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The International Conference of Science and Applied Geography (ICOSAG) is an international event that has been successfully held in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia. This event has been an excellent platform for the invited scholars, experts, and professionals to share their insightful ideas, knowledge, and experiences and also to establish networks between individuals and institutions for further collaboration.

The theme of the conference is the "Application of Geographic Studies for Sustainable Development," with four specific topics on the application of spatial modeling, applied physical geography, human geography and regional development, and geography education. With this theme, ICOSAG is expected to produce studies and researches that can be implemented as a measurement tool for assessing the sustainable use of both human and natural resources. There are 78 papers from more than 200 participants, which have been through a tight peer-reviewed process.

Finally, we would like to send a great appreciation and gratitude for the organizing committee and members of reviewers for their valuable support and assistance. We were also grateful to the support and active participation of our partners, especially the Ministry of Research and Technology, and Ikatan Geograf Indonesia (IGI).

The Editors

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

• Type of peer review: Single-blind / Double-blind / Triple-blind / Open / Other (please describe)

• Conference submission management system: EasyChair and E-mail

• Number of submissions received: 114

• Number of submissions sent for review: 114

• Number of submissions accepted: 56

• Acceptance Rate (Number of Submissions Accepted / Number of Submissions Received X 100): 49.1%

• Average number of reviews per paper: 3 reviews

• Total number of reviewers involved: 14 reviewers

• Any additional info on review process: -

• Contact person for queries: Faris Zulkarnain (faris.zulkarnain@sci.ui.ac.id)

Illegal settlements are a form of increasing demand for settlements in the capital city of Jakarta triggered d by urbanization. One of them is in Waduk Pluit, North Jakarta. This situation forced government to hold the normalization and relocation towards Rusunawa Muara Baru in 2015 to restore the function of the reservoir and restrain the urban settlement infrastructure. This research is a qualitative study using a humanistic geographical approach as its foundation. This research aims to determine changes in their residential characteristics and their basic needs as well as to identify the new form of adaptations in their livelihood activities after relocation. The results showed that residents who have relocated value the positive physical environment in their new housing but also increase in their basic needs, mainly due to rental fees. This condition causes residents to adapt by having additional jobs. Some residents who didn't have additional jobs, work in the services sector. Otherwise, some residents maintain it with same or different types of business. The business space location determines the type of business, this causes some of them to change the type of business based on market conditions around their business space. They use public space as additional jobs' location.

One of the public transportation choice in Jakarta and the surrounding areas is the Commuter Line (CL). However, this transportation mode is facing many problems related to behavior deviations that carried out by passengers. Even the CL management already has a code of conduct and security guard, passengers tend to break the law. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the passenger's behavior in the Commuter Line. Individual behavior is observed by using the Place Centered Mapping method. This observation technique aimed to understand how people utilize or accommodate their behavior at a particular time and location in the train cars. This research model is divided into two stages. The first stage is by observation passenger' behavior for seven days, and each day for ten hours. Besides observation, we also conduct a semi-structured interview to seven key persons. The second stage is examined the passenger's behavior based on location. Triangulation and spatial analysis are used with several theoretical discussion about where, when and why passengers did deviant behavior. The results showed that the train door cars and the inter-car connection are vulnerable areas for passengers' deviant behavior. The most common deviant behavior is violating regulations by using space not in accordance with its designation. The least deviant behavior is pickpocket and harassment, even it could happen in every space of the train cars. This deviant behavior occurs mainly because at the peak hour, the number of security guard officers is inadequate compared to the number of passengers

Mental maps concept emerged in discussions among experts since the 1960s where the concept was combined using participatory in exploring the visualization of the city and spatial preferences. This study discusses the characteristics of popular eating places based on an evaluation of spatial products in the discussion of space. For comparison purposes, it takes participants who need to fill in the required form about the characteristics of the eating place based on their favorite places to eat and analyze the printed map and mental map. Universitas Hassanudin students are selected as research participants. They chose to map three of their favorite eating places in Tamalanrea Indah Village as a basis to determine their popular eating places while revealing their mental maps. In total, there are 10 participants which produced 18 names of favorite eating places. Ten respondents who were willing to fill in the map, and evaluate the mental maps, is compared. From the data obtained, the three most popular places to eat in Tamalanrea Indah Village that were successfully validated were Bokatana, Waroeng Dian and Warung Alhamdulillah. In general, the mental map produced is based on the variable length of stay and length of study at the Universitas Hassanudin which affects the accuracy of the mental maps, while for popular eating places students are selected based on the distance from the faculty to compare the distance of the residence.

Tanjung Lesung Beach is a government priority to be developed because it entered the Special Economic Zone which was inaugurated on February 2015. This coastal area was chosen as a special economic zone because it has criteria as SEZ in accordance with Law Number 39 of 2009 concerning Special Economic Zones. However, currently, Tanjung Lesung Beach has experienced a decline in tourists due to the Sunda Strait tsunami on December 22, 2018. This study aims to analyze the right strategy to develop the Tanjung Lesung Beach tourist attraction to attract tourists and identify its contribution to the surrounding community. Based on the results of the tsunami research that befell Pandeglang District, it greatly affected the interest of tourists to visit and also resulted in some tourist facilities being paralyzed. After the classification of the feasibility of developing a tourist attraction with the ADO-ODTWA method can be concluded after the tsunami 73.1% Tanjung Lesung Beach is still feasible to develop and has high potential. In terms of the social and economic aspects of this tourist attraction, it contributes to society such as many surrounding communities who work as hotel employees in the region, build infrastructure, and build new businesses. Various new businesses began to emerge such as managing homestays, inn, villa tenants, boat rentals, culinary tours, crafts, arts.

Shifting cultivation by Dayak Iban Tribe in Mensiau Village have several stages, namely burn the land, rice cultivating for two or three planting seasons, and abandoned for reforestation. Vegetation growth through several stages on one cycle, ideally started from burn scar, rice field, bushes, young secondary regrowth, old secondary regrowth, then become secondary forest, so that cycle needs 20 years. The aim of this study is to identify the spatial characteristic of shifting cultivation from UAV data, calculating the change on cycle from Landsat NDVI temporal analysis, also calculating the distance from home and access to the field using Euclidean Distance Analysis. The result shows most of shifting cultivation happen on hilly area with 15-25% slope and Ultisol soil type. NDVI analysis for some field shown increasing of cycle time from 3 to 5 year, and distance analysis reveal that shifting cultivation mostly take place near the roads.

Community concepts and terms often appear in policies and programs related to environmental issues and community participation. During this time, the concept of community uses the location of residence as the basis for its determination. The assumption is that those who live in these locations are the most familiar with their surroundings. The high displacement of urban residents causes some of them do not always know the place of their residence. This condition can affect the success of development programs that involve the community. To help implementing the program successfully, training on community participation-based map development is needed. The objective of this paper is to offers a way to find out people's perceptions of where they live, so that they have a collective awareness of their environment through map development. Researchers conducted training of 15 residents who were members of the Kancil community. Kancil community located in a settlement on the edge of Ci Liwung, Depok City, West Java. Data of the environment is collected by mapping the location of a settlement area by several methods. The results of the mapping with the theme of hydro-meteorological disaster sensitivity were integrated subsequently into the form collaborative mapping. This participatory mapping produced a map showing the boundaries of flooded areas, areas prone to clean water scarcity, and locations prone to landslides. Community participation-based map development shows the people's perception of their environment. Individu with high travel pattern shows knowledge and awareness on their environment. The mental map has a positive influence to their knowledge.

Distribution of malls in Depok City is not even throughout the city. Most malls are located in the city center. Distance between malls is relatively close. While most malls are in the center of the city, quite a lot of residential areas are located far from them. The aim of this study is to determine the patterns of shopping behavior of family household needs in Depok City. Respondents are obtained by distributing questionnaires to households throughout the city using systematic random sampling method. The result shows that households choose a regional mall that is more complete than other malls in choosing shopping site to buy their needs, even though the distance is farther. This happens especially if the shopping activities are carried out with other activities, such as entertainment. Variables that influence shopping behavior are length of stay and type of transportation mode. The variables that are taken into account as the main consideration are completeness of facilities and types of goods that are sold. The conclusion of this study shows that close distance to malls does not affect household behavior in shopping. However, shopping behavior is influenced by the household's knowledge of the area and accessibility of transportation modes.

Minangkabau has a strong reputation as an entrepreneur society, mainly based on their involvement in trade (galeh). This society created some famous trading cities along with the east coast of Sumatera that has been thriving as homes of diverse culture, and Pariaman City as one of them. As a trading city, there are various marketplaces across Pariaman and its surrounding that influenced from this mixed culture. By the qualitative method and descriptive approach, the purpose of this study is to examine the distribution of marketplaces and how the specific local wisdom creates their level of traditionalism. Field observations and some in-depth interviews were held to identify how the kinship system may affect their trade networking at each marketplace. The type of Minangkabau markets is determined by the variety of its commodities, which is defined by their stall owner. The owner who inherits their stalls sells local and traditional commodities because they have strong relationships and also the obligation with their kinship. The owner who bought independently can sell various products freely. The "Balai days" event brings together the Minangkabau sellers (rantau and darek) is the principal identity of the traditional Minangkabau market across Pariaman area. The more traditional market, the less-strategic area it places, and the less traditional is the reverse.

Nowadays, culinary tourism is not just a transient phenomenon but also has become an attraction and the main destination for travelling. Therefore, restaurants are believed to be able to become the main element that functions as an adhesive in a tourist attraction. In this study, the restaurant is the focus of the research, namely Seafood restaurants located in Glagah Beach Tourism Object, Kulon Progo Regency, Yogyakarta. This study aims to analyze the attractiveness of restaurants and patterns of visiting seafood restaurants in Glagah Beach Tourism Objects. The variables used in this study include the uniqueness of restaurants, consumer characteristics, and tourist characteristics. The results showed that the attraction of seafood restaurants was more significant than the other of Glagah Beach attraction. The pattern of visiting restaurants formed at seafood restaurants is the result of weekday and weekend visits from local visitors, sub-regional visitors, and regional visitors.

Primary forests are continuously threatened day to day by urbanisation and the conversion to agricultural plantation such as palm oil production and other land uses being one of the major reasons. In South-East Asia, the widespread of oil palm has boomed over the last two decades, resulting in the downfall of tropical forest land. This change has been particularly prevalent in Borneo with protected lands increasingly developed for palm oil and already deforested lands are being converted into industrial plantations. The primary concerns relating to this pattern of land use change are the short and long-term impacts of logging on our natural environments and ecosystems and how patterns of deforestation are contributing to global environment issues such as climate change. By detecting and mapping logging activities, forestry departments are better able to predict land cover changes in a particular region as a result of development and deforestation. In this study, land cover assessment based on remote sensing techniques was used to analyse changes in the Bintulu district, Borneo especially oil palm growth and its influence on the decline of forest areas between 2016 and 2018. High resolution satellite imageries (3 m spatial resolution) from PlanetScope were used due to the benefits in helping to differentiate several land cover classes over a higher spatial resolution. Results showed that a decline of primary forests in Bintulu is about 26.5% over the past 2 years. With that decline, comes a rise of oil palm growth by 17.6% just within 2 years. An increased in logged areas (36.1%) for conversion to other land-covers with a steady decline of other land cover classes by at least 20% each year was detected. The accuracy of results proved a reasonable accuracy with 90.0% confidence with satellite imagery. Thus, with the result a necessary step can be considered to monitor and prevent deforestation and various encroachment in the forest. With high-resolution satellite data, monitoring at local scales has become possible to resource managers as a way to create timely and reliable assessments.

As the economy of cities grew at unprecedented rate, urbanites' changing perceptions of the way they see urban space – the city as an entertainment machine – creates a challenge that becomes the background for this study. Malang urbanized area is chosen as the unit of observation due to its potentials as the site for urban tourism development. New tourism icons and economic activities continue to emerge which begs the question as to why such things exist in Malang. Primary and secondary data are garnered through field observation, in-depth interview and from government policy related to tourism development. Mixed method is employed to reveal the effects of tourism sector development on the economic growth of the city. The findings indicate strong correlation between the two; however, cautionary note should be taken as there are many external factors beyond tourism sector development which affect the economic growth of Malang urban area during the observed period. Culinary activities create direct impact as seen through the increase of locally-owned revenues while thematic neighbourhood tourism development affects the local economy and informal sector.

Season changes influenced the fishers' job. Their economic life is not stable. Therefore, fishers in Indonesia, especially in Java Island, also cultivate the land. Whenever their area has good access, they have more than two types of job. Sanggrawayang village in Sukabumi District is a fishing village whose fishers earn its income from farming as well. Since 2016, dwellers also have begun working in the service sector, namely services related to tourism activities. This study tries to find out the fishing activities sustainability by using Sustainability Livelihood Approach. By conducting semi-structured interviews with 20 fishers, we can classify the fishermen into three groups, namely fisher laborers, individual fishers, and fishers that own business. Most of the residents are labor fishermen. The result showed that with limited financial and working capital, laborers had more types of work. Their strategy to maintain fishers' activities is by developing themselves in the services field, both related to fishermen and agricultural activities, as well as in the tourism sector. While fishery business owner who have high financial capital, significant working capital, and extensive networks, are more focused on working in the fishermen sector. Expansion of work in fishermen is carried out by business owner by renting boats and expanding fishing activities by acting as a middle person and distributors as well. The government program is needed to maintain the fishermen smallholder livelihood. This program is designed to be in line with the culture of fishers in Sukabumi.

Boeng Cheung Aek is a large peri-urban wetland in south Phnom Penh, Cambodia that provides multiple ecosystem services, but increasing urban development has initiated an ambitious program of in-filling. In an effort to demonstrate the importance of the wetland to city planners, we have undertaken this research to document and value the ecosystem services provided by Boeng Cheung Aek. Using a mixed method approach of geospatial technology, household surveys, market value, and avoided cost assessments, we determined the economic value for wastewater treatment, food, and water provisioning in the wetlands is $30.12 millionUSD per year, but with a range of $15.71-$48.96 million USD per year.

These days tea smallholders are facing droughts due to climate change. The government has several programs that aim at helping tea smallholders to solve their problems. The objective of this paper is to examine the sustainable livelihood approach of the tea smallholders by integrating the government programs and the resources that they have. Data is collected through semi-structured interviews with 15 tea smallholders in Cisitu Village in West Java. This village is about 25 kilometres from Sukabumi City, the capital city of the district of Sukabumi. Our analysis shows that smallholders with small resources tend to become poorer. Besides the limitation of their resources, the government programs do not seem to facilitate them. On the other hand, smallholders with strong and diverse assets gain benefits from the government programs. However, social capital is the main resource that could support poor smallholders to relieve their financial pressure. By joining the farmer group institutions, farmers will be supported to fulfil their farming needs. Besides the group institutions, almost all smallholders support their financial needs by running grocery stalls, planting cash crops, or having other another job in other areas

Property development, especially malls, continues to make shopping malls in BSD City becoming more diverse. The diversity of these malls is tailored to the needs of various millennial consumers as well. However, the variety of needs based on the diversity of ages and socio-economic status are influenced by motivation and intensity of millennial consumer visits to all malls in BSD. This makes the malls must have attraction to bring millennial consumers to visit. This research aimed to analyze the attractiveness of malls in BSD and the pattern of visits of millennial consumers influenced by the attractiveness of the mall. The variables of this study include location characteristics, concept of the mall and community experience as well as millennial consumer characteristics, motivation to visit the mall and sources of information. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis. The results of the study show that different characteristics of Malls in BSD City make each of them has a different attraction. The difference in attractiveness can influence the pattern of millennial consumer visits related to motivational factors, socio-economic status and sources of information owned by each consumer.

Toll road construction has been carried out and has had an direct and indirect economic impact, which applies to Cipali Toll Road as well. High economic activities, growth of new facilities, and land use changes around this toll road are signs of new economic activities. New economic activity centers have triggered an increase in land prices in the surrounding area. The objective of this study is to determine the land use price changes along the Cipali Toll Road and understand the factors that influence it, namely the economic activity, distance from the toll road gate, land status, and land use. Data were collected by interviewing key informants from formal agencies and the communities as well. Using overlay technic between land price changes and factors that influence it, the result shows that land price changes did not happen in all areas around the toll road in the same way. Changes in land price also vary. The factor that influences land price changes is the distance from the toll road gate. This result was supported by Pearson Product Moment analysis. The conclusion of this study shows that land price changes in areas that have urban characteristics.

In carrying out a travel plan, people will have to consider a lot of things such as distance and their financial abilities as well as various other considerations so that they are able to pick the most suitable transportation mode to reach their destination. This includes making a trip to one's workplace. This research was conducted in Cikupa Sub-district, which is a sub-district with the highest number of workers in Tangerang Regency, as well as an industrial central area surrounded by regular and irregular settlements with differences in settlement quality, derived from settlement patterns, accessibility, and existing facilities, resulting in differences in the choice of transportation modes for work. This study aimed to analyze the transportation mode choice by workers in Cikupa Village and the variables that influence it. The variables studied were the travel-based characteristics including travel costs, travel time, and distance traveled. Variables were processed and analyzed with spatial analysis methods supported by statistical methods of chi-square and contingency coefficient. The results showed that the majority of workers in Cikupa Sub-district use private vehicles, mainly motorcycle. The results of the statistical test indicated that the only variables that greatly influenced the choice of transportation modes are travel costs and travel time.

In Indonesia rural society, remittance sent to families is more economical and routine since it is used to meet the families' life necessities, education, and health, as well as to support the life necessities of whom are taking care of the family during the migrants are in destination areas. Remittances sent to families in migrants' homelands are ideally using for production and investment activities. This usage of remittances gives a positive impact on homelands development, especially can be seen clearly in rural areas. This research will consider the relationship of remittance and rural development. The data collected included qualitative data from in-depth interviews and supported by study works of literature. Expectations of this research are remittances from migrants will improve rural development. This research showed that remittance is not only eagerly by migrants' families, but also giving advantages for their homelands. Improvement of rural economy will strengthen the national economy and development.

Highway as road network connectivity plays an important component in regional development that can overcome inter-regional development gaps. Spatial planning and cost priorities of the highway projects must be considered when examining the optimal highway routes, especially in areas that have varied slope characteristics like in Sukabumi-Cianjur area. Therefore, analysis and modeling are needed to show the choice of effective and efficient highway routes amid environmental condition in the region. Least Cost Path Analysis (LCPA) and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) can be used to determine the optimal route of a road network. This modeling uses various criteria such as topography, geology, land use, and multi-hazard areas with three MDCA and LCPA simulation models. Based on the suitability of highway development with spatial planning in 2030 using scoring assessment, the optimal highway route from Sukabumi-Cianjur is LCPA-MDCA 1 with total score 69.06 and 49% length of the route that is suitable. Meanwhile LCPA-MDCA 3 shows total score 65.6 with 48,8% length that is suitable, and the least optimal route is LCPA-MDCA 2 with total score 65.48 and 44,6% length of the route that is suitable.

Development will grant people with a new form of living security and hope. Besides, one of the major objectives for development is to ensure that the society who lives will experience a good quality of life by managing to fulfil the human needs. There are two central needs by inhabitants'; first, the biological needs that are essential to the survival of the society and second, cultural requirements that are necessary for the functioning and growth of the residents of the development area. In order to fulfil the human needs, development has become an important tool to deliver the requirement of the society. However, intense development generates many demands on natural environment. Development is often cited as one of the major agent that has led to the transformation of the four main components of the natural environment -- land, water, air and biological aspects. Besides, developments often embark on a chain of result of environmental systems disruptions and ecological damage. In addition, if these requirements of human needs cannot be fulfilled or is below the minimum input, this situation tends to lead to the vulnerability of the society. Conflict between human needs and environmental sustainability has guided many authorities to engage sustainable development concept for the development planning. The concept of sustainable development was described by the 1987 Bruntland Commission Report as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." Sustainable development is regarded as understanding the strength and links among the human needs and the environment. Improving quality of life of the society is the key for sustainable development. Thus, in order to improve quality of life appreciating the potential of development area such as improves land utilization; efficient use of resources as well as creating more opportunities to the society will be the catalyst to achieve sustainable development.

Waste management is a challenge for city authorities in developing countries especially due to increase of waste. The burden that is incurred on the city budget as a result of the high costs associated with its management and lack of understanding of the diversity of factors that influence the various stages of management. Comparative and descriptive analysis are utilized in this paper to observe the differences that arise at various levels of the administration so that they can be analysed. Data are collected from journal publications starting in 2013-2019. This paper compares how the handling of waste management has used a spatial approach starting from the Asian, Indonesian, and Depok levels. The purpose of this research is to find out what areas of waste management can be solved by spatial approaches, and recommendations for solutions that can be applied to the Depok City based on success story in other countries or regions. The Depok City already has a community-based approach that runs the trash bank. However, the waste bank is still ineffective, despite the low level of waste collection in Depok City. The optimization of waste management in Depok City can be improved its accuracy using spatial approach.

The decline in water level that occurred in Lake Toba, North Sumatra lately has become an important issue for the local government and the community around the lake. Climate factors also have a great impact especially when the extreme conditions ENSO and IOD occurred. The purpose of this research is to look at the relationship between rainfall and the ENSO and IOD through the changing of Lake Toba's water surface level and area. Monitoring of the dynamics of the water surface level and area of Lake Toba can be analyzed through remote sensing by using Landsat imagery to be more effective and efficient. Then the image is processed by using the MNDWI (Modified Normalized Difference Water Index) method to separate water bodies from the land. Retrieval of Landsat imagery was taken in the range of 2008 - 2017, then selected years when the conditions of ENSO and IOD occurred. The results showed in 2008, which was the La-Nina year followed by a positive IOD, the surface area of water decreased to 4.45 km² from the average area, but in 2015 when the El-Nino phase followed by positive IOD the water surface area increased to 4.7 km² from the average area. ENSO and IOD did not have much influence on rainfall in the Lake Toba region but slightly affected the water surface level and area of Lake Toba.

Water is an important natural resource in supporting the lives of all living things. The increasing population in Majalengka District adding a large amount of water usage. The extraction of groundwater that has been carried out over time has also increased, thus, a study is needed to reveal groundwater recharge zone so that we can predict the groundwater reserves in a certain area. Therefore, a study entitled Potential Groundwater Recharge Zone in CAT Majalengka needs to be conducted because CAT is a location where rainwater falls and can also be used as data to estimate the groundwater reserves in a certain area. The method used in this study was SMCE (Spatial Multi-Criteria Evaluation) by using a quality point system on each variable used. The variables used in this study were lithology, rainfall, slope, altitude, land use, soil texture, and flow density. The results of this study showed that the potential groundwater recharge zones in CAT Majalengka were dominated by high and very high classifications. High and very high classification potential dominated at an altitude of 500-1000 meter above sea level.

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources. Based on population needs, groundwater use meets around 60% for irrigation, industry, drinking water, sanitary facilities, etc. Based on data from the DESDM of Banten Province (2016), the Bayah Sub district area belongs to a small productive aquifer and rare underground water. With the development of in the Bayah region, it will be necessary to have a spatial with environmental insight. One of the important things in determining environmentally planning is by determining groundwater recharge areas in the area. The method used in this study is the Remote Sensing method. Data sources which used here is geological maps, DEMNAS imagery, Landsat-8 imagery, Landsat-5 TM imagery, Bayah rainfall stations. These data are processed using GIS to produce thematic maps such as lithology maps, land cover, lineament density, drainage density, rainfall, slope, and geomorphology. Scoring of all thematic maps is done using the multi-criteria evaluation / analysis method based on the superiority of each thematic map and the data in the thematic map itself on groundwater recharge value. The results of scoring on each thematic map are then overlaid on each thematic map to produce a map of potential groundwater recharge. According to this study the research can conclude that remote sensing and multi criteria evaluation can effectively use for finding groundwater recharge potential by using those 7 thematic maps. The study area mostly has high value groundwater potential recharge (2-3) which is 109,17 km2 and 77% of the study area.

The lake's catchment area is one of the objects of land use conversion as a space for community needs. The boundary of the Lake Rawa Besar has been widely used by the surrounding community to carry out activities. Human activity and land use around lake shorelines can affect water quality. This study aims to investigate the pattern of spatial distribution of Lake Rawa Besar water quality and its relationship with land use within the lake shoreline. Water quality was tested based on the insitu sampling method in 30 samples evenly distributed in the water body and laboratory testing based on 6 water quality parameters such as turbidity, BOD, total phosphate, total solid, pH, and nitrate. Water quality is measured based on the water quality index level of WQI (Water Quality Index) and interpolated using the IDW method. Large-scale land use is used from digitizing large resolution images and potential sources of pollutants obtained from field observations. The results showed that the water quality in water bodies was almost evenly distributed with mild polluted criteria. Land use in the form of domestic activities affecting the quality of water in the Lake Rawa Besar is characterized by high turbidity and BOD values, while the total phosphate, total solid, nitrate, and pH value is low. The high correlation between turbidity and BOD which is impacted from land use concluded that the poor quality of the lake's water was caused more by organic waste.

Ci Manuk Flow Area is one of the river basins in Java Island. The Ci Manuk Delta changed from 1963 to 2002. Changes that occurred in the Ci Manuk delta were moved by extensive accretion. The reason for choosing Ci Manuk Delta is because the Ci Manuk flow has a high sedimentation rate compared to other flow areas, besides that, Sumedang Regency has built a dam to hold the sediment flow and repair floods. How this is done as a problem and research can be done to determine the delta-forming factors and changes in the delta region that occurred temporally from 2002 to 2018 after the dam was built. The method used in this research is spatial analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis. Spatial analysis is used to describe the spatial change in the temporary area and quantitative descriptive analysis is used to explain the results of the calculation of changes in delta area. The results of this study are the dynamics of delta changes that occur in the west are dominated by the addition of delta (accretion) with an area of 522.3 ha and undergo a change in shape from cuspate to birdfoot. The factors that support the addition of the area comes from internal factors, namely the high value of sediment and the low external factors originating from the marin.

The Upper Citarum Watershed is an area that replaces the annual flood. The annual flooding experienced by the Upper Citarum watershed is influenced by several factors, such as changes in land use. From these annual flood events, there will be a level of loss experienced by communities affected by floods. Floods that occur in the Upper Citarum watershed can be seen from the results of the visual model of the upstream Citarum watershed, so that the information can be obtained on the areas affected by flooding and large floods from each affected areas. The purpose of this study is to determine losses due to flooding obtained from flood risk level data, which is the result of an overlay of the level of flood hazard and flood vulnerability. The level of flood hazard can be obtained from the processing of the digitized flood model and field survey. While the rate of flood returns is obtained from the processing of land use data which is the economic value of each land use. This research resulted in a level of flood risk which is dominated by a moderate level of flood risk of 44.15%, then the high-risk level is 42.25%, and the low flood risk level is 13.6%. The extent of the flood risk level is then converted to the economic value of each land use, to get the value of the loss rate. Determination the level of loss, in addition to taking into account the level of the parameters of flood risk, the extent of each region level of risk also influences the determination of the level of flood losses in the Upper Citarum Watershed. This research is carried out as an effort to develop disaster mitigation in the annual flood prone area tobe used as a reference in the development planning process.

Rainfall is an input in the hydrological system that delivers the output in the river flow in the form of discharge flow. The Cilutung River is a subsidiary of Cimanuk which has a greater function is to become one of the flood controllers in the area of Muara Cimanuk after Cimanuk in the dammed. This research aims to identify the pattern of flood hydrographs and to know the relationship between the flood hydrograph pattern with rainfall spatial variation in Cilutung river flow with variable rainfall and debit as well as spatial analysis Descriptive and statistical. The flood hydrograph pattern is related to the rainfall in which if the rainfall occurring in the Cilutung river flow is getting higher it will result in a higher flow discharge and form an increasingly high flood hydrograph pattern as well. It is supported by the incidence of 22 samples studied, spatial when the rain falls first in the upper part of Cilutung River basin and accompanied by rainfall and high intensity and a relatively long time will affect the hydrograph pattern The flood that has the highest debit value is getting higher and the higher the discharge volume also or vice versa. This relationship is reinforced by a correlation test result where there is a strong link between the maximum discharge and total discharge with rainfall and rain intensity. This relationship shows the flood hydrograph pattern has a strong correlation with the spatial pattern of rainfall.

Blanakan River is one of the prominent river in West Java. However, the river is subject to the bio-physico-chemical parameter changes caused by surrounding land uses. Correspondingly, this study aims to develop spatial assessment of bio-physico-chemical parameter gradients along Blanakan River. In this study, bio-physico-chemical parameters including biota (fish), dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, temperature and turbidity have been collected from 9 stations. Those stations were spatially located along river gradients from upstream, middle to downstream areas. Generally, the spatial assessment and data analysis showed a gradient in the values of the turbidity, salinity and biota. Moreover, the result confirms the significant of turbidity gradients in the river (p<0.05, F=13.95301). The mean value of turbidity is higher in the upstream (x=190.93 NTU) and lower in the downstream areas (x=90.66 NTU). Furthermore, the middle followed by downstream areas has high number of fish species from 4 family including Cichlidae, Tetraodontidae Leiognathidae and Mugilidae. The high turbidity in the upstream level is influenced by surrounding land uses, which is dominated by residentials. Meanwhile, land uses in downstream are dominated by fish ponds. To conclude, the land uses gradients along Blanakan River have affected the bio-physico-chemical parameter gradients as well.

Natural waters such as rivers are environmental components that need to be considered especially regarding the quality of river water. River water quality can decrease because landuse change as a form of increasing human activity. The purpose of this study is to assess the river water quality of the Ci Lutung Watershed, specifically the Ci Jurey-Sub-Watershed and Ci Deres Sub-Watershed. To assess the quality of the water, a water sample is taken directly from the specified river body. The water quality parameters tested consisted of TDS, pH, conductivity, and turbidity as physical parameters, and nitrate, phosphate, sulfate and chloride as chemical parameters. This water quality assessment is carried out using the STORET method, which is comparing the results of parameter tests with Class III Water Quality Standards as determined by Indonesian Government Regulation No. 82/2001. This research also identified the relationship between landuse and lithology as a watershed characteristic with the river water quality. To be concluded, the water quality of the Jurey River and the Deres River is categorized as light polluted according to the STORET calculation. Also, the water quality in both rivers are spatially influenced by each watershed's characteristic. TDS value is calculated high because its lithology –age of oligocene Tertiary rocks, and nitrate value is calculated high because it is influenced by agricultural activities.

The urban forest is one of the typical vegetation-covered space in an urban area. The existence and development of the urban forest commonly found within the university campus site. The ecological and environmental characteristics in a university campus site usually resemble and similar to the urban area. The physical environment of the campus area is gradually changing due to development and improvement purposes, and it is impacting the land-cover on the surface. Changing the physical element of the surface will affect the absorption of the sun radiation, and further, it is changing the dynamic of the micro-climatic condition or temperature within the surrounding area. The primary focus of the research is to observe the impact of land-cover change on the land surface temperature (LST) within the campus area. Universiti Putra Malaysia is one of the largest campuses located in the urban area of Serdang district, state of Selangor. The dynamic changes in this site observed through multi-temporal Landsat 8 OLI-TIRS level 1 imageries. Datasets from 2013 to 2015 were collected to employ spatial-temporal analysis on land-cover changes, as well as the LST algorithm to monitor the surface temperature. The result shows that there was an increasing surface temperature during 2013-2015, the maximum LST in September 2015 was found at 32.17 °C, it is higher than the maximum LST in September 2013 (28.84 °C). The result shows that there was an increasing surface temperature during 2013-2015, which corresponds with the inclining built-up area. The research concluded that changes in land-cover would affect the spatial-temporal land surface temperature at University Putra Malaysia.

On November 11, 2017, extreme weather in the form of very heavy rain has occurred in Pontianak. Based on surface observations data from Supadio Meteorological Station, the amount of rainfall reached 187.4 mm / day and caused flooding in several areas in Pontianak. As a result, a number of flights were cancelled on November 12, 2017 due to flooding in the airport runway. This study aims to examine the causes of very heavy rain using the WRF-ARW model and the results of Himawari-8 satellite images which are processed using Python Programming. Based on the output of the WRF-ARW model with the resolution 3 km, it shows some weather parameters that have potential for bad weather in Pontianak, namely the existence of shear line in West Kalimantan and the eddy circulation in this region which can trigger convective cloud accumulation in Pontianak, the wet RH in the 850-500 mb layer ranges from 70-90%, the CAPE ranges from 1000-2000 J/kg, and the air pressure decreases between 03.00 UTC until 06.00 UTC with a 1.7 mb tendency. In addition, the results of the Himawari-8 Satellite Image show that the cloud peak temperature is very low at -75.8°C at 08.33 UTC. Therefore, based on the WRF-ARW and Himawari-8 Satellite results, those support the occurrence of very heavy rain in Pontianak.

Natural disasters due to bad weather make the need for weather information increase. The impact of severe hydrometeorological events has caused many casualties and significant damage to property and infrastructure, with adverse economic consequences for the people that can last for years even greater for future climate change, because almost all of the bad weather and climate events are projected to change in frequency, intensity, spatial area, duration and time. The availability of weather information so far turned out to be not enough to reduce the impact of bad weather phenomenon, the accuracy of forecasting and early warning information must be followed by public knowledge of what must be done to respond to this information. The implementation of an impact-based weather information dissemination system elaborates on the delivery of the impact of a hazard to individuals or communities at risk. A series of Covariance Analysis analyses were carried out using the SPSS application to investigate differences in intended perceptions and actions between phenomenon-based weather warning recipients and impact-based weather warnings, by controlling several relevant demographic variables, for example, gender, age, education, and domicile/residence. The results of an analysis of the community response assessment of weather forecast information and early warnings showed that respondents who received impact-based warning information felt it was much easier to understand the possible effects of bad weather, more trust that the potential impact would be more threatening, and was more concerned about the effects of bad weather compared when respondents received phenomenon-based warning information. There is no significant difference for the respondents to take further action on the information provided and the higher the level of education and the more vulnerable the region is, the more public the response.

Increasing solid waste volume from human activities makes solid waste stockpiles grows higher in municipal landfill site. This phenomenon has potential risk especially in form of increasing land surface temperature (LST) when compared to surrounding environment. However, detailed survey of LST in solid waste piles using conventional tools might be time-consuming. Therefore, this study offers alternative of elevation and LST measurement in waste piles using combined images from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and Landsat 8. Herein, DJI Phantom 4 Pro was flown in a waste stockpile located in Cipayung landfill site, Depok Municipality, Indonesia. Digital Surface Model (DSM) was acquired from UAV images processing. LST prediction is processed from Landsat 8 thermal infrared sensors (TIRS) band 10. Resampling technique was employed to match spatial resolution between DSM and LST. Both solid waste elevation and LST were paired statistically using Pearson correlation coefficient to observe linear relationship between them. Results show that waste elevation and LST have positive correlation.

Increasing demand of cement has affected to environment destruction. PM₁₀ pollution that emitted by cement industries in Klapanunggal and Citeureup Sub-districts have affected the health of workers and the people around the industrial site in long-term period. This research discusses the identification on variation of PM₁₀ pollution concentration that emitted by cement industries in Klapanunggal and Citeureup Sub-districts spatiotemporally. The method we used in estimating concentrated PM₁₀ was by applying aerosol optical thickness (AOT) algorithm on Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI within 16 years (2002-2018) period of time. The results show that PM₁₀ concentration in Klapanunggal and Citeureup were fluctuated within those 16 years. High concentrated PM₁₀ were tended to agglomerate in cement processing plant, cement-based industrial plant (where cement is used as raw material), and limestone mining which have meaning of causing bad impact to environment sustainability and increase the risk in morbidity and mortality.

Flood is one of the most common hydrometeorological disasters that occur in West Java, especially Majalengka Regency that has high potency of flood hazards. Furthermore, the floods did not only cause the loss in material, but also non-material things such as the loss of life. The aim of this research is to identify the characteristics of rainfall in flood events in Majalengka District from 2014 to 2018. The variables used in this study included daily rainfall period 2014 - 2018. Rainfall was calculated by the mononobe method to produce daily intensity and was calculated by API5 to calculate soil moisture. The results showed that the incidence of flood in Majalengka Regency was caused by very moist soil moisture, while variations in rainfall and rainfall intensity during the incident did not affect flood.

Cimandiri fault is an active fault indicated by the appearance of hot springs that prove the presence of geothermal activity. The hot springs have different temperature due to physical characteristics in each location. The purpose of this research is to find geothermal prospective region based on physical characteristics at Cimandiri fault, West Java. This research uses integrated survey methods between geography, geology, and geochemical aspects with remote sensing technology. Remote sensing used in analyzing Land Surface Temperature in research areas. The Geochemical survey is done by collecting hot spring samples to get consentration of the Na and K elements. The data latter are used in counting reservoir temperature using Geothermometry method. The results concluded that there are three geothermal prospective regions in Cimandiri Fault classified in low and moderate levels. The low geothermal prospective region is represented in Cibubuay region with reservoir temperature of 109°C at high fault density zone, low concentration of Na/K, low reservoir temperature, and the hot springs located far away from the fault. The moderate geothermal prospective regions are represented in Cibadak region (130°C) and Cikundul region (189°C) at low until moderate fault density zone, high concentration of Na/K, moderate reservoir temperature, and the hot springs located close to the fault.

Citarum Watershed is categorized as a critical watershed due to erosion and environmental damage. Erosion is a continuing long-term problem because of its impact to the economic use and environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the distribution of annual soil erosion by USLE model using Geographic Information System (GIS). The four major input parameters affecting to soil erosion are rainfall erosivity factor (R), length slope factor (LS), soil erodibility factor (K), and land use factor (CP). The result showed that the average annual soil erosion was 122,76 ton/ha/year. The erosion hazard categorized into four classes which are low, moderate, high and very high. The low level of erosion is <15 ton/ha/year has about 2,47% area of low level and located in the north of Upper Citarum Watershed. The moderate level of erosion is 15 - 60 ton/ha/year has about 11,13% area of moderate level and located in the north, east, southeast and south of Upper Citarum Watershed. The high level of erosion is 61 - 180 ton/ha/year has about 78,53% of high level which dominates Upper Citarum Watershed. The very high level of erosion is >180 ton/ha/year has about 7,87% of very high level and located in south and southwest of Upper Citarum Watershed. The result can be used as a consideration for soil erosion prevention measures by local people and government to reduce soil loss.

Semarang City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia. Tidal flooding, flash floods, sea water intrusion at the coast and landslide at the hills, are the issues the city currently dealt with as a side effect of land conversion. This study aims to analyze the landscape and land cover pattern of Semarang City in 1996, 2003, 2016 by using the landscape indices and generate spatial models of the landscape and land cover pattern of Semarang City. Landsat images from 1996, 2003 and 2016 and eight landscape indices (PD, PLAND, LPI, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, and SHEI) were used to analyze landscape/land cover pattern and its change. Binary Logistic Regression and geography information system were used to build a mathematical and spatial modelling of landscape/land cover change using driving factors such as altitude, slope, land subsidence, population density, land ownership, land price, street density, drainage density, and distance from city center. Landscape indices shows that the highest land utilization (higher PD, LSI, MNN, IJI, SHDI, SHEI and lower LPI) mostly occurred at altitude 25-100 MASL (meters above sea level) in 1996 and 2003; in 2016, it occurred at altitude 100-500 MASL. In the period of 1996-2003, land fragmentation with high mixing and diversity occurred at altitude 25-100 MASL, while in the period 2003-2016, it occurred at altitude 100-500 MASL. Spatial modeling of landscape/land cover in Semarang City is best applied at altitude 100-500 MASL. The probability of landscape/land cover change is high when located at the high and flat areas, relatively high river and road density, highest population density, and lowest land price.

Misconceptions can occur in all subjects, including in geography. Three-tier diagnostic test is an instrument that cannot only be used to determine the level of understanding of concepts, but also can identify misconceptions in geography on earth dynamics subject matter by using three-tier diagnostic test. The study uses a quantitative approach, with data analysis technique, with data analysis technique use descriptive statistic. The study was conducted in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Model (Islamic Senior High School) Banda Aceh with the subject of study were 70 students of Social Sciences Class. Data collection is done through three-tier diagnostic test that has been tested for validity and reliability. The results showed that 30.5% of students did not understand the concept, 26.5% of students have misconception, and 5% of students give wrong answer. Based on study finding, it is suggested to the teacher to be able to prepare well the learning particularly on earth dynamics subject matter, such as by implementing learning methods that are suitable with characteristics of learning subject and by using learning media so that students' understanding of concepts increases.

The forests of Malaysia have been systematically managed with the establishment of the Forestry Department in 1901, whereby ecologically and environmentally sound forest conservation and management practices have been developed to ensure forest renewal and sustained yield. The evolution of forest management studies was documented with the chronological of attempts by Malaysia toward achieving the aim to become a developed country. Forest resources development is one of the terms used in forest development planning and forest development resource. Similarly, it always involves the effects and impact toward the surroundings, especially regarding human life. The objective of this studies is to identify forest management strategies undertaken by Malaysia. This research come out with the two questions namely what are the strategies of forest management efforts in Malaysia? and what are the trends of forest policy in Malaysia? Economic development is more stressed on the circle of life. Malaysia's development progression shows clear evidences that the country had positioned itself toward achieving and realising to become a developed and industrialised nation by the year 2020. However, the last decade or so showed that Malaysia continues to be threatened by increasing diversities, frequencies, and intensities of forest degradation, and their threat on human quality of life issues. The strategies for forest and implementation have been gradually implemented at the national level, and lately at the regional and global scales. Forestry Department in Malaysia also involved in REDD+ strategies to determine the level and extent of national level mitigation actions to be taken, ensures at least 50% of national land mass is forested and intact, ensures water supply for both domestic and industrial use, ensures soil fertility for crop production and for community adaptation to climate change. The results were also clear in showing the forest degradation issues trend changes through time. The approach of forest management efforts is parallel with forest degradation issues for each phase of development.

Wulan Delta is a form of landscape in the coastal area of Wedung District, Demak Regency, which was formed due to sedimentation of the Wulan River estuary. Utilization of the delta region into a pond will have an impact on the environment and socio-economic surrounding communities. This study aims to look at the dynamics of land cover changes in Wulan Delta, Wedung District, Demak Regency. Multitemporal remote sensing technology can be used to see the dynamics that occur in the Wulan Delta region. Remote sensing imagery used by Quickbird imagery from 2003 and Worldview imagery from 2017. Based on the results of the interpretation of multitemporal imagery that most of the Wulan delta area is used as ponds. Along with the increase in the pond area, from the socio-economic aspects of the livelihoods of residents in the sub-district of Wedung as pond farmers increased from 2003 to 2017. So that the use of land in the form of ponds has a positive impact as the livelihood of the population. Changes in the area of Wulan Delta between 2003 and 2017 there are delta gain as large as 112,9 ha (7,9 %), delta loss area by 28,78 ha ((2,01 %) and a fixed area of 1287,77 ha (90,09%). Delta area changes also affect land cover changes from mangroves into ponds 29,73 ha (2,08%) and pond to mangrove 8,81 ha (0,62%). The land cover dynamics changes of Wulan Delta also affect the socio-economic conditions of surrounding communities, most of whom work as pond farmer. Calculation of the production value of ponds in the study area is estimated at approximately IDR 39.422.252.670,-.

The West Coast of Banten is one of the tsunami-affected areas in Indonesia. People living in this region have to be aware of the possible tsunami occurrence anytime. PUSGEN 2017 research result indicated that Megathrust of Sunda Strait has the potential to trigger an earthquake up to magnitude 8.8 generated in the seismic gap zone and strengthened the issue of tsunami threats. Therefore, we need a more detail study of these areas. In this study, we use the mathematical model of tsunamis from ComMIT software by NOAA and overlay it with the coastal population density. The outputs of ComMIT software are heights of run-up, inundation areas, and estimated time arrivals. The population density is determined by the housing population density method and the total number of populations divided by the area of settlements. The result is the number of people affected by tsunami obtained from the intersection between the area of inundation and the field of settlements. In Tanjung Lesung, there are up to 134 people affected by the tsunami.

Urban heat is a phenomenon that caused bay relationship solar heat and land cover types consequence, and the urban heat effect on the environment and impact on human activities. It is effect and impact become a hazard when upper the threshold. The study objective to examine the urban heat hazard on the University of Malaya Campus. The method uses remote sensing, gis, and perception study to examines the urban heat hazard. The result explained that the maximum temperature from land cover type was upper than 32°C during 2013-2016. The result concluded that the maximum temperature from land cover type (>32°C) was categorized as a strong heat stress UHS and AST using UTCI. The perceptions from UM student categories very hot and very uncomfortable. This condition would impact on human health with increasing stress caused by sweating and blood flow. It could be an impact on health with cardiovascular embarrassment and dangerous heat stroke. Those are urban heat hazard happened on University Malaya campus.

An earthquake is a natural disaster that is often found in Indonesia because its geological area is a meeting between three large tectonic plates. Earthquakes have a high level of danger due to unpredictable events. In the Sulawesi region, especially Makassar, in 2017, there was an earthquake measuring 3 SR-6 SR, with a shallow epicenter. Epicenter distance calculation is used to determine the value of peak ground acceleration (PGA), which can then affect the intensity value in the hypocenter. This study aims to analyze the level of earthquake hazard using the PGA value as the basis for the initial reference of earthquake disaster mitigation. Variables used include rock type (geology), slope and the value of peak ground acceleration (PGA). Data on rock types were obtained from the Makassar City BPBD, and slope variables were processed from the SRTM DEM. Next, an overlay analysis was conducted to determine the level of earthquake hazard using a GIS application. The results showed that Makassar City had a majority of 94% of its area has a low level of earthquake hazard, while 6% of the area that had an earthquake hazard level was quite high in the east of Makassar. The frequency of earthquakes that were felt to be influential by the community (scale III MMI) was only two times in the last three decades (1996 and 2018).

Earthquakes are still a major issue in Indonesia, one of the earthquake-prone areas is Lampung Province. There are many sources of earthquakes in Lampung, due to the influenced by the Indo Australian Plate against the Eurasian Plate, Semangko Fault, and Tarahan Fault. Tarahan Fault that passes through Pringsewu district and Bandar Lampung City is an active fault where the west side of the fault force moves to the northeast. Judging from the occurrence of the earthquake so far, it should be taken into account the possibility that there is a large buildup of energy in the Lampung area, one of them in Pringsewu. One of the efforts in earthquake disaster mitigation is to know the level of vulnerability, in this study based on its social aspects. This social vulnerability can be known through social vulnerability analysis or Social Vulnerability Index (SOVI). This analysis uses a comparative matrix that gives a broad picture of social vulnerability relative to earthquake hazards. The results showed that the regions with very high social vulnerability were in Gading Rejo Subdistrict while the low social vulnerability was in Ambarawa, Banyumas and Adiluwih Subdistricts.

Air pollution is a significant problem that occurs in urban areas. Bandung city, as a metropolitan city, continues to experience an increase in population growth, which has led to an increase in the built-up area. The increased built-up area will lead to a decrease in the area of green, which was causing a decrease in air quality. The study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of PM 10 in Bandung city and its relationship with the distribution of land surface temperature, building density, and vegetation density. The research used pollutant levels data and Landsat 8 Imagery in the dry month of 2018. The analysis used were IDW interpolation, LST, NDBI, NDVI, correlation, and statistical regression tests. This research concluded that PM 10 distribution model in the dry month of 2018, high pollutant levels are in the characteristics of the region with high surface temperature and index density, and a low index of vegetation density while low pollutant levels are in the characteristics of the region with surface temperature and density index value low buildings, and a high index value of vegetation density. Correlation results indicate an association with each variable. Based on the Pearson coefficient, the relationship between variables is at a moderate level. The regression results state that there is a significant influence between land surface temperature, vegetation index, and building index on the distribution patterns PM 10 in the Bandung city.

Buleleng Sub district is the activity center in Buleleng Regency. It is adjacent to the Bali Sea in the northern part, which is crossed by the Flores back arc thrust fault. Considering the fact that the fault activities in Flores had caused an earthquake and tsunami in 1992 in Flores which killing up to 2100 people and in 1976 in Buleleng Regency, hence a spatial modelling for tsunami vulnerability in Buleleng Sub district was developed. The aim of this study was to analyze the tsunami elevation model, and to analyze the integration of tsunami-exposed areas with the distribution of populations and buildings in Buleleng Sub district. The methods used for making a spatial modelling for tsunami vulnerability in Buleleng Sub district were quantitative analysis and spatial analysis. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) used to determine the value, weight, and score. Built land variables distinguished the residential buildings, and trade and service areas. Distribution variables used an estimation of per 10 hectares in the grid. Based on the results, there are three wave height scenarios to identify how big the tsunami exposure area is in Buleleng Sub district. The scenario of 6-meters shows the number of victims will reach up to 2,493 people and around 482 buildings will affect. While, the 9-meters scenario estimates that there will be 147,276 victims and 8,052 buildings will affect. The last scenario is the 20-meters that estimates around 161,199 people and 18,293 buildings will affect.

The potential surface shocks due to the earthquake in Sukabumi is quite high. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the potential distribution of earthquake hazards on the earth's surface. The methodology used for the potential earthquake hazard is the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) approach which is corrected by AVS30 analysis. The final results of the study can provide an overview of the potential of earthquake surface shocks grouped into three categories, namely low, medium, and high hazards. The variables used in this study were four types, namely: subsurface earthquake potential, slope shape, slope texture, and slope gradient. The study results of the potential for earthquake shocks can provide information on the potential hazards of earthquakes on the largest land surface in the Sukabumi City area and around the Cimandiri fault.

Flood, landslide, and Tsunami was a disaster that has highest casualties in Indonesia. Based on BNPB's data on 2019 flood, landslide, and tsunami cause more than 1000 people died or gone. Cisolok Village is one of many areas in Indonesia that has a potential hazard of that three disasters. Cisolok Village has flat and mountainous land-form from zero until more than 25%. slope gradient. There are two rivers that stream on Cisolok Village's west and east side. Moreover, Cisolok Village has a beach with cliff type. That's physical characteristic of Cisolok Village can cause the settlement become a prone area. This research is aim to do multi hazard mapping and also to know distribution of flood, landslide, and tsunami hazard and prone areas in Cisolok village. Variable of hazard in this research are slope, distance from river, landform, and altitude. While the prone's variable is location of settlement in Cisolok Village. Overlay Method was used to create hazard map and prone map. Spatial analysis was implemented to describe the distribution of flood, landslide, and tsunami hazard and prone areas in Cisolok village. The result show that there are areas with high flood, landslide, and tsunami hazard potential in Cisolok Village. High and very high landslide hazard potential area has the largest area (26.6 Ha) than the others. While, Tsunami prone area with high class has the largest areas (8.10 Ha) than the others. Southeast side of Cisolok Village is the prone area with high class in flood, landslide, and tsunami hazard.

Irrigated paddy fields in Indonesia generally harvested twice a year. Variations in rice production due to climate change are observable through changes in plant phenology using remote sensing imagery. The research aim is to study the spatial distribution of phenology stage on the paddy field using Remote Sensing Data in Karawang Regency. To answer the aim of research used image data processing with Sentinel 1 and Sentinel 2. The Karawang Regency had two growing seasons, first is Marc-June, and the second growing season is June-November. The research concluded that the spatial distribution of harvesting stages dominant in June, validated with image data on 22 June 2017, was the first growing season in Karawang Regency. The second image on 13 November 2017, with the spatial distribution of generative and harvesting stages, are dominant around Karawang Regency, the harvesting stage dominant with 31% area those validated that November 2017 is second growing seasons in a paddy field in Karawang Regency.

Jakarta bay is a water with high input load due to activities from the surrounding river estuaries comes from Jabodetabek regions. This activity impacts the availability of Total Suspended Matter (TSM) in Jakarta Bay. The problem comes when the concentration of TSM exceeds the carrying capacity of the water thus encouraging plankton to grow and breed rapidly which has caused eutrophication. This research has three objectives: (1) Analyzing the relationship of TSM and Chlorophyll-a Case 2 (CHL2), (2) Analyzing impacts between sea current with CHL2 distribution, and (3) Analyzing correlation CHL2 distribution with fish catch data. Data collection was conducted on January 2018 until December 2018. Monthly TSM and CHL2 data were obtained through GlobColour data, monthly data on sea currents were obtained through Marine Copernicus data. TSM and CHL2 data were processed using the GIS and time series method to determine distribution area. Furthermore, a regression analysis is used to determine the relationship of TSM and CHL2. The result: Relationship of TSM and CHL2 obtained R = 0,8508 so that there is a strong association between TSM and CHL2; the current pattern in the Jakarta bay strongly affected by monsoon wind, the highest distribution occurs in the NWM, evenly distribution occurs in the transition 1, and SEM, the lowest distribution occurs in the transition 2; the demersal and pelagic fish catch period occurs in the end of transition 2 period where high CHL2 concentration and low sea current velocity make it easier for fishermen to catch the fish.

The water quality in the northern coastal waters estuary of Central Java has been polluted at a moderate to severe level. Water quality monitoring efforts for evaluating the condition of dissolved sedimentation can be done through total suspended solid methods by analising the remote sensing imagery. Total suspended solid (TSS) is measured by suspended material (diameter> 1 µm) which retained in the millopore filter with a 0.45 µm pore diameter. The purpose of this research is to assess the distribution of TSS concentrations in the research location. This study was conducted using Landsat 8 image data on August 9th, 2018. TSS concentration values were obtained through linear regression tests Doxaran algorithm which is the most suitable algorithm with the field condition. The results showed that: 1) The appropriate empirical algorithm for mapping TSS concentrations is the Doxaran algorithm with the TSS equation = 1.0248x - 10.503, 2) Distribution of TSS with the range >75 mg/l mostly concentrated in center and west of the study area, while the concentration with range <75 mg/l is concentrated in the east, and 3) Distribution of TSS is affected by the movement of currents driven by the wind towards the west and southwest and partly collected in the western part of the study area.

Research on mangrove forest biomass using drones was conducted in Karimun Jawa Islands in August 2018. Karimunjawa Islands is a conservation area under the management authority of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). However potential environmental stress due to increasing numbers of tourists and aquaculture activityis concerned to degrade mangrove ecosystem in the area. The method used in this study includes aerial photography work using drones and field data collection of forest ecosystems. Aerial photography work consists of stages of preparation, aerial photography and aerial photo processing in the form of photos mosaicking and DSM generating. The mangrove field data obtained were tree diameter (DBH), tree height and mangrove genus. To find out the mangrove biomass, the equation Saenger & Snedaker (1993) is used. The results show that the number of branches of mangrove trees are 853 branches with heights varying between 1 to 15.5 meters and an average height of 4.4 meter. The estimated mangrove biomass in the study site is 82,154 tons/hectare. This study successfully demonstrated that by using relatively low operational cost consumer-grade drone and can help map the characteristics of mangrove vegetation. However, drone technology still has some limitations, including the need to use GPS Geodetic for accurate positioning. Using this supporting technology, it is expected that the position and height of the tree can be measured more accurately.

The intertidal zone of Blanakan Coast has an area of approximately 15 ha. The Blanakan Coast itself is important fishing ground. Correspondingly, a study to assess the water quality in the coastal ecosystem is important. One of important water quality parameters is reduction and oxidation (redox/Eh) potential since it can indicate the anoxia condition. Nevertheless, the detailed spatial variation of Eh is poorly understood, especially in intertidal zone where anoxia may be a significant environmental constraint for marine organism. The Eh data were recorded from 7 sampling points in intertidal zone. Based on the result, the mean value of Eh is ranging from -20.0 to -50.67 mV. The poorest intertidal zone was found in the sampling point closed to the river mouth with mean value of Eh is -50.67 mV. Another poor intertidal zone was found in the eastern part of intertidal zone closed to the coast with mean value is -46.16 mV. The better condition of intertidal zone was found in the northern and western part of intertidal zone with mean value is -25.16 mV. The study also found that value of Eh is significantly correlated with the value of dissolved oxygen (DO). The DO is high when the value of Eh is high and the DO is low when the value of Eh is low. For example, the -50.67 mV redox potential significantly reduced the DO in the intertidal zone as low as 1.56 mg/l. Thereby, this Eh can cause anoxia condition in ecosystem of intertidal zone especially near river mouth and east side.

Derawan Island is an island with an area of 45 ha, it categorized as a small island and part of Derawan Islands archipelago located in East Kalimantan province. It designated as a conservation area by the decision of Berau District Head No. 516 of 2013 concerning the Reservation of Coastal Conservation Areas and Small Islands. Derawan Island, also known as the National Tourism Destination (DPN) based on its coral reefs diversity that considered adjacent to the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI). The increase of Tourist visits to Derawan Islands since 2000, which affected land cover changes in Derawan Island coast such as for lodging, jetty and other infrastructure. Changes in land cover together with natural coastal processes causing abrasion in the west, and east sides, while accretion in the southeast side of the island. Land cover change especially built-up area from 2003 to 2018 is 6.25% per year. Observations and analyzes using DSAS (Digital Coastline Analysis System) conducted in 2003, 2011 and 2018 illustrates coastline change which shown by abrasion an accretion along Derawan Island. Abrasion trends increased from 2003, 2011 and 2018 with the highest abrasion rate up to 12.4 m / year, which occurred on the west side, while the highest accretion rate was 2.46 m / year on the southeast side. Based on several considerations and conditions, it is highly recommended that the coastal border for utilization in the islands is around 15 m.