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The Master Program and Doctoral Program of Natural Resource and Environmental Management (NREM) at IPB University (IPB University) are two multidisciplinary study programs. The programs keen to explore, teach, and develop environmental sciences and technology and art of natural resource management to create and further employ the concept of sustainable development or environmentally sound development in Indonesia.

The NREM Master Program was established in 1975, while a year later, the NREM Doctoral Program was endowed, made these programs become two of the oldest postgraduate study programs in Indonesia. At present, both the master and the doctoral program are accredited A (very good) from the National Accreditation Board of Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia. Until 2019, the NREM Master Program has graduated more than 900 Masters of Science (MSc) while the NREM Doctoral Program has graduated more than 500 Doctors (Dr.). The NREM graduates have played various professional roles in many sectors of community life, both as academicians, bureaucrats, consultants, NGOs, and others. At present, the master's program of NREM manages 200 active students, the doctoral program of NREM lead 150 doctoral students.

The 2019 International Seminar on Natural Resources and Environmental Management (ISeNREM-2019), held on August 15^th, 2019, is a vehicle for master and doctoral programs of NREM to discuss various research results, both for NREM students themselves and for stakeholders in local and international natural resource and environmental management science. The presence of this seminar is significant in the context of Indonesia's current development.

List of Editorial Committee, Scientific Committee, Assistant Editorial, Sponsors and Conference Photographs are available in this PDF.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Women in developing nations are more exposed to climatic risk due to higher dependence on the natural resources that tend to be more sensitive to these changes. Quality climate change information for rural women farmers can be a decisive factor in how they perceive and cope with these changes, thus the purpose of this study. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 5 communities each from the five Local Government Areas in Kwara North, giving a total of 25 communities. Raosoft online sample size calculator was used to determine the sample size. Three hundred and eighty-four (384) copies of the questionnaire were administered; in addition, Focus Group Discussion and oral interviews were conducted to determine the; (i) sources of climate information (ii) medium/language of communication and, (iii) adequacy of climate information. Results from the data analyzed indicates that about (68.0%) of all the women farmers in the study area do not always receive adequate climate information as their sources of information are not official, while only (32.0%) of the respondents received information in English. Also, the contents of climate information generated and disseminated in Nigeria and particularly the study area does not meet the actual needs of the farming population. Recommendations are therefore made accordingly for improvement.

Environmental management and monitoring could be improved following commitments by companies. Questions arise on how to measure effectivity and efficiency of environmental management and monitoring by the private sector, specifically in Musi Banyuasin and Banyuasin Districts of South Sumatra Province, inside the project boundary of Kemitraan Pengelolaan Lanskap Sembilang Dangku (KELOLA Sendang). The research aims to develop simple guidance to measure effectivity and efficiency of environmental management and monitoring for the private sector. The method used was an interview with respondents from companies on environmental monitoring systems, commitment and implementation in the field. Results show divisions of effectivity and efficiency categories into comprehensiveness of environmental management and monitoring systems, such as environmental regulations compliances; vision, mission, policy and commitment statement on the environment. Companies with a complete system show more confident in the effectivity and efficiency of environmental management and monitoring programs, while the other focuses on the environmental regulations compliances. Factors affecting effectivity are interdepartment relationships as well as synchronization on policy and commitment between holding and subsidiaries. Factors affecting efficiency are budget and expenditure on environment management and monitoring with good programs. Fully functioning standard operational procedures (SOPs) and relationships with other stakeholders are also considered affecting effectivity and efficiency.

Medan City is one of the largest cities in Indonesia. Geographically, Medan City is located between coordinates 2° 27' – 2° 47' North Latitude and 98 35' – 98° 44' East Longitude. The regional government of Medan is currently carrying out various efforts to overcome environmental problems in Medan City. This study aimed to analyze priority issues that need to be addressed in Medan City. This study was conducted from May to October 2018. The research consisted of several stages of activities, namely: desk review, public consultation with stakeholders, and data analysis. The desk review was conducted to examine various regulations and documents related to the management of Medan's natural and environmental resources and the environmental problems of Medan City. Public consultation with stakeholders was carried out with focus group discussions (FGD), filling out online questionnaires, and auditing with stakeholders. Priority issues were analyzed using the Driving Force, Pressure, State, Impact and Response (DPSIR) approach. Based on an integrated approach, the main issues obtained were the main problems in Medan, namely: Garbage, Water quality and quantity, and Air quality. The three main issues require rapid handling to prevent environmental damage in Medan City.

A proper environmental management is neccessary to prevent and reduce environmental impact caused by industry activity. PROPER is an environmental management instruments that can be applied by companies to assess the company's performance in environmental management. PT Pertamina EP has received the highest PROPER award, Gold PROPER for three years in a row from 2015 until 2018. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program of PT Pertamina EP at Asset 3 Subang Field encourages its own company not only to improve environmental quality but also to improve the quality of community welfare around the company through integrated environmental programs along with social and economic programs. This research objective is to analyze the implementation of the company's CSR programs in an effort to obtain the highest award in the field of environmental management performance that is Gold PROPER. This study used a descriptive qualitative method with a case study at PT Pertamina EP Asset 3 Subang Field. The data collected through primary and secondary data with participatory data collection techniques, interviews, and reviews through related documents and literatures. The results showed that the implementation of the CSR program of PT Pertamina EP Asset 3 Subang Field provide positive benefits in accordance to the people needs starting from socially by increasing social interaction, economically by increasing villagers wage, environmentally by reducing farm waste by reusing it, and educational aspects by decreasing illiterate rates in the villages.

The indicators of economic improvement in energy efficiency have been measured and evaluated globally, one of them was the consumption of energy. However, in Indonesia, the increase in energy efficiency has not been optimally improved in terms of energy consumption, especially for fossil fuel energy consumption and GHG emission. This was caused by the energy resources which was heavily relied on coal-fired power generation and imported crude oil. This paper proposed a solution by providing a good energy efficiency measurement based on the well-developed DEA technique. This study was aimed to provide acceptable energy efficiency, especially any single rupiah of the GRDP produced the people had to consume energy in Indonesia. Thus, optimizing energy efficiency was a key to reduce import dependency, support the green economy, and bring down costs for consumers. This research used input-oriented DEA based on the Charnes, Cooper, and Rhodes (CCR) model to assess the efficiency scores of PLN in Indonesia implemented in the period 2017. The result revealed that the consumption of energy that any single rupiah of GRDP produced, the provinces at Jawa, Bali, Sumatra, Papua, Maluku, and Nusa Tenggara had to consume energy more than one at Kalimantan and Sulawesi. Based on this study, fossil fuel energy consumption and GHG emissions performance in PLN were very crucial for the future of energy assessment in Indonesia.

Changes in climate characteristics affect the growth and development of paddy and therefore affect rice productivity. Simulation model can be used to study the effect of climate change on rice productivity. In this study, combination of crop simulation model and field observation are used to comprehend the effect of climate change on rice productivity. The study uses field observation data. Climate, soil, and crop management input variable are similar to observation conditions. This research used default Aquacrop to estimate rice productivity in response to climate changes in Subang and also used DSSAT to estimate rice productivity and biomass components. The observation results showed that rice productivity in Pamanukan, Binong, Pagaden, Purwadadi, and Cijambe are about 6, 9, 7, 7, and 4 ton/ha. The output of the crop simulation model shows that rice productivity estimation based on the model have similar amount to rice productivity based on the field observation. Productivity estimation of simulation models is based on climate variations distinguished by temperature and rainfall accumulation. In the applications, it can be used to prepare mitigation and adaptation actions

Mangroves provide several important functions such as gatherings, nurseries, living areas, and eating habitats. The best management plan designed for the conservation of mangrove wetlands must be considered as well as an ecological and social facility. The purpose of this study was to analyze the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management from the ecological, economic, social, institutional and technological dimensions using the MDS (Multi Dimension Scaling) method through the RAP-MANGROVE (Rapid Assessment for Mangrove) approach in Pangkah Wetan and Pangkah Kulon Villages, Ujungpangkah District, Gresik Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study show that the sustainability index of the mangrove ecosystem in the Pangkah Wetan Village for ecological, institutional, and technological dimensions are less sustainable, while for economic and social dimensions are sufficiently sustainable; while in the Pangkah Kulon Village for ecological, social, institutional, and technology dimensions are sufficiently sustainable, while for economic dimension is sustainable. Based on the results of leverage analysis, it shows attributes that are very sensitive to the sustainability status of mangrove ecosystems, for the ecological dimension are fauna diversity in mangrove ecosystems, and coastline changes. The sensitive attributes in the economic dimension are a type of direct use mangrove ecosystems for community, and contributions mangrove ecosystem to increasing labor; while in social dimension are mangrove ecosystems damaged by community and community access to utilize mangrove ecosystems. The sensitive attributes in the institutional dimension are involvement of community institutions regarding mangrove ecosystem management and the existence of sanctions for violating regulations in the mangrove ecosystem; while in technological dimension are processing techniques for mangrove products, and the techniques for capturing biota in mangrove ecosystems. The results of the Monte Carlo analysis show that the overall dimensions in this study are adequate and valid (indicated by the difference between MDS and Monte Carlo <5%), while the Goodness of Fit analysis shows an S-stress value of <0.25 for each dimension, so the RAP-MANGROVE model in this analysis it is a good model and can be used to analyze the accuracy of the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management.

Mangrove forests are part of coastal ecosystems that have a high level of vulnerability when faced with urban areas. The Kali Adem mangrove forest is one of the mangrove rehabilitation sites in the urban area. Rehabilitation efforts were initiated by Komunitas Mangrove Muara Angke (KOMMA) and PT. Pembangkit Jawa Bali-Unit Pembangkitan (PT PJB-UP) Muara Karang in 2010. The location was initially a garbage pile that was successfully cleared and planted with 37,000 mangrove seedlings. Administratively the site is located in Pluit, Penjaringan District, North Jakarta City, DKI Jakarta Province. Primary data were collected from field observation and interviews. In addition to that, secondary data, such as the high-resolution satellite World View's image was utilized to analyze the dynamic of the landscape. Data analysis was carried out with qualitative descriptive methods to determine the influence factor of the successfulness of rehabilitation efforts. According to this study, the success of rehabilitation efforts in Kali Adem was influenced by several main factors including land stability, the certainty of land ownership, availability of mangrove seeds, and stakeholder involvement. Kali Adem biophysically formed from the sedimentation process and has the potential to disappear, the stability of the land must be maintained by the physical structure. The certainty of land ownership is one of the eligibility criteria for rehabilitation efforts. The availability of mangrove seeds is one of the factors that will determine the success of mangrove management. Mangrove management requires cooperation and participation by all levels of government and the involvement of the parties. Through the synergy of these factors, Kali Adem has successfully become an ecotourism area called Eco-marine Tourism.

The rate of population growth and the increase in food needs for consumption have made the need for paddy fields higher. On the other hand, the pressure on paddy fields is quite intense so that the conversion of paddy fields is quite challenging to be controlled. Moreover, the concerns about food security and food sovereignty have become critical issues. The high demand for land utilization has caused pressure on paddy fields in the Citarum watershed. The objective of this study is to build a model for maintaining paddy fields in the Citarum watershed. The study was conducted from June to September 2015. The method of this research is a modelling using system dynamics approach by simulating time series data. From the simulation, it can be concluded that the rate of conversion of paddy fields will still be high if there is no specific policy in its protection. This fact can be seen from various scenario conditions, either in existing circumstances, in the optimistic scenario, as well as in a moderate scenario. The strategy that can be done is that paddy fields should be specially protected or owned by the government to minimize the rate of conversion.

Population growth and industrial development led to the conversion of agricultural land, and then disturb the food self-sufficiency. The objective of this research is to analyze the status of food self-sufficiency in Tegal Regency, estimated from Carrying Capacity (CC), using secondary data from BPS Statistics Indonesia. The formula of CC developed from a combined concept of the theory of Odum, Cristeiler, E Howard and Issard. The results showed that there were three Subdistricts in Tegal Regency, namely Balapulang, Pagerbarang and Warureja Subdistricts that were capable of self-sufficiency in food and were able to provide a decent life for their residents. The agricultural land carrying capacity in Tegal Regency was 1.62, which means that Tegal Regency is capable of self-sufficiency in food but has not been able to provide a decent life for its population. The carrying capacity of agricultural land is projected to decline to 1.34 in 2037. However, in 2037 Tegal Regency will remain self-sufficient in rice with the condition that it can maintain a trend of the population growth rate of 0.33%, rice consumption of 114.6 kg/capita/year, planting index (IP) 168% or 1.68 and rice crop productivity of 5.82 tons/ha per year.

Agricultural waste has the potential of biomass as a raw material for producing renewable energy. The primary processing of coffee produces waste from pulping and hulling activities. Waste can be processed further through composting, anaerobic water waste treatment and burning to be converted into electrical energy. Therefore, the calculation is needed that estimates the amount of potential biomass that is converted. Then, the purpose of the paper is to analyze each stage in the life cycle of Gayo Arabica coffee and calculate the potential amount of electrical energy produced. The life cycle assessment method uses material and energy analysis intending to explain the flow of inputs and outputs within the system boundary and analyze the movement and transformation of materials, energy, waste, and emissions. In the context of the paper, the study uses material flow analysis to estimate the biomass potential from solid and water waste treatment. The study uses interviews, observations and a cooperative report located in Central Aceh district as an Arabica coffee producer area in Indonesia. Production of Arabica coffee is managed by cooperatives involving small farmers and collectors from cultivation, primary processing, packaging, and delivery. Cultivation uses the agroforestry system with a shade tree of the type of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala). Packing with a pack of burlap is done by the cooperative. Activities undertaken cooperatives include the acceptance of coffee beans from the collector. Since 2016 cooperatives implemented a policy of processing coffee beans at the collector level. The estimation of the study shows that waste treatment through anaerobic water waste treatment, composting and combustion from 1 ton of cherry coffee (primary processing) has an energy potential of 34 kwh.

Ammonia is gas that can reduce livestock performance. The decrease in ammonia litter gas can be done by increasing the nutrient digestibility and inhibiting the uricase enzyme activity in the excreta. One way that can be done is by using probiotic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of probiotics as an effort to reduce levels of ammonia gas in broiler chicken litter with its application through drinking water and spraying on the litter. The animals were distributed into 4 treatments and 5 replications each of which consisted of 20 broiler chickens (10 male and 10 female). The design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD). Data were analyzed by using Analisis of Variance (ANOVA). The treatment used in this study was T0 = basal diet, T1 = T0 + Probiotic in drinking water, T2 = T0 + Probiotics Spray on litter, T3 = T0 + T1 + T2. Data showed that application of probiotic spray on litter and the combination can reduce significantly (P<0.01) the concentration of ammonia litter broiler cage. There was no effect on the pH and moisture of broiler cage litter.

The commercial adsorbent has been widely used for dye removal, but it is non-economical. The objective of this study is to synthesize a low-cost and environmental friendly goethite as an adsorbent for methylene blue removal from aqueous solution using a batch-adsorption technique. Goethite was synthesized by adding sodium hydroxide to iron salt and aging at 40 °C for 7 and 21 days, then characterized by Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the optimum concentration of adsorbed methylene blue was 300 mg/L with an adsorption capacity of 82.81 and 75.8 mg/g for GPA7 and GT7, respectively. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation efficient higher than 0,99. Based on cost analysis, GT7 was the cheapest adsorbent, compared to GPA7 and commercial goethite.

Recently, many researchers have been applied zeolitic materials for dye wastewater treatment by adsorption method because of more practical and economical without requiring a lot of solvents. However, the presence of natural zeolite is limited and only available in a specific area. In this research, pumice stones containing the main components of silicate and aluminate were used as an alternative material to synthesize zeolite. The ability of pumice and zeolite was also tested for adsorbing one of cationic dyes, namely methylene blue (MB). Zeolites were synthesized through the hydrothermal method in high pH conditions and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The characterization results revealed that the addition of an alkaline solution changed the molecular structure of pumice into Na-P1 zeolite and caused differences in dye adsorption capacity. The adsorption efficiency of pumice was only achieved 65.83% with the MB uptake as much as 5.89 mg/g at the MB concentration of 50 mg/L for 24 hours, while the Na-P1 zeolite was able to adsorb MB molecules almost 100% with the uptake capacity up to 9.12 mg/g.

The preparation of activated carbon as an adsorbent from biomass waste was usually conducted at high temperatures. In this research, activated carbon was prepared from palm kernel shell by the pyrolysis process at temperature under 400 °C to reduce excessive energy consumption. This study aims to identify the surface character of the formed activated carbon as an adsorbent for methylene blue. The pyrolysis process produced activated carbon which has a hydroxyl (3102–3423 cm⁻¹) and carboxyl (1650 cm⁻¹) functional groups, resulting in ionic interactions between activated carbon and methylene blue. The equilibrium data fit the Langmuir isotherm model with correlation efficient higher than 0,99. The highest adsorption capacity is 0.28 mmol/g adsorbent for activated carbon which is hydrolyzed at 350 °C with a surface area of 523 m2/g adsorbents.

Bogor city is a city that continues to experience in population growth and physical city development, where the development creates various kinds of problems, which one is noise. This study aim to measure the noise level and analyse the influence of noise level and house distance from noise sources. Data retrieval was collected for three days a week. In one day, noise measurement was carried out for 16 hours (06.00 – 22.00) by measuring the sound pressure level for 10 minutes for each 27 measurement points. The results showed that the noise level in weekdays higher than weekend, with averaged 87.25 dB. In accordance with standard, the noise level of residential area is 55 dB, it means the noise level is above the noise threshold. Based on the regression analysis, the R square of housing is 0.76, the linear equation is Y = 77.656 – 6.292x. The study concluded that the distance affects the value of noise, the closer to the noise source the greater the noise value.

In natural conditions, heavy metals in soils are inherited from rocks and minerals weathering. This study aims to determine the ambient concentration of heavy metals in soils developed from several rock types from tertiary and quaternary geological formations and their relationships. Composite soil samples were taken at 0-30 cm depth in sites far away from anthropogenic contamination of heavy metals, roads, and lands where solid and liquid wastes were probably discharged. Total concentrations of Aqua Regia extracted soil Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by AAS. Soil mineral types and amount in sand fraction were determined by polarization microscopy. The overall ambient total concentrations of soil Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in mg.kg⁻¹ were 2.0-19.7; 0.4-5.3; 1.1-73.3; 0.9-30.5; 17.8-62.9; and 8.1-419.5, respectively. The relationship between soil minerals and ambient concentrations of these metals was unclear. However, among the soil samples analysed, high concentrations in mg.kg⁻¹ of Cd (10.5-19.7) were found in soils developed from clay and sand sedimentary and intermediary volcanic tuff rocks, Ni (15.0-30.5) in soils on andesitic-basaltic and volcanic tuff rocks, Pb (57.4-62.9) in soils on granitic rocks, and Zn (119.6-419.5) in soils on andesitic-basaltic rocks, while for Cr and Cu was spread evenly across all parent rock types.

Barito River becomes one of the biggest river in Indonesia. It is located between Central Kalimantan Province and South Kalimantan Province, which is its length of 900 km and Barito watershed covers area approximately 46,500 km². Based on Presidential Decree No. 9 in 1999 about the identification of river crisis (IPA > 0.5 and Coefficient of Variation (CV) > 0.4), so Barito River can be classified into watershed crisis (priority - 2). Based on evaluation in 40 rivers during 1995-2000 with parameters biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolve oxygen (DO) concentration, there is only one river which is not contaminated. That is Jeneberang River in Lebang Regency, South Sulawesi. Compared to this conditions, Barito River can be classified as a slightly contaminated river. Based on this experiment, the DO concentration was 4.74 mg.l⁻¹ – 5.36 mg.l⁻¹ less than the standard value 6 mg.l⁻¹, BOD was approximately 2.68 mg.l⁻¹ – 4.05 mg.l⁻¹ above threshold 2 mg.l⁻¹. In the other hand, COD aboved the standard 10 mg.l⁻¹ were approximately 20.5 mg.l⁻¹ – 30.1 mg.l⁻¹. Almost all of the metal concentration in the rivers had a high value above standard deviation. In other hand, some of this parameter also had a value above standard deviation. Those were the acidity degree (pH), suspendable substances (TSS), BOD₅ and Phosphat (PO₄).

A recent modification of flare light irradiation with a high-pressure system in blue light color has been causing performance improvement of the flare light so that it is more invisible at the daylight time and in the night as well. It has been reducing social complaints. Field observation was conducted in 2011 in Jambi. Blue light showed very low irradiation, illumination, quantum value and ultraviolet at the soil surface. Its surrounding thermal spectrum was recorded with an infrared thermal imager and its impact on ambient and soil temperature was found as insignificant. There was also found that latex production and understory vegetation biodiversity at the distance of 225-800 m from the radiation source was not affected by the irradiation

In 2030, more than 73% of Indonesia's population is predicted to live in cities. Under that massive population concentration, urban problems are becoming more difficult and complex to deal with. Besides chronic pressures of the existing problems, when disasters occur, urban areas and their population are also more prone to be exposed to shocks, leading to increased vulnerability, uncertainty, and risks of the cities. This situation demands the communities and whole urban systems to develop better urban resilience. This paper describes our quantitative study in Semarang City that aims to build an index using secondary data by considering 5 dimensions: social, economic, infrastructure, institutional, and hazard and shows resilience level in scores from 0 – 1 where 0 representing very low and 1 the best. The results shows here are only 3 sub-districts that are at the level of high resilience (Semarang Selatan, Banyumanik, Semarang Tengah) and the infrastructure dimension is a very influencing factor. The index allows for equal spatial and temporal comparisons of several regions, which is important when it comes to conducting further studies on the regional dynamics and making priorities of which areas should be resilience-increased towards sustainable urban development.

Bengkalis has been widely known as one of the regencies in Riau Province that is dominated by peatland. Nevertheless, this regency is also known for its almost annually recurring peatland fires. Considering this issue, this study primarily aims to formulate peatland fire prevention strategy in Bengkalis Regency. This study was conducted through the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodology. While having a high degree of consistency ratio among involved experts, the results of this study revealed that shrubs was the type of peatland cover that must be given priority attention. Meanwhile, the key criteria in implementing peatland fire prevention was budget availability. Besides, local governmental institution that should be prioritized to receive authority as the coordinator for peatland fires prevention was the Regional Disaster and Fire-Fighting Agency (BPBD-Damkar). In the meantime, sequentially, it seems that the best prevention alternative was to build and / or repair existing canal blocks; strengthened by the implementation of regional integrated security patrols; constructing and/or repairing of water reservoirs and boreholes; as well as the provision of zero-burning incentives to traditional cultivators. These findings are useful to support the local government in preparing a more proactive prevention approach in addressing peatland fires.

Tropical peatland in Indonesia is the largest in the world. Approximately 30% of the area potentially can be converted into agriculture and plantations. However, it is very susceptible to forest fires due to agricultural land preparation. The practice of burning forests is done because of some reasons namely fast, inexpensive, and produced ash that will fertilize the soil. The impact of land and forest fires is very large both in terms of economic, social, and environmental. Fires on peat lands consist of crown fire, surface fire, and ground fire which have a severe impact on environmental, social and economic impacts. In terms of management, it is also more difficult and longer time compares to fires on mineral land. The main objective of this paper is to use spatial modeling to provide an early warning system for forest fires on peat lands based on peat maturity level approaches. Physical data, which include the level of maturity, peat thickness, land unit, and land cover will be considered as an independent variable. Meranti Islands District, Riau Province is selected as a case area. The spatial analysis was carried out on physical aspects and the distribution of hotspots that had a level of confidence greater than 80%. The results showed that identification of potential fires through peat maturity levels, cannot be used optimally because peat areas that have different levels of maturity are not separate polygons or still in atribut form., The land cover of shrubs should be a major concern in the identification of potential fires.

The solution to solve these challenges is the waste management. The waste management is needed to solve starting from upstream to downstream. The waste management in downstream is in the landfill. The management Landfill not only manages solid waste but also waste water treatment. One form of waste water treatments in a landfill is the leachate treatment. The leachate treatment is a priority for management in landfill because it can reduce water, soil, air pollution in the landfill and the surrounding environment. In order to determine the best option among several alternatives to manage the leachate treatment, this research used Analytic Network Process (ANP) with three levels (actors, criteria, and alternatives). Secondary and primary data collection was carried out from April until June 2019 in Indonesia. Data were collected through a survey using questionnaire instrument. Participants of questionnaire amount of 20 people. The participants from lecturers, government, and society. The finding of this research showed that the leachate treatment using coagulation-flocculation was easier to be used in Indonesia.

Land use changes greatly affect the value of ecosystem services. This study aims to analyse the sensitivity of ecosystem services especially food provisioning, affected by land use changes in Bogor Regency. The method used is visual interpretation and manual digitization of Indonesian Topographic Map (RBI) and the SPOT-7 with a resolution of 1.5 meters. The sensitivity assessment of ecosystem services is carried out through analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The results of the study showed that there was a changing in land use of 8.31% in the period 2000 to 2017. Forests area to be the most significant changes contribute 1.86%. Changes in land use are influenced by regional development and population growth, so that conversion of land use occurs massively at some point. Regulatory and supply functions are the most sensitive elements of ecosystem services to land use changes. Conversion of water catchment area causes a decrease in soil infiltration capacity and triggers erosion. This phenomenon leads to land degradation and natural disasters.

The degradation of tropical forests in Indonesia is perceived to be an essential contributor to land-based greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in addition to deforestation. However, the impacts of forest degradation are currently understudied and poorly understood, in comparison to deforestation, which is easier to be detected and thus more ready to be quantified and monitored. In order to understand better the contributing factors of Indonesia's GHG emissions profiles from the forestry sector as well as taking the opportunity to tackle climate change, improving knowledge on GHG emissions from forest degradation is essential. Both literature review and simulation using a carbon accounting model were used in the analysis. National emissions profile of Indonesia has been reported to the UNFCCC, in which forest degradation has been one of the sources of emissions, although its emission value tended to be underestimated and may contain high uncertainty. It is because logging and fires in secondary forests have not been fully captured as sources of emissions, as well as post-disturbance growth that potentially enhance forest carbon stocks. This study clearly shows the importance of calculating GHG emissions from forest degradation caused by anthropogenic activities (logging, fires). It is suggested that accuracy can be improved by using a system approach that occurs in the ecosystem carbon cycle through modeling that can capture the flow of carbon following the disturbance events.

The practice of tin mining, especially in the Pedindang Sub-Watershed, Central Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province was not carried out carefully and protectively because it produced soil damage or land degradation. The purpose of this study was to examine soil properties, particularly soil physical properties, and soil damage in the Pedindang Sub-Watershed with various land uses, namely tin mining, forests, dryland agriculture and thicket shrubs-bushes, on various slope classes. The properties of the soil studied were the content of organic matter, sand, silt, clay; bulk density; porosity, and soil permeability. Compared to other land use (forest, dryland agriculture and shrubs) in the Pedindang Sub-Watershed area, tin mining land use show the worst soil properties. Soils in tin mining land use were degraded, has very low organic matter content; the lowest clay content; the highest soil density as indicated by high bulk density and low soil porosity; and the highest sand content so that it can be understood if it has the highest and very fast soil permeability.

Indonesia is an agricultural country that produces any agricultural product. Garlic is one of the horticulture products that are currently cultivated vastly. According to the national garlic development plan by the Ministry of the Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia, the way to obtain self-sufficiency in garlic is developing seed centers and import arrangements. The objective of this research is to analyze the sustainability of garlic farming and to determine the leverages factors for garlic development. The study was conducted in Tegal, which is one of the central of Garlic Development in Central Java Province. The methodology used is analysis using Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). There are 43 attributes of 5 dimensions involved in the study, which are ecology, economic, social, infrastructure, and legal-institutional aspect. The result of the research showed that Garlic cultivation has a status as sustainable, with a sustainability index value of 66.44. The leverage factors that affect garlic development are pesticide use, waste management, planting plan, consumption level, productivity, labor efficiency scheme, land management, community empowerment, agriculture extension, storage technology, access to technology, marketing institution, and implementation of land conversion regulations.

Coastal communities in the North Coastal of West Java are threatened by sea level rise. The rate of sea level rise in Java's Pantura is 6-10 mm every year. Society confronts this phenomenon required to be able to adapt to changes that occur. The purpose of this study is to analyze creative cultural social energy as an alternative adaptation to the dynamics of changes in the ecology of life, and the impact of empowerment on the demeanor of ecological adaptation in coastal communities. The study method used participatory action research by placing field researchers as facilitators of community empowerment. The results of the study indicate that the creative cultural social energy has the potential to be the right alternative to adapt to ecological changes. The demeanor of community adaptation is proven to be closely related to the level of education, social status and activeness in the community, initiatives to respond to ecological phenomena, potential opportunities that can be achieved, and ownership and control of assets. An effective empowerment process is closely related to the demeanor of community adaptation to the phenomenon of ecological changes in life.

Ciletuh mangrove forest requires rehabilitation regarding the uncontrollable exploitation few years ago. There are parameters to be concerned about mangrove forest rehabilitation due to determining tree species that suitable to be planted, such as water salinity, tides frequency, soil and water pH, soil fertility, and soil physical characteristics. The study aimed to determine a mangrove area that needs to be rehabilitated, a suitable mangrove species that can be planted, and proper planting techniques in Ciletuh mangrove forest. The analysis was conducted by analyzing vegetation, testing soil chemical and physical characteristics, and measuring water salinity and inundation frequency. The result showed that the suitable species to be planted in Ciletuh mangrove forest are Avicennia officinalis, Bruguiera cylindrica, B. gymnorrhiza, B. sexangula, Sonneratia caseolaris, Cerbera manghas, Excoecaria agallocha, Rhizophora mucronata, R. apiculata, Lumnitzera racemosa, L. littorea, Nypa fruticans and Hibiscus tiliaceus. The suitable planting techniques are guludan, tiang pancang, bronjong, klaster, and cemplongan.

Ratooning sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) becomes alternative cultivation that can be developed in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to obtain information about ratoon productivity from sorghum breeding lines. The research was conducted during Mei until July 2018 at Cikeumeuh Experimental Field, The Indonesian Center for Biotechnology and Agriculture Plant Genetic Resources (BB Biogen), Bogor. The experiment was arranged using a randomized complete block design with three replications and using 13 sorghum lines produced by Numbu x UPCA S1 and 2 commercial varieties. The result showed the character of agronomy and yield potential of sorghum lines showed different diversity between comparative varieties. Characters of the number of shoots (61.47%), plant height (89.28%), the number of leaves (86.41%), stem diameter (90.7%), panicle length (98.5%), panicle weight (59.51%) and 1000 grains weight (88,63%) have a high estimated heritability. Characters that have high an estimated genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) are the number of shoots (12.98%), number of leaves (11.69%), stem diameter (10.37%), panicle length (14.66%) and panicle weight (10.34%). The results of the correlation analysis showed that stem diameter and days of 50% flowering had a significant correlation and high positive direct effect with panicle weight.

Sorghum plant has the potential to be the forage of the future because of its endurance to drought. The production and its quality quite high with the ability to be harvested several for one planting. This research was aimed to evaluated the agronomy characteristic of sorghum Samurai 1, Samurai 2, Pahat and BMR Patir 37 as feed in the hard dough phase. The experiment was done by using a completeed randomized design (CRD) with 4 types of sorghum and 4 repeated factors. The size of the research field was 2 m x 2 m for each group and was made as many as 16 groups. The distance between each group was 1 m and planting distance for each plant in the group was 25 cm in line. Plants are harvested in the hard dough phase when the seeds cannot be squeezed with fingers. From this research, the results show that based on the agronomic characteristic the potential type for feed production is Samurai 1 which has the production characters such as plant height, stem length, leaf length, leaf width, stem weight, leaf weight, and fresh total biomass that are better than Samurai 2, Pahat, and Patir 37 types.

The tradition of eating and trading wild animals (bushmeat) is said to have existed for thousands of years ago and has remained to this day. Forest rats are one of the wild animals which in recent times have been hunted and used meat for consumption. The phenomenon of scarcity and decline in the population of forest rats in their habitat in the forest area of North Sulawesi is thought to have begun. The objective of this study was to investigate the hunting activities of white-tailed rat by the Minahasa tribe, North Sulawesi from September to October 2018. The method used snowball sampling for selecting rat hunters as respondents. A total of 60 hunters were interviewed in two villages. Data were obtained using structured questionnaires surveys. The result shows that local people generally do hunting for hobby (55%). They are generally farmers, with low levels of education and income. They primarily use guns (4 8.33%) for catching rats, while the other use dog (23.33%), trap (8.33%) and all three (20%). Hunting time of white-tailed rat done during day and night. There are other types of wild animals that are hunted such as bat, bird, wild pig, snake, and squirrel.

Serang is one regency in Banten Province which is located near to Jabodetabek, the largest metropolitan area in Indonesia. The economic growth at its periphery has a negative impact on the decreasing of rice field in the regency. Objectives of this research are: (1) to analyze decreasing of rice field in Serang Regency from 2006 to 2018 and to project land-use change in 2030, and (2) to identify spatial distribution pattern of rice field in Serang Regency. Land-use change was conducted by ArcGIS10.3 using Landsat images. Identification of spatial distribution pattern of rice field was conducted by Moran and LISA (Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation). Meanwhile, land-use change projection was conducted using CA-Markov. Results show that during 2006-2018 there has been an increase of built-up area (7,295 hectares) and decreasing of rice field from 60,949 hectares to 54,232 hectares. A larger decreasing rice field occurred at districts located at the eastern part of Serang Regency. The result of land-use change projection shows the increase of built-up area and rice field conversion in Serang Regency in 2030. Decreasing rice field in the long term may threaten food security at the local and regional level.

Lowland tropical forests have undergone intensive fragmentation, resulting in the creating of many forest remnants. The aim of the research was to reveal how much tropical lowland forest remnant in West Java is able to support bird communities. The research was conducted during rainy and dry season in Dramaga and Haurbentes Experiment Forest (each covered 60 ha), by employing a standard point count method, for 5 days in each land use, using a 1.2 km transects of 5 points each (300 m distance) in April to October 2016. Shannon-Wiener (H') and Jaccard's similarity indices (SI_J) were calculated. The variation of species composition for both seasons was also compared. Bird richness was 30 species for Dramaga (H' 2.72) and 39 species for Haurbentes (H' 2.91), both seasons combined. SI_J was 0.39 (both seasons combined). Season had a significant impact on bird diversity and composition, where rainy season supported more birds in Haurbentes, but the opposite in Dramaga. Forest remnants were able to support the bird community, mostly small-sized insectivores, frugivores, granivores, and nectarivores. Small remnants were not able to support raptors (e.g., kite), medium to large-sized frugivores (hornbills, pigeon), medium-sized woodpeckers, as well as species preferred thick bushes and shrubs (e.g. babbler, starlings, crows, magpies).

Plant species diversity is an important ecological characteristic, especially to observe the complexity of forest ecosystems. The research is carried out to elaborate on the species composition, species diversity and the forest structure, and to identify the presence of invasive alien species (IAS) in the sub-montane forests at the Pakenjeng region, the southern part of Garut, West Java. The vegetation survey method used was a stratified sampling technique with the transects and line plots as sampling units for inventorying the trees, forest regenerations, and ground cover. These data are further analyzed to obtain information on abundance, dominance, importance value index (IVI), species diversity and evenness. Based on the species composition, the forest formation was categorized as a primary sub-montane forest with high species diversity characterized by the presence of tree species such as Altingia excelsa, Lithocarpus sundaicus, Castanopsis spp. and Podocarpus spp. showing the curve of inversed-J for horizontal structure with A, B and C canopy layers. The species of Eupatorium inulifolium, Musa zebrina, Piper aduncum and Lantana camara are categorized as IAS.

Riparian is part of the river that contributes to ecosystem preservation. There are green spaces in riparian that have many functions. One of the greens spaces in riparian is pekarangan. The purpose of this paper is to show the result of analyse characteristics of pekarangan in the organic settlements and planned settlements along the Ciliwung River riparian. The study area consists of three riparian zones in two types of settlements, organic settlements and planned settlements, i.e. the upper part (Kelurahan Katulampa); the middle part (Kelurahan Babakan Pasar and Kelurahan Sempur); and the lower part (Kelurahan Kedunghalang). Characteristics of pekarangan were analysed through the approach of size and zoning of pekarangan; vertical and horizontal diversity of plants; plant biodiversity; and types of pekarangan utilization. The results showed that the orientation of organic settlements tends to turn away from the river, while planned settlements face the river. The organic settlements and planned settlements, both have small pekarangan (<120 m²). The pekarangan productivity average of the Shannon-Wiener index in organic settlements was 3.76, while planned settlements were 4.11. The result of the study of all sites are typology of pekarangan in organic settlement and planned settlement.

Gorontalo Regency has the largest paddy field area in Gorontalo Province. But until now paddy fields in Gorontalo Regency continue to experience conversion. Protection of paddy fields is very important so that the rice needs are still fulfilled so as to realize food sovereignty. The objective of this research is to compile the spatial model of paddy fields in Gorontalo Regency in 2015-2035. The method used is a Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Cellular Automata (CA), and uses thematic accuracy tests for model validation. The results of the validation of the spatial model of paddy fields in Gorontalo Regency have a good level of accuracy, so that the scenarios built can be accepted. Based on scenario 1, paddy fields in 2015-2035 experienced significant conversions despite the increase in paddy fields in other places. The policy intervention built on scenario 2 shows that conversion of paddy fields in 2015-2035 can be slightly suppressed, but the area of paddy fields is still decreasing. The policy intervention built on scenario 3 shows that most of the conversion of paddy fields in 2015-2035 can be reduced so that the area of paddy fields can increase.

Daluga (Cyrtosperma merkusii) found naturally growing at some sites inside Siau Island, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. This plant is an aroid, known as giant swamp taro, and its corm is edible. Very little information known about the plant and corm, and none for its starch. The tendency surfaced is that the plant has been abandoned despite of the corm potency may serve as food source. The same practices also happened around the islands on the same region: even the statistics shown that daluga is excluded from both food expenditure and food crops consideration (BPS 2013). For that reason, this research mainly focus on the study of daluga corm starch that has never been studied or reported before. The major findings are starch yield, chemical composition, and granules morphology studied from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. The data shows that daluga starch is unimodal with average size of 12.50 μm and crystalline type A. The average starch yield is 14.70%, and has medium to low amylose content that shall give good mouthfeel taste. These findings shall possibly support more research and utilization of daluga starch, improving people's knowledge about it, thus it will benefit researchers or islands communities in the future, as it is a natural resource of food found on these islands of Indonesia.

This research aimed to create a peak runoff mode based on existing land use (LU) and masterplan in Sentul City area. To determine the peak runoff by rational method, the study uses the formulation as follows: Q = 0.2778.C.I.A, in which Q is the peak runoff, C is the runoff coefficient of area, I is the average rain rate intensity, and A is the area of study. For recognizing the existing LU, the researcher used image analysis SPOT-6 (2017) by supervised classification. It estimated the gamma distribution parameter through the maximum likelihood method by using software QGIS 2.8, SAGA GIS, dan Arc-GIS 10.4.1. According to the analysis, the study result showed the existing LU peak runoff coefficient value and masterplan are 0.40 and 0.61, respectively, in which the difference is 0.21. The peak runoff increase is 25.32 m³/sec or 6,622,560 m³/year as the impact of land-use change.

Toraja is a popular tourist destination in the sacred highlands of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It has been widely known for its unique traditional culture. The combination of nature, agriculture, and culture is landscape beauty as area potential tourism. However, the management of tourism objects and attractions has not given much attention to the quality of the landscape aesthetic. This paper shows the results of scenic beauty assessment of culture-based landscape in the North Toraja Regency. Field survey and analysis using Scenic Beauty Estimation (SBE) were used as the method of this research. The results showed that the SBE score represented by 40 landscape pictures ranged from -42 to 234. The landscape that achieved the highest SBE score of 234 was Lolai To'tombi, while the landscape with the lowest SBE score of -42 was Limbong Agrotourism. The preferred landscape has a unique characteristic, in order, having a harmonious blend of hardscape elements and vegetation, and the presence of green open space or blue sky in the landscape. Managers of tourism objects need to consider the character of the landscape in developing tourism objects and attractions to improve the quality of landscape beauty.

Mount Rinjani National Park (MNRP) in Indonesia which is popular as one of ecotourism destination has facing problems including forest destruction which then becomes critical degraded lands, watersheds damaged, decreased river water, garbage due to lack of awareness. This study aimed to analyze the dynamic model to simplify and simulate the behavior of the ecotourism management system. The method used was powersim dynamic system software based on the scenarios compiling from controlled inputs: (1) the number of tourists, (2) the ticket price, (3) carrying capacity. The simulation of the first scenario for year 2015 to 2030 shows the total tourists in 2015 exceed the carrying capacity of 42,525 people per year. On the first-stage ticket of IDR 384,000, the number of tourists increased in 2018, reached 52,268 people and in 2030 reached 57,268 people. The second scenario applied a higher ticket price policy based on Willingness to Pay (WTP). The increasing ticket prices in stages up to IDR 650,000 for international tourists and IDR 45,000 for domestic tourists, and in 2030 the number of tourists will decline around 15,013 people.

The government has recently determined Lake Toba region to be developed as international tourism destination. However, quality of water of the lake has been deteriorated due to disposal of pollutants from various sources of which the caged fish aquaculture (KJA) is accused as the most important one. To improve the water quality condition the governor of North Sumatra has issued two decrees. One determines water quality of the lake as oligotrophic type and the other one determines the lake's maximum carrying capacity for the floating net cage industry (KJA) of 10,000 tons/year. These two regulations have put severe pressure those parties involved in polluting the lake, especially KJA industry whose current annual fish production of 60 thousand tons which is far above the limit, This study aims at mapping the conflicts arising in the development of ecotourism in Lake Toba and to formulate the resolution. The method used are the survey, in depth interview, and focus group discussion. The results of the study concluded that several conflicts arising in the Lake Toba area included: KJA actors with tourism actors; KJA actors with the Government; KJA community with KJA companies; local community with the Government; and between communities. There are several recommendations to address these conflicts, such as involving all stakeholders in the determination of the policy, revising the regulation of Governor of North Sumatra, strengthening the KJA owner group, and the development of eco-edu-tourism.

Warung Makan is one of business that contribute to producing food waste. Food waste is food scraps from consumer dishes that are not consumed. Dispose of food waste directly to landfills will increase the volume of waste and harm to the environment. Based on the concept of Food Recovery Hierarchy, food waste from leftovers can be used as animal feed, industrial use and composting. The aim of publication to show the result of the composition food stalls waste on campus. The research was conducted in Darmaga IPB Campus. The methodology of collecting data refers to SNI 19-3964-199. The aim of publication to show the result of the composition and the potential utilization of food stalls waste on campus and to analyze food waste utilization. The result showed that most food waste is rice which is a source of carbohydrates in animal feed, rice contains high organic C which plays a role in producing good quality fertilizers and high C (carbon) value from rice also plays an important role in biogas production. Alternative utilization of food waste that can be applied to food stalls depends on the availability and the composition and the implementation of the constraints of the food waste.

Location suitability selection for ecotourism development is determined by various variables. Differences in the characteristics and complexity of the region cause each variable to have a different influence. In the process of multi-criteria decision analysis, the influence of each variable can be identified through several weighting methods, such as ranking, rating, and pairwise comparisons. This paper aims to show the result of land suitability examining for ecotourism development using the different weighting methods and selecting the best method according to the complexity of the case. This research was conducted by using ten ecotourism suitability variables in the buffer zone of Mount Ceremai National Park in Kuningan District, West Java Province. Based on the results of the analysis, the differences of the ecotourism suitability map that had produced by the Ranking and Rating methods were not significantly different. However, the pairwise method produced different suitability maps than that of rating and ranking. Pairwise tends to classify a larger area as a suitable class. Therefore, the selection of weighting methods can be adjusted to the need and availability of existing resources.

The concern for environmental impacts is environmental degradation. One of the environmental problems is solid waste which has the potential to cause dangerous risks. Therefore, this study will analyze the risk of solid waste management factors at the university using the Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) method. Some information about risk factors from the solid waste management process was collected using literature studies and Ishikawa diagrams. The number of experts or experts used in this study was 5 people. The expected results of this study will be able to show the value of the Risk Priority Number (RPN) of the factors that are the target of the study. Furthermore, from this value, the level of risk can be known from each factor. Thus, risk evaluation (priority risk to be controlled) in the solid waste management process is focused on the highest risk category. The results of this study can be a guideline for evaluating solid waste management in universities in Indonesia and other developing countries. Various developments to improve the results of this study need to be carried out that will be useful for future actions.

Meliponiculture is stingless bee's beekeeping, developed in many countries, also Indonesia. Stingless bee produced honey with high value, wax, and propolis that used by humans, also to pollinate crops. West Halmahera, North Moluccas Province, Indonesia has potencies for the growth of meliponiculture, supported by natural resources that produced nectars and pollens to feed them, as well as resins for the nest and defenses. Land suitability has been considered in beekeeping. This research was conducted in West Halmahera. This paper aims to evaluate the land suitability for the growth of meliponiculture in West Halmahera. The method used was Multi-Criteria Decision Making. There are four (4) criteria used, which are: elevation, temperature, bee forage potency, and land use. These criteria were weighted by Analytical Hierarchy Process. The criteria's weights, as well as sub-criteria scores resulted, were used to delineate areas that are suitable for bee in a model by using Geographic Information System. The result of the analysis showed that West Halmahera has 99% potencies for the growth of meliponiculture in various levels of suitability. The highly suitable (S1) area for meliponiculture is 26.46%, suitable (S2) is 59.46% and marginally suitable (S3) is 13.18%.

WEAP is one of the hydrological software in evaluating and planning the water balance of a region. The WEAP approach method operates with the basic principle of water balance and allows the creation of scenarios based on existing conditions to investigate the impact of policies or alternative assumptions in the use and availability of water in the future. The purpose of this study is to develop water infrastructure in the Ciliman watershed - the second largest watershed in Banten Province and a part of the Ciliman-Cibungur River Region with the main river length of 112.83 km, crossing the Lebak and Pandeglang Regencies. The types of data used in this study are secondary data including : (1) hydrological data at the year 1998 - 2015, (2) water use data (3) maps of the Ciliman watershed. The results of the analysis show that the scenario of dam development with 4 alternatives can reduce the number of water supply failures until the year 2036. In August and September, the water needs of Tanjung Lesung SEZ water requirements were only met (5.03% and 53.76%) and South Banten Airport (3.67% and 54.21%). The water needs of the Ciliman Irrigation can not be fulfilled in July to September. It only fulfilled 35.91%, 2.43% and 33.54%.

One of the major problems in watershed management is to balance the ecological function and fulfillment of human needs in a limited area. Rapid land-use changes often occurred as a result of human activities. Regular monitoring of land-use change dynamics is needed to help the government in making a decision within the area. Cisadane watershed is one of 15 priority watersheds in West Java Province, which categorized as very critical. This study aims to: 1) analyze land use/land cover (LULC) change dynamics and patterns in Cisadane watershed from year 2003, 2009, 2013, and 2018, 2) develop LULC projection for year 2033 based on historical patterns using Markov chain algorithm, and 3) analyze LULC change pattern and projection towards the spatial planning. The study reveals that the most significant changes during the last 15 years is the increase in built-up areas (47%). On the other hand, forest and paddy field classes are experiencing a decrease of 7% and 31%, respectively. LULC projection under business as usual (BAU) condition resulted in the continuous increase of built-up areas up to 36% in the year 2033, which most of the changes come from the conversion of paddy field and dryland farming. LULC map of year 2018 and regency's spatial planning was overlaid to confront the consistency within both maps. The overlaid shows inconsistency between current LULC and land allocation in spatial planning. The inconsistency mostly occurred in the area allocated as plantation (86%). The built-up area has the largest allocated areas in Cisadane watershed, while it is only 51% of the areas that had been utilized as a built-up area. The result of this study indicates the need to strengthen land allocation policy within the watershed, in particular, to control the development of the built-up area.

Cidanau watershed area has an important role in fulfilling water needs, especially for industrial, settlements (population), and agricultural needs. However, along with the increasing development of the Cilegon area, the need for clean water also increased. In 1984, the water demand for the Cilegon region for industrial and settlements was only 0.36 m³/second. But, in 1989 it increased to 1102 m³/second and in 2000 it was 2.200 m³/second. One of the ways to optimize the utilization of limited water resources while the community's need for water is increasing was watershed management using linear programming (LP) method which supports optimal water distribution. Optimization discharge was carried out to determine water requirements. The optimal discharge for domestic needs was 16.50 liters/second to fulfill the water needs of the population of 47,519 people. The optimum discharge for the industrial sector was 27 liters/second with a total industry of 46 (small industries). When it was added with Krakatau Tirta Industri (KTI) discharge, the total industrial discharge became 1,527 liters/second. The optimum agricultural discharge with an area of 4,689.29 ha was 1,219 liters/second.

Banten Province received combine harvester (rice harvesting equipment) assistance since 2015 as many as 25 units. The purpose of this study is: 1) To find out the factors that influence the adoption of combine harvester (CH) in Banten Province, 2) Know the comparison of harvest cost efficiency with the use of CH and human labor. The sampling method used purposive sampling with 123 respondents. The analysis method uses a logistic regression function analysis. The results of this study are: 1) Factors that influence CH adoption are total land area, price of grain harvest, average human labor wage, and grain productivity. 2) The average cost of harvesting with human power is IDR 3,342,403 per ha, 177% higher than that of CH which is IDR 1,204,475 per ha. The number of harvest workers with CH averaged 5.4 work man day (WMD) while the manual method averaged 23.9 WMD (333.3% lower). Suggestions central and local governments need to provide training to improve the CH machine and the rules that prohibit CH from outside the province from participating in harvesting rice in Banten Province.

Environmental quality at the national level as measured by the Environmental Quality Index (IKLH) in the last ten years has fluctuated, even though the regional government and the central government pay great attention to addressing environmental issues related to the importance of achieving sustainable development, population pressure and limited natural resources. Thus the purpose of this study is to spatially examine environmental quality and government budget allocations in overcoming these problems and analyse the impact of fiscal policies on environmental quality. The results of the analysis show that only a portion of the provinces with good environmental quality are due to the fact that most of the province's water and land cover conditions (TL) are still relatively low. Based on the Klassen Typology analysis, the provinces that have the greatest role in the environmental quality problems of water and TL are all provinces in Java except DI Yogyakarta, Southeast Sulawesi, Bengkulu, Bali and East Kalimantan. While the results of the econometric model analysis of panel data show that fiscal policy has a significant effect on improving environmental quality, only inelastic. To increase the effectiveness of fiscal policies in handling environmental quality, the government budget allocation must be more focused on improving the quality of the water environment and TL in the province that most contribute to the problem.

The implementation of cleaner production in tofu SME has limited challenges such as financial factors, a commitment of the owner and waste generation instead. To elaborate cleaner production with waste management by means end of pipe treatment, this paper was described identifying the process of cleaner production options, dealing with tofu SME's owner and implementing significance options. The Goals of the paper were to choose the appropriate strategy for implementing cleaner production and to implement a wastewater reactor for organic parameters removal. Based on fuzzy AHP analysis, priority options were obtained, namely batch anaerobic reactor installation and workers training (0.336), both biogas installation and equipment maintenance (0.377) and continuous waste treatment plant and soybean machine's grinding installation (0.287). The effectiveness of the biogas reactor after installed reaches 90% respectively, with the length of detention time fulfilling the design criteria of 12.4 days.

The using of pesticides in shallot cultivation in the Brebes Regency is very intensive. It can have an impact on health and the environment. Several factors influence the behavior of shallots farmers in the use of pesticides. The purpose of this research was to identify the dominant factors that influence the behavior of shallots farmers in the use of pesticides. Interviews were conducted on 228 shallots farmers in Brebes, Central Java, Indonesia. Information collected includes the behavior of farmers in the use of pesticides, the characteristics of farmers, agricultural facilities, and farmers' knowledge of pesticides. Data analysis used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) techniques. Based on the results of the analysis, that the behavior of farmers in the use of pesticides was influenced by the characteristic factors of 8%, agricultural facilities 26% and knowledge by 36%. The variables that have the most influence on the characteristic factors were the length of farming, the factor of the facility was the supply of seeds, and the factor of knowledge was information between groups. The dominant factor that most influences the behavior of farmers in the use of pesticides was the knowledge factor with the most dominant variable was the information between groups. Based on our study, it was revealed that effective counseling about the wise use of pesticides could be done through empowering farmer groups.

The sustainability of the agricultural sector in Indonesia, especially the food crop subsector is currently faced with serious threats. It is necessary to develop indicators that can be used to measure the sustainability of the rice farming system in Indonesia so that it can be used as a reference for formulating agricultural development strategies to maintain its sustainability. This research focuses on developing indicators to measure the level of sustainability of rice agriculture at the provincial level in Indonesia. From the results of the literature review and focus group discussion (FGD), a list of indicator nominations was obtained which were then analyzed by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on the results of the PCA, four principal components consisting of sixteen indicators with a total variance value explained at 73.84% can be used as a reference to assess the sustainability of rice farming at the provincial level, namely: farmer exchange rate, rice productivity, ratio of irrigated land, cropping index, crop failure because of drought, population growth rate, access to financing services, chemical fertilizers, ratio of young farmers, village road access, agricultural extension program, local resource utilization, field extension staff, location-specific technology, extension institutions and farmer groups grade qualification. The list of indicators can be used as a reference for evaluating the sustainability of rice agriculture at the provincial levels in Indonesia.

Some important government programs, such as Sustainable Agriculture Food Protection, in its implementation need to be supported by tenure status of paddy field map. High resolution satellite imagery is data source that can be used for mapping of that data. The rice is a staple food for Indonesian people, however the conversion of paddy field into built-up area increase due to population growth and economic activity. This study aims to map the tenure status of paddy field and rice farming. Mapping of the tenure status is based on paddy fields parcel resulting from visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite imagery and field verification. The tenure status of paddy fields were obtained from fieldwork with the census method on each parcel. Analysis of rice farming was assessed based on the area and tenure status of paddy fields. The results showed that the mapping accuracy of the parcel number was 96.72%. The spatial pattern of parcel based on owner and sharecropping categories show all have cluster patterns (NNI <1). Rice farming of paddy managed by owner or sharecropping are both still feasible (R/C ratio> 1) and the highest profit is >2 hectare, but those managed by owner is more profitable (R² = 0.71).

Change of land use and land cover caused by population growth and accessibility to transportation will decrease land availability for different purposes as well as land quality. Statistical data in DKI Jakarta Province shows that population growth in 2016 is 1.07%, this population growth is less than population growth during 2000 – 2010. This population growth decrease is affected by the community, which now choose to live in surrounding areas such as Bogor, Depok Tangerang, and Bekasi. This buffer area of Jakarta is developed to become a settlement and commercial area. The objective of this study is to analyze changes in land use and land cover in the area passed by Light Rapid Transit (LRT) Jabodebek in the corridor of Cawang – Bogor and to evaluate the impact of such change in environment. The study was conducted in the area passed by LRT Jabodebek corridor Cawang - Bogor. This study uses SPOT imagery of 2014 and 2018. Land use and land cover change resulting from classification were modelized using CA-Markov. The results of the study showed that open land decrease by 0.84%. The Settlement area and commercial area increase by 0.35% and 0.48%. Changed in land use and land cover was detected mostly caused by the development of the business regions. New commercial areas resulting from this process should be integrated into local transportation for increasing environmental efficiency.

During 2016-2019, Yayasan Bumi Manira-Studio Driyamedia Bandung (the institutions where authors work) involved in cooperation with the dairy coops KPSBU (Koperasi Peternak Sapi Bandung Utara) in Lembang-West Java and KPBS (Koperasi Peternak Bandung Selatan) in Pangalengan-West Java to develop their animal health and extension staff capacities in communication and extension. The staff consist of: para-medics, animal health, extension officers and veterinarians involved in trainings in technical subjects, communication and extension methods to advice farmers in better way. The analysis of this article aims to evaluate and review the communication pattern of those staffs. The capacity building methodology developed is Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) method as trainings of coop staff using "action-reflection-action" learning system. The result of evaluation and review showed that the progress of the project indicate of positive situation because they have potential to be came good officer and very enthusiastic. Most problems of communication and extension in KPBS and KPSBU are similar: using too much one-way communication, less implementation of adult education, and less usage of various learning media. Therefor they need more participatory atmosphere, more adult learning policy, and more flexible management system. The board also can push synergize among sections

World Summit and Sustainable Development (WSSD) agreed to link international trade with the environment from two aspects to realize sustainable development, namely, mutual support between trade, environment and development; and mutually beneficial between the multilateral trading system and multilateral environmental agreements. In the ASEAN-China Free Trade Agreement (ACFTA) that has been running since 2010, research was mostly focused on trade aspect. This study aims to evaluate CO₂ emission from the marine transportation of trade, before and during ACFTA. The data was taken from the UNCTADSTAT, WITS, CEPII. By using the IATA standard of CO₂ emissions i.e. 985.97g/ton-km from air transport, and 9.53g/ton-km of sea transport, the results showed that there was an increase 1.6 time in CO₂ emissions from ASEAN-China trade transportation from period 2001-2009 (before ACFTA 2009) to period 2010-2018 during ACFTA.

The post-volcanic eruption can be one of main factors in climate variability. The last incident of Kelud eruption had been occurred at 22:50 WIB, 13 February 2014. This paper aims to analyze the climatology of skin surface temperature (SKT), total column water vapor (TCWV), and mixing ratio at 500 mb before eruption from ERA-Interim and the processes before and after eruptions from Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model simulation. Global Forecast System (GFS) data was used for WRF as initial condition and boundary condition, while ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset was used as a comparison. Bias correction was used to adjust WRF output with ERA-Interim on SKT and TCWV. SKT interval between day and night ranges from 21-23°C (WRF) and 12°C (ERA-Interim). There are 56 SKT WRF and 5 SKT ERA-Interim anomalous day before eruption. TCWV anomalies from WRF have consistent variation with ERA-Interim and there are 2 TCWV anomalies exceed 2 standard deviation. There were no TCWV anomalies detected on ERA-Interim, but were detected on WRF 2 days before and 3 days after eruption above 2 standard deviations. Mixing ratio shows a downward trend before and after the eruption.

Sweet potato starch as the base material for the biodegradable film has a hydrophilic nature that makes the mechanical properties produced less good. To overcome this weakness, modifications were made to starch with a double method of hydroxypropylation and crosslinking. This research was conducted in two stages, namely: modification and characterization of crosslinking–hydroxypropylation and then the making and characterization of biodegradable films. Biodegradable film modified sweet potato starch has a lower water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) than native sweet potato starch films. The tensile strength and percent elongation values of the entire modified starch films have higher values than natural sweet potato starch films. Transparency value has decreased, which indicates that the film is in good clarity. The solubility value is obtained lower because the high solubility value of the film indicates a decrease in the quality of the film to be used as a food packaging material because the film easily dissolves in water and increases the possibility of damage to packaged products, especially for products that are easily affected by moisture content.

Royal palm (Roystonea regia) is an ornamental plant species which are copiously planted in many landscapes in the urban area. At the end of their life cycle, the palm fall naturally and it becomes waste. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomical characteristics of both macroscopic and microscopic features to explore some potential uses. This study found that the length average of the leaf sheath of royal palm was 161.60 cm with the width of 53.47 cm, and the thickness was about 3.54 mm which was decreasing from the center or core to the edge. The percentage of vascular bundle was increasing from edge to core at the width-radial direction and was followed by the increasing of diameter of vascular bundle toward core of the leaf sheath. The type of vascular bundle was type I with the majority component of the vascular bundle at the positon in the center part in the leaf sheath cell structure. Based on its properties the leaf sheath has the potential to be used as the particle component for composite boards.

East Java BPBD data recorded 18 marine accidents in 2018, which increased by 1 event compared to the previous year. It is interesting to study the waters around East Java which are divided into 9 regions. The wind is a major factor in the high wave generation, but the contribution of weather phenomena triggered by the marine environment is important to identify. Phenomenon such as Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) has a cycle through the Indonesia territory, becomes a factor that should be suspected. MJO identification uses the Real-Time Multivariate MJO (RMM)-1 and RMM-2 index, which can be combined with the wind speed data using data mining classification techniques to get the thresholds value of wave height data obtained from the analysis of Windwave-05 model. The classification is helped by WEKA's machine learning algorithm, by determining 4 selected classification algorithms including Naïve Bayes, J48, JRip, and Multi-Class Classifier. The data validation using the K-fold cross-validation method with a number of folds is 10 units. The accuracy value of the best algorithm obtained in each waters region ranges from 63.02% to 84.50%. The overall accuracy value increases by 0.24% to 4.41% compared to only using wind factors, except for the Waters of Bawean Island and Masalembu Islands.

Forest clove (Syzygiumaromaticum (L.) Merr& Perry) is a tree-shaped species that has been widely cultivated by farmers in its distribution area in Maluku. It grows relatively fast with large morphological sizes, giving it the potential of being a carbon sink plant. So far, information on the potential of biomass, carbon deposits, and carbon uptake of forest cloves is still limited. This study was aimed to determine the biomass potential, carbon deposits, and carbon uptake of forest cloves. It was carried out in the distribution area of Leihitu Subdistrict, Central Maluku Regency, from January to February 2019. The method used was a non- destructive one with a plot size of 20 x 20 m, chosen through purposive sampling and referring to carbon measurement standards, namely SNI: 7724 - 2011. Measurements were made on individual forest cloves and clove cropping systems. As a comparison, other land-use systems were used in the form of nutmeg gardens and mixed gardens. The study revealed a relationship pattern between the age of individual forest clove with biomass, carbon storage, and carbon uptake which were mathematically described as follows:y_(biomass) = 0.7707_(age)² - 2.3947_(age); y (carbon storage)= 0.3622_(age)² - 1.1255_(age); y_{(carbon uptake)} = 1.3294_(age)² - 4.1306_(age). The results showed that biomass in the 15-year-old forest clove cropping system averaged 73.67 tons ha⁻¹ with carbon deposits of 34.63 tons ha⁻¹, and carbon absorption of 127.08 tons ha⁻¹. Those results were slightly higher than those in the nutmeg cropping system, but lower compared to those of the mixed garden systems. The 15-year-old nutmeg cropping system had an average biomass of 44.30 tons ha⁻¹ with carbon deposits of 20.82 tons ha⁻¹, and carbon absorption of 76.41 tons ha⁻¹. Meanwhile, the 15-year-old mixed garden system had a biomass of 259.59 tons ha⁻¹, with carbon deposits of 122.01 tons ha⁻¹, and carbon absorption of 447.77 tons ha⁻¹.

Rawa lebak lebung is a part of inland waters in South Sumatera which mostly used as the auction object, by granting a monopoly on fishing to Pengemin (auction winners). As an open-access resource, allowing a monopoly is considered to prevent conflicts of resource struggle and overuse. But in practice, the auction is precisely the cause of overexploitation, and the local community loses access to fishing. This study is intended to describe the suitability of Culture-Based Fisheries (CBF) implementation in the rawa lebak lebung in Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI) Regency based on practices under the auction regime, water quality, and aquatic biota communities. Increasing fish stocks and community involvement with CBF possible to develop with some adapted. This concept is carried out by spreading fish seeds to grow and harvest following fishing seasons, where local communities play an essential role. The analysis shows that the stock enhancement can be carried out in a limited way of the seed stocked. Poor swamp water quality requires the process of adaptation of seeds to be stocked. Community involvement is carried out by managing hatcheries, whose production is purchased by pengemin as an obligation to restore the environment.

The waste of synthetic dyes from the textile industry causes environmental problems, and it is categorized as hazardous wastes. In contrast, the use of natural dyes is reported to produce fewer pollutants. However, the use of mordant for improving the quality of the dyeing process may release hazardous pollutants because mordant that is commonly used contains heavy metals. In order to claim that the use of natural dyes promotes the sustainable textile industry, it is challenging to find alternative sources of mordant-like materials that are environmental-friendly. It has been reported that tannins could replace mordant for dyeing process using natural dyes. This paper discussed the sustainability of the use of natural dyes in the textile industry based on economic, environmental and social aspects.

A study on Javan rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) in Ujung Kulon National Park, Banten was done to monitor the levels of stress in their natural habitat. The study found that glucocorticoid hormone metabolite 3α,11β-dihydroxy-CM from feces was suitable for indicating the levels of stress in Javan rhino. The assessment was done to study stress variations among the three rhinoceros that had different levels of feed intake, as well as to study variations of stress levels in dry and rainy seasons. The result from this study showed that there were fluctuations of 3α,11β-dihydroxy-CM levels in two of the three rhinoceros. These fluctuations reflect the levels of stress associated with energy intake deficit (energy intake per body weight) and water deficit. This research shows that the deficit in energy intake per body weight, and water limitation are among the biggest sources of stress for rhino population. Stress originating from deficit of nutrients from food plan can be overcome by enriching the habitat of the Javan rhinoceros with high nutrient food plants such as stink vine (Paederiascandens), blackboard tree (Alstoniascholaris), and wild ginger (Costusspeciosus). Stress originating from water deficit can be mitigated by opening tracks and ensuring access to permanent year-round water sources.

The Ngoro sub-district has an extensive and productive agricultural land. The rice production of the studied area formerly was 6.02 ton MDG/ha, but recently only 0.70 ton MDG/ha. The study aims to characterize the soil and regional aspects of the studied area. The study was conducted in three villages: Sedati, Kembangsri and Candiharjo. There were three sample points determined based on differences in depth used for physical and chemical analysis of soil. Based on the laboratory analysis, the soils were considered as fertile and there were no problems in terms of physics or soil chemistry. Problems that can be identified were regional aspects. Based on the analysis of the alignment of land use with the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) shows that 39.8% were aligned, 59.4% transitions, and 0.8% were out of alignment. Although inconsistency was very small, what needs to be considered is the transition. Transition is land whose use is still possible to be adjusted to the RTRW. The area of transitional land can be indicated as an opportunity for changes in current land use due to adjusting to the RTRW. The agricultural sector is the widest sector that has the opportunity to convert into industry and settlements. High land values due to adequate infrastructure also trigger changes in land use.

The balance between economic, social, and environmental aspects should be fulfilled in the planning of sustainable regional development. The main engine of regional economic development is the leading sector, which is characterized by strong linkage between forward and backward sectors. This research is intended to analyze leading sectors in West Kotawaringin Regency, Central Kalimantan Province. The data used is the 2012 IO (Input-output) table, analysed using the Input-Output analysis method. Result of the research indicates that the leading sectors of West Kotawaringin Regency are agriculture; transportation and communication; trade, hotel and restaurant; and processing industry. As for the 48 sector groups, for the agricultural sector are rubber, wood, and oil palm; transportation and communication sector are river, lake and harbor transportation, sea transportation, and air transportation; trade, hotel, and restaurant sector is hotels and restaurants followed by trade. The manufacturing sector is the processing and preservation, the building wood and the sawmill industry.

The population in Semarang City has been more and more increased while the demand for land for built-up area has also steadily increased. These conditions have increased the surface temperature which triggered the phenomenon of Urban Heat Island (UHI). This study aims to determine the impact of land use changes to the UHI phenomenon in the Semarang City. The data used in this study included remote-sensing satellite images of Landsat TM5 in 2008 and Landsat8 OLI in 2018. The methods used were Top of Atmosphere (ToA) correction, spatial analysis, and Land Surface Temperature (LST). The results showed that in the period of 2008-2018, there was an increased built-up area by 13% while the use of forest and plantations area was decreased by 7%. In the period of 2008-2018, the surface temperature rised from 18-33⁰C to 22-40⁰C. The land use that has a highest surface temperature was on built-up area, reaching as much as 26-30⁰C in 2008 and 30-34⁰C in 2018 while the lowest was on water bodies as much as 22-26⁰C in 2008 and 24-26⁰C in 2018. The changes of land use into built-up area have led to increase surface temperatures which have caused the UHI phenomenon in Semarang City.

Cirebon Regency, which is one of rice production centers in West Java Province, has experienced the conversion of paddy fields to non-agricultural land. The conversion caused the decline in rice production, which automatically reduces its contribution to West Java Province. The objective of this research is to build a paddy food sufficiency model as a direction to develop food sufficiency in Cirebon Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Secondary data used were sourced from various reports and documents of relevant time series from several authorities, while primary data were obtained from research in the area. The model uses a dynamic system approach. The results of the study showed that in 2031, area of paddy fields which should be protected increased, the number of farmers decreases, food sufficiency decreases, the area of paddy fields decreases, and farmers' income increases. The application of moderate or optimistic scenarios can reduce the area of paddy fields which should be protected, increasing food sufficiency as well as farmer's income. The spatial analysis results in land which is suitable and available which can be defined to become sustainable food agriculture land through a review process of the official spatial land-use plan.

Stakeholder analysis is a necessary step to design sustainable mangrove management. Such analysis was conducted to identify related stakeholders that involve in the initiative. The purpose of this study was to identify and map the stakeholders in sustainable mangrove management and describe their role and main duty. The research was conducted in Kwandang sub-district of North Gorontalo District. In this study, we found 13 stakeholders consist of 6 key players, 2 subject and 4 context setter. Stakeholder's analysis is an effective approach to identify and map interest and power of each actor prior to designing a mangrove management program. The status of each actor can be used as an input for developing and designing the management system that can fulfill interests and needs of each actor. It will also ensure that the design can be actually implemented in the ground.

Multi-criteria analysis is the process of decision making, based on the exploration of many analysis. The use of multi-criteria analysis allows for fair decisions to be made. In this research, the multi-criteria analysis combines quantitative and qualitative data that can be used to determine primary commodities in a region. Besides, the commodities analyzed are only food crops and horticulture. The research aims to analyze primary commodities of village, land suitability and make a recommendation of primary commodities development in the Jasinga District. The methods used multi-criteria analysis with five parameters. They are Location Quotient (LQ) and Differential Shift (DS), land suitability, land rent, commodity economic analysis, and analytical hierarchy process. Furthermore, the results of the analysis are obtained through weighted index scoring methods, and then analyzed availability land and recommendation of primary commodities development. There are five primary commodities in every village at the Jasinga District likes chili, corn, rice, cucumber, and sweet potato. Existing land for primary commodities development is 10 634.3 ha. The direction of primary commodities development included existing, and new areas are 6 036.4 ha, especially for paddy field is 62.5 ha in Kalongsawah village.

Banten Province has a harvested area of paddy fields on the 2017 year of 415,687 ha and production of 2,369,731 tons of milled dry grain (MDG). The objectives of this study are: 1) Knowing the condition of wetland rice farming in Banten Province, 2) Knowing the factors that influence the production of wetland rice in Banten Province, 3) Knowing the efficiency of the use of production inputs. The sampling method used purposive sampling with 123 respondents. The analytical method used multiple linear of Cobb Douglas production functions and descriptive analysis. The results of the study are: 1) Rice paddy farming in Rainy Season (RS) 2017/2018 has a B/C ratio of 1.7. The productivity of paddy rice is 5.91 tons harvested dry grain (HDG)/ha. 2) Significant factors affecting the production of paddy rice in RS 2017/2018 are The amount of use of solid organic fertilizer, The amount of solid herbicide use, The amount of use of human labor rent, and the arable land area, 3). The cumulative elasticity is 0.97, is inelastic, meaning that the addition of 1% of the production factor will increase production by 0.97% or decreasing return to scale. So rice farming is relatively inefficient.

Management of production forest in Production Forest Management Unit Dharmasraya (PFMU), West Sumatra Province is very complicated. That is due to the many stakeholders involved in forest management and different interests. The research location was conducted in PFMU Dharmasraya and used a qualitative research approach. Data collection was carried out from January to April 2018 using key informant interview techniques. Data analysis used interactive models through three activity lines, namely: 1) data reduction, 2) data display, and 3) conclusion/verification. This study aims to see the interaction between stakeholders and the impact of competition of stakeholders on forest conditions in PFMU Dharmasraya. Results of research identified at least four stakeholders are directly involved in forest management in PFMU Dharmasraya. PFMU Dharmasraya as representatives of Government, Local community (Adat Community), the industrial timber plantation company (HTI), and forest encroachers who bought the forest from Local community/customary authorities. There are three types of interaction in the management of PFMU Dharmasraya, including cooperation, neutral, and competition. The result of the stakeholder competition occurred in the conflicts of forest ownership. Forest ownership conflict triggers each of the stakeholders to cut and claim the forest. As a result, deforestation occurred very fast in the last 15 years in PFMU Dharmasraya

Jambi Province has an extraordinary treasure of Genetic Resources. This fact is supported by geographic conditions and supported by four national parks. Jambi Province has supported the use and protection of genetic resources, one of its efforts is to establish a Regional Commission on Genetic Resources. As a chief executive of the daily implementation of this commission, Research and Regional Development Board (Balitbangda) through its duty conducting study and research activities because if not managed well so the availability of genetic resources be threatened. This study aims to determine the role of Balitbangda of Jambi Province to preserve the genetic resources in Jambi Province. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. This research was carried out at Balitbangda Jambi as a chief executive of the daily implementation of The Regional Commission in Jambi Province. The sampling technique using purposive random sampling and types of data used are primary and secondary data collected by in-depth interviews and document searches. The results showed that the role of Balitbangda in Jambi Province in its efforts to preserve genetic resources were conducting research and development activities, active in the Regional Commission of Genetic Resources, cooperated with competent institutions, conducted seminars on the results of studies, socialized to teachers/education staff in the district/city about the genetic resources, and supported the acceleration of registration of geographical indications of Pineapple Tangkit Baru. The roles were still not optimal because there are still obstacles in the implementation.

This Research is focusing to design technical and financial viability of Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) from a study case of existing building in Jakarta, first by reduce Building's energy consumption and employing renewable energy sources. The results showed that energy savings from implementing green building concept could reduce electricity usage by 18%and Return on Investment (ROI) 3.86 years, the utilization of the working scheme of the condenser pump to be used as a micro hydro power plant will generate Electric Power of 733.83 kW and have the potential to replace electricity supply from Grid/PLN by 26% and ROI 3.5 years, the installation of Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) has Potential to generated electricity 802,344 MWh/Year or 3% to replace electricity supply from Grid/PLN and ROI 137 Years. In general, the NZEB potential is 47% to replace electricity supply from Grid/PLN.

In the process of geothermal power plants, it is necessary to drill wells to take hot steam from inside the earth to rotate the power plant turbines. In its operation, these steam wells need to be maintained through workover activities. From drilling and workover activities resulting in drill cutting which becomes a problem because it cannot be disposed into the environment. In one drilling campaign program, 200-300 tons of drill cutting were produced which could not be disposed into the environment. For this reason, the best way to manage drill cutting waste is to use it for its own needs, so that the volume of waste is reduced. Based on the results of the study, the appropriate use of drill cutting is to use it as raw material for making bricks and concrete roads, because the processing is low cost, absorbs quite a lot of local manpower and the results can be used for internal purposes such as buildings, roads, drainage, and other infrastructure projects, so that economic, social and environmental benefits can be obtained at the same time. The drill cutting processing method is very simple starting with the drying process by drying it to reduce the water content, then drill cutting that has been dried mixed with cement in a certain formula, then printed into bricks and concrete roads which are then dried for the hardening process. Based on the use of drill cutting in the Gunung Salak geothermal power plant, this drill cutting utilization method has succeeded in reducing drill cutting to 100% so that it is not a problem for the environment. During the running time monitoring is done by monitoring wells, especially along concrete roads and the results show good parameters. From the results of the strength test, the brick and concrete roads produced from drill cutting have a strength that meets Indonesia National Standards (SNI).

Every year, electricity demand is always increasing, especially in Indonesia where the deficiency of electrical power plants still becomes an issue. Currently, it is necessary to find other alternative sources of renewable fuels that can be used as power plants. One of the solutions is through the development of Micro Hydro Power Plant. Furthermore, social feasibility related to the ability and willingness of the local community is important to be carried out to develop and manage the micro-hydroelectricity sustainably. This study used quantitative data collection techniques through surveys by questionnaires in Paweden Village, Banjarnegara, Central Java. Community capacity analysis is carried out through 3 indicators, such as human capital, organizational resources, and social capital. Spatial analysis is also conducted to find out the affordability of Micro Hydro Power Plant access to the local community. The results showed that the Micro Hydro Power Plant is sufficient to cover 95.87% of the entire Paweden Village area. Related to the electricity needs in Paweden Village, the electricity supply is still insufficient based on the local community opinion. Based on the survey, although the quality of human resources is still limited, the willingness of the community to participate in the development and management of the Micro Hydro Power Plant is considerably high.

Climate is a resource for growth and crop yield of rubber and many other crops. Climatic elements are needed to be recorded and interpreted and used for agronomic management. In this paper, the use of climatic data for the agronomic management of rubber plantation is presented. El Nino and La Nina has been known and could be anticipated 3 months earlier so that dealing with drought and wet condition can be anticipated in the rubber plantation. Climatic elements would be easier to be recorded by the automatic weather station. The observed climatic data could be used for calculation of water requirement for irrigation in the nursery, disease prevention, tapping management, planting time and potency of growth by using crop models.

Sintang Regency is one of the 12 regencies and two cities in West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The total area of this regency is approximately 2.2 million hectares (ha) with 59% of the area designated as state forest area which provides high biodiversity and environmental services for adjoining communities. Through multi-stakeholder scenario planning, the government of Sintang Regency committed to protect and preserve forest resources for long-term landscape planning and sustainable utilization. Scenario planning yielded two possible outcomes in 2030 called "green" and "business as usual" (BAU) scenarios. Under the green scenario, future development without deforestation and land permits complied with spatial planning while under the BAU scenario, future conditions will be the result of past conditions without interventions. This study aimed to analyze land-use change in the regency over the past ten years. By applying the Terrset Land Change Modeller (LCM) algorithm, this study predicted the land use and carbon stock change of both scenarios in 2030. Three steps to apply the LCM are by analyzing the changes based on past history, modeling the transition potential and predicting the changes. Time series data of land cover data from 2006 to 2016 were used for this analysis. The results indicated that a green scenario prevents to stop deforestation about 117,136 ha (more than 5%) compared to the BAU scenario. Furthermore, the green scenario prevents the emission of 5 million tons of carbon (tC) for the regency indicating that the multi-stakeholder scenario planning process can be an effective strategy to preserve land and forest resources and promote sustainable development planning. The green scenario requires to prevent deforestation and limit the expansion of plantation areas, which are only allowed inside the current cultivation license and permit areas.

The commitment to implementing environmental management is a key to reach the sustainable environmental in a development country specially in Indonesia. AMDAL (Indonesian term for Environmental Impact Assessment, EIA) as a regulation and Environmental Impact Assessment in Equator Principles (EP) as global initiative is a baseline in mapping the social, economic and environment figure at pre-construction, construction and operation phase. Social factors are the main thing to be secured which should be controlled based on existing guidelines, because it is relatively risky become a fatality. The paper aims to analyse the descriptive and comparative how are AMDAL and EP handling the environmental within the framework of partnership to achieve the ultimate goals that arise due to environmental factors, especially in monitoring and evaluation on development activities. The researcher finds there were gap in public consultation process between AMDAL and EP implementation. The results are expected to highlight the importance of adopting a comprehensive framework for a decision that places a detailed analysis of related the monitoring and evaluation within the broader legal and initiative context. Finally, it is expected that the condition of environmental sustainability reflected in Indonesia, based on at least both AMDAL and EP.

Ministry of Agriculture launched Chili and shallot as one of the strategic commodities. Chili and shallot are planted in various cropping patterns. The aim was to identify various cropping patterns of chili and shallot in eight production centers, namely Cirebon, Bandung, Demak, Temanggung, Bangli, Solok, East Lombok, and Enrekang. The study was a descriptive observation, conducted from April to August 2018, Data collection was carried out through interviewing farmers and survey. The results showed that the cropping patterns applied to eight production centers can be grouped into 1) monoculture: chilli or shallot, 2) polyculture such as intercropping, multiple cropping, relay cropping, and sequential planting between chilli or shallot with other plants.

This study aims to find out how the development of household sanitation in Indonesia from 2010 to 2018. This study uses a descriptive analysis method using secondary data in the form of 2010 and 2018 SUSENAS compiled by BPS Indonesia and processed using Stata 2014 software. The development of household sanitation is proxied by the development of defecation facilities in households in Indonesia in 2010-2018. The result of the study is that the development of sanitation in Indonesia in the period of 2010-2018 is improving. This study concludes that the development of household sanitation in Indonesia from 2010 to 2018 is improving. This study recommends that the government strengthen its efforts in improving sanitation in Indonesia because in 2018 there are still 6,985,572 households that do not have defecation facilities so that they do open defecation which has a bad impact on environmental health.

Experiments were performed to determine the effect of allelochemicals released by weed clipping on the growth of vanilla cuttings. The objective of these experiments was to find out safe plant material for mulching vanilla plantation. The first experiment was conducted in the wet season, where two nodes cuttings were transplanted into 5 groups of pots containing topsoil and mulched with grass (G), fern (F), taro (T), dry leaf (DL) and without mulch as control cuttings (C). The second experiment was under dry season but using a similar procedure like that in the first experiment except dry leaf was replaced with coconut husk (CH). These two experiments were using 8 replicates and grown in a shaded greenhouse. Phenolic compounds in weed clippings were examined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. This study found that fern and taro clipping decreased soil pH, delayed emergence of new root and bud burst in vanilla cutting. By contrast, grass clipping, dry leaf and coconut husk did not decrease soil pH and did not delay root emergence and bud burst. The growth rate of the new stem in grass added plant was 1.4 folds relative control but only 0.4 fold in taro added plants. It is concluded that vanilla plant resistant to phenolic compound released by grass clipping, but susceptible to phenolic compound released by taro clipping.

The growth of the poultry industry has a significant impact on the environment especially in the slaughtering stage that will create a high quantity of wastewater. This wastewater has high organic content that requires efficient and low-cost treatment technology alternatives, such as by Constructed Wetlands system. The purpose of this research was to determine the ability of plants to reduce the content of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and the ammonia content of chicken slaughterhouse wastewater. The wetland pond dimension was 6x20x0.8m (WxLxH) and filled with coarse sand and then planted with cattail grass (Typha latifolia), umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius) and vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides L. Nash). The results showed that the plants in the wetland had a good performance in treating chicken slaughterhouse wastewater. The efficiency of decreasing the total COD can reach up to 85%, while the highest ammonium removal efficiency was 80%. Meanwhile, the most efficient plant for reducing COD was shown by umbrella plant (Cyperus alternifolius).

Environmental problems are a concern of the world today, considering the exploitation of energy sources from natural resources such as coal and oil causing damage to the environment, humans and ecosystems. Sustainable development programs are strategies to meet current human needs without reducing future needs. Reducing energy consumption is one that can be done in various ways to meet sustainable development programs. 50% of energy consumption is dominated by the building sector, while 50% of building energy consumption is charged by air conditioning. Conservation and energy efficiency of the building load is carried out to achieve the target of potential energy savings of 10-30%. This study aims to analyze the air conditioning loads and conservation and efficiency strategies in the building of Information and Settlement Information Center in Makassar with a target of 10-30% energy savings. This method uses thermal balance analysis by calculating heat energy from external, internal and human heat that will be charged by AC (Air Conditioner). The Conservation Strategy by planning microclimate control with vegetation and the use of materials in building envelopes that can reduce heat and efficiency strategies on thermal comfort by raising the maximum temperature from the comfort standard can save energy from 17-19% energy. the burden on the building sector to reduce the total overall energy consumption of 8-9%.

Ammonia is a raw material of fertilizer, refrigerant, and other commercial cleaning products which commonly stored in a large capacity. The higher storage capacity, the higher risk possibly occurs impacted to the population and environment. The study aims to provide a modeling of ammonia release scenarios, escape from the storage facility, Urea Fertilizer Industry X, located in Indonesia. This model is utilizing Area Location Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA) software to forecast the threat zone of ammonia release scenario and QGIS to overlay and spatial analysis. The result shows that the incident causes a significant impact on the area of 41.7 km² and potentially threatens a massive scale of the inhabitant with higher evacuation factor (Ef), lower affected population (Ap). The risk determined by estimated probability and consequence considered as high risk, therefore, besides the main aim of establishing an emergency response plan, this study could also be used as a reference in risk evaluation of chemical release.

Ammonia gas exposure to the environment that mainly caused by certain factors has the potential to bring negative impacts, particularly to workers and the community in terms of health issues. This study aims to analyse the factors that cause ammonia gas release and its negative effects on the workers and the community that lives near the factory. This study will use Hazard Identification Methods i.e Likelihood and severity scale to strengthened that findings in field observation, key informant interviews, and questionnaire. Based on the study, it was found that certain conditions that often caused ammonia gas release are located in ammonia storage tanks, cooling water reservoirs, and pumps and valves with an incidence rate of at least once per day. Meanwhile, certain conditions such as clogging, negligence, maintenance, and start-ups are scarce where the incidence rate is once in a year or even more. The impacts of ammonia occur in humans through inhalation and directly cause irritation, and respiratory problems that differ in each depends on the exposure duration and concentration level.

Corrosion is one of the most common problems in water distribution systems. The purpose of this research is to investigate the corrosion rate of carbon steel in synthetic freshwater. The influence of a variety of time exposure that represents the actual conditions in practice was performed. Research conducted by weight loss methods using immersion test. The parameters of water quality were measured by using a multimeter portable (Hach HQ40d). From the experiments obtained that the corrosion rate of carbon steel in freshwater ranged between 0.41 - 0.76 mpy. The results of this study are expected as a first step, as input for prevention, to prevent leakage flow and pipe due to corrosion by the life that has been designed.

White rice as the major staple food for Indonesian people has the opportunity to be contaminated with chemical hazards. Research in the USA shows that arsenic is contained in rice. The arsenic emissions of 75% are estimated to originate from human activities, most of which are mining, fertilizers and pesticides. This study aims to determine qualitatively arsenic contamination of white rice consumed by Acehnese people and how to cook it. A total of 30 white rice samples were obtained from the Aceh Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health employees who brought white rice for breakfast with the consideration that they come from various regions in Aceh. Arsenic analysis contamination in samples was carried out using arsenic test kits (brand: merckoquant). Using a test kit begins with standardization before being applied to the sample solution. Data collected is primary data, in the form of interviews using questionnaires about white rice cooking techniques and the results of analysis of arsenic contamination on white rice. The results showed that white rice consumed by the employees was safe from arsenic. This result confirms that the rice cooking technique in a household is feasible. Besides that the arsenic test was also carried out on white rice sold in stalls, the results were positive. This indicates that white rice is consumed by people in Aceh, there are those which are contaminated with arsenic. This study provides evidence that the contamination is still present in rice which has been processed into rice cooked, as a result of qualitative tests on white rice obtained from stalls. Arsenic contamination is not found in white rice processed in Aceh household.

KRL Commuterline is an electric commuter rail system serving the area of Greater Jakarta, Indonesia, and operated by a subsidiary of state-owned enterprise. However, there are known shortcomings in the current noise regulation of KRL Commuterline. This study hence attempts to address the problem in question "Does the noise regulation of KRL Commuterline signify a switch to prevent growths of settlements around railroad tracks? or is it yet another policy with no clear scientific justification?" The question is addressed by conducting literature reviews on scholarly literature and applicable regulations related to noises produced by KRL Commuterline. This study seeks to determine policy insufficiencies in the ministerial decision (Kepmen) of the State Minister of Environment, Indonesia, no. KEP-48/MENLH/11/1996 on Noise Level Standards, the Provincial Regulation (Perda) of West Java no. 11/2006 on Air Pollution Control, the Act 23/2007 on Railroad System, and the Presidential Regulation (Perpres) no. 54/2008 on Spatial Planning for Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, Puncak and Cianjur. This study discovers losses suffered by residents living around railroads. Then, this work identifies critical points for a successful implementation of the noise regulation of KRL Commuterline to reduce the impacts of produced noise on surrounding populations.

Jakarta, as a prominent urban area, has limitations of freshwater sources. Krukut River is one of the rivers used as a source of clean water in Jakarta. However, only the upper horizons of the river are utilized. This research aimed aims to understand the environmental and social aspects that have the potential to maintain Krukut River water quality. DKI Jakarta Environmental Agency in 2018 asserted that the BOD parameter value of Krukut River has increased along from upstream (4,16 mg/l) to downstream (11,57 mg/l) and exceeded the standards of raw water quality set by the government. By conducting a literature review, this research outlined the essential points of the environmental and social aspects that may be the basis of concept regarding the water quality improvement of the Krukut River. This research also calculate the BOD loads from population in Krukut River catchment area as one of the factors potentially contribute to river pollution The information obtained from this research was expected to be the cornerstone in analyzing river pollution control.

The release of large-scale ammonia in the air by urea fertilizer plants Z has caused negative impacts on the environment, particularly to environmental pollution and human health. Some actions have been taken as a countermeasure, one of them is the development of Green Barrier, a living filter consist of various plantation that design based on its ability to absorb certain pollution substances in the ambient air. This article aims to analyze the development of the green barrier construction and its effectiveness as an effort to prevent the spread of ammonia gas around the urea fertilizer plant Z environment. Sequential explanatory with comparative analysis of data obtained from questionnaires using Spearman Coefficient Correlation, interviews, and data on green barrier construction processes used to achieve research objectives in this study. Based on the results of the study it was found that the existence of the green barrier was more effective in reducing noise than reducing the ammonia odour. This is also supported by field observations where the construction of a green barrier is still not fully optimal due to land acquisition problems, damage to several plants on the green barrier, and many green barrier areas that have not been planted by plants which are mainly bordered by community land.

Solid waste has been recognized as a crucial environmental problem in many urban areas in Indonesia, particularly in Jakarta. In fact, an underperforming solid waste management (SWM) is also expected to result in an increased risk of water pollution. This research aimed at exploring past and current efforts of territorial water protection in Jakarta, Indonesia, which had been attempted by changing society's behavior in managing solid waste at household level. To do so, this study applied literature reviews and interviews to investigate solid waste management of riverbank communities. According to a report on Environmental Statistics, there were 1.81% of households in the country's capital in 2014 who managed their solid wastes by primarily throwing them into waterbodies. Apparently, un-transported solid wastes, which were those left lying on roadsides or empty lands, per day in the South Jakarta Region reached 8%. Those untreated wastes were expected to later end up in sewers, rivers, or the sea. In Srengseng Sawah, Jakarta, SWM has been conducted by non-governmental organizations, who received retributions from the people to transport household solid wastes. To overcome potential solid waste pollution in rivers, it is necessary to change community behavior to apply a more sustainable SWM in managing their household solid waste. This is strongly influenced by the availability of solid waste infrastructure and community awareness.

Indonesia with style agrarian agricultural potential with a very large agricultural area of 40.6 million hectares. However, agricultural patterns are applied by people still tend to conventional monoculture (99.6%). Application of a monoculture in some areas does not fit with the rules of ecological, causing vulnerability to natural disasters of drought, floods, landslides, and loss of habitat function. This study aims to determine the suitability of land in the study site for the implementation of the agroforestry farming system. Mixed methods through surveys, interviews, and desk study. Tugu Utara village an upstream watershed area (DAS) Ciliwung dominated by natural forests of primary and secondary, agriculture, and gardening. Agricultural commodities featured in this area are classified as vegetables and seasonal plants found only one species of perennials that Camelia cinensis. Agriculture-based agroforestry should be applied in this area because it is based on the study of microclimates compatibility and also serves to enhance regional resilience against natural disasters especially floods and landslides.

Global warming is causing an increase in surface temperature due to the depletion of vegetation and the increasing number of vehicles. In urban areas, an increase in temperature can significantly be degrading the urban heat island phenomenon, in the long run, it is capable of changing the microclimate. Surface temperature and density of vegetation retrieved from multi-temporal satellite remote sensing data. This research aims to analyze the effect of vehicle and vegetation ratio against the surface temperature in Cirebon town. This research utilizes data Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI who validated with data on the MODIS period in 1998, 2008, as well as 2018. The interaction between surface temperature and density of the vegetation the spatial correlation analysis revealed through. Throughout the years 1998 until 2018 an increase in the surface temperature of 1.18 °C, which in follow with an increase in the number of vehicles at 142,171 unit for eighteen years and decrease in the area vegetation be 12,683 km². The highest surface temperature is centered on CBD, port, congestion-prone areas, industrial zones, and terminals.

Management of watershedis a part of regional development. Lesti sub-watershed as one of upstream Brantas watersheds faces erosion problems and criticality of land that is not balanced with conservation efforts based on ideal needs according to carrying capacity of the environment. The reduced function of the Sengguruh Reservoir in upper Brantas River has caused a disruption to its role in flood control, water supply for irrigation and generating a large portion of hydroelectric power in East Java Province. This study seeks to provide the latest erosion-based conservation direction with MUSLE methods and spatial analysis of GIS that considers proportional social, economic and environmental aspects. The results of the analysis are used in order to determine the priority sub-districts for handling conservation within Lesti Sub-watershed to reduce erosion problems. Of the 12 sub-district on Lesti Sub-Watershed, some sub-districts identified as having the highest Erosion Hazard Level (TBE) area marked in red on the map are in sub-districtof Wajak, Tirtoyudo, Dampit, Sumbermanjing Wetan, Gedangan and Bantur. Environmental conservation directives are suggested to be focused on these 6 sub-districts through the application of vegetative soil and water conservation, technical civilization and combination involving the community and in accordance with local conditions.

Natural disasters that often occur in coastal areas are tidal floods and river floods. Flood vulnerability management of coastal areas has become increasingly important to mitigate and prevent floods. The purpose of the study was to analyze the socio-economic vulnerability of the Mataram City coast. The spatial-DPSIR approach was employed to study the socio-economic and ecological framework. The socio-economic vulnerability was analyzed using the following parameters: population density, poverty level, livelihoods, land ownership, awareness of disasters, the presence of business areas and trade areas, and physical damage to buildings. The analysis result of the coastal flood socio-economic vulnerability showed that most of the Mataram coast were classified as intermediate. The results of this study are expected to become a reference for development and management, especially in spatial planning policies for a disaster-secure coastal area.

CBG's plant collection managed and displayed in the garden based on the taxonomic classification system and thematic system. Plant collection that managed as a thematic system displayed and managed as a thematic garden. The aim of this study is to conduct an inventory study of CBG medicinal thematic garden collections and to do a literature study about the potential medicinal use of plant collection in CBG medicinal thematic gardens. Data collected through surveyed, checked and validated in the information system of CBG plants data collection from CBG Registration Unit. Recorded medicinal use of surveyed plant collection was identified by the literature study. Data were analyzed descriptively. The result of the study showed that there were 26 species from 23 genera and 22 families of medicinal plant species in CBG medicinal thematic garden. Based on ICD-10-WHO, CBG medicinal plant collections can treat 14 ICD-10-WHO diseases. From these 14 diseases, eight diseases can be treated by five CBG medicinal plant collections. These species were utilized as a medicinal plant by using part of the plant (root, leaves, bark, flowers, fruit, seeds, sap) or the whole plant through pounded or boiled processing, and mixed it with other ingredients.

Anthurium genetic variability enhanced through conventional breeding. The objectives of the research were to obtain (1) morphology variation of the F1 population, and (2) selected clones from F1 population-based on morphology flower. Anthurium CV. Putri Gunung and Alvin were used as breeding parents. Anthurium CV. Putri Gunung as female parents and Alvin as male parents. The specific character of anthurium CV. Putri Gunung is potted anthurium with a red spathe. The color of anthurium cv. Alvin is white. Anthurium cv Alvin is also potted anthurium. There were 18 individual plants and 3 selected clones based on the color and size of flower in the F1 population. The F1 population was potted plant divided into categories, small and mini flower based on spathe size. There was some variation in spathe and spadix. Morphological variation based on the color of spathe and spadix and size of the flower.

Jambi Province has a wealth of plant genetic resources but its development for conservation and economic purpose is very limited. Some local varieties that have been registered in the Ministry of Agriculture and launched as national superior plant varieties are unpopular and now close to extinction. This research aims at exploring the existing condition of the plant genetic resources development among conservationists of local plant genetic resources and designing work plans as well as grouping those plans into two categories; Certain Plan and Problematic Plan. The method used in this study is qualitatively descriptive and Strategic Assumption Surfacing and Testing (SAST). The result of the study shows some problems faced by that of conservationists regarding unlabelled seeds, the absence of government guidance, and lack of promotion, business capital as well as marketing. Of 11 strategic assumptions, as many as nine assumptions are in the certain planning region. It means that those plans are important to develop the local plant genetic resources and believed to be successful. Also, three strategic assumptions grouped into the Problematic Planning Region. It means that despite the importance of these plans, the problems associated with them make the success of implementation is questioned.

The Sumatran rhino is one of Indonesia's endemic species. The decreasing number of its population made the sanctuary project become more important to maintain the population's existence. Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary is one of the breeding projects to keep the existence of Sumatran rhinoceros. For successful management in a sanctuary, it is necessary to understand how wildlife daily behavior so it can be adjusted with any management steps that will be applied. The purpose of this research is to understand and to analyze the daily behavior of Sumatran rhinoceros in Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas National Park. This research was conducted in July 2017. The data was collected by using Focal Animal Sampling and was analyzed with quantitative descriptive technique. The result showed that Sumatran rhinoceros behavior in the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary was not significantly different from their natural behavior. The dominant behavior in the morning was feeding and at noon was resting, while the moving behavior constantly occurred between that behavior.

The botanical insecticide is one of the strategies to control insect pests in greenhouse pest management programs which effective against pests and selective to natural enemies. A plastic house study was conducted to evaluate the safety of botanical insecticide against natural enemies associated with chrysanthemum aphids. Two series concentration of neem oil insecticides at 3.0 and 3.5% was conducted to investigate the effect of calendar application on the abundance and diversity of natural enemies. The species abundance and diversity of natural enemies were determined by visual assessment, yellow pan trap and sweep net sampling. Based on the research result, there are sixteen species of Aphis gossypii natural enemies from 256 individuals belonging to 12 families under 8 different orders. The most dominant predator was Coccinellidae, Syrphidae and Hemerobiidae families. Coccinellids predator Menochilus sexmaculatus was found to be dominant with the high number of species. Neem oil insecticides did not affect abundance, and composition of natural enemies of chrysanthemum aphids, especially on Coccinellids predator. Therefore, neem oil-based insecticides can be a substantial contribution towards the preservation of biodiversity in plastic house ecosystem.

High Conservation Value (HCV) mean values of conservation also being maintained inside companies' concession area, protected, managed and monitored. As for the private sector, how to improve the implementation of management and monitoring of HCV and environment are questioned. The study aims to understand how Spatial Monitoring And Reporting Tool (SMART) can support the management of HCV and the environment for the private sector. The method used was an observation of the supervision process of HCV and environmental monitoring using SMART conducted in the project boundary of KELOLA Sendang in Musi Banyuasin and Banyuasin Districts of South Sumatra Province; as part of activity to promote SMART Approach usage for private sector. The results show challenges during the process of introducing SMART, also in adapting a recent company's monitoring system to SMART based. However, by supervision in the implementation of HCV and environment monitoring using SMART, showing companies gain better planning, monitoring, and easier making reports for internal and related agencies. SMART can be applied not only within the conservation area but also for concessions. This is useful for conservation efforts outside the conservation area and supports the improvement of management and monitoring of HCV and environment, using SMART as a tool for helping in planning, database, analysis, and reporting.

Molucca, a region which is located in the eastern part of the Indonesia Region, is a wet tropical forest type. The diversity of tree species in this area is high. Nevertheless, up to now, only a few species, i.e ramin (Gonystylus bancanus), have been considered to have high economic value which categorized as fancy wood for the imposition of forestry fees. This paper presents the results of the study of some basic properties and potential uses of 35 wood species growing in Molucca's forest. The study was carried out by reviewing secondary data collected from related literatures intensively. The results show that of the 35 species, nyatoh putih (Pouteria duclitan), sesendok (Endospermum malaccense), nyaling (Mastixia trichotoma), and gopasa (Pouteria duclitan) have similar physical and mechanical properties, as well as decorative appearance with ramin wood. Therefore, these 4 species are considered as potential ramin's substitute. The four species are also proposed to be included in the category of the fancy wood class instead of the ordinary mixed-species group. As a further impact, the imposition of forestry fees for the 4 species needs to be reviewed and readjusted.

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is the tropical plant of the family Meliaceae that has been used as medicine. Almost all parts, i.e., leaves, stems, bark, roots, seeds, and flowers can be used to medicate multiple diseases. Apart from medicine and other health benefits, neem is a very promising plant as it could be used to reduce the rate of population growth. The aim of this review is to figure out the effect of neem leaves on the male reproductive system which can be developed into safe and reversible male contraception. The article review used online databases to conduct keyword searches and investigate the active compounds in neem leaves that could serve as antifertility, the effect of neem leaves on reproductive hormones and spermatogenesis. Several studies show that neem leaves can affect the male reproductive system by interfering spermatogenesis, e.g., reducing the amount, motility, and morphology of the spermatozoa, affecting the structure and function of the testes which cause a decrease in the quality of spermatozoa. Abnormal spermatozoa could reduce spermatozoa ability to fertilize. Thus neem leaves can be proposed as male contraceptives.

Taman Hutan Raya Wan Abdul Rachman (Tahura WAR) is located at Lampung Province, Indonesia. University of Lampung as the state university has mandatory around 1.134 hectare to manage from Tahura WAR as Forest Education. Research has been done in this area. The purpose of the research is identifying biodiversity of fauna in Forest Education of University of Lampung at Tahura WAR. The research has been done from March to May 2018 (dry season) and October to December 2018 (rainy season). Each month collected data was consisted of six days observation. The method of the research is using traps, it is to lay the traps on the surface of soil by plastic bucket, with 72 traps at different location that separated by study site. The research result were found big black ants, small black ants, mosquitoes, millipedes, crickets, spiders, termites, snails, glomerides, small red ants, big red ants, frogs, small scorpion, caterpillar and dung beetle. Diversity Index of Shannon Wienner classified Tahura WAR as moderate which indicate the forest has good maintain as the aspect of ecology and the aspect of sustained of forest.

Improving ecotourism areas was a part of the strategy to the welfare of local people, but its would be impacted by their local knowledge to maintain plant diversity-related, alongside the tourism attitude has shown to their surroundings unfriendly. The aim of this research is to discover the plant diversity index (H') and Evenness (E). For the data collection method, the line transect was carried out by plotting the site where each site of location research has a size of 20x20 m, and the lake and the road on the side of the location were the object research. The result of this research obtained at least 83 plants species in all areas, which each of site of research were the lake of site is H'= 2.377 and the road of site is H' = 2.887, whereas E = 0.118 in the lake of site and the road of site is E = 0.084. Therefore, the ecotourism paradigm would be increased to the welfare of local people and its part of sustainable development.

The purpose of this paper was to determine and show the result of the prevalence of the presence of Anisakis worms as well as the distribution of Anisakis worms in parts of the body in Tuna. This research was conducted in May 2017 at the Fish auction in Pekalongan City. The tuna used in this study are grouped into 2 sizes, group I with sizes 20 - 26 cm and group II with sizes 27-33 cm. The number of fish used was 60. Furthermore, observations were made on internal organs, The research method is a cross-section or one sampling. Data were then tabulated and analyzed by t-test to test the differences between the two groups. The results showed that the fish size group gave a significant effect on the number of Anisakis in the body of fish (p <0.05). The prevalence of fish in group II was 85% while the group I was 70%. The intestine becomes the most internal organ found as much as 120 Anisakis, followed by 75 stomachs, muscle 20 and abdominal cavity 45 in group II. While group I found 70 of Anisakis sp in the intestine, 50 in the stomach and 40 abdominal cavity and 30 muscle tissue.

Polystyrene is one type of plastic that is widely used in industrially and daily life. Polystyrene properties are difficult to be degraded by nature. Hence it produces a problem for the environment. Pyrolysis of polystyrene waste is one of methods for plastic recycling. Pyrolysis polystyrene in a batch reactor for the recovery of styrene monomers (C₈H₈). This study aims to investigate the effect of bentonite in catalytic pyrolysis of polystyrene waste. Pyrolysis was carried out at a temperature of 300-550°C in a batch reactor with a mixture of polystyrene waste and catalyst of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% of polystyrene. The liquid product was analyzed using GC-MS to determine the components. The maximum yield of liquid product was obtained at 88.78% (wt%), using 25% of catalyst. The result of liquid analysis by GC-MS contains styrene compounds (C₈H₈), Toluene, Benzene, were the major components. Pyrolysis with a catalyst weight of 25% and temperature of 400°C obtained the maximum yield of styrene compounds (C₈H₈) at 32.34%.

Fish aquaculture using floating net cages is a common way to utilize water body, which often caused water pollution. Lake Cilala is a lake with high trophic level in Bogor Regency, West Java, that used for fish farming activities. Historically, eutrophication events that have occurred at Lake Cilala made this research interesting to see the effect of fisheries activities on water quality. This research analyses pH, phosphate, nitrate, and BOD and their effect on water quality, with criterion is based on Indonesia Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 (Class II). Water sampling is conducted using a grab sampling method at the lake and then tested in a laboratory. Analysis of the effect of the parameters tested on water quality was carried out by a literature study. Results indicate that water quality is in poor condition due to fish aquaculture activities. The concentration of nitrate and BOD were found to be 4,21 mg/L and 8,20 mg/L, which determined the pollution of Lake Cilala. Without any proper management, these pollutants can increase to a certain level, causing more troubles like eutrophication. The right strategy needed in managing fish aquaculture using floating net cages to maintain the water quality of Lake Cilala.

Ecotourism has been a preferable option in utilizing resources within a protected area (PA) in developing countries as it is considered as a bridge between nature conservation and rural economic development. The aims of this study are: To evaluate the implementation of ecotourism in a national park and to investigate the key factors influencing the socio-economic outcomes of ecotourism for rural and remote communities. This study uses Sebangau National Park (SNP) in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, as a case study. This exploratory research was conducted using the qualitative method approach. Data collection included focus group discussion, in-depth interview, observation, and secondary data. A descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. Results of the study show that despite local communities' complaints on ecotourism development including its low income, local communities perceived that ecotourism is a feasible option for their livelihood sources. They were optimistic that in the future, income from ecotourism can be competed with other livelihood sources such as logging, fishing, collecting rattan, and tapping jelutung or rubber resin. However, the local community realized that their involvement in ecotourism activities needed several requirements including knowledge and skills about ecotourism as well as the involvement of other stakeholders.

Sub-district of Sukasada is one of arabica coffee centre in Buleleng District of Bali. This coffee areas has been developed for organic coffee with the certification from Geographical Indication (GI), Control Union (CU) and Rain Forest certifications. Area which has been covered around 400 Ha under 7 Farmers Group to support the sustainability of organic coffee development. It is important to implement onfarm research for developing local specific eco- friendly technology. Reseach was implemented in 2018 at Wanagiri village, Sukasada subdistrict of Buleleng. The purpose of research was to increase the yield of coffee through producing and applying the liquid fertilizer from liquid waste of wet processing. Research design used was block design, with four treatments and 4 replications in each treatment have 20 plants as samples. Coffee variety of Kopyol was used for treatment with age already 5 years after planting. Trial components are : P0 = farmers way (5 kg/tree), P1 = 200 ml bio urine/tree + 5 kg compost/tree, P2 = 100 ml bio urine/tree + 100 mlt liquid organic fertilizer from liquid waste of wet coffee processing + 5kg compost/tree, P3 = 200 ml liquid organic fertilizer from liquid waste of wet coffee processing + 5 kg compost/tree, P4 = 200 ml wet organic fertilizer + 5 kg compost/tree. Variables measured was number of produvtive branch, number dompol per productive branch, number of seed per dompol, and production per hectare through taxation methode. From the above treatments, P3 provide the highest yield 0.87 kg OSE coffee/tree/year, followed by P2 0.82 kg, P1 0.59 kg, P4 0.56 kg and the lowest was from P0 0.51 kg OSE coffee per tree per year.

This paper aims to analyze sustainable tourism development in the Kepulauan Seribu. The methodology employed three indicators for sustainable tourism namely development strategies, visitor behavior, and general concepts. The results show that tourism development driven by a private company has a lack of the principles of sustainability. Tourism development is oriented to non-local business players. On the contrary, the island that is managed by the community and the government implements the principles of sustainable tourism development. The owner of hotels and homestays use local labors. Based on visitor behavior indicator, those islands managed by private companies, only apply one out of 6 sustainable indicators, namely trip preparation. For the other 4 sustainable tourism development indicators, private islands do not implement them. For example, when tourists do not learn the local language, they have no desire to visit the private island again. Based on development strategies indicators, the island being managed by the community and government does implement the sustainable tourism development principles. This is because the island implements the most determined sustainable tourism indicators such as using local developers, local labors, and local architectures.

An experiment was conducted in order to determine the level of chicken manure which best for the production and carrying capacity of Super-1 sorghum. Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used in this experiment with four treatments as follow P0 = without chicken manure; P1 = 3,500 kg manure/ha; P2 = 4,500 kg manure/ha; P3 = 5,500 kg manure/ha, 5 repetitions each treatment, as a result it was obtained total of 20 experimental unit. There were 36 sorghum plants on each 6 m² plot sized. Measurements taken were plants height (cm/plant), leaf number (leaves/plant), leaf length (cm/leaf/plant), fresh weight (gr/plant), dry weight (gr/plant) and carrying capacity (ha/AU/year). Sorghums were harvested on the day 110^th. It was found in this experiment that the application of chicken manure gave a significant effect (P<0.05) on all measurements taken compared to that of all measurements taken in control. Application of chicken manure at level 5,500 kg per hectare gave the best results on all growth parameters and forage yields of Super 1 sorghum as well as its carrying capacity.

Pesticides are one of the main production factors needed in shallots cultivation. The appropriate use of pesticides can increase productivity, but inappropriate use of pesticides can harm farmers, contaminate crops and polluting the surrounding environment. This study aimed to describe the use of pesticides on shallot cultivation in Solok Regency, West Sumatra. Data was collected by interviewing 95 respondents of shallot farmers. Data parameters were obtained regarding pesticide technical application, pesticide application time, brand and amounts of pesticides used, and knowledge of the active ingredients used. Data was processed quantitatively descriptively, and it showed that most of the farmers mix two or more chemical pesticides for each application, and generally, farmers did not know the names and functions of the active ingredients in the pesticides, but they did not mix pesticides with the same active ingredients. In the dry season, most farmers spray every three days, while in the rainy season it increases to once every two days. This study is expected to be a reference for policymakers to be able to provide an extension program to use appropriate and correct pesticides according to the function and content of active ingredients to create a balanced agroecosystem. The government needs to conduct technical guidance on integrated pest and disease control, and disseminate environmentally friendly pest control technology.

The purposes of this research are to analyze and to identify the factors influencing the farmers' Willingness to Pay (WTP) in reducing the impact of the critical land. The research method used to calculate the farmers' WTP on the land restoration is the Willingness to Pay (WTP) Method, and The Ordinal Logistic Regression Method is used to analyze WTP's influencing factors. The result showed that the farmers' average of maximum WTP was IDR 21,196. This means that the farmers' average of maximum WTP is lower than the average cost incurred by the farmers for the land restoration activity that was IDR 58,000. This indicated the low of farmers' awareness in the efforts of doing critical land restoration. The independent variable with significant influence is the OWN (status of the land ownership) variable. The other variables that are positive and significant are income, age, education, long stay, and family numbers. The significant variables with negative impact are marital status, occupation, and land restoration activity. In general, farmers thought that the activities of repairing the degraded land were the role of the government. So that the efforts of farmers in recovering land are almost non-existent.

Bogor District consists 40 sub-districts and 483 villages, with development policy in the development of Metropolitan Jabodetabekpunjur, which makes the potential to grow rapidly. The increase of GRDP value is indirectly affected by the condition of economic activity, including the existence of economic facilities and infrastructures and its sustainability. The objectives of this research are to identify market development location (environmental aspect), to identify market development feasibility (economic aspect), and to draw up the concept of distributed market development (social aspect). This research uses the methodology of agency and field surveys, observations and interviews using descriptive analysis technique, scoring system, descriptive statistics and strategic decision making. The results obtained from this research: there are 26 sub-district traditional markets and 47 village traditional markets by lacks of 450 markets, under the category of 12 most feasible markets, 16 feasible markets, and 12 unfeasible markets; the first optimization model is achieved by Kemang sub-district while the second position is achieved by Dramaga sub-district and the third position is achieved by Ciawi sub-district; and the development in 2018-2038 by the highest population in Gunungputri and the lowest population in Cariu, under total needs of 280 markets and still lacks of 202 markets.

This research aims to know the increase of cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry through work motivation and leadership of women fishermen in the Tangerang Regency. A survey method is employed using a path analysis technique, whereas the sampling technique used is proportional random sampling. Samples are obtained from primary data. The results show that: work motivation has a partial significant influence on the increase of cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry; which indicates an increase in work motivation will lead to an increase in the cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry. Secondly, the leadership of women fishermen has a partial significant influence on the increase in the cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry. Third of all, both work motivation and leadership of women fishermen simultaneously have a significant effect on increasing the cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry, indicating a variable increase in the cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry which 55,8% can be accounted for by work motivation and leadership. The path analysis coefficient shows that work motivation has a significant effect on the increase in the cleaner production environment in the fish processing industry, whether directly or indirectly.

Currently, the supply of national citrus has not been able to meet domestic needs, especially for yellow citrus which was still dependent on imports. The trade balance of Indonesian citrus always deficit, in 2018 Indonesian citrus exported amounted to 1,220 tons and the number of imported was much higher reaching 85,273 tons. The government's future program was directed to produce yellow citrus which termed "keprokisasi" in the context of import substitution. Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Development (ICHORD) have produced superior varieties of mandarin citrus namely Batu 55, which have characteristics that are seemly with consumer, even it is considered superior to imported citrus in freshness. To increase the population of Batu 55, in 2018-2019 the Ministry of Agriculture has distributed 38,450 disease-free seedlings to growers in various regions in Indonesia. The study was to evaluate the program in the distribution of Mandarin citrus of Cv. Batu 55 superior variety. The results found that through the program can be estimated that in the next 4 years that the production will increase 481.55 - 1,284.13 tons, and it will have sustainability. At the age of 11 years, the production ranges from 3,021.48 - 4,154.53 tons. For that reason, the development of the program can reduce the dependence on imported citrus.

In the world, amounting to about 1.3 billion tons is lost or wasted every year. This study used a quantitative method and descriptive analysis to find the determinants of consumer household food waste behavior in Indonesia. The study used multiple linear regression to found the significant factors that determined household food waste. The results were (1) knowledge of the parent, (2) recording of the shopping list, and (3) waste size become the factors that have a significant impact on waste value. The findings suggest that public advertisement about food waste could be generated knowledge of the parent, and the practice of management principle could be used on the food waste management on consumer behavior.

This article aims to analyze and compares the business decision in the value of justice in any case of the company losses according to the company law in Indonesia and Malaysia. Narrative review based on the study cases was used to make a comparison and conclusion regarding the problem. Based on several cases in Indonesian and Malaysian court regarding the director and non-director officer's decision that leads to company loss, it has been proven that Indonesia did not implement the protection for the directors even the decision is proven for the sake of the company. This makes the directors and officers became hesitant due to the fear of not having protection against the lawsuit should their decision causing deprivation for the company. Meanwhile, in Malaysia, the court has full protection for the director should their decision were proven for the sake of saving the company. Thus, it can be concluded that Indonesia has not fully implemented the business judgment rule compared to Malaysia.

The Indonesian government is currently focusing on infrastructure development to stimulate economic growth with equal distribution of infrastructure throughout Indonesia. Good Infrastructure availability will improve connectivity between regions so that the flow of goods and services becomes more efficient. However, infrastructure development has challenges in managing the impact on complex environmental and social conditions. The Indonesian government encourages to accelerate infrastructure development, one of which is by providing government guarantees through the Badan Usaha Penjaminan Infrastruktur (BUPI). The existence of the BUPI can accelerate infrastructure development by providing guarantees to Project by requiring feasibility of environmental and social aspects. These conditions encourage sustainable infrastructure development by look carefully at ecological equilibrium, social conditions of the community, and respect for local culture.

Predictions of accurate heavy rain are needed in building a flood early warning system. One of the most commonly used weather parameter modeling models is the Weather Research Forecasting, but the results of the WRF model prediction have deficiencies inaccuracy so that data assimilation needs to be done to improve accuracy. This research aims to determine the effect of radar data assimilation by applying RUC using WRF 3DVAR to improve the predictions of heavy rain events in the Jabodetabek area with cases representing each of the four seasons, on February 20, 2017, April 3, 2017, June 13, 2017, and November 09, 2017. The data used for this research are synoptic observation data, GSMaP, GFS, Radar data, in the form of Z CAPPI products. In general, WRF radar data assimilation with RUC shows better spatial and point values. This can be seen in the spatial rainfall distribution on February 20^th, 2017, June 13^th, 2017, and November 09^th, 2017 analysis on Climatology Station of PondokBetung, as well as the analysis of rain dichotomy, shows WRF assimilation using RUC with a TS value increased by 9%, PC value increased by 10%, and FAR value fixed by 18%.

The aim of this research was to study the effect of intensive and traditional farming on the chemical composition of whiteleg shrimp (Penaeusvannamei) during storage till up to 8 days. The study on intensive and traditional farming were done at MariorennuVillage, Gantarang Subdistrict and at Manjalling Village, Ujung Loe Subdistrict, respectively, Bulukumba Regency, as well as at the Research and Development Center of Fishery Products of Makassar, South Sulawesi, the Province of South Sulawesi. The research design was conducted by a randomized complete block design with a storage treatment of 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days. The parameters studied are water content, ash, lipid, and protein content, as well as total volatile base (TVB), trimethylamine (TMA), pH, and free fatty acids (FFA). Whiteleg shrimps from intensive farming and traditional farming were stored in a coolbox containing with 2: 1 ratio of ice and shrimp, respectively. The addition of ice was carried out every day for 8 days storage, and chemical analysis was condcuted at intervals of 2 days. Chemical testings was carried out based on the SNI method. Samples were measured as much as 10-15g and then chemically tested reffer to the method in SNI. The results for both intensive and traditional farming of whiteleg shrimp showed that storage time had a significant influence on the following parameters i.e. TVB, pH, FFA, water content, and protein content. No significant effect was found for following parameters, namely TMA, ash and fat content.

The utilization of freshwater fish cultivation and agricultural wastes can be an alternative in increasing vegetable production. Freshwater fish waste can be used as liquid organic fertilizer, while agricultural waste in the form of rice husk can be used as biochar which has the potential to improve soil fertility. the The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment of watering freshwater fish waste as a liquid organic fertilizer that affects the production of lettuce plants, as well as to evaluate the rice husk biochar treatment that can affect the production of lettuce plants. This study used a factorial randomized block design with 3 replications. The factors used in this studied were Factor I: watering frequency of freshwater aquaculture wastewater, consisting of without watering wastewater (L0); watering twice a week (L1); and watering 4 times a week (L2); and Factor II: dosage of rice husk biochar, consisting of without rice husk biochar (B0); 10 g of rice husk biochar per polybag (B1); 20 g of rice husk biochar per polybag (B2). The result showed that:(1) liquid waste from freshwater fish cultivation in bioreactor batch culture system can be used as liquid organic fertilizer in lettuce cultivation, and (2) watering frequency of liquid organic fertilizer from freshwater aquaculture wastewater 4 times a week and rice husk biochar 20 g per polybag were the best treatment for lettuce yield.

Wanagama is a rehabilitation forest and it was stated as an Education Forest continues to grow and develop so that it has some tourist attractions visited by people, however impacted to the infiltration capacity. This research aimed to determine infiltration capacity in each tourist attraction area. Infiltration capacity and soil samples measurements were carried out at each tourist attraction areas with 3 replications for every slopes unit. Infiltration data was taken by using a double ring infiltrometer, whereas soil samples were taken by using soil ring samples. Then, Horton method was used for analyzing the infiltration data. The physical and chemical analysis of soil was conducted in the Soil Laboratory in Universitas Gadjah Mada. It was concluded that the infiltration capacity at all areas were lower than that of control: in Wanagama 1000 Selfies was 112 mm / hour, WanagamaPaksi was 76 mm / hour, around Wanagama Bridge was 52 mm / hour, Camping Ground was 36 mm / hour, and control was 368 mm / hour in average. Furthermore, the infiltration capacity of the tourist activities areas in Wanagama and the control area were significantly different. However, the soil properties do not significantly influence the infiltration capacity.

For decades, marine scientists have known that fisheries throughout the world result in mortality for cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises). Incidental catch (also known as by-catch) in fisheries is considered the biggest threat to the survival of cetaceans globally. Migratory species such as cetaceans are exposed to various threats because they are nomadic. From a conservation and management perspective, the level of protection given to cetaceans differs according to their geographical location. This study was conducted to determine the extent of by-catchin the study area and identify measures taken by fishers to minimize by-catch. During a 20-day period, 222 fishers were interviewed in six locations - East Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Ternate, Morotai, Seram, and Biak - to identify the interaction between marine mammals and tuna fishing activities, particularly related with the usage of different fishing gear and fishing practices. Twenty cetacean species from by-catchwere identified by respondents including three species of baleen whales and 17 species of toothed whales (including dolphins). Results from this survey indicated that interactions between marine mammals and tuna fisheries in Indonesian seas are primarily due to cetacean predation on tuna (e.g., pilot whales). To manage and minimize cetacean by-catchin the Indonesian seas, one of the recommendations from the authors of this study is the development of a Marine Mammal Mitigation Plan.

There has been massive information on the success of biochar application in increasing agricultural productivity marginal soil. It is generally believed that biochar improves soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, consequently, increase crop yield. There was almost no information on the use of biochar for fertile soils. On the other hand, Magelang Regency the agricultural lands lay in the area of the volcano. These areas are the main supplier of agricultural products for Central Jawa and other places. Therefore, a strategy is needed to maintain the sustainability of agricultural land productivity. The aim of the present experiment was to introduce the use of biochar to maintaining the fertility of the soil in this area. Our first experiment dealing with the use of bamboo biochar in reducing the use of phosphorus (P) fertilizer in fertile soil. The experiment was carried out in the Bandongan District of Magelang Regency. An area which is surrounded volcanoes. The experiment involved a series of P applied, namely, 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 kg of SP3 ha-1. They were applied with and without biochar. Mung bean (Vigna radiata) was used as an indicator plant. The results showed that the presence of biochar (1) reduces the use of P fertilizer up zero, (2) decrease in the need of P fertilizer from 50 kg SP36 ha-1 to obtain the optimum yield of Mung bean. and (3) the optimum yield of Mung bean was consistently higher in bamboo biochar treated soil than without biochar. The decrease of Mung bean yields due to application bamboo biochar without P applied. Moreover, the reduction P application in bamboo biochar treated soil than without biochar to obtain optimum yield, indicating, that bamboo biochar may be able to dissolve insoluble P residue from the previously applied P. It may be presumbaly that the increase of P availability of P to plants due to the rise soil pH caused the increases in soil soluble P and activity of P solubilizing bacteria.

Urban growth dynamics have resulted an increase in population and rapid conversion of green open space (GOS) into built-up areas. Despite the minimum standard provision has been stated 30% on spatial regulation Law No 26/2007, Bekasi City Government has been struggling to preserve their remaining valuable green open spaces. This paper aims to propose a concept emphasizing the provision of green open space using green infrastructure by the linkages between green open spaces in the form of areas (hubs) which connected by a corridor (links). Built upon theoretical bases of the benefits of green open space that cannot be limited by administrative boundaries, the study uses Bekasi City and Bekasi Regency at the regional scale as a study case. This study calculated the potential area of green infrastructure and compared ecosystem services produced before and after the application of the concept. The result showed that the application of the Green Infrastructure concept has significantly increased the quantity (area) as well as the quality (ecological function) of green open space. An interconnected green open space was also able to enhance the ecosystem services by absorbing carbon dioxide. All of these potential benefits have implications on the Green Infrastructure development strategy to establish a more sustainable city.

Environmental ethics is a reflection of the moral principle between human beings and the natural environment. Ecocentrism, one of the environmental ethics, supports long-term environmental sustainability. This study aimed to determine the roles of ecocentrism toward the level of environmental awareness for sustainable use of natural resources. This descriptive research is to determine the association between the level of environmental awareness and environmental ethics. The study involved 30 students in Biology Education Department. Data were primarily collected using researcher-developed questionnaires. The level of environmental awareness was measured by using the Likert scale (1-5), based on the students' positive contribution to their local environment in daily life. The problem-based interview was also added to determine which environmental ethics the students stood for (Ecocentrism or Anthropocentrism). The result showed 19 out of 30 students were dominated by anthropocentrism rather than ecocentrism toward the environment. Chi-Square analysis showed that there is no significant association between the level of environmental awareness and environmental ethics. People can have the same level of environmental awareness, but different environmental ethics. Ecocentrism needs to be promoted more in academics for sustainable use of natural resources not only for the present generation but also for the future generation.

A research has been conducted test the quality of robusta coffee snails probiotic through different time fermentation. The research was carried out at Gunung Kutul areal Pucaksari village sub district of Busungbiu Buleleng regency Bali province on April till November 2018. The research used randoms samples RAL with 4 treatments and 5 replications with 20 samples. Parameters observed included physical and taste test including physical quality of water content defect content of defective value and coffe flavour, aroma, body acidity, flavour. The result show that increasing time fermentation can reduce caffeine levels and increase the acidity of coffee beans and reduce the weight of coffee beans. Rendement coffee robusta bean of wet seeds was 52.85% still relatively high and there was no contamination in the levels of impurities, foul odors and fungi. The colour of coffee beans becomes darker along with the length of time fermentation due to the increasingly optimal microbial work at the time of fermentation. In coffee fermentation treatment for 3 days appeared the most prominent formation of oleic acid as much as 50,148 ppm followed by palmitic acid as much as 36,943 ppm and stearic acid as much as 17,112 ppm where coffee fermented with 3 days was classified as specialty coffee with scorre 83.50 % if compare with fermentation 0 day appeared formation as oleic acid as much as 45,142 ppm, palmitic acid as much as 34,047 ppm, stearic acid as much as 15,153 ppm and value score 82,83 %. Coffee fermentation with snail microbe contain miristat acid in coffee beans. Miristat acid has anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic properties, source energy, decrease level colesterol