Table of contents

These proceedings are the output of International Conference on the Improvement of Environmental Quality (ICIEQ) 2019 that was organised by the Center for Research and Development of Environmental Quality and Laboratory, Forestry and Environmental Research, Development and Innovation Agency, Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Republic of Indonesia on 29 August 2019 at IPB Convention Center, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia.

The conference was aimed to present and discuss the current environmental issues in Indonesia, providing specific scientific solutions of such related topics as environmental health, environmental risk assessment, hydrogeology and hydrology, and policy and law. The conference presented 5 (five) keynote speakers, and 22 (twenty two) invited oral presentations. After passed the reviewing process, 15 (fifteen) papers then selected to be published in these proceedings. Based on the topics, 7 (seven) papers are grouped in environmental health, 5 (five) papers in environmental risk assessment, 2 (two) papers in hydrogeology and hydrology, and 1 (one) paper in policy and law.

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to the organizing committee and the members of reviewers for their kind assistance in reviewing the papers.

List of Editors are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Disposable plastic bags have already become global environmental problems due to their long durability. Plastic bags can be decomposed into microplastic and become more harmful to the environment. This paper will describe socio-economic factors that determinate plastic bag consumption and willingness to pay (WTP) for compostable shopping bags in Yogyakarta. Respondents were chosen using simple random sampling adopting Slovin formula. At a critical value of 4,82%, the sample size was 450 households. Socio-economic factors affecting the use of plastic bags are tested by employing multiple regressions. The result showed that the average use of plastic bags in Yogyakarta is 8 bags/household/week. Factors that influence the usage of plastic bags were the intensity of shopping in the supermarkets/grocery/convenience store, monthly shopping expenditure, and the intensity of the use of non-degradable plastic bags. WTP for compostable shopping bags is IDR 615 per bag. Since the traditional market was the first choice of respondents for daily or weekly shopping, plastic bag levy policy that applied in supermarkets has a limited impact on reducing plastic bag usage.

Community forestry has several impacts on the environment, both physical and social economics. This study aims to determine the environmental impacts of private forest activities in Central Lombok, especially on runoff and soil erosion. The hydrological modelling approach operating Soil and Water Analysis Tools (SWAT) was used to describe the hydrological response such as runoff and soil erosion that occurs as the impacts of private forests. The results revealed that runoff and soil erosion observed in 2008-2014 had the same trend, with a polynomial pattern that increases at the beginning of the measurement and drops at the end. It means that the longer the age of the private forest, the higher runoff and soil erosion will be reduced and the better the quality of the environment. Thus, intensive private forests need to be development to improve environmental quality.

The number of Floating Net Cages (FNC) in Cirata reservoir has exploded four times more than allowed. It makes water quality problem severe because 22.260 tons/month of stools and excessive feeding threaten the benefits, functions, and service life of the reservoir. This is a review paper to explore FNC waste management methods, the potential of integrated FNC management, and the implementation strategies. Twenty-eight articles published between 2015 and 2019 abaout aquaculture technology have been discussed to improve understanding of FNC waste management. Several solutions have been recommended based on an integrated management approach. Technical ideas are proposed for water control and in situ treatment management. Management of water control reduces the concentration of pollutants by increasing water destratification. The IFCAS (Integrated Floating Cage Aquageoponics System) - PFF (Precision Fish Farming) - IMTA (Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture) concept is an effort to manage FNC using both approaches. The IFCAS-IMTA concept can reduce the main concept of waste by creating the nitrification and assimilation of phosphate. The concept of PFF can improve the capacity of farmers in water quality detection and monitoring. The manager needs to modify aquaculture techniques in water and nutrition, feeding formulations, technological innovations, and the inclusiveness of scientific-based management. Management must involve FNC farmers, research and development institutions, Cirata authorities, Fisheries and Marine Service of West Java Province, and investors.

Community behaviour is one of the dominant factors affecting the sustainability of the watershed. This study aims to identify community behaviour in the management of domestic waste around the Ciapus river in the Cisadane watershed. This research was conducted in the community in Babakan Village. The research method used is a case study. Collecting data with questionnaires, in-depth interviews and FGDs. Determination of respondents with purposive sampling method for 60 people who live around the river. The collected data were analysed and presented descriptively. The results showed that community behavior in managing waste showed that the community had not carried out good waste management as 100% did not separate wet and dry waste and 100% did not separate organic and inorganic waste, 100% did not have separate trash bins, 100% did not use waste plastic, 80% dispose of domestic waste into the river and 20% still dispose of waste in vacant land, 50% still often do garbage burning, 100% are not pleased reprimand people who dispose of garbage into the river, 80% do not know the government regulations that regulate certain distance limits from rivers that are not permitted to be used, 80% do not know that settlements around the river require special permits and 100% do not know whether there is a ban or not from the village government for settlement or economic activities around this river. This behavior has implications for the disruption of the river's sustainability function.

Changes of socio-economic and land use in the water catchment area are factors that affect the water quality of a lake. This study quantified the impact of socio-economic factors and the dynamics of land covers of Lake Toba water catchment area on the total suspended solid (TSS) parameter, one of the parameters in water quality indicators. Statistical analysis was run by using multiple linear regressions. Parameters observed were TSS, socioeconomic related data and land use in Samosir, Tobasa, Simalungun, Dairi, Humbang Hasundutan and North Tapanuli Regencies in 2008, 2012 and 2016. The results indicated that the water quality of Lake Toba was slightly polluted in 2016 and in 2017. Based on the regression analysis, it was found that some factors significantly affected the concentration of TSS, namely shrubland and dryland farming at 99% confidence level; the number of populations, Location Quotient (LQ) for dry land paddy field and soybean production at 95% confidence level; and settlement land area, geographic population density, LQ for rice and corn production at 90% confidence level. Managing shrubland through a land rehabilitation program and encouraging a rotational cropping system are recommended strategies to manage the increasing TSS in the Lake Toba.

Ciliwung River is one of the rivers crossing West Java and special capital region of (DKI) Jakarta provinces which plays an important role in fulfilling the needs of human activities and living things surrounding it. Designated as a national priority for management, the Ciliwung River that runs from Mount Pangrango (upper stream) to Jakarta Bay (lower stream) has received pollution from results of human activities such as household activities, agriculture, plantations, animal husbandry, industry, and recreation areas. In addition, the decreased green cover in the upstream area also adds more pressure on the quantity of water in the Ciliwung River. The purpose of this study was to determine the trend of water pollution in the Ciliwung River in the period of 2011-2014 based on physical, chemical and biological parameters. Samples were taken from 22 points starting from upstream to downstream area. From 15 water quality parameters, there were only three parameters, namely total dissolved solid (TDS), pH and nitrate (NO₃-N) which still meet water quality criteria class II based on Government Regulation number 82/2001, in all observation periods and sampling sites. Other parameters invariably meet or beyond the water quality criteria. Pollution trend increased towards the downstream of Ciliwung River, however annual comparisons across the year of observations did not show significant differences. High pollution in the downstream area was caused by accumulated pollutants coming from waste disposal of densely populated area and diverse activities in the downstream. Fecal coliform bacteria and total coliform contributed the highest pollution in the Ciliwung River compared to other pollutants. Both those two parameters greatly exceed the water quality criteria at all sampling sites, except in the Ciliwung river spring. Controlling those two parameters may improve Ciliwung water quality.

The accumulation of mismanaged plastic waste in the environment is a serious problem in Indonesia and become a global growing concern. Implementation of mitigation policies to reduce the use of plastics is very urgent, including in reforestation and land rehabilitation programs revealed by many plastics (polybags) used in seedling production for forest planting. Reducing the plastic waste in the planted forest areas can apply some alternative methods that were applied in several regions, such as direct seeding, bare-root seedling and bio-pot seedling. In this paper, application of several methods would be assessed as alternative methods for reforestation and land rehabilitation. Bio-pot seedlings had the highest growth performances in nursery and field test for several tree species, followed by polybag seedling, and direct seeding using seed briquette. However, seedling grown from direct seeding using seed briquette tended to have better root formation, especially in tap root length, tap root biomass and bellow-ground biomass. Direct seeding was estimated twice lower compared to transplanting using polybag or bio-pot seedlings. Furthermore, use of bio-pot seedlings was more effective in rapidly growth and establishing canopy. Direct seeding using seed briquette was a promising alternative technique for land rehabilitation and reforestation, especially for remote areas.

Microplastics are small plastic particles less than five millimeters in size. Microplastic is dangerous because it becomes a medium for other pollutants such as heavy metals and harmful bacteria to attach on. This study aims to determine the presence of microplastic in the digestive tracts of fishes in Jakarta Bay. The number of fish samples obtained was 25 fishes consisting of several species, namely, Siganus sp., Albula forsteri, Lutjanus sp., Parastromateus sp., Plicofollis argyropleuron, Pampus argenteus, Paraplotosus albilabris, Sardinella fimbriata, and Platycephalus indicus. The samples were grouped into three categories based on the length of their body, namely small fish with a length of 13-24 cm, medium fish 25-36 cm, and large fish 37-90 cm. The method used to identify microplastics in the fishes digestive tract is optical microscopy. Microplastics were found in 19 fish (76%), those identified as fiber is 73%, identified as films is 18%, and identified as fragment 9%. The larger the size of fish the higher the microplastic content of all types. This implies that microplastic bioaccumulation occurs through the food chain.

The Cisadane River catchment area is approximately 1,375.43 km², and it is one of the main rivers in Banten and West Java Province, Indonesia. The Cisadane River has an important function in supporting the lives of many people with all their activities. Most of the studies related to the assessment of the water resources quality have used through several water quality indices, Those are are water quality index (WQI), water pollution index (WPI), and river habitat survey (RHS). However, the study of determining pollutant sources in the river has less done, including Cisadane River in this case. This study aimed to identify the important environmental parameters that can be used as indicators of pollution in the Cisadane River. This research was conducted in 2007 - 2014 by collecting water samples, 2 - 4 times every year. Employing the box and whisker statistical method, it can be concluded that free chlorine (Cl₂), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), phenol, total coliform and E.coli were reliable indicators of contamination in The Cisadane River. As an indicator of pollution in the Cisadane River 6 these parameters can be used as a basis for assessing the quality of Cisadane water.

Organochlorine compounds (OCs) are widely used as pesticides in the past and several of them have been prohibited. Some of these organochlorine compounds have persistent properties that can last long in the environment so that they have been included in the list of groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The bioconcentration and bioaccumulation properties of organochlorine compounds increase the negative impact on the health of living organism. The purpose of this study was to measure the organochlorine compounds in the environment, including samples from agricultural soil, sediment, and river water. Sampling was collected in November and December 2018. Sample of agricultural soils were taken in Bogor and Cianjur regencies while water and sediment samples were taken from the rivers in the Jakarta and Cianjur regencies. Total of 24 organochlorine compounds were then measured using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometer (GCMS). Recovery of water samples was 72% to 82%, for the soil was 79% to 103% and for sediment was below 40%. The OCs detected in the water was in the range of 0.010 µg/L – 0.4 µg/L and in the soil was in the range of 0.4 µg/Kg – 18.55 µg/Kg. Measurement of OCs in sediments from the estuary or downstream of the river in Jakarta was done, however the result was uncertain due to the difficulties in the sample preparation of oily sediments, and hence the results were not provided here. Therefore, it was necessary to develop a testing methodology, especially the proper refining process so that good recovery data could be obtained in the future. The small amounts of organochlorine that were detected in the environment indicated that these compounds are still existing up to now. The purpose of this study is to produce the proper methodology to examine the matrix effects from sticky and oily samples.

Determination of assigned values is an important stage in proficiency testing schemes in accordance with SNI / ISO 17043: 2010. Assigned value is a reference for determining the laboratory performance status in proficiency test participants. One alternative in determining Assigned value is through expert laboratory consensus. This method has an advantage over the reference value method, namely when there is no certificate reference material (CRM) that matches the proficiency test commodity or the corresponding CRM value is not in place. This study was aimed at determining the assigned value of laboratory proficiency testing of heavy metal parameters by employing the expert laboratory consensus method. In this study, the expert laboratory tested were 20 laboratories included the one in the environmental metrology road map. The laboratories have been accredited according to ISO / IEC 17025. Statistical calculations through Algorithm A, and iteration technique were implemented in this procedure. This will make it easier to determine the assigned value because it does not need to be through the reference value calibration of the CRM value. It was found out that the assigned value in mg/L for each metal, i.e Zn, Fe, Mn and Cd were 0.08; 0.4; 0.3 and 0.06 respectively. It was also shown that the assigned value derived from this expert laboratory consensus were not significantly different from the target value, except for Zn metal that differed from the target by 0.01 mg/L. However, it is important to keep reviewing the competence of the expert laboratory on a regular basis to ensure the validity of the values produced.

Bird species can be found in almost all habitat types, including urban area. The objective of this research was to investigate the changes in bird community in different habitat quality gradients of urban green open spaces and provide suggestions for indicator species. Five urban green open spaces were selected as study sites, representing gradient from low to high habitat quality: Gunung Gadung cemetery (21 bird sp.), Sentul City (34 sp.), Bogor Botanical Garden (48 sp.), Darmaga Campus (52 sp.), and Darmaga Experimental Forest (35 sp.). Species richness and Jaccard similarity indices were analyzed to discover the pattern reflecting the quality of urban habitat. Bird community in all study sites had low to medium similarity (0.33-0.51), indicating that each site had a distinct bird community. Bird richness was highest in the mid-quality habitat (garden-tree mix), but decreased in the high quality (urban mature forest). Bird that can be used for habitat indicators were babbler (low-medium quality); bulbul, pigeon, flycatchers (medium-quality); pied triller and cuckoo (medium-high quality), and barbet and nuthatch (high quality). Similar research needs to be conducted in other urban areas to reconfirm this pattern, in order to use bird community as an indicator of urban habitat quality.

Merawu watershed is located at Banjarnegara district and categorized as degraded watershed in the Serayu river basin. Upstream area in the Merawu watershed is a mountainous area of 1,500 m a.s.l., with steep slopes and high rainfall intensity. Upstream Merawu has an important function as recharge area, protect the downstream and water supply for the Merica reservoir. Forest conversion to intensive farming practices have produced large portion of erosion, surface runoff and water pollutant. Understanding the surface runoff changes in the forest conversion to intensive farming practices is important. Investigations of direct runoff in the intensive farming system in upstream area of Merawu watershed were observed using two small catchment experiments. Catchment for intensive farming system was compared to non-disturbed catchment of Pine forest. Surface disturbances associated with soil tillage, fertilization, pesticides and mulching during 2-3 months of planting reduced the soil capacity to control rainfall. During 1-year investigation, total direct runoff (DRO) in intensive farming catchment was 360.05 mm or 34.4% of rainfall or 1.63 times higher than that in the Pine forest catchment. Unit hydrograph analysis found the direct runoff coefficient was 9.4% or 1.7 times higher than that in the Pine forest catchment. This study found the important function of canopy interception, forest floor interception, soil management and infiltration to control the direct runoff in the catchment.

The availability and especially the quality of water are strongly influenced by forests (natural and private forest) and depend on proper forest management. Research location is in the catchment area of Lake Rawapening. The objective of this study was to identify groundwater quality in the area of natural forests (NF) and private forests (PF). Distribution and extent of both natural and private forests can be obtained from Indonesia Topographic Map, scale of 1:25,000 produced in the year of 2001 and updated with SPOT 2 image recorded in July 5th 2006. Groundwater samples were taken from natural and private forest as many as 3 samples. All the samples were taken during the dry and rainy season. Total amount of the samples were 12 and were analyzed in the laboratory of hydrology. The quality of groundwater is determined based on the regulation of the Ministry of Health of Republic of Indonesia No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The results indicated that water samples from natural forests (NF1, NF2 and NF3) and private forests (PF1, PF2 and PF3) can be categorized as qualify for drinking water.

Waste management of single-use plastic bags is a common problem in metropolitan areas, including Yogyakarta, Sleman, and Bantul. It urges the needs to evaluate the existing regulation that decide the most suitable institution to overcome this issue. This research used mixed method. Regulations related to Law No. 18/2008 on Waste Management were inventoried and analysed for determining institutional related keywords. The results of content analysis are related to the volume of waste at Integrated Waste Treatment Area (IWTA) and community participation's level. Yogyakarta does not instruct specific institutions which are in charge in sorting, collecting, and transporting waste to Temporary Trash Disposal Sites. In contrast, Sleman specifies the institutions, yet it does not include the obligation of the community level. Meanwhile, Bantul clearly regulates institutions at the community level, authority, and budget. Based on the data obtained from Piyungan IWTA, Yogyakarta is the largest contributor of waste (51.02%), followed by Sleman (29.10%) and Bantul (12.79%). However, Bantul has the highest community participation in plastic waste management (93.9%), followed by Yogyakarta (89.7%) and Sleman (88.0%). It is evident that region with the absence of waste management institution tend to generate greater amount of waste, and lower level of community participation.