Table of contents

The International Conference of Biomass and Bioenergy 2019 was successfully conducted by Surfactant and Bioenergy Research Center (SBRC), IPB University in cooperation with International Society of Biomass and Bioenergy (ISBB); Niigata University of International and Information Studies; Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Malaysia; Korea Institute of Energy Research, South Korea; College of Engineering, Villanova University, USA; Biomass Project Research Center, Hiroshima University, Japan; and was supported by The Indonesian Oil Palm Estate Fund (BPDP Sawit), PT. Bogor Life Science and Technology IPB, PT. Adev Natural Indonesia, Indonesian Biofuel Producers Association (APROBI), and IPB University, on 19-20 August 2019 in Bogor, Indonesia. This conference with the theme of Biomass and Bioenergy, A Pathway for Sustainable Development Goals was the fourth international scientific conference on biomass and bioenergy in Indonesia. This conference is conducted annually to raise current global issues in biomass and bioenergy fields.

The committee accepted 45 of over 54 papers which were presented in the conference and the selected papers are published in this ICBB 2019 proceedings. These papers were classified into the following groups:

1. Production Technology of Bioenergy,

2. Biomaterial and Biochemical,

3. Feedstock, Business, Environment.

List of Reviewers of International Conference of Biomass and Bioenergy 2019 are available in this pdf.

List of Steering Committee, Organizing Committee are available in this pdf.

List of photo is available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The utilization of renewable raw material, low-cost feedstock, and efficient energy are the main parameters in sustainable biodiesel production. Calophyllum seeds are potential as a vegetable oil source for biodiesel production due to their high oil content and productivity. Calophyllum oil extraction is usually conducted by the mechanical press, but the yield and quality of oil produced by this method are very low. Calophyllum oil extraction using a binary solvent (a mixture of n-hexane and alcohol) was thus investigated to meet the aspects of sustainability and to solve the problem of mechanical extraction. The influence of extraction condition was examined to determine optimal oil yield and quality. The mixture of n-hexane and alcohol effectively extracts oil from Calophyllum seeds and simultaneously purified it from resin. The n-Hexane-to-alcohol ratio had a significant effect on oil recovery and its quality. The augmentation of the n-hexane-to-alcohol ratio from 1:1 to 2.5:1 increased oil yield. Acid value and density of oil improved as the n-hexane-to-alcohol ratio declined from 2.5:1 to 1:1. The n-Hexane-to-alcohol ratio of 2.5:1 has provided the best yield (88.0%) of oil extract at 40°C for 5 h. The oil present its best quality at 0.893 g/cm³ of density, 41.0 mPa.s of viscosity, 8.8 mg KOH/g of acid value, 88.3 g/100 g of iodine value, < 1% of moisture content and < 0.04% of ash content.

Improvement of the quality of rumen food must be supported by improvements that support bioprocess in the rumen because rumen is the largest part of the digestive system of ruminants. Nutrition addition is a must if the ration used is fibrous waste such as fermented rice straw. Feed processing technology must be integrated with the nutrient addition of microbial biomass synthesis precursors, such as nitrogen, sulfur, macro minerals and energy, and long-chain fatty acids. This research was conducted to evaluate the utilization of fermented rice straw biomass using soybean oil addition on digestibility, feed efficiency and daily gain in local sheep. Eighteen, male local sheep aged 6-8 months with an average live weight of 22.31 ± 2.20 kg, were fed with 15% rice straw and 85% concentrate as the basic feed. The study was conducted with an experimental method in vivo. The adaptation period was carried out for 2 weeks, preliminary for 21 days and a collection period of 5 days using individual cages. Three diet treatments were supplemented control 0% (R1), supplement with 3% soybean oil (R2) and supplement with soy oil 6% (R3) of total dry matter intake. The parameters measured were dry matter digestibility, organic matter, and daily gain. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the addition of 6% soybean oil in the sheep feed, with the balance of 15% fermented rice straw and 85% concentrate did not affect and interfere with the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, and did not significantly influence the daily gain and efficiency of sheep feed.

Lamb meat is one of the animal protein sources that contains high protein so it is easily damaged. One easy and cheap method to extend the storage time is by using spices, known as kluwak seeds (Pangium edule). This study aimed to determine the effect of fermented kluwak biomass in the storage time of water holding capacity, cooking loss, drip loss, and texture of lamb meat. This study used a factorial complete design with 3 replications. The results showed that the immersion level of fermented kluwak and storage time had a significant effect on water holding capacity, meat texture and drip loss (P<0.05) but had no effect on cooking meat loss (P>0.05). It is concluded that the use of fermented kluwak from 3% to 9% of meat weight can maintain the physical quality of lamb meat for 36 hours.

Oil content is an important factor to determine the price of the oil palm fruit. In this study, the NIR Spectroscopy method was conducted to determine the oil content of oil palm fresh fruits. Several studies that related to the NIR spectroscopy method for predicting the oil content of oil palm fruits showed that the accuracy was still optimal yet. This study is the initial stage to develop the optical portable instrument that can predict the oil content of oil palm fresh fruits. Five hundred samples which are divided into ten groups based on maturity levels were prepared for reflectance and oil content chemical measurement. The reflectance of the sample was measured by the FT-NIR spectrometer in the wavelength of 1000-1500 nm. The obtained spectrum of oil palm fresh fruits was transformed to absorbance (Log 1/R) and several spectra data processing was conducted to increase the accuracy of prediction. The calibration and validation of processed NIR spectra and the oil content were conducted using Partial Least Square (PLS) and MLR methods. Generally, PLS and MLR methods can be used to improve the accuracy of the NIR spectroscopy method. Then, the result showed that the MLR method is less accurate than the PLS method to predict the oil content of oil palm fresh fruits. In this study, the best result could be determined by the PLS model using 5 factors and spectra data processing of the first derivative of spectra absorbance (R=0.879; CV=19.8%; RPD= 2.46). A lower accuracy was obtained by MLR model (R=0.677; CV=28.33%; RPD =1.72).

Chlorella sp. is a microalga with a size of less than 30 μm that requires a dewatering process to separate its biomass from the culture media, for instance using the flocculation method. In this study, chitosan nanoemulsion was used as the bioflocculant. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of harvesting Chlorella sp. biomass using chitosan nanoemulsion with varied doses and predetermined pH levels. The pH and bioflocculant dose affected the amount of biomass recovered during the harvesting process. The results showed that treatment at pH 9 and a dose of 2 gL⁻¹ bioflocculant achieved the highest harvesting efficiency of 98.7%. The characterization of bioflocculant was carried out in the form of proximate analyses on chitosan nanoemulsion which resulted in 95% ash and 90% water contents. The appearance tests showed characteristics of yellow in color, sour aroma, and gel-shaped texture. The physical tests were also performed resulting in a pH of chitosan nanoemulsion of 4.3, viscosity of 15.5 cps, and a density of 1.912 cm/g. This study indicated that chitosan nanoemulsion is considered efficient for use as an alternative bioflocculant for harvesting Chlorella biomass.

Palm oil-based surfactants were used to formulate demulsifiers for crude oil demulsification as alternatives to petroleum-based surfactants. A light crude oil sample obtained from x field crude oil well contained 0.713% (w/w) asphaltene and 25.75% BS&W. The formulation of demulsifiers was carried out by the selection of a primary surfactant from Sodium Methyl Ester Sulfonate (SMES) and Diethanolamide (DEA), and the concentration of co-surfactant addition. The best formulation was SMES as a primary surfactant with the addition of a 10% DEA co-surfactant. The best solvent was the solution of toluene and xylene (1:1). The temperature treatment of 80 °C separated 100% water from crude oil emulsion and decreased BS&W to 5.45%.

Forest and land fires in Indonesia have been historically causing extensive damages and losses on economies, ecosystems, and environment, and affects all life in the region. Forest fire management in Indonesia still relies on water that is less effective than foaming agents i.e., extinguishers. Chemicals used in conventional extinguishers are expensive. Foaming agents based on palm oil can be used as an alternative for the extinguishers. The foaming agent synthesized in this study was potassium methyl ester, made from palm oil methyl ester (ME), with saponification by adding potassium hydroxide (KOH). The forming performance tests (foam stability and forming ability) and form related physicochemical analyses (surface economies, interface surface tension, density, and contact angle) of potassium methyl ester were conducted with ME:KOH molar ratio of 1:1; 1:1.25; and 1:1.5 and the saponification duration of 1.5, 2 and 2.5 hours. The molar ratio had significant effects on foam stability, interface surface tension, density, and contact angle. The duration of the saponification had a significant effect on density. There was no significant effect of the interaction between the molar ratio and saponification duration. The best foaming agent selected by the ranking method (composite performance index) of foam stability, foaming ability, and surface tension were one with ME:KOH molar ratio of 1:1 and 1.5 hours saponification.

Drought tolerant sorghum varieties cultivation on dryland areas is one of the potential sources of plant biomass to be used for bioethanol production. East Nusa Tenggara which has a short month of rainfall and mainly consists of drought-prone areas is suitable for sorghum to thrive where most other food crops simply withered. Eleven sorghum genotypes were evaluated on the dry land of East Flores in East Nusa Tenggara with treatment in the different applications of organic liquid fertilizer. Results showed that genotypes values were significantly different in all traits observed, and the interaction factors between fertilizer and genotypes had a significant effect on all traits except panicle length and width. The application of liquid organic fertilizer, however, did not significantly affect traits in both plant and stem biomass. Super 2 genotype showed the highest stem biomass value and differed significantly compared to other genotypes, even though fertilized treatment obtained less yield (29.87 t.ha⁻¹) compared to without fertilizer (44.11 t.ha⁻¹). Pearson correlation between all observed traits showed that stem biomass was significantly highly correlated to various traits, such as number of internodes (r = 0.77), plant height (r = 0.74), stem diameter (r = 0.72), and plant biomass weight (r = 0.97).

Concerning the environmental issues, the eco-friendly panel product has been developed by using natural based adhesive to ensure safe product application for human health. In this study, Paraserienthes falcataria veneer and citric acid – starch were used in the manufacturing of plywood. The 30 wt% concentration of citric acid – starch-based adhesive was prepared and it was spread to each veneer with 150 g/m² of glue spread. The plywood was constructed by 3 layers of veneers. The dimension of each veneer was 30 × 30 × 0.2 (cm). The effect of composition ratio between citric acid (CA) and starch (St) as natural sources of adhesive on delamination and shear strength of the plywood was investigated. The plywood was produced under pressing conditions of 180°C for 10 min with 5 MPa of pressure. The variation of compositions ratio (CA:St) were 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50. The research results showed that the plywood with 50 wt% additional of starch had the lowest delamination and highest shear strength. The shear strength of plywood satisfied Standard National Indonesia (SNI) of plywood for general use. Infrared (IR) spectral analysis demonstrated the presence of ester linkage, indicating that the carboxyl groups of citric acid reacted with the hydroxyl groups of the wood veneer. Therefore, 50:50 of composition ration between CA and St was effective composition ratio in the manufacturing of eco-friendly plywood.

Frying process in a fried shallot industry usually is carried out by deep fat frying. This method involves the use of much oil and repeatedly uses and storages. This practice will decrease the quality of oil and even the fried product. The objectives of this research were to measure the quality degradation rate of use cooking oil repeatedly during storage and to calculate the efficiency of zeolite to adsorb the impurities of the reused cooking oil. The Oil quality was based on the National Standard of Indonesia (SNI 7709:2012). The quality parameters observed in this research were water and evaporated material content, free fatty acid value, and peroxide number. Based on the results of this research, it was found that the oil still meets the quality standard until the 5^th frying without storage. In this stage, the oil exposed the rate of degradation in water and evaporated material content, free fatty acid value, and peroxide number as 0.0046; 0.0878, and 0.303 respectively. The content of water, moisture and oxygen were the main cause of quality changes in cooking oil. The effort has been done to improve the quality of reused cooking oil by zeolite adsorption. Efficiency values obtained from this process by moisture and evaporated material content, free fatty acid value, and peroxide number was 8.20%; 52.38%; and 30.95% respectively.

The effect of solvent type on the molecular size and intermolecular interaction of triglyceride was investigated by the intrinsic viscosity technique. Both the indices may be important for discussing and scrutinizing the behavior of homogeneous transesterification of triglyceride with alcohol since it was found that the co-solvent type influences both the transesterification rate and hydrodynamic size of triglyceride in a homogeneous system. Kinematic viscosity of palm oil dissolved in six different solvents was measured at 298 K by using glass capillary type viscometer to determine the intrinsic viscosity and Huggins constant. By plotting the intrinsic viscosity and Huggins constant against the seven physical properties of the solvents, the polarity of the solvent has been identified as the key factor for molecular size of triglyceride in solution. On the contrary, none of the seven physical properties showed good correlation with the Higgins constant. This may be attributed to more complex nature of the Huggins constant in comparison with the intrinsic viscosity.

Nowadays, we are going a step forward into the new era for the sustainable production of industrial commodity products such as energy, fine-chemicals, active compounds and materials from renewable biomass. Marine diatoms offer great potential as an untapped living factory for the generation of valuable commodity chemicals. As a photosynthetic microorganism, diatoms contain pigments, which have a high market value in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical and food colorant industries. Their unique metabolism to utilize the soluble silicate in seawater for their porous silica cell wall (frustule) opens an opportunity for the nano-porous material industry. Diatom's lipids consist fatty acids, which could be catalytically upgraded into high-quality fuels like fatty acid alkyl esters (biodiesel) or hydrocarbons (green diesel). In the analysis reported here, we present the potential of biorefinery pathways of valuable components in marine diatoms. Understanding the biochemistry of them and the application of their valuable chemicals are discussed to gain insights for the opportunities and the key barriers in the development of marine diatoms-based biorefinery.

Fuel cell power systems are considered attractive for their potential for mitigating climate change. Here, the fuel is assumed to be synthesized through an indirect pyrolysis gasification process, and the integrated gasification SOFC system is considered in this study. In the performance of SOFC, the impurities (e.g., H₂S) in a fuel affect the system, i.e., the voltage of a cell drops. Regarding the removal of impurities, conditions besides the species of adsorbent, like temperature and pressure, must be considered. Therefore, we compared the following two adsorbents in terms of the operational and environmental performances: non-recyclable CeO₂ (high temperature) and recyclable Hydroxyl Aluminum Silicate Clay (HAS-Clay) (low temperature). Moreover, we estimated energy and exergy efficiencies, and life cycle assessment impacts on both adsorbents. The total exergy efficiencies were 35.6 % for CeO₂ and 33.0 % for HAS-Clay. This implies that 19 recycling cycles with the use of HAS-Clay are necessary to obtain the advantage for the CeO2 case in terms of abiotic depletion potential which is one of the impact categories.

The basic principle of ohmic heating is the dissipation of electrical energy into heat which causes warming effect and membrane cell permeability. The aim of this study was to explore the tools that use the ohmic heating method to extract essential oils from lemongrass. The extraction process of citronellal and geraniol was using several temperature variations which were at 90 °C using aquadest (citronellal 31.77% and geraniol 18.49%) and at 80 °C using ethanol-n-hexane (citronella 31.75% and geraniol 18.65%). The ohmic heating method based extraction process resulted in a variety of electrodes that were producing the alpha-cadinol compounds which were not found in the control. The average electrical power in the treatment using copper plates were 1287.7 watts and 1116.04 watts. Moreover, the result showed that the produced citronella oil has fulfilled the criteria for citronella oil quality standard according to SNI 06-39531995 which has a density value in the range of 0.850 - 0.892 g/cm³

Eucalyptus pellita is usually harvested at young age for pulp and paper production. Therefore, it's wood quality needs to be improved when it is used for construction. One of which is through its conversion into laminated products. Nevertheless, several factors are assumed to influence the final quality of laminated products, i.e pre-drying temperatures used to prepare the samples and the adhesives types used. This paper aims to investigate the effect of both factors on the bending properties and shear strength of glued Eucalyptus pellita boards. The Pellita boards were exposed to 2 drying temperatures (50°C and 60°C) and further laminated by using 2 tannin-based adhesives (made from the mahogany and oil palm bark extracts). The results showed the modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR) of the glued boards with mahogany-tannin adhesives were, respectively, 33,333.15-39,160.15 kg/cm² and 214.30-640.77 kg/cm² higher than the boards laminated with the oil palm wood tannin adhesives. Nevertheless, the oil palm tannin adhesives improved the shear strength of laminated Pellita, approximately 15.06-16.45 kg/cm² higher than the boards laminated with mahogany-tannin adhesives. A further statistical test showed the tannin-types used for adhesives, and not the drying temperatures, that significantly affected the investigated mechanical properties of glued Pellita boards.

Biomass is sustainable and a source for renewable energy to overcome the limitation of fossil fuel. The research used woody pellet feedstock with 0.79 g/cm³ of bulk density and 6 mm diameter in the syngas production. Therefore, downdraft gasifier reactor with a stainless steel pipe 500 mm length and 120 mm inner diameter produced syngas as producer gas. Reciprocated Internal Combustion Engine (R-ICE) was used to drive the syngas production from biomass gasification process with 1800 rpm ± 20 rpm in constant engine speed. The Indication of Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP) and Excess Air Rate (EAR) were applied as the parameters for analyzing the system. Kawasaki FD750 with single cylinder was implemented to test the effect of syngas instability. Oxidizer and fuel for the engine were mixed in the venture which typed Heinzmann, GM 50 to make homogenous fuel. The laminar flow meter type of Sokken, LFE-25B was adapted to measure the intake air flow rate, and the digital ignition system of Altronic, CD200D was used to control the ignition timing. In conclusion, the synthetic gas (syngas) as the main fuel will not be enough to replicate drive on R-ICE.

Indonesia experiences environmental pollution because of wastewater treatment problems. Such occurrence is affected by the heavy metal waste produced by the electroplating industry, one of them is ferrous and nickel. Thus, heavy metal waste needs to be regenerated through a method by using zwitterionic betaine gel. However, this method has weakness in the form of intra-intrachain associations which occurs and becomes the obstacle for the ionic group's ions adsorption ability by the charge group interaction. The purpose of this research was to increase the adsorption ability of the gel by removing the intra-intrachain copolymers association through conducting a synthesis of both the anionic gel N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAM) copolymerized with acrylic acid (NIPAM-co-acrylic acid) and cationic gel (NIPAM-co-chitosan), separately. The synthesis of the gels was conducted through a polymerization reaction using accelerator in the form of N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), an initiator ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS) and a cross-linker in the form of N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide (MBAA). In this research, the metal ions adsorption by pH-thermosensitive gel was conducted in various pH and weight balance between NIPAM-co- anionic and NIPAM-co-cationic gel provided. The effects of the temperature and the conditions provided in the gel preparation were also investigated, including the effect of monomer concentration on the metal ions adsorption on the gel. The gel adsorption behavior is discussed by considering the swelling degree of the gel as well as the transition temperature of poly(NIPAM-co-chitosan) and poly(NIPAM-co-acrylic acid). According to the results of FTIR analysis, the vinyl group peak of the copolymer gel decreased compared with that of its constituent monomers, thus the copolymers synthesis was successful. Meanwhile, based on the swelling degree test using the electroplating waste solution, the higher the solution's temperature, the lower the gel's swelling degree. In addition, the higher synthesis temperature also caused the occurrence of gel porous. The adsorption ability of the gels that have positive and negative charge groups synthesized separately is better than zwitterionic gels. The gel can adsorb more heavy metal ions at higher adsorption temperatures.

The usage of fossil fuel as petrochemical feedstock becomes problems due to the depletion of its supply coupled with the issue of global warming and air pollution, thus a new alternative is needed. Lignocellulose biomass can be converted into hydrocarbons for the petrochemical industry's feedstock through pyrolysis process, which is a thermal decomposition of biomass in an oxygen-free condition. The materials used in this experimental study consist of rice straw as the main feedstock, ZSM-5 as the catalyst. Rice straw is lignocellulose biomass that has the potential in Indonesia because of its abundant supply in many locations. Biomass catalytic pyrolysis was carried out using a fixed bed reactor with the varied ratios of ZSM-5 and biomass mixture and the products in the form of gaseous phase come out from the bottom of the reactor by flowing it into a glass test tube with a diameter of 2.5 cm. Pyrolysis process was carried out at temperature variations of 450°C, 500°C, and 550°C in a nitrogen gas flowing condition of 10-20 ml/minute. To detect the non-oxygenate hydrocarbon products, the sampling of the gas product was done by taken it using the glass syringe in the reactor bottom. The gas analysis was performed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and the calibration curve was then prepared to quantify the results by GC-MS analysis for various pyrolysis vapor compounds with their respective peak areas. With the variation of pyrolysis temperature, this study shows that the olefin group produced in catalytic pyrolysis neither does the conventional pyrolysis. But the pyrolysis produced the paraffin group in any type of pyrolysis condition process. This study also found that olefin group production was decreased in the longer time of stream reaction, while the aromatic group was increased. Generally, the amount of aromatic compound formation depends on catalyst ratio.

Supercritical water gasification has been developed as gasification technology for wet biomass. This is because the reaction takes place in water, and drying pretreatment is not needed. So far, production of gas and utilization of this producer gas has been discussed. However, devices to use gas such as gas engine or fuel cell are expensive. One possibility is to use heat as final product. To examine the possibility to use heat from supercritical water gasification, the pilot scale plant located in Chugoku Electric Power Co., Inc. was modified, and heat recovery experiment was conducted. To avoid the char production, addition of radical scavenger was also tried. Heat recovery with the efficiency of 24.7 % was achieved and DSS operation for 147 h 30 min in total was successful.

This study was aimed at investigating the local livestock biomass volume for dairy farms in Town A, located in eastern Hokkaido, Japan, and at presenting a model of a biogas plant that enables maximizing the use of the available livestock biomass. Using a dairy farm with 250 animals in Town A as a model for a biogas plant based on dry-type methane fermentation system (dry-type biogas plant), we set the operational conditions to an average hydraulic retention time of 20 days, digestion temperature of 55°C, and methane gas yield of 0.12 Nm³ CH4/kg VSA. We compared the biogas production of our presented model with that of a wet-type biogas plant with the same number of animals. The results showed that the dry-type biogas plant produced biogas at 859 Nm³/day, while the wet-type biogas plant produced biogas at 666 Nm³/day. These results indicate that introducing dry-type biogas plants in all dairy farms in Town A would potentially enable semi-solid livestock manure to be processed, which is not amenable to ordinary composting, in addition to the conventional processes being carried out through biogas plants, as well as lead to an increase in the amount of biogas production.

Thermal co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and polypropylene (PP) at low heating rate (thermal slow co-pyrolysis) has succeeded in separating bio-oil produced between oxygenated and non-oxygenated phases spontaneously. In co-pyrolysis, PP can sequester oxygen from bio-oil to convert part of bio-oil to non-oxygenated phase and can contribute partly non-oxygenated phase by PP carbon chain cracking. Catalytic fast co-pyrolysis has been commonly used to improve bio-oil yield and to improve non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil. However, the catalytic fast co-pyrolysis is unable to obtain separate non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil. In present work, zeolite catalyst was introduced in co-pyrolysis of corn cobs and PP at low heating rate to undertake catalytic slow co-pyrolysis in order to obtain synergistic effect of non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil while obtaining separate non-oxygenated fraction of bio-oil. The present co-pyrolysis work was carried out in a stirred tank reactor at heating rate of 5 °C/min and maximum temperature of 500 °C. The composition of feed was varied at 0, 50 and 100%PP in the mixture of corn cob particles and PP granules. The experiment involved 3 catalytic configurations, i.e., no catalyst, ZSM5-38 and ZSM5-70, in which 38 and 70 represents the mole ratio of SI/Al in the catalysts. The results show that in slow co-pyrolysis of biomass-PP, the use of zeolite catalyst with high acidity suppressed the pyrolysis of PP to form wax and reduced bio-oil yield, and the synergistic effect was obtained as the co-pyrolysis used no catalyst and zeolite catalyst of ZSM5-70, while that using zeolite catalyst of ZSM5-38 reached negative synergistic effect. Utilization of catalyst generated high amount of aliphatic moieties, i.e. methyl, methine and methylene. With ZSM5 catalyst utilization, production of allyl decreased. Most of non-polar bio-oil fractions have similar or slightly higher heating values (HHVs) compared to those of commercial fuels. Branching index (BI) values of non-polar phase of bio-oil generated straight carbon chain with higher branches compared to those commercial fuels.

Bacterial isolates used are proteolytic bacteria. Bacterial cell encapsulation aimed to protect cells from some external environmental factors that can interfere with the metabolism of the cell, so as to maintain the viability of bacteria, extending the shelf life and facilitate the distribution and utilization. In this study, the encapsulation of the bacteria was carried out by nanoencapsulation method using a spray dyer and electrospun nanofibers. Encapsulation in nanosize has advantages such as immobilization efficiency because of the increased surface area and volume, providing protection due to the increased flexibility of the encapsulation material. Nanoencapsulation the proteolytic bacteria was using the coating material in the form of skim milk and maltodextrin. Electrospun nanofiber for proteolytic bacteria was using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and skim milk as a coating material. The results of the viability of proteolytic nanoencapsulation were higher when encapsulated using skim milk at a concentration of 15% was 44.07%. Results of encapsulation of bacteria using electrospun nanofiber method showed three parameters that affected the process of electrospun nanofiber: the coating material parameters (concentration, viscosity and mixing ratio), the process parameters (voltage, flow rate, and the distance between the collector and needle), and environmental parameters (relative humidity and temperature).

Beekeeping activity has been integrally well arranged by the people of West Java area. Many bee-based products are already well developed and become a part of people activities. Most of beekeeping activity considered as an activity to gain income only from bee products. In fact, this activity has a high potential impact to bioenergy resources, especially biomass and biogas. Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) is one of potential bee forage that also has a good performance to be used as biomass source. On the other hand, this along year flowering plant, also provide their leaves as proteins source for cattle. Through sustainable beekeeping activity, which is involving bee forages planting and pruning, bioenergy sources also will automatically increase in availability. As a part of Java Island, West Java was well known for its green and flowering landscape. Though honey also produced by outer area of Java Island, but beekeeping activity was majority well arranged by Java Island people. The calculation shows that the beekeeping activity with new 450 beehive result in the potential addition of biomass and biogas supply in West Java. The potential addition calculated was 0.043 – 900.732 TJ for biomass and 0.039 TJ for biogas supply.

Rice straw is the largest wastes of the rice plant. Usually, rice straw is only burned after the harvest process by farmers, even though rice straw contains 75% of silicon dioxide. The temperature of ignition is one important process of extracting silicon dioxide. This variation of ignition temperature will affect characteristics of the silicon dioxide. This research used the ignition temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C. In the first step, rice straw is burned using matches then the powder is washed using 3% HCl and then rinsed using distilled water, and the ignition process in the furnace with different temperatures was set up. Temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C have a range of electrical conductivity values from 50 Hz – 5 MHz, 10245.37 Hz – 5 MHz, and 11502.15 Hz – 5 MHz that categorized as semiconductors and produces silicon dioxide with a purity of 80.97% atoms, 99.99% atoms, and 61.53% atoms. Silicon dioxide with an ignition temperature of 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C has a degree of crystallinity respectively at 25.82%, 44.24%, and 45,61%.

Carotenoids are widely used for food colorants to give yellow, orange, or red color in food products. Besides extraction from orange color vegetables/fruits such as carrot, yellow squash, or oil palm, natural carotenoids can also be extracted from microorganisms such as algae or fungi. The processing of oil palm fresh fruit bunches to crude palm oil also produces empty fruit bunches (EFBs) as the biomass waste. This extraction residue still contains traces of oil and thereby also contains carotenoids. The dumped EFBs nearby the palm oil processing plants are also a potential substrate for natural fungal fermentation. This paper explores the potential of EFBs and fungal fermented EFBs as the raw materials for carotenoid extraction. The soxhlet extraction method was applied, using hexane as the solvent. Carotenes were analysed by using spectrophotometer. The obtained results showed that carotene can be extracted from EFBs and fungal fermentation increased the carotene content of EFBs.

Foaming agent concentrate made from palm oil produced as a fire extinguishing material in peatlands at a laboratory-scale test were able to extinguish a fire within 3.16 to 4.49 hours. Fire extinguishing ability of this foaming agent concentrate resulted in a lower solution use and shorter extinguishing time than water. However, when compared to commercial products, fire extinguishing time was still longer although the amount of solution needed to extinguish the fire was lower. Therefore, it was necessary to improve the formula to produce a foaming agent concentrate that was able to extinguish the fire in a shorter time with a lower amount of fire extinguishing solution. This study aims to improve the performance of palm oil foaming agent concentrate on extinguishing the fire in peatlands. Efforts to improve the performance were made by reformulation and the addition of chemical fire retardants. Results showed that the addition of fire retardant reduced foaming ability, increased surface tension, lowered viscosity, lowered contact angle, and reduced fire extinguishing time to about 13.08-69.21%.

A bactericidal property of Cymbopogon nardus oil (CNO) has been investigated in the previous study. This study aimed to confirm the bactericidal activity of Cymbopogon nardus against different bacteria strains. CNO with the concentration of 1%, 3% and 8% were injected into 100 mL canned tubes. Each sample was diluted by hard water and added with a bacterial suspension test in the presence of interfering substance. The mixture was maintained at 20 °C for 5 min. Water shall be new distilled water-not demineralized water. At the end of contact time, an aliquot was taken, and bactericidal activity was immediately neutralized by the diluted-neutralization method. Neutralizers used in this study were: peptone 10 gL⁻¹, beef extract 5 gL⁻¹, NaCl 5 gL⁻¹, soy lecithin 1 gL⁻¹ and polysorbate 80 20 gL⁻¹; while the interfering substance was 0.3 gL⁻¹ bovine albumin for clean conditions. The number of cells in the bacterial suspension test per treatment was 1.54 x 108 cfu mL⁻¹. It was verified that there was no toxic active chemical compounds found after the application of neutralizer and dilution-neutralization method. The output of this study was a bactericidal against strains: Escherichia coli (ATCC®10536™), Staphylococcus aureus subsp. Aureus (ATCC®6538™) and Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium (ATCC®14028™).

The utilization of foaming agents resulted from the saponification of palm oil fatty acids as foam concentrate on peat fire suppression leads to less water use and a shorter time compared to the use of peat water only. The development of foaming agents for a peat fire extinguisher, including the addition of 0.2% magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), was further conducted in order to improve the performance of the liquid foam. This study aims to determine the performance of the developed foaming agent (FAP-MS) applied in peat fire suppression. In order to assess the performance of FAP-MS, two controls namely palm fatty acid-based foaming agent without the addition of magnesium sulfate (FAP) and peat water with no mixture of foaming agents were used. Results showed that the durability of foam produced from the peat water solution mixed with FAP-MS was lower than the foam produced from the peat water solution mixed with FAP. The addition of FAP-MS into peat water solution was found to reduce the use of water by 27% and the addition of FAP reduced it further by 35%. However, compared to peat water with no foaming agent addition, FAP-MS and FAP additions were able to suppression peat fires faster by 79% and 65%, respectively.

This research aims to test the performance of palm oil foaming agent solution (POFAS) in a laboratory for the prevention and fire extinguishing of a peatland surface. The materials used in this research were POFAS formulas, i.e. NF45 and NF46, at various concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 6%. Measuring tools and machines used were patternator and spraying measurement tools, a knapsack mist blower for the foam method, a knapsack electric sprayer, and an air blower for the non-foam method. Results of this research showed that the minimum droplet diameter, maximum droplet density, maximum effective spraying width, and minimum effective spraying debit were 452.06 μm, 136.22 droplets cm⁻², 72 cm, and 1.47 liter min⁻¹ for foam method, and 452.24 μm, 148.33 droplets cm⁻², 56 cm, and 1.84 liter min⁻¹ for non-foam method. In the foam method, the NF45 formula with a concentration of 2% was the most effective POFAS formula for the prevention and extinguishing of the peatland surface because it has the largest ability to cover the peat surface pore spaces. In the non-foam method, the NF46 formula with a concentration of 3% was the most efficient POFAS formula because it has a large effective spraying width and the smallest effective spraying debit so that this POFAS application was the shortest and most efficient in POFAS consumption.

Recently, chlorophyll can improve the optical characteristics of thin films. The role of chlorophyll is a dopant in the thin film. Chlorophyll is very good in transferring electron which is strongly related to energy. If the energy gap of the film is low, the characteristics of the film are better because it requires less energy to jump one electron from the valence band to the conduction band. However, an important factor to consider in this case is the chlorophyll content. The more chlorophyll content will improve the light absorption rate. This study examined the characterization of chlorophyll of green choy sum and cassava leaves extracts. The analysis was carried out based on the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) and UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. The results of the analysis were molecular functional groups, vibration frequencies, bond force constants between molecules, optical characteristics and chlorophyll content on both of chlorophyll extracts.

Research on silicon oxide (SiO₂) from biomass was studied. This study used the biomass of rice straw which is one of the rice agricultural wastes. Rice straw was treated with acid using hydrochloric acid (HCl) before burning. Rice straw charcoal was burned in the furnace at a temperature of 400 °C to 900 °C with a heating rate of 1.7 °C/min for 2 h. The increase in heating temperature was varied at 800 °C, 850 °C, and 900 °C. Silicon dioxide samples were characterized and analyzed based on its electrical properties and functional groups using LCR-meter and FTIR. The extraction of silicon dioxide from rice straw was successfully carried out using a modified method in previous studies. Based on functional group analysis and electrical impedance properties of silicon dioxide rice straw samples, the best result was obtained at 800 °C ignition temperature treatment.

High consumption of fossil fuels in Indonesia needs to be reduced by using renewable energy, such as from biomass. In Indonesia, as one of the largest maritime countries, macroalgae (i.e. seaweed) are also considered as potential renewable biomass feedstocks for substituting any land biomass. This study aimed to investigate biodegradability and biogas potential of macroalgae (Gracilaria sp.) as single-or co-digestion feedstock using anaerobic digestion technology. The biochemical methane potential (BMP) test was carried out for 28 days at temperature of 37 °C to investigate the specific methane potential. All samples were in triplicate. Combinations of Gracilaria sp. with various biomass feedstocks (i.e. food waste, tofu dregs) were also tested. The findings indicated a potential valorisation of macroalgae for biogas production either as single or co-digestion feedstock, as well as a potential for electricity generation. However, further optimisation process is required for better and higher degradation process.

Nano alumina-supported zinc oxide-copper oxide (ZnO-CuO/γ-Al₂O₃) solid catalyst that is coded by NZCA, has been successfully synthesized and used to produce biodiesel from Kesambi (Schleichera olesosa l.) oil (KO). The catalyst was synthesized using a combination of precipitation, impregnation, and gel process. Before being used for transesterification of kesambi oil, NZCA catalyst was characterized using the X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Brunauer-Emmett Teller (BET), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) methods. The transesterification process was conducted in a glass batch type reactor with refluxed methanol. The effect of loading ZnO (wt.% to alumina), reaction temperature, and amount of catalyst (wt.% to kesambi oil) on the yield of biodiesel were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the catalyst of NZCA was potentially used for transesterification of kesambi oil. The highest biodiesel yield of 89.21% was achieved.

In the field of food safety, pH measurement is very important because pH can be an indicator of freshness of a food product. In general, the pH measurement is performed using a sensor from synthetic chemicals. The use of chemicals as pH sensors has several disadvantages that are toxic and threaten human health. Therefore, pH biosensors should be developed from bioactive compound. Bioactives such as curcumin, anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and Angkak pigments are indigeneous natural resources that produce color with specific specificity. Curcumin was extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), anthocyanin from purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L), chlorophyll from suji leaf (Pleomele angustifolia), and reddish pigment from rice fermented by Monascus sp. The type of color of each bioactive can give different responses to certain pH so that it is potential to be developed as a pH biosensor. However, bioactives have sensitivity to certain pH, so it is necessary to test the sensitivity and selection of bioactives to various pH (2-'3). The results of the sensitivity of the bioactives to pH 2-'3 showed that anthocyanin and curcumin were the best bioactive as pH biosensor because they provide a unique and significant color change compared to angkak pigment and chlorophyll which did not show clear discoloration. The anthocyanin was sensitive to pH 5-13 and curcumin was sensitive to pH 7-13 and both were stable at acidic pH.

In this study, the binderless particleboards from jatropha press cake were recycled five times. The effects of number of recycling times on physical and mechanical properties of the particleboards were investigated. This information is important to determine how many times the recycling process is carried out so that the physical and mechanical properties will still meet the standards. The mechanical properties of the produced particleboard (modulus of rupture/MOR and modulus of elasticity/MOE) tended to decrease linearly with the increasing number of recycling process up to the 5th recycle. The produced particleboard had a density of the target of 0.9 g/cm³ with the condition of pressing temperature of 180 °C and the pressing press of 200 kgf/cm² for 10 min. Thickness swelling, water absorbance, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and internal bonding of the produced particleboard did not meet the standard of Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) A 5908. Therefore, the protein which serves as a natural adhesive has not maximally functioned in the binding with the particles of the jatropha press cake.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of TPS-PVA-cellulose nanocomposite film for extending the shelf-life of fresh red chili. In this study, cellulose nanofibers were isolated from oil palm empty bunches by combination of ultrafine grinding and ultrasonification. Thermoplastic starch-PVA-cellulose nanocomposites were produced by solvent evaporation casting method. The resulting nanocomposite films were applied for packaging of red chili at chilled and ambient temperatures. The different storage temperature generated different physical and mechanical properties of the obtained nanocomposite films. The red chili packed in nanocomposite films and stored at ambient temperature was able to maintain its quality for 12 days, while at chilled temperature the red chili looked fresh up to 15 days.

Mono-diacyl glycerol (M-DAG) resulted from esterification reaction between palm fatty acid distillates (PFAD) and glycerol with catalyst of methyl ester sulfonic acid, has low purity caused by the remaining catalyst, free fatty acids, free glycerol and triacylglycerol. Purification can be carried out by saponification and crystallization. The purpose of this study was to determine the most suitable solvent (96% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 95% isopropyl alcohol), and followed by determination of temperature level (2 °C, 5 °C, 10 °C) in crystallization step to obtain pure and high yield of M-DAG. Analyses that were carried out included yield, visual appearance, free fatty acid (FFA) content, and emulsion stability. The results showed that the type of solvent had an effect on the yield and free fatty acids, but did not affect the emulsion stability. Temperature also affected the yield and free fatty acids content, but did not affect the emulsion stability. The most suitable solvent was 96% ethanol with a yield of 24.2%, FFA content of 29.6%, and emulsion stability of 49.5%. The best temperature for crystallization was at 2 °C with a yield of 16.23%, FFA content of 3.80%, and emulsion stability of 100%.

Mono-diacylglycerol (M-DAG) in this research was produced from the esterification reaction of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) and glycerol. Crude M-DAG from esterification had low purity, due to the remaining free fatty acids, glycerol and triglycerides. Thus, purification with saponification to remove free fatty acids, solvent extractionand crystallization to separate M-DAG from triglycerides was needed. This study aimed to determine the best sodium carbonate (NaHCO₃) concentration (2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10%) in saponification reaction and to investigate the effect of saccharides (glucose, GOS, and maltodextrin) addition as a seed in M-DAG crystallization. The best sodium carbonate concentration was 10% (w/w) with the yield of 49.33%, 20.47% FFA content, 0.8% ash, pH 7.28, 69.6% emulsion stability, 0.29% total glycerol, and 0.03% free glycerol. Crystallization with glucose produced the yield of 34.21%, 15.69% FFA, 1.02% ash, 11.02% water content, pH 7.1, 87.82% emulsion stability, 0.35% total glycerol and 0.04% free glycerol. However, addition of saccharides had no significant effect on the quality of pure M-DAG.

In this work we studied the mechanical and flame retardant properties of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB). Currently, the use of OPEFB waste in Indonesia is not optimal and the amount of the waste continues to increase every year. In this study, we optimized the flame retardant properties of non-woven OPEFB fibers. The OPEFB fiber was modified by making it non woven and treated in situ by immersing it with a mixture of NaOH and CaCl₂ solution (flame retardant-1 treatment) and also a mixture of KOH and CaCl₂ solution (flame retardant-2 treatment). In addition, the treated fibers were investigated for surface morphology and tested for thermal and tensile strength tests. Provision of flame retardant treatment in non woven fibers can improve flame retarding and mechanical properties. The objective of this study was optimization of flame retardant treatment of OPEFB. Non woven fiber which was treated with the first flame retardant with a concentration of 3 M did not burn for 12 seconds. The vertical flame test showed that the burning time until the fiber runs out was slowed to 39 seconds. Fibers treated with NaOH and CaCl₂ with 3 M concentration also had the best tensile strength values of 8.13 MPa. In the morphology test, non-woven fibers with the first flame retardant treatment were better than non woven fibers with the second flame retardant treatment.

This study was to determine the characteristics of Indonesia's low-grade coal, which was sub-bituminous taken from Samarinda coal mine and lignite taken from Palembang coal mine. Experiment was conducted using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to analyze the functional group of the coal. Inherent moisture was 2. 16 g in 5 g lignite coal, and 1. 42 g in 5 g sub-bituminous coal. Soaking coal with liquid smoke reduced the percentage of residual (volatile matter and ash content) combustion and increased fixed carbon. Adsorption of oil by coal was measured by the change of free fatty acid (FFA) in the oil, in which lignite coal was decreased about 0.1 % and sub-bituminous coal was decreased about 0.07 %. In contrast, by heating adsorption 100 °C, FFA change in the oil was increased about 0.28 % for lignite coal and increased about 0.46 % for sub-bituminous coal, by heating adsorption 125 °C, the increase was about 0.44 %for lignite coal and was about 0.59 % for sub-bituminous coal, and by heating adsorption 150 °C, FFA was increased about 0.41 % for lignite coal and about 0.46 % for sub-bituminous coal.

The study on the efficiency of biomass fuel (rice husk) was carried out in the sterilization of oyster mushrooms by using drums as sterilization media and convection pipes as accelerators for heat transfer throughout the sterilization chamber. Variations in diameter and number of convection pipes were used as a comparison in this study. The measurement of thermal temperature was carried out using a thermo laser. In addition, the interpretation of the thermal distribution of the room was analyzed using Surfer software that was performed as a comparison between the number and diameter of convection pipes and determining the distribution of temperature using numeric interpolation. The use of oyster mushroom production using convection pipes 1 rod with a diameter of 8 cm showed the best results, temperature distribution, the efficiency of fuel use in this study. In addition, the comparison of the number of pipes also proved that convection pipes have a temperature distribution that is more equivalent to the number of convection pipes 3 rods. However, the efficiency in the use of fuel using convection pipes 1 rod with a diameter of 6 cm showed a better value than the other.

A Prospect to develop Chlorella industry has been conducted since 2015 to 2018. The pure chemical and waste water from oil palm industry as culture media of Chlorella sp. were used in this study. Result of this study indicated that pure chemical and palm oil waste water can promote the growth and product of Chlorella sp. The best growth of Chlorella sp. was found at pure chemical with cell density reached 1.6 x 10⁷ cells/ml and biomass reached 1.24 g/l. The high growth of Chlorella sp. in palm oil wastewater was found at concentration of 20 % with cell desity of 6.6 x 10⁶ cells/ml and biomass reached about 0.36 g/l. The concentration of nitrate in pure chemical culture medium was decreased from 15.43 to 1.46 and in palm oil wastewater was decreased from 13.8 mg/l at the beginning to 2.4 mg/l at the end and phosphate was decreased from 45.822. mg/l to 4.98 mg/l at the beginning to 0.17 mg/l at the end of 14 days culture period. Chlorella powder that was produced in pure chemical medium in this study can be used as Chlorella powder in capsule for human being and from palm oil wastewater medium can be used as supplement food for animal husbandry (calves) in Riau Province.

This study revolves mainly about the effect of etherification of glycerol to polyglycerols using a heterogeneous catalyst under microwave radiation. Microwave radiation serves as a purpose to shorten the reaction time of the procedure. Cerium Nitrate and Lithium Nitrate was used to modify montmorillonite K-10 clay (MK-10) which was then used to catalyze the etherification process. They were several reaction parameters that were observed for this study which were: catalyst concentration and reaction time. The parameter that played a vital role was the catalyst concentration which affected the percentage conversion of glycerol, selectivity of pentaglycerols, selectivity of cyclic diglycerols and undesired cyclic diglycerols. It was observed that with a high temperature and high reaction time, the amount of undesired cyclic glycerol was increased. Optimum amount of catalyst conversion promoted higher amount of desired cyclic glycerol. Longer reaction time is needed to produce higher yield and selectivity. The production of undesired cyclic diglycerol can be removed with the help of vacuum distillation. The highest glycerol conversion was found of 94% with highest yield of desired products of 70% polyglycerol at 260 °C and 5 h of reaction time. The selectivity towards undesired high order polyglycerol was found 24% at same reaction conditions.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) has been stated as one of major contributor to climate change and affects marine ecosystems. Among other CO₂ capturing technology, adsorption is widely used due to its numerous advantages. Rubber seed shell (RSS), an agriculture waste from rubber plantation was used as precursor for preparing activated carbon (AC) by chemical activation using Malic acid as activating agent for CO₂ adsorption. In this research, the AC was characterized and analysed by SEM, Micrometric ASAP 2020, TGA and FTIR instruments. The optimum condition was found at activation temperature of 600 °C, sample A. Results from specific surface and porosity analyzer shows the AC total pore volume, specific surface area and diameter were 0.2635 cm³/g, 480.5692 m²/g and 2.1937 nm, respectively. The CO₂ adsorption studies showed the CO₂ uptake for the AC was 2.26 mmol/gwhich is better most agricultural wastes' and commercial AC. It was found that malic acid helps to prolong the thermal stability of AC. The presence of a new FTIR peak in samples indicated N-H stretching and C=N stretching might due to remaining malic acid on the surface which increased the CO₂ affinity and was an attractive source for CO₂ adsorption applications.

Oil palm plantations may cause problems in the hydrological cycle due to a low soil water infiltration capacity. In this study, we (a) compared oil palm plantations with other land use types, and (b) within oil palm plantations, analyzed whether legume cover crops and the deposition of frond piles can change soil water infiltration. The study was conducted in the lowlands of Sumatra in mixed jungle rubber stands, and in monospecific rubber and oil palm plantations by using ring in filtrometers. Observed in filtration rates in jungle rubber and monospecific rubber stands (approximately 20 cm h⁻¹) were about 5 times higher than in oil palm plantations, underlining the problem. Within the oil palm cultivation system, a legume cover crop, as well as the deposition of palm fronds, significantly enhanced infiltration rates. We conclude that indeed low soil water infiltration is very low in conventional oil palm plantations. Management including the planting of cover crops and deposition of fronds may offer options for improving the situation.