Table of contents

It is our great pleasure to welcome all of you to 2020 2^nd International Conference on Resources and Environment Sciences (ICRES 2020), June 5-7, 2020 in Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. ICRES 2020 is dedicated to issues related to Resources and Environment Sciences. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the conference committees made a decision to hold an online conference instead to ensure every participant's personal safety.

ICRES 2020 has received 50 submissions (full papers and abstracts) and only 20 full papers and 2 abstracts were accepted based on the anonymously reviewed results from the technical committee members. Only the outstanding submissions were chosen to be presented during the conference.

This volume of the proceedings presents a selection of papers submitted to the conference. They are organized in 6 chapters under the topics of: Solid Waste Management and Scientific Research, Biodiversity and Pollution Ecology, Wastewater Treatment Technology, Natural Resources Development and Management, Building Environment, Environmental Chemistry and Disaster Management. All papers were subjected to peer-review by conference committee members and international reviewers. The papers were selected based on the criteria of high quality and relevance to the conference theme.

We express our sincere appreciation to the organizing committee and the volunteers who had spent their time, effort and help on planning, promoting, and organizing the conference.

Prof. Natalia Bakhtadze

V.A. Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, Moscow, Russia

2020-07-06

Conference General Co-Chairs

Prof. Orawan Siriratpiriya, Aquatic Resources Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand

Prof. Khaled M. Bali, University of California, San Diego, USA

Prof. Byoung Ryong Jeong, College of Agriculture & Life Science, Gyeongsang National University,

Korea

Conference Program Chair

Prof. Koh Hock Lye, Sunway University, Malaysia

Technical Committee

Prof. Je-Lueng Shie, National I-Lan University, Taiwan

Prof. Maw Tien Lee, National Chiayi University, Taiwan

Prof. Małgorzata Szczepanek, UTP University of Science and Technology, Poland

Prof. Phebe Ding, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia

Prof. Dr. Christopher R. Bryant, Université de Montréal, Canada

Prof. Dr. Resul GERÇEKCİOĞLU, Gaziosmanpasa University, Turkey

Prof. Dwidjono Hadi Darwanto,Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia

Assoc. Prof. Aglaia (Litsa) Liopa-Tsakalidi,Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece,

Greece

Assoc. Prof. Jintana Salaenoi, Kasetsart University, Thailand

Assoc. Prof. Subhash J. Bhore, AIMST University, Malaysia

Assoc. Prof. HE Jie, National Institute of Education, Singapore

Assoc. Prof. Pawinee Iamtrakul,Thammasat University, Thailand

Assoc. Professor RAMESH.H.RATAGERI, DAVANGERE UNIVERSITY, India

Dr. Lovorka Gotal Dmitrovic,University North, Croatia

Dr. Buncha Pongpisantham, Maejo University, Thailand

Dr. Dong Shuoxun, Beijing Forestry University, China

Dr. Hameed Sulaiman, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman

Dr. Zulfiqar Ahmad, Wuhan University,China

Dr. Aussanee PICHAKAM, Mahidol University, Thailand

Dr. Maegala Nallapan Maniyam, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia

Dr. Nor Suhaila Yaacob, Universiti Selangor, Malaysia

Dr. SASIKARN NUCHDANG,Thailand institute of nuclear technology, Thailand

Dr. Zhu Chengxiang, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, China

Dr. Noor Awanis Muslim, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia

2020 2nd International Conference on Resources and Environment Sciences (ICRES 2020) was supposed to be held during June 5-7, 2020 in Bangkok, Thailand. Due to COVID-19 pandemic all over the world, almost all countries have travel restrictions. Now, the situation of COVID-19 pandemic is unpredictable around the world. Most of countries are still fighting the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is inadviseable to postpone the conference. Taking all into consideration, conference committees made a decision to change physical conference into virtual format conference. Although conference participants can't go to the conference venue and do oral presentations, it is feasible to have virtual format conference. We use zoom application which makes virtual format conference come true.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Double-blind

• Conference submission management system: Iconf submission system

• Number of submissions received: 49 papers

• Number of submissions sent for review: 49 papers

• Number of submissions accepted: 21 papers

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 42.85%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3 papers

• Total number of reviewers involved: 16 reviewers

• Any additional info on review process:

1. Preliminary Review

2. The papers passed the first review will be eviewed again from the following aspects: Originality, Innovation, Technical Soundness, Applicability, Clarity of presentation and Relevance

The 7,107 islands of Philippines offer diverse tourist destinations. Puerto Princesa Underground River (PPUR), one of the 7 wonders of nature is a natural park and the longest navigable underground river, rich in historical, unique karst environment and listed as UNESCO as world heritage site. Sabang Wharf, the entry point to PPUR is vulnerable to environmental pollution. It is where tourist facilities like restaurants/eateries, lodging houses and hotels are located. This study determine the type of solid wastes, percentage produced on a daily basis; methods of waste disposal and the problems encountered in the methods used; suggestions offered by the respondents in the enhancement of solid waste management in the area, and presence of E. coli and coliform contaminants in Sabang Wharf. Pertinent data gathered through field interviews, with the use of an interview schedule. The use of portable E. coli and coliform analyser, determined the absence of E. coli and coliform in beach areas of Sabang Wharf. Results disclosed that, waste disposals of tourism establishments in Sabang Wharf has supported proper implementation of Sustainable Waste Management Program-the project of PPUR management. Absence of E. coli and coliform in waters along the beaches of Sabang Wharf, attested to the eco-friendly environment in Sabang Wharf, despite its vulnerability as gateway to tourism site. Respondents' suggestions on the enhancement of Solid Waste Management Program of PPUR, are the; the provision of satellite junk shop for non-biodegradables, and continues strict enforcement of waste segregation and disposal.

In Varazdin City (a town in the north of Croatia), mixed municipal waste was collected, mechanically treated, baled and stored from 1st April 2005 until its final disposal. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were tested for 12 years. The problem is that several complex physical, chemical and biological processes take place in the baled waste for bio-waste, which was then an integral part of mixed municipal waste. To solve this problem, the experimental values are used, and they determine the dependence of the DOC concentration on time, as well as the transition points and events that cause the abrupt changes in the decomposition of the organic component in mixed municipal waste. Unlike the landfill in the baled waste, after aerobic phase begins the anaerobic phase, and after anaerobic phase begins again aerobic phase, because the foil gas permeability is starting. The whole process is, according to System Theory, a complex system with many components, and the interaction, connections, and interdependencies among them, but also the interaction with the environment of the system. The main result of the paper is the conceptualization and parameterization of such a system, helping to describe and understand this system, but also to predict and manage it.

Multi-pollutions from e-wastes are potential source of epidemic in the nearest future. This research considers the main component of e-waste i.e. lead (Pb) contaminants. The analysis of lead contaminants from some devices was used to calculate the risk analysis on four classes of persons. It was observed that the elderly, children, and landfill workers are the most vulnerable class of persons to lead contaminants. The risk analysis on the ecosystem was also carried using the ERICA 1.3 software. It was observed that agricultural production may suffer lower farm yield and there will be high susceptibility to health issues as there will be about a 15-50% decrease of peripheral blood cells in humans.

Nesting of Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) must be free from any anthropogenic threats. Sitio Lapaz San Narcizo Zambales is located along the Coral Triangle in the Philippines which is rich in marine biodiversity. This study determined the history of PAWICARE Hatchery Project in sitio Lapaz, San Narciso, Zambales Philippines; describe the physical condition (distance of hatchery to shoreline, temperature during nesting-hatching period), determine heavy metals (Arsenic, Lead and Mercury) in water samples along the shoreline of Lapaz San Narciso Zambales. Mixed method was used to gather pertinent data on this study. Survey method was used (interview and focal group discussion) was used to describe the history and, physical condition of PAWICARE Hatchery Project. It was enriched with documentary analysis. Quantitative method was used to analyze water along the shoreline of PAWICARE Hatchery. Water analysis determined the Arsenic, Lead and Mercury content of water samples collected from three sampling sites near the hatchery. Results revealed that fishermen in sitio Lapaz were transformed into turtle rangers from turtle poachers. Residential houses are relocated far from the shoreline to avoid pollution. Temperature (27°C to 33°C) during nesting months (October to March) favors nesting of the turtles. Arsenic, Lead and Mercury in water along the shoreline were found at a very low level. The above determinants favored the nesting of Olive ridley sea turtles in San Narciso Zambales Philippines.

Indoor bioaerosols dispersion within a building depends on certain conditions that make the apartment experience various deposition patterns. This challenge makes bioaerosols monitoring a very difficult exercise. In this study, mathematical experimentation was carried out in a one-bedroom apartment to investigate bioaerosols dispersion patterns in each compartment of the building. It was discovered that if the building is well ventilated either by the switching-on of a fan or air conditioner, turbulence dispersion would be observed in one of the compartments of the building and may lead to prolonged suspension of particulates within the building. Hence, bioaerosols retention in the building depends on the magnitude of the first-order rate constant for emission.

When describing atmospheric corrosion, general terms (air pollution) and conditions (meteorological parameters) are considered. The acceptable corrosion rates that are calculated are generic in nature and cannot be relied upon when estimating the atmospheric corrosion over a geographical region. In this paper, the review of atmospheric bioaerosols was carried-out to enlighten professionals on the need to disintegrate the constituents of air pollutants into aerosols and bioaerosols. This would make it easy for scientists to adequately estimate carrion rates during airborne pandemic areas. This would certainly lead to the development of ISO standards for this branch of atmospheric corrosion. The success of this research would not be applicable to atmospheric corrosion but in monitoring airborne diseases.

In this study, the decolorization of methyl orange was carried out in a double chamber microbial fuel cell. Microbial fuel cells (MFC's) have been widely studied using various materials and operating conditions, these bioelectrochemical devices that use exoelectrogenic bacteria as biocatalysts have shown great potential to oxidize a variety of substrates while simultaneously generating electricity. Soil microorganisms consisting of lactic acid bacteria, Saccharomyces, Rhizobium, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodobacter, Actinomycetes, and fungi were obtained from a concentrated soil microbial inoculant. Comparatively, the results of the experiments showed that using titanium mesh, the open circuit voltage and the power density of the MFC in close-circuit condition were 1.005 V and 1.223 Wm⁻² while using carbon fiber brushes, values were 0.992 V and 0.338 Wm⁻2. On the other hand, results also revealed that the system with carbon fiber brush electrodes is more effective in decolorizing methyl orange at a maximum of 78 percent removal efficiency. In 10 hours of continuous operation, the concentration of methyl orange reduced from 0.10-0.022 mM.

This study investigates the use of silver phosphate/titanium dioxide for the photocatalytic degradation of reactive black 5 (RB5) in a photocatalytic reactor. This research examined the optimum concentration of silver phosphate for dye degradation and found that the highest reaction rate can be obtained with 27.5 percent silver-phosphate in the catalyst. The effects of pH, catalyst loading, and the initial concentration of the dye in the wastewater were studied sequentially to determine the effects on the degradation of RB5. The highest degradation rates were found at absorption wavelength <480nm using blue light. Furthermore, the degradation rate was also found to increase with a higher or lower pH value, at higher catalyst loading, and lower initial dye concentration. This study concludes the potency of the catalyst as a visible-light active photocatalyst for possible industrial wastewater treatment application and the effectiveness of the catalyst produced from in situ deposition method and under visible light irradiation.

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) is known to be an effective biosorbent capable of removing pollutants of industrial wastewater effluents, particularly heavy metals. This study determined and compared the effectiveness of removing Pb²⁺ in a lead-containing aqueous solution using untreated and treated water hyacinth roots. The treated biosorbent was the heavy organic matter that settled from the extraction of water-soluble portions of the water hyacinth roots upon centrifugation of the water hyacinth and deionized water mixture for 1 hour at ambient temperature. The treatment of the biosorbent resulted to less functional groups but more exposed fibers for which the Pb²⁺ ions can adhere to. At a 24-hour equilibrium time, it was determined that the untreated biosorbent gave higher adsorption capacity of 0.743 mg/g as compared to the 0.653 mg/g capacity of the treated biosorbent. However, it was observed that in a 2-hour equilibrium time, similar adsorption capacities were obtained at 0.75 mg/g for both biosorbents. The kinetic study reveals that saturation of the biosorbents was observed within a 2-hour contact time. At prolonged adsorption time, the decrease in adsorption capacity of the treated biosorbent was due to the adsorption-desorption process that occurred at the saturated sorbent surfaces, whereby the attached Pb²⁺ was released and re-attached interchangeably. The loss of functional groups in the treated biosorbent resulted to less strong bonds from chemical adsorption and thus in a higher contact time, the loosely binded Pb²⁺ ions return to the aqueous phase.

This study investigated the potential of powdered pineapple crown leaves (PCL) as an effective adsorbent for the removal of crystal violet (CV) from aqueous solution using batch and column studies. The PCL was simply washed, dried, and powdered prior to adsorption. FTIR analysis of PCL surface before and after adsorption revealed that hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups are among the groups responsible for surface bonding with CV. SEM photographs of the adsorbent before and after revealed clumping on the surface of PCL, possibly indicating the sites where CV had been adsorbed. Elemental analyses through XRF revealed that K+ ion is a major part of PCL, and this could explain the affinity of CV for PCL through cation-π interactions. Batch adsorption studies were carried out as a function of biosorbent dose and initial dye concentration. The %removal of PC increased as biosorbent dose was increased, but the biosorbent capacity decreased. This was attributed to scattering of CV to more active sites in PCL. Biosorbent capacity increased as the initial dye concentration was increased, while %removal decreased. This was due to the faster saturation of the substrate. For equilibrium studies, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were applied. The equilibrium data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm with a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 6.4935 mg/g. The relatively high maximum biosorption capacity coupled with the absence of chemical treatment needed before adsorption makes PCL an effective and sustainable biosorbent for the removal of CV.

Urbanization intensifies global energy crisis and contributes largely to environmental pollution. The use of microbial fuel cell (MFC) helps in addressing both problems. This study aims to construct a low-cost MFC which simultaneously produce low level electricity and has the capacity to lower chemical oxygen demand in wastewater. The MFC used various carbon sources and copper wire as electrodes. Variation in voltages were observed using various carbon sources in solution. The microbial fuel cell utilizing P. fluorescens was able to produce voltage of more than 800 mV in fermented rice and more than 1000mV for both sewage sludge and kitchen sink wastewater substrates. It was also observed that the COD reduction was seen in different types of wastewater.

One of the main consumers of natural resources and energy is the paper industry. Wood is the conventional raw material in the producing pulp and paper around the world. The dependence on timber material to produce paper has led to the severe deforestation and greatly affected the ecosystem's flora and fauna. With the increasing demand for paper, efforts are being made to find non-timber materials for paper production. Pandanus simplex merr. is a Pandanus species that is endemic to the Philippines and the amount of agricultural waste materials from its leaves being used for weaving contributes to solid wastes. In this study, we investigate the production of paper sheets from Pandanus simplex merr. leaf fibers and determine the effect of the pulping concentration to the tensile properties of the paper sheet made. The paper sample made using a 5% w/v NaOH pulping solution had the highest tensile index of 2.234 Nm g⁻¹, tear index of 8.46 mN m² g⁻¹, and average pore size 29.094 μm. The paper sheets produced showed potential as a sorbent material and can be used as an alternative to wood source in producing pulp and paper.

The paper presents the concept of on-line estimating the state of the Mission Control Center resources and algorithms for forecasting of contingencies. Resource state prediction methods based on the development of a machine learning techniques called association rules are presented. Using this method, the detection of such parameters and their values, the appearance of which, at some point in time, affects the probability of a certain state of the system at another moment in time, and in particular, the occurrence of an emergency. The results of real case studies and specialist interface fragments are presented. System development options are discussed.

Wax deposition occurs in various locations in the petroleum production chain. It can cause many problems for oil production. Chemical method is one of the practical methods for wax prevention treatment. In Fang oilfield, there are problems from wax as well. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate of hexane to reduce the wax problem. For this study, oil samples from the wells located in Mae Soon Reservoir in Fang oil field. Hexane is used as a chemical for this treatment for wax appearance temperature (WAT), pour point and wax deposited weight tests. Also, other factors such as temperature, hexane concentration and time are also studied. The results show that hexane can reduce the wax precipitation by reducing pour point and WAT. Wax deposited weight is reduced as well. Hexane effectiveness can be evaluated and also applied in the region in the oil field with wax problems. Understanding of physics and chemistry of wax precipitation will lead to develop the area economically effective prevention and mitigation methods.

In this paper, we focus on the major influential factors of the carbon price, by using both static panel model(FGLS) and dynamic panel model(PVAR) of each trading pilot in 2014-2018, totally six kinds of indicators were selected to establish the quantitative model to explain what drives the carbon price in China. We also employed the Bai-Perron test to identify the structural breakout points of carbon price fluctuation. This study finds that, in China, in terms of market fundamental influential factors, (1) the high-carbon energy price represented by coal has a negative impact on the carbon price, while the other energy indicators of oil and LNG are not statistically correlated; while (2) the cooling/heating days and temperature differences' impacts are not statistically significant; (3) the relationship between industrial development, stock index and carbon price, is positively and negatively correlated, respectively, indicating that the Marco economy affects the carbon price at a high significance level. (4) However, in terms of non-market fundamental influential factors, the policy factors will not greatly affect the carbon price, indicating that the model we employed might not apply to the policy factor. (5) Besides, electricity production from wind power will lower the carbon price significantly due to it reduces the demand for carbon emission rights for the electricity sector in ETS. (6) Among all factors, coal price is the most significant influential factor. During the 1-10th period, the impact of coal price is small, and ranges 9.98-56.97%. As time passed by, the interpretation has gradually strengthened. After the 20th period, it stably explains about 70.37-73.87% on variance change of carbon price.

In recent years, the mismatch between the economic growth rate and the degree of environmental protection has intensified, and the problems of resource consumption and environmental pollution have become serious. Driven by a large amount of energy, the development mode featuring high energy consumption and high growth is unsustainable. And it brings tremendous pressure to realize the strategic goal of sustainable development. In this case, energy saving becomes a basic strategic guideline for economic and social development in various countries, which is also an extremely urgent task at present. This paper firstly analyses the low possibility of enterprises to carrying out energy-saving behaviours conscientiously. And then the enterprise's energy-saving behaviours are empirically studied by constructing a game model between enterprises. Besides, the government behaviours are divided into economic means, administrative means and legal means, and Energy-saving behaviour are quantified as energy intensity, which form a panel regression model to further analyse the specific impact of the three methods on energy empirically.

The thermal comfort in a building enables the spread of communicable diseases or initiate skin irritations amongst others. Most models on thermal comfort have proven to be localized in the application, as thermal comfort depends on the climatic condition over a geographical area. Based on the above, there is the need to adopt the local method to understand the thermal comfort indexes in Agege. Thirty-nine years dataset (1980-2018) of temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction was obtained from MERRA-NASA database for Agege, Lagos Nigeria. The dataset was divided into early dry season (i.e. September, October, November- SON), late dry season (i.e. December, January February-DJF), early wet season (i.e. March, April, May – MAM) and late wet season (i.e. June, July, August-JJA). It was observed that the effect of climate change was significant. Hence, it is recommended that the inhabitants of the area should go green by planting trees and shrubs. Also, there is a need to modify the urban plan to decongest the area.

During 1970s-1990s large amount of multi-storey buildings have been built without elevators in the cities of China. It is a great social demand that the elevator installation will effectively improve the living quality for aging. However, there are many technical restrictive conditions on site, which may cause costly or unavailable implementation in real project of elevator installation. This paper investigates over 3491 cases online and 66 cases in field survey in Beijing. Through discusses two pairs of comparison of elevator installation, it shows that the HALF elevator is more probability than ALIGN installation to meet the condition of the existing buildings, and the percentage of the ATTACHED elevator is higher than BRIDGED.

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and Total Chromium (Cr) in surface waters are polluting factors that can directly or indirectly affect human and animal health. These are conjunctly used in several manufacturing activities such as electroplating, stainless steel welding, leather tanning and the production of electronic components. In this paper we present a study based on the use of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) statistical technique to explore emission sources of PFAS and Cr in surface water samples taken from a polluted area in Northern Italy. It has been found that the discriminant factor is the link between PFBS and Cr. It is due to electroplating, and stainless steel welding activities. No other links were found between Cr and other PFAS. This information is important both for risk assessment and forensic activities.

Policy makers have progressively recognized the limitations of traditional decision-making frameworks of Flood Risk Management (FRM). This is mainly due to their incapability to manage inherent uncertainty of flood risk. Accordingly, the method of flood risk assessment, method of flood risk management and methods of operationalizing flood risk management have been recognized to be improved over the past years. The theory related to FRM has advanced over the years. However, there are visible shortcomings in operationalization of this concept mainly due to the lack of a framework for clear recognition and understanding the components of flood risk management system. Therefore, the objective of this research is to identify the FRM system, its components and make appropriate recommendations for its operationalization. State of art review was conducted to recognize the present level of flood risk management systems with its components. Further, it has identified the critical components for successful operationalization and develop a solution model for critical elements of the system. A satisfactory solution has been identified with accepted criteria and proposed solution for a Flood risk management system and developed recommendations for sustainable management of flood impacts.

Heavy metal ions and organic pollutants have aroused considerable concerns about their toxic effects on human body and the ecosystem. Thus it is of great significance to develop accurate and sensitive methods for the analysis of these pollutants in environmental matrices. Because of their trace levels and the complexity of sample matrices, sample preparation is necessary before their instrumental detection. As a new and prospective sample pretreatment technique, magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE) has drawn much attention from the analysts, and has been widely used in various analytical fields. This review focuses on the current progress that has been achieved in MSPE based on graphene oxide for preconcentration and separation of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in environmental water, with 61 references.