and power generation system using an ASPEN PLUS simulator, and realizes that the H₂/CO can be adjusted by directly changing the charging rate of raw materials with no need for additional equipment. At the same time, the coal char that has not yet been gasified is burned to provide the needed heat for the reaction of steam methane reforming, which can not only solve the demand of high heat of steam methane reforming, but also realize the gradient utilization of energy, thus reducing the loss in energy. In addition, some Fischer-Tropsch steam is used to generate power to further reduce the energy damage of the system. Two key parameters, namely coal input and Fischer-Tropsch recycle ratio, are discussed and their effects on system performances are analysed. At the optimum condition, the energy efficiency of this novel system reaches 52.5%, and the primary energy saving ratio reaches 30.4%.

As the largest energy production suppliers are in different locations of the world and the demand for energy increases significantly, storage and transportation of large-scale energy with high storage and transportation efficiencies are desired. Large-scale energy is stored and shipped in liquefied forms due to reduction in volume however storage medium in a liquid form with low boiling temperature loses some of its energy because of evaporation, called boil-off gas (BOG), which is caused by a change in temperature between the storage medium and the ambient. Therefore, this study presents sensitivity analysis for three types of energy carriers: liquefied natural gas (LNG), dimethyl-ether (DME), and methanol to store and transport energy in liquid form from an exporting country to an importing country. A calculation method is used to determine the daily BOG rates accounting for storage and transporting for the three liquefied energy carriers. A sensitivity analysis is presented to reveal the effects of changes in duration of land storage and ocean transportation on the total stored and transported masses. LNG has lost 7% of its mass as BOG after 60 day of shipping and this lost percentage is the highest compared to DME and methanol. Due to low mass loses during storage and transportation phases, methanol and DME are potential alternatives for storage and transportation of large energy quantities.

A vortex tube is an intriguing simple device which is capable of generating cold and hot streams from a single compressed fluid supply at room temperature. The vortex tube does not require any refrigerants or chemicals to operate which makes it an environmentally friendly device. Still, as a well cooling device, there are fewer or no research works that were conducted on the application of vortex tube. So, the application of vortex tube as a cooling device on a cooling jacket is less explored. Hence, the performance of this application on experimental research is unclear. Therefore, the objectives for this research are to determine the performance of vortex tube as a cooling device on a cooling jacket at different cold mass flow rate and also to determine the performance of vortex tube as a cooling device on a cooling jacket at different inlet pressure. The performance of vortex tube on the cooling jacket is experimented with different cold mass flow rate ranging from 30L/min to 90L/min and different inlet pressure ranging from 200kPa to 500kPa. Both parameters were with several condition, which are conducted at indoor condition, inside an air-ventilated room and outdoor condition, under the sunlight. At the end of the experiment, 90L/min and 500kPa were the optimum value for the performance of vortex tube. It can be concluded that the higher the inlet pressure supplied to the vortex tube, the lower the air temperature produced, and the higher the cold mass flow rate, enables lower cold air generated to the cooling jacket.

Keeping in view the energy shortage problem, the bioenergy potential of soybean straw have been evaluated by thermos-kinetic study using thermogravimetric analysis and artificial neural networks. TG-DTG curves at 10, 20, and 30°C min⁻¹ revealed that the thermal oxidative decomposition of soybean straw could be divided into three stages and the second stage (180 to 380°C) would be the most suitable for thermal conversion of soybean straw into energy and chemicals. Kinetics analysis results showed that the activation energy values of models ranges were: KAS (87.57-819.24 KJ mol⁻¹), and OFW (92.01-790.85 KJ mol⁻¹), respectively. The variation of activation energy indicated the thermal decomposition process of soybean straw is complicated and may be consisting of several reactions. Furthermore, an ANN model was applied to predict the thermal decomposition of soybean straw. The good fitness between experimental and predict data (R² = 0.999) validated the accuracy of the model in predicting the mass loss of thermal oxidative decomposition process.

Pterocarpus indicus is a plant commonly found in Indonesia and it produces wastes from its leaves falling. Earlier investigation indicated that transforming these leaves into briquette could clean them and provide a new source of energy. However, the use of tapioca as binding agent in the previous study may be criticized for affecting the food availability as it is edible. To solve this issue, tapioca is substituted with rejected papaya. The briquette was then investigated to find out the best manufacturing parameters and its viability as a sustainable fuel. The optimum ratio of Ptercarpus indicus leaves waste and rejected papaya, which yield calorific value of 4338.79 Kcal/kg, is found to be 95% and 5%, respectively. Proximate and ultimate analyses corroborate the use of this briquette. Investigation of four combustion parameters (ignition time, flame temperature, combustion rate, and burning time) indicates that the best briquette is manufactured with biomass of 60 mesh size or 250 urn and compacted with hydraulic pressure of 2 MPa.

This study investigated and analyzed the effects of the heating temperature (1,000°C-1,200°C), sintering time (6 hours), and content by weight (0-20%) of diatomite waste blended with a percentage of light emitting diode quartz sand (LEDQS) waste on fabricating water-retention pavement ceramics (WRPC). The results indicated that decreasing the heating temperature and amounts of the LEDQS resulted in an increase in the porosity. Increasing the heating temperature and amounts of the LEDQS waste resulted in the WRPC samples having increased compressive strengths (3.37-20.02 MPa). When amounts of up to 20% LEDQS were added to the WRPC samples heated to 1,200°C, the driving force was higher, and the crystal growth rate increased. Therefore, it is to be expected that densification will increase with increasing temperatures. It was found that the t_1/2 values of the WRPC samples increased when the percentage of added LEDQS was increased. In summary, the WRPC samples containing LEDQS have excellent mechanical properties, making them feasible for use in WRPC applications.

This study deals with the future water demand assessment in Lower Mahi Sub-basin, Bihar, India using Water Evaluation and Planning Model (WEAP). The river Mahi is flowing through the Mahi sub-basin, which is a tributary to the Ganga river. Understanding and analyzing the past and present water supply and demand scenarios and prediction of future scenarios are indispensable for this area. In the WEAP model development phase, two scenarios are considered: past scenario (2004-2013), present and future scenarios (2016-2021) together. The water supply nodes used are Mahi river, groundwater and canals from Gandak river. The results from the trend of supply and demand shows that the sub-basin is water deficit for most part of year except during July to September. The water deficit is also observed during Rabi season when there is no rainfall or availability of surface water is nil for the crops, especially wheat. This results in more and more usage of groundwater and hence leads to groundwater depletion. By analyzing the results of the WEAP Model for the present and future scenario, a depletion in groundwater storage at a faster rate is observed with the existing climatic conditions and increased population, livestock and industry.

Freshwater availability is a global concern. Thus seawater desalination became a variable solution to that issue. However, most desalination plants are powered by fossil-based energy. That fact drove many countries to find an alternative solution in which nuclear desalination became a consideration for many countries like Japan and Saudi Arabia. Different approaches were considered regarding nuclear-desalination, one of which using a High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (HTR) as an energy source. This paper discusses the challenges and opportunities of using HTR as an energy source for commercial-scale desalination. The findings show the most critical challenges and opportunities related to the technological, economic, social, environmental, regulatory, and infrastructural aspects of HTR-Desalination.

There are limited studies in Cisangkuy Watershed which shows the water resources availability and variability with respect to changing climates and land use. Uncertainties due to climate change and population growth have created a critical water resources situation for Cisangkuy Watershed. These uncertainties come from undescribed quantification of surface water – groundwater interaction. Investigating spatio-temporal variability of recharge-discharge is a critical initial step for water-resource management. The main objective of this study is to set up a physically-based spatially distributed SWAT and MODFLOW for the analysis of the different hydrological and hydrogeological component. The objectives to be achieved include 1) identifying the characteristics and distribution of river stream recharge -discharge 2) assessing surface water and groundwater quantity. The result shows that calibrated SWAT-MODFLOW model can represent surface water – groundwater interaction in Cisangkuy Watershed spatio-temporally. Baseflow from aquifer discharge is main factor that give contribution to river discharge in study area, so we can conclude that Cisangkuy Watershed has a good potential of water resources on the low area, but also has high potential of disaster due to groundwater like flood and landslide.This study is expected to develop water resources management in Indonesia. So that water resources sustainability can be analyzed from the aspect of the quantity of surface water and groundwater.

This study approached a physically based, semi-distributed SWAT model to test the model sensitivity to the spatial distribution of precipitation. Ten scenarios of precipitation from five scattered rain gauges in an Arctic watershed Målselv in northern Norway were used as inputs to run the SWAT model. Streamflows were simulated. The model runs at monthly time interval based on the historical data of precipitation from 1979-2012. The study used statistical parameters, values of long-term average monthly streamflow and streamflow hydrograph between simulated and observed data for sensitivity analysis. The study found that the result of streamflow simulation is highly sensitive with spatial distribution of rain gauges input. For instance, the scenarios integrating rain gauge number 3, locating inside the watershed with lower precipitation amount than average of selected rain gauges, provided model unsatisfactory (statistical coefficient NSE < 0.5) in streamflow simulation. However, streamflow simulation is satisfactory (NSE: 0.5-0.6) at hydro-gauging station Lundberg far away from rain gauge 3. The hydrograph showed underestimated streamflow simulation in scenario 3,5,6-10 that integrated rain gauge 3, while scenario 1,2,4 that excluded rain gauge 3 showed reasonable agreement between simulated and observed flow. Underestimated streamflow was only found in scenario 3 and 5 at Lundberg. Moreover, the curves of average monthly streamflow showed that the simulated peak discharge in scenario 1,2,4 was performed better than the remaining scenarios.

The hydrological model SWAT is a state-of-the-art tool for environmental and water resources management. Like other semi-distributed models, the whole river basin in the SWAT model is delineated into smaller sub-basins prior to conducting the simulation. Watershed delineation is an importance step since it could potentially influence the modelling results. The present study aimed to conducte an investigation of the effects of watershed delineation schemes on hydrological simulation in an Arctic watershed Målselv, north of Norway. Four delineation schemes were set up with different threshold drainage area (TDA) from fine to coarse including 100 ha, 2,000 ha, 5,000 ha and 10,000 ha. The model was run on monthly time step from 1979-2012. The results showed higher variation of average annual precipitation and runoff especially in the upstream sections of the watershed by the fine TDA schemes compared to the coarse ones. The average monthly precipitation and runoff slightly increased from the finest TDA scheme to the coarsest scheme. All TDA schemes reproduced the observed tendency of the average monthly and annual streamflow although the peak flow was over and under estimated at different hydro-gauging stations. The higher value of estimated streamflow was found at the coarsest scheme.

Rainwater harvesting is a primordial practice gaining acceptance for its fundamental quality. The most stimulating aspect of rainwater harvesting is the methods of capture, storage, and use of this natural resource. Pollutants are accumulated on the roof during dry weather and then washed off at the beginning of a rain event. This contaminated volume of water at the initial stage of a rainfall is known as "first flush". This study involves the applied use of this foul water as an alternative to potable water in concrete making and compared its performance with the conventional potable water. Water quality tests of diverted rainwater to find out its impact on the prepared concrete and on the usual mix design procedure for preparing concrete are also shown here. After analysing the result, it is established that concrete production can be done in a more environmentally sound way regarding the use of water resources. Construction sector consumes a high volume of water resources. If we can divert the initial dirty water of rainfall events, collect and store it properly, it can be an alternative to the potable water that is being used to produce concrete, maintaining the quality of the concrete.

This study aimed to simulate the climate effect on the atmospheric conversion in an open pit coal mine during 2016. Climate data, including wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity, surface pressure, ceiling height and cloud cover, was collected in order to determine the daily mixing height over the pit area. The model was simulated, using CALMET metrological diagnostic model with 50 x 50 m. resolution grid scale. In this study, the mixing height 225 km2of the operating area in the mine was simulated based on 50x50 resolution). Three meteorological monitoring stations were set up, and upper air data were simulated by WRF model. The simulation assigned 11 vertical layers ranging from 0 to 4,000 m. According to the results of this study, the lowest of mixing height could be detected in the winter season with a downward trend starting from 07.00 PM to 07.00 AM. Conversely, the mixing height varied and gradually increased during daytime, depending on the temperature in that period. The low mixing height indicated air blockage could reduce pollution's circulation rate in the pit area. This directly affected the health of the people who worked in this mine.

In recent years, as people pay more and more attention to environmental quality, many environmental problems have gradually become the focus of people's concern, especially those with greater risks. Air pollution is one of the major risk factors of death worldwide and is also the cause of the increased risk of chronic diseases. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to understand the correlation between factors affecting air pollution risk perception and the level of risk perception, and whether they can affect coping behaviour. The results showed that among the demographic variables, only marital status and average monthly income were correlated with air pollution risk perception. In addition, the public satisfaction with the air pollution to the air of the negative correlation between perceived risk, and air pollution information knowledge and the positive correlation between perceived risk of air pollution, can confirm air satisfaction and understanding information about air pollution caused by the risk perception of people have a certain influence, and in the case of the higher the risk perception could prompt them to take more coping behaviour, such as wearing a mask, avoid being outdoors for a long time, and so on.

There is a growing recognition among planners and policy makers that proper transformation of urban mobility systems is crucial to the reduction of air pollution emission. The main objective of the work was to review the current urban mobility strategies in the city of Gdańsk, Poland in terms of their potential for the improvement of urban air quality. Firstly, general policy guidelines for mobility systems were formulated based on a review of recent relevant studies and existing solutions from various European and Asian cities. Then the main spatial characteristics of the transport system and mobility patterns in Gdańsk were determined and visualised by means of GIS-based tools, supported by the analysis of local urban and environmental planning documents. The current air quality status in Gdańsk was also described. Subsequently, the policies proposed in two documents for the urban mobility management in Gdańsk were identified and cross-compared with the previously reviewed solutions from other cities in terms of air quality improvement. The results showed that the strategies for air pollution mitigation are not integrated with the process of urban planning in Gdańsk to a sufficient degree. Finally, some recommendations were also suggested to improve the current strategies.

The air quality in Ho Chi Minh City is deteriorating due to the increase in population, personal transport, industrial parks and emissions from residential areas and a few other factors and as a result, these things affect human health quite seriously. However, studies on effects of air pollution on people's health here are still quite few. This paper will analyze the overall situation of pollution in this city, and based on previous research, we will have an overview as well as assess the health impact of the air pollution. The paper also discusses the mutual relationships between researchers and policy makers in monitoring air quality and protecting human health. From comparisons with other countries, a number of proposals were discussed to assess the risk of pollution and the enhancement of research as well as possible policies to improve the health of the citizens in the city.

Sea level rise is one of the most damaging impacts of climate change. Rising sea levels leads to loss of coastal wetlands, coastal flooding, degradation of coastal ecosystem, sinking of islands and general loss of quality of life. Countries which are located in low-lying areas as well as small islands are concerned that their land areas would be decreased due to inundation and coastal erosion. In this paper, a hybrid wavelet and grid search based support vector machine was used for statistical downscaling of sea level using climatic variables. The results of the hybrid model were compared with the observed sea level data and the results indicate that the hybrid wavelet and grid search based support vector machine can be used for future sea level projection. Thus the effect of sea level rise on low lying island can be studied with the model.

This study concentrates on the beach sediment collected at Suchada (SD), Saeng Chan (SC) and Laem Charoen (LM) beaches in the Rayong province of Eastern Thailand. The samples were collected for a preliminary investigation for microplastic contamination. A total of 18 samples were taken parallel with the shoreline at the depth of 5 centimetres. They were collected between the months of August to September 2019. Density separation, microscopic inspection and ATR-FTIR analysis were conducted to analyze the characteristics of microplastics and the type of polymers. The average concentration of microplastics on three beaches was 568.33 ± 153.05 items per kilogram of dry weight. Based on the categorization according to shape, colour, and size, microfibers accounted for a dominant proportion of microplastics. Blue ( > 45%) and 1,000-5,000 µm particle sizes were the most prevalent microplastics in SC and LM beaches, while red (43%) colour and small microplastics (100-500 µm) were the dominant proportion in SD beach. ATR-FTIR analysis determined that the polymers found in microplastic were polypropylene, polyethylene, low-density polyethylene and cellophane.These results indicated that land-based sources also those including tourism activities, fishery activities, river, and sewage discharge from industrial and urban communities are most likely the main source of microplastics in beach sediment along the coast of Rayong province.

Under the fact that there are multiple pollutants, non-cumulative and cumulative pollutants, generated by two adjacent asymmetric regions, which result in transboundary pollution, we proposed a dynamic transboundary pollution treatment model to study how two adjacent asymmetric regions make their pollution treatment strategies under their self-interested behaviors while the pollution of both regions are treated optimally. The optimal investment policies under non-cooperation and cooperation are obtained through theoretic analysis. It is found that only when local governments cooperate to treat transboundary pollution, the damages caused by non-cumulative pollutants to adjacent regions will be taken into their consideration. The capital stock of pollution treatment investment of each region under the non-cooperative treatment is equal to that under the cooperative treatment.

According to the 2001 assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) of the United Nations, in the past 50 years, climate warming, excessive human development caused environmental impact, global energy shortage and high oil price environment, began to promote green transport, among which the bike advocates environment-friendly and low-pollution transport mode. Under this trend, bike lanes are increasing in Taiwan. Signage systems should be improved to achieve road network safety, continuity, integration and ride friendliness. Traffic labelling system in cities is an integral part of infrastructure construction and urban aesthetics. Kevin Lynch mentioned in The Image of The City that people in modern cities rely on indicator devices, and a good labelling system can help users to identify the environment conveniently and quickly. This study attempts to establish the Taichung city bike lane labelling system design, in order to collect relevant literature review summarized evaluation index, the study points out that network build bike lanes marked by subject system to meet the "Modelling Style"," Chromatic Scheme" and "Material Selection" three as the main index, by the fuzzy Delphi method, collecting group expert advice, in accordance with the subsequent bike lane labelling system design and update.

According to the Economist Intelligence Unit's annual ranking of cities in the liveability index, bicycle penetration is one of the top indicators of liveability in the world. As one of the transportation tools of low-carbon life, bicycle can provide convenient travel tools and leisure activities, effectively reduce the burden of man-made development on the environment, meet the spirit of relaxation, is both pollution-free, economic, convenient and other advantages of transportation. The 21st century is an era of smart technology, and the rise of APP has changed people's life pattern and the way of obtaining information. However, it has become a current trend to take people and environment as design considerations [1]. The successful bike APP can meet the needs of cyclists of different ethnic groups when riding, improve the convenience of cyclists, so as to attract more people to use bicycles and promote low-carbon and energy-saving lifestyle. Based on a literature review and a survey of 50 existing bicycle apps, this study concluded that the "seven major functional categories, two navigation modes and two interface aesthetic" of the apps were the most important factors affecting users' preferences and download intention.

The thermal performance of envelope directly restricts the heating energy consumption and indoor thermal environment of rural houses in severe cold regions. However, with the improvement of thermal performance, the construction cost will be greatly affected, which is one of the main factors hindering the implementation of energy saving design for rural houses. The energy saving and economy of whole life cycle should be considered simultaneously when determining the optimal parameters of envelope. This paper, taking the benchmark model of rural houses as research object, the life cycle cost (LCC) as evaluation index, establishes the GenOpt-EnergyPlus optimization platform by coupling EnergyPlus and GenOpt software to carry out the optimization. In the analysis, the insulating layer thickness of exterior wall, roof and ground and the window types are selected as optimization variable. Considering that the length of life span may affect the effective utilization rate of operation and construction cost, three types of life span are set, including 10, 20 and 30 years. Through the analysis, the optimum thickness of insulating layer and the energy saving effect under different conditions were discussed, which provide the basis for the comprehensive optimization of energy saving and economic benefit of rural house's envelope in severe cold regions of China.

Under the premise of satisfying the human thermal comfort in the whole year, accurately evaluating the building energy-efficiency (BEE) through passive design can provide direct feedback and guidance for the passive design process. The scientific relationship between dynamic indoor thermal comfort benchmarks, outdoor climate change and passive building energy-efficiency design (PBEED) is a prerequisite for calculating BEE with passive design method. However, the current energy-efficiency effect evaluation method cannot reflect the dynamic change characteristics of the thermal comfort benchmark linked with the continuous dynamic change of the climate throughout the year. Firstly, BEE evaluation method in China was introduced, and energy conservation ratio calculating method was illustrated. Then, analyse and conclude 4 disadvantages of BEE evaluation method. Secondly, a new calculating method of PBEED evaluation considering human thermal adaptation with seasonal climate change was invented, including calculating model, some new concepts appeared in the model and calculating process of PBEED evaluation index. Finally, obtaining method of the PBEED evaluation index was proposed, including temperatures outdoors and indoors, dynamic thermal comfort zone. The results of this study will expand the application field of adaptive thermal comfort in building energy conservation, and will provide scientific support for accurately evaluating the passive building energy-efficiency design.

Continuously increase urban population and urban spatial sprawl, under limited land development and urbanization, implementing Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) to improve urban spatial environment has become crucial on Taiwan's urban sustainability and development plan. According to literature research, introducing urban spatial planning into urban agricultural approach, can increase urban green coverage ratio and reinforce green network. This study will depict urban agricultural development approach with the implementation of TOD planning method on Taiwan Taichung Taiyuan train station as planning site, using Taichung urban planning and development plan guidelines, in accordance to TOD core development merging urban agriculture development approach to reinforce TOD planning detail in order to achieve the urban environmental sustainability.

In the process of urban development, the more intensive areas are intensive, causing problems of urban congestion, traffic congestion and parking space, and they are the main source of energy consumption. Urban development guided by the development of the mass transit system is widely discussed. However, the problem of improving urban development is not only the construction of the mass transit system, but also the planning of the human environment system, as well as green infrastructure and green transportation. Through literature analysis and field investigation, this study hopes to create a friendly urban environment through the experimental design of roads, buildings and streets around the five power stations (Lilin, Toujiacuo, Songzhu, Jingwu and Wuquan) to truly reduce energy use.

The purpose of this study is to improve the quality of community-based care for the elderly, and to build an evaluation system for the aging of the community's public environment. The research is carried out in two phases: the first phase is the policy specification and the literature statistics, the preliminary sampling of the appropriate aging evaluation indicators; the second phase is the questionnaire survey and exploratory factor analysis, extracting important evaluation factors.The research results showed that the evaluation system of community public environment suitable for aging people is composed of 4 dimensions and 24 indicators, the study suggested that construction standards and decision-making basis for the community's public environment to be suitable for aging people when the community is under renewed and reconstructed situation.

The research aims to investigate the indicators for evaluation of sustainable development of Taiwan's indigenous tribal environment. For that matter, the indicators for evaluation of sustainable development of Taiwan's indigenous tribal environment are obtained from literature reviews and further 1nalysed through two questionnaire surveys by the Delphi method and the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP).The research findings are summarized as follows: (1) Five first-class indicators and 24 second-class indicators for evaluation of sustainable development of Taiwan's indigenous tribal environment are derived; (2) First-class indicators are life culture, art culture, historical site, natural environment and tribe experience according to their weights from high to low; (3) Nines key factors for evaluation of sustainable development of Taiwan's indigenous tribal environment are celebration of festival, traditional cuisine, life etiquette & custom, architectural feature, ancient monument, traditional artistry, life experience, life style and industrial activity. The research findings as suggestions for sustainable development of Taiwan's indigenous tribal environment will be submitted to the relevant organizations or other researchers who are interested in our research in their follow-up studies.

The hundred-year prosperity of the mining industry in Jinguashi, Taiwan, introduced the development of new industrial equipment and factory operation models to the settlements of Jinguashi and Shuinandong, and also established a modernized living and social framework. However, changes in global industrial and cultural structures brought on the progression of urbanization, which in turn caused the disuse of abandoned land previously used by the production industry. In the Shuinandong area, the operation of a smeltery polluted the land, damaged the ecology, produced waste and caused the content of heavy metals in the ocean to rise. This environmental destruction continued to impact the natural environment and ecology of the area even after the smeltery closed. Today, with the rise of environmental awareness, people, environmental protection groups and government agencies have begun to pay attention to the impact of "brownfields" around them. In the Shuinandong area, brownfields are mostly used as space for tourism, and not much has been done to restore the environment through ecological methods. Therefore, this study is aimed towards environmental sustainability, and looks at how to preserve the Remains of the Thirteen Levels in Shuinandong while rehabilitating the polluted natural environment and landscapes in the area. This study also establishes ecological restoration assessment indicators that will allow the Shuinandong area to contribute its value for sustainability.

The land cover changes before and after the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake in Japan are detected using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) calculated from satellite Sentinel-2A/2B images, and the methods and contents are described in this paper. The land cover change areas matched well with Google Map (aerial photographs), a high resolution latest map. In addition, the some areas where land cover changes spread over time were investigated by ground truths, and we have found that their cause is restoration works. To evaluate environmental impacts, we investigated the populations of the trapdoor spiders Heptathela higoensis in three study sites in the Aso area and Ozu Town in Kumamoto Prefecture. It is thought that the soil animal such as this spider receives the influence of the land cover changes directly. It is suggested that the changes of the spider populations can become an index to grasp the environmental changes before and after the earthquake quantitatively. The locations of the restoration works will not return to areas with high groundwater recharge capacity such as grasslands. If such restoration works spread, the people lived in the Aso and Kumamoto areas in Kumamoto Prefecture that rely on groundwater will have a serious problem in the future.

The land use change in Bogor regency need to be studied, since it acts as a water buffer zone for the sorrounding area, which includes the capital city of Jakarta. This study aims to analyze the land use changes in Bogor Regency using the gradient boosting tree model. Landsat 7 and 8 imageries of Bogor area in 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2017 are used as the case study. The images are cropped into sub-district level and classified into four classes, which are green area, partial green area, impervious land, and partial impervious land. By comparing two images of classification result between two different years, the land use changes can be determined. This study shows that most land use changes from 2008 to 2017 occur in Sukamakmur sub-district with a percentage of 69.31% (134.0757 km²). Based on the type of land, most land use changes are from impervious area to green area.

The erosion issue in the north coastal area in Alaska, US has increasingly serious. Landsat image has been downloaded to analyze the erosion. Several image analysis methods in remote sensing are used in this paper to analyze the water body erosion in study area. Erosion in the study area has a significant effect along the river and around the lake. It is inconspicuous in the urban area. The geomorphology in study area is temporarily steady due to the man-made anti-erosion construction. More attention should be paid to the erosion between the coast and lake; it can damage the whole city of Barrow once the erosion connects the sea and lake. By using analysis method discussed in this paper, it can help other coastal area in the world to prevent erosion issues.

A pre-shredded waste with 49.4% of moisture content from a municipality in Thailand was treated in biodrying lysimeters with intermittent negative ventilation at the rate of 0.5 m³/kg_waste/day. Two air patterns were set with an interval of 30 min run/30 min stop (T1) and 30 min run/60 min stop (T2) and ran for seven days. The highest temperature was found in T2 at about 68.3 °C. The degradation of degradable materials was at 3.49% and 2.9% in T2 and T1, respectively. In T2, the weight could be reduced from 90 kg to 79.9 kg, corresponding to 11.2% of weight reduction. After seven days, moisture content and the heating value was in acceptable requirement of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) for local cement plants. The highest moisture removal was presented in T2 which can reduce the moisture content of 58.24% and the heating value was increased of 42.75% from initial heating value. Based on the local RDF requirement, it could be concluded that T2 is the best performance in this study with 20.63% of final moisture content and 17,719 kJ/kg of heating value.