Table of contents

Editorial

The 8^th International Symposium for Sustainable Humanosphere (The 8^th ISSH 2018) was held at Hotel Grandika, Medan (Indonesia) on 18-19 October, 2018. The forum was organized by Research Center for Biomaterials – Indonesian Institute of Sciences (RC Biomaterials – LIPI), and co-organized by University of Sumatera Utara (USU), Indonesia, and co-hosted by Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH) – Kyoto University, Japan. The symposium was also hugely supported by Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) through Japan-ASEAN Science, Technology, and Innovation Platform (JASTIP) program; JST – JICA (The Japan International Cooperation Agency) collaborative program through SATREPS (Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development); and also National Institute of Aeronautics and Space (LAPAN), Indonesia.

The Symposium was held in conjunction with Humanosphere Science School (HSS) 2018, an important and prestigious scientific forum organized by RC Biomaterials – LIPI and RISH – Kyoto University, since its first initiation in 2006. HSS provides learning experience by sharing knowledge, science, and technology delivered by prominent scientists and experts specializing in the field of humanosphere. The forum was also marked as The 384^th Symposium on Sustainable Humanosphere for RISH – Kyoto University, Japan.

The present symposium captured a tagline of "Sustainable Humanosphere: On the Verge of Global Challenges and Human Security". Humanosphere has always been an important field of interdisciplinary science, as we are facing many issues threatening humanity and our very survival such as global warming, resources depletion, energy and environmental issue, etc. Humanosphere is a concept describing the human living environment and the sphere that covers us, including the forest sphere and atmosphere.

List of Chief Editor, Guest Editor, Section Editor, Secretariat and Processing, General Coordinator, Advisory Board, Chairman, Vice Chairman, Secretariat, Treasury, Programme Coordinator, Conference Program, Proceeding Processing, Documentation, Accomodation and Transportation, Logistic, Sponsorship are available in this pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) (ISSN: 1755-1315) have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceeding Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceeding journal published by IOP Publishing

Isolation of phytopahtogen and antagonistic fungi is important in the efforts for managing phytopathogen infestation in cacao plantations. It is related to developing studies to evaluate the association between the two types of organism in the context of establishing integrated pest management to manage widespread pest and disease in cacao crop. This research objective is to study and isolate phytopathogens and antagonistic fungi on cacao. Fungal isolation was conducted from black diseased-cacao pod and soil samples through surface sterilization and serial dilution, respectively. After several culture purification, four fungal isolates were identified through macroscopic colonies and microscope observation. Those fungal isolates are Curvularia, Fusarium, Aspergillus and Trichoderma. Further research is necessary to test their antagonistic and or synergistic associations in laboratory and field scales.

Sandwich particleboard is one of the composite products composed of strength lignocellulose materials for the surface layer and particle as the core layer. This product consists of three layers which are similar to comply. The difference between both products is in the surface layer, which uses veneer or thin plywood as surface. The objective of this research was to evaluate the length particle effect on physical and mechanical properties of SPB. Belangke bamboo, corn stalk bagasse and isocyanate resin were the main raw materials for the manufacturing of SPB. SPB was made in size of 25 x 25 cm with the density and thickness target of 0.7 g/cm³ and 1 cm respectively. Amount 8% level isocyanate resin was applied in the manufacturing of board. Hot pressing parameter such as temperature, time and pressure was set on 160 °C, 5 minutes, and 30 kg/cm² respectively. The results showed that 10 cm particle length resulted in the best bending properties. MoE and MoR value of 10 cm particle length were 42, 156 and 333 kg/cm² respectively. Almost all parameters fulfill the JIS A 5908 (2003), except the internal bond and the thickness swelling value.

Kamper is one of high value tree species from North Sumatra. Its timber has high economic value and has been targeted for exploitation since decades. Identification of species diversity and further their origin and the evolutionary process is important in the conservation strategy of the targeted species. The aims of this research were to get the information about optimal isolation of DNA genomics procedure and primer amplification for Kamper species by applying various primer tested, those were: ITS 2, matK Kim 1, trnH-psbA, trnL-trnF (c and d), trnL-trnF (c and f) and rbcL. The DNA extraction was conducted by CTAB method with some mild modifications to a few stages. The result showed that the modified CTAB method could yield good quality DNA. rbcL with the primer volume as much F: 1µl and R: 1 µl produces the best–amplified band.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal stability of isocyanate as particleboard adhesives by means of TGA (thermogravimetric analysis). In this study, thermal properties particularly thermal stability of isocyanate-water/wood system was studied up to a temperature of 500 ºC using thermal analyzer (Mettler Toledo). When isocyanate was used as the binder in particleboard system; the reactive –NCO group reacted with water (because wood is a hygroscopic material and contains free and bound water) and also with the –OH group from wood. The isocyanate was H3M purchased from PT. Polichemie Asia Pacific and the wood particle was Eucalyptus sp. taken from PT. Toba Pulp Lestari. About 10 mg of the mixture either isocyanate with water or wood in various weight ratios were scanned at two different heating rates (slow and fast; 2.5 and 20 °C/min, respectively) with a temperature range from 25 to 500 °C. Results of this study indicate there were more resistant segments to heat in the mixture of isocyanate and water shown from the residual weights about 61-71% compared to in the mixture of isocyanate and wood particle (only 54-62%). Furthermore, there were fewer steps to degrade in the mixture of isocyanate and water shown from the number of peak temperatures about 1-2 peaks than that in the mixture of isocyanate and wood particle (2-4 peaks). New evidence also emerges that isocyanate reacted with water first shown from the weight loss from the low temperature in the mixture of isocyanate and wood particle.

Decolorization of synthetic dyes by laccase produced from newly isolated Trametes hirsuta EDN084 under in-vitro condition was investigated in this study. Partial purification was conducted using ultrafiltration Amicon 10K at 5000 x g for 20 min. Laccase (0.1 U/mL) could decolorize 50% remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR), 47% reactive blue 4 (RBlue4), 51% acid blue 129 (AB129), 21% acid blue 25 (AB25), 40% acid blue 113 (AB113), 11% acid orange 7 (AO7), 2% reactive black 5 (RBlack5), 2% reactive red 120 (RR120), and 85% direct blue 71 (DBlue71) for 4 h. In order to improve the decolorization, the addition of violuric acid (VA), 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (TEMPO), and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) were individually assayed. The result showed that decolorization was improved significantly (2 to 30-fold) after the addition of 1 mM VA. This study suggests that mediator VA is suitable for the enhanced decolorization of synthetic dyes by laccase from T. hirsuta EDN084.

Toba, North Sumatera is famous not only for its tourism destination but also for biodiversity. The aim of this research is to explore the potency of the local plant from Toba as bioinsecticide. Six local plant samples, which consists of genus Compositae, Meliaceae, Staphyleaceae, and Actinidiaceae, were obtained from the Toba region,. The macerated extracts were tested their insecticidal activity against Coptotermes gestroi and Spodoptera litura. Bioassay results showed that leaves extract of Ingul (Toona sinensis) at a concentration of 10% (w/v) had the highest mortality effect against Coptotermes gestroi on the tenth day of observation. Whereas, leaves extracts of Pirdot (Saurauia bracteosa), Ingul (Toona sinensis), and Haurese (Azadirachta indica) at the concentration of 1% (w/v) showed the best insecticidal effect with 80% mortality percentage respectively against Spodoptera litura in 4 hours of observation.

The use of natural rubber latex (NRL) for wood adhesive has been identified since a long time ago, even though its adhesion quality is fair. Some modifications of the NRL, as well as the blending of NRL with other commercial wood adhesives, have already been reported. Another potential use of NRL in the wood adhesive formulation is a base polymer of isocyanate type adhesive, which is called aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) adhesive. This study aimed to optimize the aqueous polymer isocyanate (API) type adhesive made from natural rubber latex (NRL) using response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite design (CCD) was used for the RSM. Three factors have been optimized, namely the percentage of crosslinker (7.3-20.7% of the weight of base polymer), glue spread rate (112-298 g/m²), and pressing time (2-22 hours). Results of the study showed that the model generated from the optimization was fit and could be used to predict the relationship between the three factors and the bonding strength. Optimum conditions for the adhesive application for the production of laminated wood used 16.4% crosslinker, glue spread rate of 298 g/m² with a pressing time of 6 hours. Using these conditions, the shear strength of the laminated wood obtained was 8.8 MPa.

Cellulose is a biopolymer whose availability is abundant in nature. In its development, cellulose is widely used in the form of nanocrystalline cellulose because it has better properties than the original material. The method commonly used to produce nanocrystalline cellulose is acid hydrolysis. In this study, nanocrystalline cellulose was produced through a method of modification of acid hydrolysis with hydrothermal treatment by autoclave, then ultrasonic treatment was conducted. The results of nanocrystalline cellulose were analyzed by particle size analyzer (PSA), scanning electron microscope-energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEMEDS), Fourier-transformed infrared spectra (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

Indonesia as a tropical country has a various source of renewable resources; rattan is one of them. Rattan (Calamus rotang L.) is mainly utilized as raw material for furniture. Several wastes such as core and bark are produced during the process of furniture making. This research was conducted to investigate the properties of particleboard made from core and rattan bark. Rattan particle with moisture content less than 5% was mixed with the adhesive. Phenol formaldehyde (PF) 12% was used as the adhesive. The mixed particle was then hot pressed for 10 minutes at 150 °C with 25 kgf/cm². Board dimension was 25 x 25 x 1 cm. Before testing, boards were conditioned for seven days. Testing was conducted for physical and mechanical properties according to JIS A 5908-2003. Surface roughness testing, as well as wettability, was also conducted to investigate the surface properties of particleboard.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) was conjugated onto cellulose microfibrils (CMF) by the reaction in acetone solvent at the presence of triethylamine and paratoluene sulfonyl chloride. Results showed that the thermal decomposition of CMF-MSG slightly decreased to lower temperature decomposition confirmed by thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) after MSG was present on CMF surfaces which was confirmed by the reduction of intensity in carboxyl groups bands under infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) observation. After drying, CMF-MSG was agglomerated, and the color of CMF after modification turned from white into light-brown. This study provides another way to modify nanocellulose with cheap and edible chemical reagent using monosodium glutamate. The modified cellulose probably could be applied in copper (Cu) detection paper kit at mining extraction.

The purpose of this study was to improve the quality of oil palm trunk (OPT) after impregnation with Phenol Formaldehyde (PF) resin at various concentration and compression. The inner part of OPT with an average density of 0.28 g/cm³ was used as samples. The OPT was impregnated with PF (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by the vacuum-pressure method, then compressed by close system compression. The physical and mechanical properties including weight gain (WG), recovery set (RS), compression parallel to grain, modulus of rupture (MOR) and elasticity modulus (MOE) were examined. The results show WG after PF impregnation was 5.29-53.81% and RS value was 0.99-27.92%. The physical and mechanical properties have increased with increasing PF concentration. The density value, compression parallel to grain, MOR and MOE were 107.15-217.86%, 39.27-248.31%, 159.71-379.22% and 52.92-171.58%, respectively. The impregnation PF of 20% was the best treatment.

Composite board made from palm sugar fiber (PSF) and cassava bagasse fiber (CB) bonded with biological adhesive from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum was prepared. The composite boards were divided by varying the composition ratios of the PSF and CB (A = 65: 35; B = 50: 50; and C = 35: 65% w/w of composite board weight). The physical and mechanical properties of PSF/CB composite boards were carried out. The results showed that the moisture content, density, thickness swelling, and water absorption were 7.93 - 8.80%; 0.32 - 0.61/cm³; 13.5 - 18.00 %; and 64.22 - 116.96%, respectively. This study also revealed that the internal bond, modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were 0.03 - 0.76 MPa, 0.48 - 3.80 MPa, and 23.79 - 419.84 MPa, respectively. The Physical and mechanical properties of composite board fulfilled Japan Industrial Standard for particleboard. Hence, mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum could be used as a biological adhesive in composite board production.

Heat treatment was used for softening purposes during wood compression. Water was impregnated into wood pore to study heat transfer of wet wood along the process. Heat treatment of 3 hours before compression were measured at the center-side of compressed wood pores that perpendicular to compression direction. Temperature measurement of experimental results and simulation model were compared and discussed.

Lignin considered as one of extractive materials in wood densification process. During preheating and in wood densification process, lignin might flow and distributed in a temperature range of 127 °C to 176 °C, and water in wood pores might increase extractive materials flowability in wood. Crossectional extractive materials distribution was measured and quantify optically. Relationships between temperature and extractive materials distribution were discussed briefly in an aim to improve densification methodology.

Rice husk is the major by-product of the rice-milling industries and is abundantly available in Indonesia. The study focused on the design and fabrication of integration of organic and inorganic waste pyrolysis equipment as an effort in finding the utilization of heat waste of rice husk burning to convert plastic to be oil fuel. It is an alternative solution to increase energy efficiency and convert waste plastics into a resource. The reactor was used to process 3,000 g plastics and around 11,000 g rice husks per batch. The result showed that temperature around 83-705 °C at rice husk reactor and 151-201 °C at waste plastics reactor continuous process. The pyrolysis process of 3,000 g plastics (gunny bags) was completed in 360 minutes to produce 54.33 g of fuel. This fact shows that the pyrolysis process of plastics can produce fuel at 151 °C in the reactor. Test result showed that the equipment was functional with the equipment's effective capacity of oil production (ml hour^-1) of 49.93; oil conversion efficiencies were 1.81 % (plastic) and 1.87 % (rice husk); waste reduction efficiencies were 27.78 % (plastic) and 76.91 % (rice husk), while oil recovery was 22.43 ml oil kg^-1 (waste plastic) and 18.95 ml oil kg^-1 (rice husk).

Fungi are common organisms in natural forests as well as human-made ecosystem such as botanical gardens. Likewise forest, botanical gardens provide lignocellulose substrates and other organic media for fungi to grow and develop especially fungal species which belong to class Agaricomycetes. Regarding those roles, it is necessary to do more research on fungal exploration in Indonesia to provide taxonomy and diversity on fungi which belong to Agaricomycetes. This research is conducted to study Agaricomycetes fungi in Kuningan Botanical Garden based on their macroscopic morphology. The fungal collection was conducted in July 2017. Fungal samples were collected from four sampling areas, then the samples were identified based on morphology such as the character of cap, stalk, gill, veil, and spore print. Based on morphological observation, fungal samples found in botanical garden were grouped in to twelve families, i.e./namely: Polyporaceae, Ganodermataceae, Stereaceae, Sclerodermataceae, Russulaceae, Schizophyllaceae, Auriculariaceae, Amanitaceae, Tricholomataceae, Irpicaceae, Auriculariaceae, and Agaricaceae. The fungal genera that were identified are: Auricularia, Scleroderma, Collybia, Russula, Stereum, Lycoperdon, Schizophyllum, Coprinellus, Limacella, Lentinus and Leucopaxillus.

Preliminary study on termite recognition for food source location was carried out by the subjection of volatile compounds emitted by Sumatran Pine (Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese). Food source recognition by termite was evaluated using a set-up model on the inverted Y-tube apparatus. The apparatus consisted of a release chamber, in which five workers had been released; an intersection chamber, in which termite movement would be evaluated for clockwise and counter-clockwise movements; and a pair of food chamber. Between the intersection chamber and food chambers, a tunnel with 5 cm length was divided into five scale ranges, in which each range was related to a preference score. Various set-up models had been prepared from these concentrations: 0%; 0.5%; 1%; 2%; 4%; 8% of the macerated extract of Sumatran Pine sapwood in 8 mm paper dish. Each set-up consisted of a pair of concentrations: low & high concentration, which was located on different food chambers. The results suggested that termite showed directional preference to a low concentration, even in a set-up model of 0% & 0.5% (F= 16.65, P = 0.002), which indicated that the extracts might have a repellent effect against termite. When the results were clustered based on termite's movement, clockwise and counterclockwise, significant preference for low concentration was observed in two and one set-up models, respectively. Behavioural observation showed that in most of the set-up models, the first food chamber explored by a termite would generate more preference scores, regardless of the concentrations.

Leaves mostly litter on the forest floor. The process of leaf litter decomposition involves the role of microorganisms such as fungi. The study aimed to isolating and identifying the fungi of Macaranga indica and Hibiscus macrophyllus leaf litter. The leaf litter was taken under the stand of Macaranga indica and Hibiscus macrophyllus in the restoration area of Gunung Leuser National Park Sei Betung Resort North Sumatra. Fungi were isolated using the direct plating methods with Potato Dextrose Agar medium. The purified fungi were then identified morphologically to the genus level. Morphological identification carried out by looking at the macroscopic and microscopic features of fungi. There were six isolates from Macaranga indica leaf litter and eight isolates from Hibiscus macrophyllus leaf litter. The result shows that there are five genera of fungi consisting of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Trichoderma, and Cladosporium.

The existence of plankton community in Lematang River is important for supplying diet nutrition to juvenile fishes. Based on study that had been done in Lematang River, there are relationship between the populations of several fishes with plankton diversities. Some activities which disturb the living of plankton are sand and stone mining. This activities have destroyed niche habitat for plankton and fishes. Additionally, other factor that lead to the damage are domestic and industrial wastes originated from Lahat and areas a longside Lematang River. According to this research, local fishes that could be found in upstream of Lematang River were Rasbora sp., Puntius sp., and Hampala sp. and etc. Diversities index of plankton communities on upstream was higher (more than 3,00) than those that on downstream (less than 3,00). Regulation to prohibit sand and stone mining are necessary to conserve niche habitat of Lematang River for plankton and local fishes.

Information on the liverworts family Plagiochilaceae in Taman Eden 100 Natural Tourist Park North Sumatra has never been reported. This study aims to invent the spesies of Plagiochilaceae at Taman Eden 100 Natural Park, North Sumatra to complete the liverworts data of Sumatra. Samples were collected by exploring and surveying accessible path within the research site. The observation was done in the laboratory based on morphological characters under the binocular microscope. Identification of the species used some existing literature that contains key identification, description or illustration of Plagiochilaceae. Sixteen species of Plagiochilaceae were found in this area, including three genera: Pedinophyllum (1 species), Plagiochilion (1 species), and Plagiochila (14 species). The most common species found in the study was Plagiochila arbuscula, while the uncommon species found were Plagiochila frondescens, P. sumatrana, and Pedinophyllum sp.

The development of low temperature tolerant rice varieties is needed to increase national rice productivity. Crosses and selection are the stages of the activity of developing low temperature tolerant plants. The effectiveness of selection depends very much on the action of the genes that control the selection character. Epistatic gene action will inhibit the progress of selection on self-pollinating crops such as rice. The purpose of this study was to estimate the gene action of the character of rice growth at low temperature stresses, and predict whether the growth character was controlled by the action of additive genes or by the action of epistasis genes. The research was conducted from July 2017-March 2018 at Brastagi Experimental Farm, Karo District, altitude 1340 meters above sea level with average temperature of 19 °C. The genetic material used was 191 F2 plants from the crossing of Situbagendit x Red Sigambiri and each 10 parents. The results showed that the character of plant height, panicle exsertion, age of flowering, and production had a middle value that varied with heritability values from low to high. The action of duplicate epistasis additive genes occurs in the character of generative phase plant height and flowering age while the character of plant height in germination phase, panicle exsertion and production is governed by the action of complementary epistasis genes. The characters observed have a pattern of distribution that is continuous and controlled by many genes.

Powderpost beetle, Lyctus africanus, is a common dry wood pest in the tropical region. The insect pest damages wood by converting the wood into powdery frass. The damaged wood is created by larvae of L. africanus which digests the starchy wood part into powdery form. The powdery form developed in exit holes from which Lyctus emerges is an indicator of an active infestation. However, the presence of frass could be detected in the delayed period. Developing prevention of Lyctus entrance into the wood is crucial to minimize the losses. Monitoring the Lyctus infestation regularly, as chemical communication practice, leads to green technology in the pest control system. The chemical communication in Lyctus beetle was identified as the pheromone detected in male Lyctus beetle. In contrast, the female crude extract was observed to show none of the attractant behavior. In this study, the activity of female crude extract of Lyctus on the behaviour of the beetle was observed. The extract was from hexane washed of newly emerged female beetle for 24 h. Chemical analysis by GC-MS indicated dominancy of hydrocarbon compounds in the female crude extract. Purification of the hydrocarbon fraction was then conducted in SiO₂ column with hexane solvent. Then, a preference test of the compounds against both male and female beetle was supervised in the Petri dish method. Result of the preference test indicated a repulsion behavior of both female and male beetles. Furthermore, the purified compound increased the repulsion behavior of Lyctus beetle. The hydrocarbon is suggested as a specific compound of female beetle which alters the behaviour of Lyctus beetle.

Orangutans are classified as frugivore that most of their feeding sources come from fruits. Bukit Lawang forest (BLF) as part of Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP) is known as the first center for orangutan rehabilitation (COR) established in 1973 and then closed in 1991. To date, the BLF is the orangutan viewing center (OVC). This study aimed to assess the nutritional content of some fruits feed by Sumatran orangutan (SOU) in BLF and to determine the energy adequacy from fruits eaten by SOU. The nutritional content was analyzed by proximate method. There were nine fruits from different tree species as SOU food sources analyzed in this study. According to the nutritional content, the best fruit for orangutan feed was P. lateriflora which the highest content of the fruit was water content (62.13%), followed by carbohydrate (23.81%), protein (13.72%), ash (0.21%) and fat (0.10%). This study indicated that the nutritional requirements of SOU at the BLF were categorized as sufficient. Therefore, no additional feed is needed for SOU in the area, and feeding time session can be eliminated in the OVC Bukit Lawang of GLNP.

Phonotactics research is a procedure for the discovery and determination of the sequence and phonemes in a language based on distribution (beginning, middle and end of a word). Each language has a special characteristic in phonotactics. Therefore, phonotractics research needs to be done. The purpose of this study is to describe a series of vocal, diphthong, a sequence of consonants, and syllables. The method used was descriptive qualitative methods by collecting data through observation, interview and study library by using the phonotractics theory initiated by O'Grady, et al (1989) and Pulgram (1970). Based on the analysis of phonotractics in Simalungun language, vowel sequence was found to occupy the position of beginning, middle and end of a Word. Diphthongs only occupied the position of the end of a word, whereas the consonant sequence was only found in the middle of word. The results of the analysis showed that the vowel sequence consists of sixteen (16), namely: vowel sequence /ai/, /au/, /ae/, /ao/, /ia/, /iu/, /io/, /ua/, /ue/, /uo/, /ui/, ea/, /eu/, /eo/, /oa/ and /oi/. Diftong consists of three (3), they are /ou/, /ei/, and /ui/. There are ten (10) consonant sequences, namely: a). The sequence starts with a consonant /h/ as : /-hb-/, /-hk-/, /-hp-/, and /-ht-/., b). The sequence starts with a consonant /k/ as : /-kb-/, /-kd-/, /-kj-/, /-kl-/, /-km-/, /-kp-/, and /-kt-/., c). The sequence starts with a consonant /l/ as : /-lb-/, /-ld-/, /-lh-/, /-lm-/, /-lg-/, /-lg-/, /-lj-/, /-lŋ-/, /-lp-/, and /-lt/., d). The sequence starts with a consonant /m/ as : /-mb-/, /-mm-/, /-ml-/, and /-mp-/., e). The sequence starts with a consonant /n/ as : /-nd-/, /-nj-/, /-ns-/, and /-nt-/., f). The sequence starts with a consonant /ŋ/ as : /- ŋ g-/, /- ŋ j-/, /- ŋ k-/, /- ŋ l-/, /- ŋ m-/, /- ŋ r-/, /- ŋ s-/, and /- ŋ t-/., g). The sequence starts with a consonant /p/ as : /-pd-/, /-ph-/, /-pr-/, /-ps-/, and /-pt-/., h). The sequence starts with a consonant /r/ as: /-rb-/, /-rd-/, /-rg-/, /-rk-/, /-rj-/, /-rl-/, /-rŋ-/, /-rp-/, and /-rt-/., i). The sequence starts with a consonant /s/ as: /-sd-/, /-sq-/, /-sk-/, /-sp-/ and /-st-/., j). The sequence starts with a consonant /t/ as : /-tg-/, /-tp-/, and /-tr-/. The syllables in the vowel sequence consist of V, VK. KV, and KVK. The syllable in diphthongs consists of KVV at the end of the word and the consonant sequence consists of the KK which occupies the middle position of the word.

Rural development based on local resources utilization has been promoted as a strategy to achieve people prosperity in Indonesia. Although many studies have found that resource-based strategy is no longer relevant nowadays, for many areas this is still considered an appropriate approach. In order to examine the significance, we conducted a study in Sumba Barat Daya District of East Nusa Tenggara, focussing on coffee as one of the most abundant products in the region. Utilizing a socio-ecological approach, we collected data and information to depict the dynamics of coffee-based activities. A detailed study in Kadi Roma Village of Sumba Barat Daya on coffee ecosystem contribution to local community revealed that despite traditionally managed, coffee plays a significant role socially and economically. As a source of income to almost 17,000 smallholder farmers in Sumba Barat Daya, it can be concluded that coffee can become a gateway to attain successful rural development program. It also provides various opportunities for the community to participate which requires supportive innovation ecosystem to be established systematically by relevant local institutions, including include local government.

Implementation of appropriate technology is recognized as one of the significant approaches for community empowerment. The principle of localities embedded in defined appropriateness of technology as "people mattered" has always been challenged when it is applied. This paper discussed the findings from an action-research work in the traditional coffee community in Sumba Barat Daya – East Nusa Tenggara. Coffee cultivation, post-harvest handling, processing to ground coffee, are tradition practiced to fulfill their need. The tradition is in the contest when there is a demand from the modern market requiring an increase of quality and productivity. The result of this study showed that to empower community it requires integration of technology appropriateness which is economically profitable and socially acceptable, and to ensure sustainability, maintenance of induced knowledge and practices should be strengthened by local institutional establishment based on social capital.

The research entitled "the model of conversation in the marunjuk ceremony in Batak Toba: the study of pragmatics," reviews the marhusip, marpudun saut and marunjuk custom. The formulation of the problem in this research is a model of conversation discussed in the marunjuk ceremony in Batak Toba. And how does a conversation mean in the marunjuk ceremony in Batak Toba? The purpose of this research was to know the form of conversation following the language and meaning of the conversation in the custom model marunjuk in Batak Toba. The benefits of this research are to preserve the conversational model of marunjuk ceremony and add a reference as the study of national culture. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. Data were collected through an obsevation, interview, and literature study. Based on the explanation, this study is about marhusip (discussing the plan of an engagement of the couple) and marpudunsaut or marhata sinamot (negotiating the dowry money of the couple). The custom of marunjuk consists of two parts: 1) dialap jual (party on the woman's side) and 2) ditaruhon jual (party on the man's side).

This article describes identity politics in the recently passed Pilgubsu [North Sumatra Gubernatorial Election] of 2018. Identity politics is based on the interests and perspectives of certain groups. It is experiencing a rising tide both at global and national levels because of: (1) the collapse of the utopian socialism or the so-called end of history; (2) democracy and capitalism gave birth to inequality and secularism; and (3) democracy was hijacked by the alliance of rulers and entrepreneurs (post-truth politics). This study used a qualitative paradigm by analyzing print and online media including social media, while in-depth interviews were not completed. Pilgubsu's political space was full of the sentiments of SARA (Tribal, Religious, Racial, and Inter-group). These basic identities mainly appear during the campaign period, although it has also been amplified since the declaration. Tribal identity appears in the declaration of support for clan associations and ethnic associations. Religious identity is more prominent in fiqh takfiri and theological basis of legitimacy in choosing same-religion leaders whereas inter-groups emphasize the issue of indigenous and non-indigenous locals, including Javanese and non-Javanese.

Fiscal transfer of nearly one billion to the village accounts made the struggle for village heads tense. This tension is because the legacy of the village founder (huta), who is the basic foundation of village governance in the past, has to deal with liberal democracy in the practice of the current election of village head. Collective communitarian democracy as a feature of self-governing capacity at the village level has not been completely abandoned, but it has to carry out individual liberal democracy at the same time . In general, village heads in the two sub-districts of this study have participated in capacity building related to their duties and functions such as the preparation of the Village Medium Term Development Plan (RPJM-Desa), Village Regulations (Perdes), except the establishment of Village Owned Enterprise (Bumdes). Even so, the village documents are only slightly stored in the files of each village. The kinship politics of the village apparatus (village head, village secretary, village treasurer) as well as between village apparatuses, namely the Village Government Agency (BPD), were marked by a very close relationship. This kinship politics is because they are the first clan of the village. This village is only inhabited by the descendants of the clan group, and there is almost no imigration. The political implication of this kinship is a reluctance to monitor each other (both intra and between village units) when power abuse occurs.

High human activity around and in the forest is one of the causes of damage to Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) habitat in the forest landscape of Besitang. Deforestation and degradation have caused forest fragmentation so that Sumatran elephant habitat becomes narrow. As a result, Sumatran elephants look for a new space outside their natural habitat such as agricultural land and plantations owned by communities around the forest. The conflict between Sumatran elephants and humans cannot be avoided. The objective of this study was to get information about the vulnerability distribution of Sumatran elephant conflict with humans based on the influenced factors in Besitang. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method was used to select and weight the factors that are thought to influence the distribution of Sumatran elephant conflict with humans. Overlay analysis of the factors that influence the conflicts distribution between Sumatran elephants and humans was done using Geographic Information System (GIS). The results of the study showed that the vulnerability of human-elephant conflict could be divided into three classes, namely the highly vulnerable areas of conflict which are 43,981.11 ha (26.99%), medium vulnerable areas which are 41,632.74 ha (25.56%) and not vulnerable areas which are 77,291.73 ha (47.45%). The results of the model validation test showed a value of 87.5%.

Sumatra rain forest is a hot spot for flora and fauna biodiversity in the world and also habitat for many endangered species. Of the mammal species, four key species were found here those were Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae), Sumatran Elephant (Elephas maximus sumatrensis), Orangutan (Pongo abelii) and Sumatran Rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). Forest degradation has been a global phenomenon and while being an important indicator to further forest loss, decreasing habitat quality of wild animal and species extinction. Besitang Forest is the habitats for three key mammal species in North Sumatra. Forest conversion, forest disturbance, and human activities in this site threaten the existence of this species. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial model of forest canopy cover and spatial distribution of forest degradation in Besitang Forest in period 2008 - 2016. Forest canopy cover value was estimated through Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value from satellite Landsat imagery using the regression model. Forest degradation was measured by comparing the spatial distribution of forest canopy cover in 2008 and forest canopy cover in 2016. The result showed that NDVI approaches could estimate the forest canopy cover with R² value 79.0. Forest degradation in Besitang landscape was classified into high (527.85 ha), medium (9,763.83 ha) and low (28,898.73 ha).

Specialty coffee is the one which is referred to specific coffee due to its high quality and its production process which has been certified. The objective of this study was to analyze how far the coffee plant cultivation was redeveloped in Karo Regency, why the Karonese farmers did not grow specialty coffee and what socio-cultural factors influenced it. The result of the research showed that coffee growers in Karo Regency grew coffee because they followed the market trend, the rising price of coffee. However, they still grow coffee traditionally such as preparing seedlings by themselves, not doing fertilizing and trimming, not planting shade trees, selling their coffee in the form of coffee green beans and cherries since they need cash quickly and coffee high price. They do not dry, process, roast, store, and standardize thecoffee powder packaging. It is recommended that the coffee growers in Karo Regency change the pattern of cultivation and post-harvesting to keep coffee productivity and price high and sustainable.

Melia dubia Cavanilles (big mindi) is one of the fast-growing species which is potential to be developed in community forests. This species is found to occupy most agroforestry lands in Selaawi village (Garut, West Java). The research was conducted in three stand types, namely: (i) pine stand (as reference), (ii) old mindi stand, (iii) young mindi stand with objectives to identify the pattern of planting of mindi agroforestry in Selaawi Village, to analyze the condition of growing places, and to measure the productivity of each stand. This research was conducted 2011 in Selaawi Village, Talegong Subdistrict, Garut District, West Java Province. There are several tree species dominating the sites, namely Melia dubia Cavanilles. (43.37%), Paraserianthes falcataria (23.20%), Maesopsis eminii (15.35%), Manglieta glauca (9.83%), Eucalyptus spp. (4.68%), Anthocephalus cadamba (1.62%) and other wood species (1.96%).

The research, recording, and documentation of Karonese Semantics are an attempt to re-identify the types of word meaning, meaning relation, meaning change and meaning of names in Karonese. The semantics of Karo language is a type of communication that reflects the cultural values of the region and is a part of the national culture. Therefore, research in Karonese semantics needs to be done in an attempt to recapture information as clear as possible about the types, relationships, and changes in the meaning and the meaning of names in Karonese. Semantics, which is a science of meanings of words, helps to answer it. To get research data in the form of descriptive qualitative, we applied an observation method with the technique of involvement and communication, a method of an interview with the recording and noting down technique, and a method of documentation with noting down technique. The results are presented in narrative form. The theory used in this research was the semantics theory with structural analysis.

Agroforestry contributes to addressing the problems the world is facing today. Regarding economic well-being, agroforestry can increase diversify farmers' incomes and allow them to have access to more nutritious food. The community of Pematang Sidamanik Sub-district conducted an agroforestry pattern that combined forestry crops with various crops. This research aimed to examine the practice of agroforestry. Methods of data collection were interview techniques and field observation (survey). Data processing was qualitative descriptive analysis method. Cultivation techniques for T.sureni in study site are the provision of seeds, maintenance, and harvesting simply done by the community. Suren tree is used as a raw material for building, furniture, ships and canoes, while suren leaves are used as vegetables, medicines and organic pesticides/insecticides. Agroforestry practices are influenced by the land and tree tenure system (private or state-controlled) that farmers operate. Tenure affects the decision of farmers to make about the kind of agroforestry system they can use.

The research of ensemble technique has become popular in recent years, which can produce probabilistic predictions of rainfall on a short or medium scale. Prediction ensemble is a model formed by combining the predictive system model; the models used was member. This study aims to analyse the ability of the ensemble method in predicting rainfall events in Cilacap (07°45' S, 109°02' E) and Denpasar (08°37' S, 115°13' E). Data processing used ensemble equation; its ensemble member consisted of four members of running model WRF-ARW every cycle (00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC). In general, during the period of July 1 to 20 and February 1 to 20, 2016, the results of the models both single model and ensemble technique show that the model underestimate in predicting rainfall. Nevertheless, the single and three models of ensemble prediction methods estimated dry conditions very well but failed to predict the event of heavy rain. There were supported by the plot curve of the Relative Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve as a completely indicating that the three ensemble techniques performed the same results in all regions, none of them gave many different predictions between ensemble techniques and other ensemble techniques. The usual weighted or ensemble mean method produces almost identical rainfall predictions.

The frequency of hydro-meteorological disasters (climate and weather-related) in Indonesia has continued to increase in the last ten years. Java Island is the region with the highest disaster occurrence in Indonesia. The CMAP (the CPC Merged Analysis of Precipitation) rainfall data for the long time period 1981-2016 was used in this study. While the in situ data was used for verification of CMAP data. The rainfall is one of the main parameters that affects the climate in Indonesia. A study using this long-term data has been done to investigate the changes of rainfall occurring in Java Island per-decade. The results showed that the annual rainfall pattern appears to be almost the same during the all periods (period I, II, III and IV), but the intensity of the annual rainfall changes significantly. While the real changes are also seen in seasonal rainfall patterns and their intensity on Java Island. These changes indicate that the average rainfall in period IV is higher than period I, II and III. Likewise, the early of the dry/rainy season and the length of the season appear to be shifting in six locations from seven locations of case studies conducted. The CMAP data is quite well as alternative data in climate-related research because it has a good verification of in situ data.

One of the extreme weather that happened in Indonesia is landspout. Landspout is virtually a tornado that forms from a thunderstorm that is not a supercell. On November 20, 2017 at 08.00 UTC there was a landspout in the village of Kertasada, Kalianget District, Sumenep Regency of Madura, East Java, Indonesia which caused damage to dozens of houses and many shops and warehouses. The study was done to determine the differences condition of the atmosphere before, during, and after the phenomenon based on synoptic analysis, atmospheric instability analysis, satellite image analysis, and radar image analysis. The results of the synoptic analysis of two weather parameters, pressure and temperature, also supported the occurrence of landspout phenomenon. Pressure and air temperature for two days before the occurrence of the landspout had a relatively similar pattern, but the average pressure appeared higher on the day of the incident. Temperature patterns showed a decrease from one hour before the incident, which was 3.2°C. The surface wind analysis showed wind speed during the day of the incident was higher than the previous two days, with a difference of 6 m s^-1. The analysis of atmospheric instability when the incidence of the Lifted-Index (LI) values indicates the 'unstable atmosphere and possible thunderstorm criteria. K-Index (KI) shows the possible to become moderate convetive' The total index (TT) showed a stronger convective, local lightning potential and a value were higher than the previous two days. Severe Weather Threat Index (SWEAT) showed the potential of lightweight thunderstorm with greater instability value than the previous day while the Convective Avalilable Potential Energy (CAPE) index showed a large and potentially stormy energy. Then, in this research used Himawari-8 satellite and Radar C-band to detected convective clouds. According to Satellite Animation and Interactive Diagnosis (SATAID) satellite data, there is a Cumulonimbus (cb) cloud clump in the Sumenep region of Madura, which is meant to be potentially a landspout.

This study analyzed the large-scale meteorological condition during Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs) over the Indian Ocean. The MCCs were identified by infrared satellite imagery using an algorithm that combined information about cloud coverage, eccentricity, and the cloud lifetimes of MCCs. The data used were a combination of satellite data and reanalysis data, while the Brightness temperature (T_BB) was obtained from the MTSAT IR1 satellite data. The results of this study showed that, in general, the initial stage of the MCC was characterized by strong low-level convergence and vertical convection, and largely driven by the convergence of the moisture flux in the lower troposphere. The mature stage of the MCC was characterized by weak surface convergence, strong upper-level divergence, and a shortwave ridge in the mid- and upper levels. Where there was strong surface divergence, the decay and dissipation stages were very similar, and the surface convergence left the system. The movement of most MCCs resulted from the combined contributions of advection and the propagation of surface convergence. Results from this research showed that these large convective systems tended to be formed in the vicinity of the terminus of a low-level jet that transported moist and warm air to the originating regions of the MCCs. Shortwave troughs and baroclinic zones were associated with MCC development.

The aims of this research was to evaluate the nature of peat soil used for oil palm plantations in nine years of planting has been carried out in several private oil palm plantation companies in Kubu Raya District, West Kalimantan Province from May to June 2018. Research using survey methods with soil sampling was carried out intentionally (purposive sampling) in oil palm plantations planted on peatlands from 2009 to 2017. The results showed that the chemical properties of peat soils used for oil palm plantations in different planting years were qualitatively similar based on the assessment criteria of chemical properties. Quantitatively, some soil characteristics levels were very high. Mineral soil under peat at the study site cannot be used for ameliorant peat material because of pyrite compound. In order to maintain the quality of peat soils used for oil palm plantations, the application of ameliorant material which does not affect the acceleration of decomposition of peat soil material, must be continuously increased to the maximum extent possible.

Research and utilization of oil palm trunk (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) have not been widely carried out. Knowledge the characteristics of oil palm trunk (OPT) as part of understanding this type for reference to further development. The aim of its study was (1) to determine the value of moisture content (MC) in fresh condition after cutting, (2) to quantify the color value (E), (3) to quantify the color change value (ΔE) in transverse and longitudinal cross-section and (4) to measure the percentage of starch content (SC). Results showed that MC for base (B), middle (M), up (U) and their average were 339.68%; 444.82%; 323.24% and 369.25% respectively. E value consisted of 4 parameters, namely FT (fresh-transversal), FL (fresh-longitudinal), OT (ovendry-transversal), and OL (ovendry-longitudinal). ΔE consisted of two parameters, namely ΔET (ΔE-transversal) and ΔEL (ΔE-longitudinal). Average E values for FT, FL, OT and OL were 87.61; 88.70; 78.01 and 79.34 respectively. Average values for ΔET and ΔEL were 10.73 and 9.33, respectively. SC was 0.047% from 1114 kg of oil palm trunk's total weight.

Coastal is a dynamic area which is changing rapidly in response to natural processes and human activities. The significant increase in population and development activities around the coast of Langkat Regency have caused changes in land cover and vegetation density. This research was done by overlaying spatial data occurred from 2006 to 2016 to obtain land cover change data, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values, and to find out vegetation density in the coastal area of Langkat Regency. The research found that the highest area in the coastal of Langkat in year 2006 was under very dense class with 37.38%. In 2016, the highest area covering coastal of Langkat was Dense class with 38.21%. The decrease area found from very dense class to dense class for 34.06%. This research is expected to provide information as a consideration in the effort of coastal management of Langkat Regency.

Most species of wood from community forests have low quality compared to wood from natural forests because it is generally cut down in young years so that it has a high portion of juvenile wood and low durability. One process of improving wood quality is the densification process. The purpose of this research is to determine the resistance to Trametes versicolor fungi from densified wood with initial treatment of soaking on CH₃COOH and H₂O₂ 20% solution, borax 3%, and distilled water. Agathis wood boards made of 23 cm x 20 cm x 2.5 cm were densified with a target of 30% thickness reduction, at a temperature of 150 °C for 15 minutes. After the densification process, the test samples were measured and calculated for density and recovery of a set and tested for MOE and MOR and resistance to T.versicolor fungi. The results showed that the three types of treatment, soaking with CH₃COOH and H₂O₂, had a very high weight loss. This situation did not only attack from T.versicolor but also degradation of wood by CH₃COOH and H₂O₂. Th immersion with borax and distilled water only experienced very little weight loss. It shows that T.versicolor fungi less favors the densified Agathis wood.

Population growth increases pressure on land resources and leads to the use of the land that contravenes to its allocation. The coastal area of Langkat Regency is an area with high levels of pressure on land. The aimed of this study was to evaluate the use of the coastal belt and river belt in six districts of Langkat Regency North Sumatra Province using Sentinel 2 Imagery. The results of the accuracy test of the land cover classification showed good results with the overall accuracy was 99.56%, and kappa accuracy was 99.18%. We found that land use in this area dominated by oil palm plantations which reached 33,400.31 hectares. Coastal belt with a distance of 0-100 meters dominated by mangrove vegetation with an area of 386 hectares or 38.14% of the total Coastal belt area. Fishponds dominated the land use on the river belt area at a distance of 0-50 meters with an area of 1,217 hectares or 64.73%. We found that land use that contravenes to its function on the coastal belt was mainly for oil palm, fish ponds, and rice fields. It is necessary to rehabilitate the land determined by the government as a forest area to maintain the area's protection function.

Rooter system technology is a technology used to accommodate and absorb water into the soil through pipes that are designed like tree roots where the pipe is planted into the ground as deep as two meters with a slope of 45 degrees. Rainwater is collected and absorbed into the soil. Rooter technology system only holds rainwater, it does not waste water. System rooter technology is a well or hole on the ground surface which is made to hold rainwater so that it can seep into the soil. This study aims to control flooding in flood-prone areas using one-way rooter technology with an environmentally friendly concept. This research was conducted from 1 January 2018 to 28 February 2018 by observing directly in the field. Observations carried out included analysis of the study site, the water level at the study site, area of land affected by flooding, length of time, the soil absorbed, water level which did not use one-way rooter system technology. The volume of water that entered the soil was calculated using both rooter system technology and land that does not consume system rooter technology. The results of this study indicated that by using rooter technology a one-way water system is faster to enter the ground and can overcome flooding on the land.

The reference lateral design value is the basic load capacity for a fastener subjected to a lateral shear load. The design value is a consideration in designing a wooden connection. The main objective of this research was to determine the reference design value for a single bolt connection using Merbau wood. In this study, the experimental reference lateral design values were determined from the load-deformation curve with a 5% diameter offset method based on connection testing which refers to ASTM D5652 standard test methods for bolted connections in wood and wood-based products. Meanwhile, the prediction reference lateral design values were determined based on the formulas in the national design specification for wood construction. The wood used was Merbau (Intsia spp) using three bolt diameters (1/2, 5/8 and 3/4 in) and several wood thickness combinations. The results showed that the experimental design reference values ranged from 475 kg to 887 kg. The reference lateral design value was influenced by a combination of wood thickness and bolt diameter. The greater the thickness of the wood and the diameter of the bolt, the higher the value of the design obtained. The ratio between predictive Z according to yield mode and minimum Z in NDS and experimental Z showed the range from 0.53 to 1.07 and from 0.53 to 0.91.

The fulfillment of the need for wood at this time can only use wood from industrial park forests and community forests, in which the type of wood is fast-growing wood. One of these fast-growing woods is Terentang wood where this wood belongs to the strong class III to IV. To increase the strength of Terentang wood, in this case, the physical nature of the innovation needs to be done using one of the technologies that havethe potential to improve the quality of wood, which is compaction or wood compression. The results of compaction of Terentang wood process with boiling treatment which has a better value of control are the properties of moisture content and specific gravity, the development and shrinkage of dimensions which arestill low compared to controls. The moisture is influenced by boiling time, pressing time, and interaction both of that. The specific gravity is affected by boiling time, the development of wood is influenced by boiling time and interaction of boiling and pressing time, shrinkage is affected by boiling time.

The protected areas in the concession of PT Pulp Toba Lestari (TPL) is allocated mainly for maintaining the high-value conservation areas. Since the areas areadjacent to the local community which has long time accessed and utilized non-timber forest products (NTFPs), it is necessary to take forest management efforts to ensure a sustainable protection function while the needs of the community around the forest are fulfilled wisely. One of the critical parts of forest management is to define the distribution of NTFPs clearly to allow effective governance of natural forest area. A stratified systematic sampling survey was applied to find the type of NTFP and its location within the protected areas for each estate. GIS technology was used to map the distribution of NTFPs.26.67% ofincense was most widely distributed by in the Germ-Plasm Protection area of Aek Nauli Estate, and 20.00% was in the Riparian zone area of Habinsaran Estate. At the pole growth stage, 20,00% of incense was often found in the Green Belt area of AekNauli Estate, and 28.00% was in the Buffer Zone area . Rattan is widespread in the all the type of protected areas in Tele Estate. It was mostly found in Germ-Plasm area (100.00%) followed by the Riparian Zone area (95.00%) and Biodiversity area (92.26%). Aek Nauli Estate was the second best place to find rattan in the Green Belt area (82.86%) and the Riparian zone area (76,00%). Sugar palm and bamboo were not distributed well and 17.14% of them were mostlyfound in the Green Belt area of Aek Nauli Estate.

Salib Kasih tourism area is a prime religious tourism area in North Sumatra which is located in the forest area of Simorangkir Julu Village, North Tapanuli Regency. Structure and composition of vegetation in this area are not widely known, while Salagundi (Roudholia teysmanii) only found on this area. Generally, people only see pine as the main component of its plant. Studying the dynamics of a forest and its characteristics is an essential prerequisite for managing forests sustainability, especially for the sustainability of Salagundi which is native species of this area. This study aimed to obtain the information about the structure, composition, and diversity of plant in this area and as based data to maintain the existence of its species. The sampling technique was carried out by a combination method between the path method and the plot line. Vegetation analysis was carried out to gather information about the number and type of species at each growth level, Important Value Index (IVI) and Shannon Wienner Diversity Index. The results of the study found that there were seventeen species in this area. The number of each growth level was 691 at seedling levels, 671 at sapling levels, 209 at pole levels, and 224 at tree levels. The highest IVI at seedling, pole and tree level was Pinus merkusii (60.55; 87.58; 113.58), while at sapling level was Syzygium racemosum (50.00). The diversity index at seedling and tree level was low (1.95 and 1.76), while at sapling and pole level, it was classified as medium (2.07 and 2.08). According to the result, the existence of Salagundi needs to be preserved.

Biomass from annual fibers and agricultural wastes as a raw material to produce particleboard or other composite panels has gained increased popularity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the suitability of corn stalk as a material for particleboard manufacturing. The effect of adhesive type and concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard manufactured from corn stalk was evaluated. Particleboards were produced using hot-pressing machine at temperature of 130 °C for urea formaldehyde (UF) and 150 °C for phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives until 10 min. The size of particleboards and target density were 25 mm x 25 mm x 0.9 mm and 0.8 g/cm³, respectively. The adhesive content was varied from 8, 10 and 12 wt%. The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards had better values with increasing the adhesive concentration. The board bonded with PF adhesive showed better physical and mechanical properties than the board bonded with UF adhesive. The modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity and internal bond of the board bonded with 12 wt% of PF fulfilled the requirement of the JIS A 5908 (2003) for type 13 particleboard.

Sikundur forest area is located at Gunung Leuser National Park (GLNP), in Aras Napal, Langkat, North Sumatra Province, representing mixture forest of lowland Dipterocarpaceae. Two 0.5 ha permanent plots of 50 x 100 m were established at twenty-two years old logged-over Sikundur Forest and located subjectively according to topography and river bank. This dryland forest was logged for the first cycle in 1978 by forest concession right. This study aimed to identify the species composition and to determine the diversity index of plants after 22 years logged over area. The results showed that significant tribes were Dipterocarpaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Myrtaceae which are the richest family in two permanent plots. The horizontal structure of forest indicated that the diversity index of Dipterocarpaceae in two plots tended to be centered, showing the high value of diversity index of Dipterocarpaceae family. The present study suggested the periodic activities on natural regeneration, and the measurement of the dynamics stock plant are highly recommended.

Mangrove forests in North Sumatera existed in the east coast of Sumatera Island and are promptly disappearing due to anthropogenic activities. Utilization of mangrove forest products still lacks of consent, thus application of appropriate technology is necessary for sustainable use of mangrove forest products to improve economy of coastal communities without impacting damage to the mangrove ecosystem. This study aims to examine the content of nutrients of jeruju leaves (Acanthus ilicifolius), jeruju crackers, the processed products and also the storage period of jeruju cracker. The nutritional content and the storage period of the product were performed using proximate analysis and hedonic test. Results showed that the storage time of jeruju leaves, original jeruju crackers, and spicy jeruju crackers affected on decreasing of the moisture content, ash content, fibre content, and antioxidants. Contrary, the fat and protein content increased by prolonging the storage time. Concerning on the nutritional content of jeruju leaf, jeruju crackers, the quality and selling value of the mangrove processed products could be improved. The present study suggests that processing of mangrove products affected the nutrients content and the storage time of the product.

Mangrove forests in North Sumatera are rapidly threatened due to anthropogenic activities. The study site was former oil palm plantation, and the areas can be reforested. The present study describes a two-year evaluation on mangrove seedlings in Lubuk Kertang Village, Langkat, North Sumatra, Indonesia. The rehabilitation was carried out on December 2015 using direct planting of 6,000 Rhizophora apiculata propagules which were evaluated twice in September 2017 and January 2018. The evaluation was divided into four plots consisting of hundred seedlings each, and the criteria of mangrove rehabilitation consisted of seedling diameter and height, leaf thickness and number, and seedling growth rate. Results showed that the growth rate for a two-year evaluation of first and second observation was 89 and 92 %, respectively. Similarly, the height, diameter, and some leaves seedlings planting showed better performance in the second measurement. The data are likely to confirm relevant information on successful rehabilitation using recommended species for degraded areas and availability of mangrove propagules in the area.

Forests degradation causes forestry businesses to be economically less profitable than other agribusiness commodities, thus triggering the policies of governments that plan to convert natural forests to other uses, such as industrial forest plantations. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of biomass and carbon stores in eucalyptus stands in industrial plantation forests, North Sumatra, Indonesia. This research was carried out in Industrial Plantation Forest of Toba Pulp Lestari Areas, Toba Samosir, North Sumatra, Indonesia. Analysis of carbon content was carried out at the Laboratory of Chemical Products of Forest, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University. Preparation of research permanent sample plots (PSP) was carried out using the nesting plot method. The research permanent sample plot (PSP) made was three plots. Analysis of biomass and carbon was done by the destructive method felling of sample trees and measuring their diameter, length, and wet weight. To find out the eucalyptus carbon content, we took the samples from each part of the plant and tested in a laboratory. The results showed that the average carbon content of Eucalyptus stands on the main stem was 34.66%, in the branch was 25.75%, and in the leaf was 22.46%, respectively. This research found that the selected allometric equations for estimating the carbon stock of eucalyptus stands was W = -174.670 + 0.347D² + 8.180H and C = -55.668 + 0.085D² + 2.947H (W=biomass; C=carbon; D= diameter at breast height; H=height). This research indicated that the carbon potential of eucalyptus stands was 71.05 tons/ha and 26.23 tons C/ha.

Communities with habitat around the forest have used traditional medicine for quite long to maintain their health and treat various diseases. This research aimed to find out the medicinal plants utilized by the communities around Lau Debuk-debuk Tourism Park and to know the utilization of the medicinal plant species. This research implemented two approaches which consisted of field survey in two selected villages (Semangat Gunung Village and Doulu Village). There were sixty species of medicinal plants commonly used by people around Lau Debuk-Debuk Tourism Park. Parts of the plant used as medicines were leaves, root, flowers, plant bark, stem, and tubers. It was found that leaves are most widely used by people of both villages. The current research enlarges the knowledge of the application of endemic plants growing in the investigated area.

One of the villages around Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser which has long used the plant for medicine is Garunggang Village. This village is located in Kuala Sub-District, Langkat District, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the medicinal plants (herbs) in the agroforestry which stands in Garunggang Village. This research was conducted from February to May 2018. The survey method was used by making fourteen plots in the field. A global positioning system (GPS) was used to record the coordinate points of medicinal plants, and a geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyze the distribution of the medicinal plants. The results showed that there were thirty-seven species with the total of 268 individuals plant found. Senduduk Bulu (Clidemia hirta) was the dominant plant found (sixty-one individual plants) followed by Lengkuas (Alpinia galangal) (twenty-seven individual plants) and Kuning Gajah (Maranta arundinacea) (sixteen individual plants). The information about medicinal plant species is essential. Therefore, it is necessary to develop information of medicinal plant so as to preserve the existing species of plants and to enrich the species of medicinal plants which are not found especially in Garunggang Village.

Macroscopic image database of Indonesian commercial timber "LignoIndo" has been developed to support the development of a computer vision-based wood identification system. A total of 809 wood species were taken their macroscopic images by using digital loupe at two magnifications: 50 times and 200 times. All of these timber species are Indonesian commercial timber listed in LIU (License Information Unit) in November 2016. Cross section images of 186 wood species listed in the Ministry of Forestry Degree No 163/2003 were also collected by using mobile phone camera that was attached with 60x magnify lens, as the basis data to the mobile application of automatic wood identification tool (AIKO). The number of wood species in this database will continue to grow as the number of commercial wood species increases. Besides, the number of replicates of specimens for each species of wood can also continue to be added to accommodate wood variations in the same species, the same species from different trees, and different geographic locations. This paper presents data collection methods and summaries of wood data that have been collected including trade name, botanical name, family, durability classes, strength classes, commercial class classification, conservation status, and recommended utilization.

Melia Spp. is known as fast-growing tree species and commonly cultivated in community forest and agriculture land due to its valuable wood. This species was widely distributed in some agroforestry systems, especially in Selaawi village, Garut, West Java. Based on the farmer information, two species mindi were found in this location; they were small and big seed mindi. The research aimed to get information on mindi diversity in Selaawi village and the opportunity for seed source development. For this purpose, microsatellites was used. Fourty leave samples were collected from parent tree owned by a farmer in Selaawi village. Three microsatellites markers (Ai_5, Ai_34 and Ai_48) developed for Azadirahta indica were used as transferability of PCR amplification. The result showed that genetic diversity value (He) of mindi in this location was high and ranged from 0,379 – 0,439. Big seed mindi has higher diversity than the small one. It indicates that this species is prospective to be developed as target species for the community forest. It is also potential to develop mindi in this location as seed source due to its high variability.

Indonesia is an archipelago country that has a long coastline of approximately 99,093 km. Most of the areas are intensively exploited by human activities. The increased population and development activities in the coastal area of Tapanuli Tengah and Sibolga have caused degradation and conversion of forests that cause the density of vegetation change. This research was conducted by overlaying some spatial data of the year 2007 and 2017 to analyze the changes of vegetation density and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values between 2007 and 2017. The research result showed that the largest area of vegetation density changes was the decreased of very dense class, which wass 62.48%. The largest area increased occurred in the dense class of 50.75%. This research is expected to provide information for considering the management of coastal areas in Tapanuli Tengah and Sibolga.

The need for wood to meet the raw material of forestry industry is increasing, but the availability of high-quality wood tends to decrease. It is due to the prohibition to harvest wood from natural forests. To fulfill the wood needs, innovation needs to be done. One of the innovations in the field of wood construction is needed to overcome the scarcity in fulfilling the raw material of forestry industry by developing potential domestic of wood species, as well as fast-growing species. One type of fast-growing wood used is Terentang (Campnosperma auriculatum). Terentang wood has a low level of wood strength (strong class III-IV), so it is less desirable. One technology that has the potential to improve wood quality is compaction or wood compression, with a preliminary treatment of steaming or boiling wood at certain temperatures and pressures. The results of the study showed that the compaction technology applied to Terentang wood (Campnosperma auriculatum) was able to improve the physical properties of wood in moisture content, specific gravity, and dimension shrinkage, but not in the dimensions swelling. Where compressed Terentang wood has increased the strong class of Terentang wood into strong class II (0.632−0.851) seen from its specific gravity based on PKKI NI-5-1961.

Aesthetic and strength are not easy to be combined in one wood composite product. This research aimed at combining both utilizing MDF overlaid with avocado, mahogany and pine veneer. Seven types of MDF composite plywood (comply) were designed using two adhesive types of Epoxy and Isocyanat. The adhesive spread weight was 250 g m^-2. Cold compression was conducted within 3 hours with the pressure of 15 kg cm^-2. The research results showed that flexural modulus (MOE) and flexural strength (MOR) of PMI comply (pine veneer, isocyanat adhesive) increased respectively by 129.5% and 75.9% when compared to MDF. This research recommends that MDF comply may be utilized for the structural and non-structural purposes.

High demand for Agarwood (Gaharu) from natural forest causes the decreasing of their population. In 2004, Indonesia proposed that all natural Agarwood from Gyrinops and Aquilaria generas should be included in the Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) list, which could be internationally traded but in certain quota. This paper deals with anatomical observation and characterization on basic properties to find out the difference between Gyrinops and Aquilaria for classification and standardization. Explorations have been conducted at community forests in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara for Gyrinops versteegii (Gilg) Domke; while A. malaccensis Benth., A. microcarpa Baill., A. beccariana Tiegh., and Aquilaria sp. were extracted from Sangau and Ketapang Regencies, West Kalimantan. Wood samples were taken by drilling the trees stem by using a Drill tool to get a pencil-shaped sample of about 20 cm in length and 0.5 cm in diameter. Another sample in form of chips contain bark and wood were also extracted. The results showed that the average specific gravity of Gyrinops and Aquilaria was between 0.31 – 0.35, therefore it was included in the Strength Class IV. Chemical components of injured G. versteegii contained 50.74% holocelullose, 30.50% α-cellulose, 31.98% lignin, and 16.69% extractives. The composition of ray cells in G. versteegii was more complex than Aquilaria generas.

Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia Roxb) stands are widely lost throughout the world. Sonokeling is currently classified as an Appendix II CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) wood. Therefore, a study on the existence and characteristics of Sonokeling were expected to contribute in providing population data and basic properties of the wood. Exploration was conducted in Plot No. 25, KPH (Forest Management Unit) Gundih, Perum Perhutani Cepu, Central Java. Sonokeling stands have been planted since 1975 (more than 40 years-old) in an area of 54.20 ha, which was not productive for Teak and mixed with Mahogany. Sample was taken from upper part of stem with around 30 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length. The sample was further cutted into 2 x 2 x 2 cm for physical, 30 x 2 x 2 cm for Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) and Modulus of Rupture (MOR), and 4 x 2 x 2 cm for Compression Strength Parallel to the Grain (CSPG) tests. The results showed that specific gravity of sapwood dan heartwood were 0.79 and 0.82, respectively. The average values of MOE, MOR, and CSPG were 117,722, 1122.19, and 1022.93 kgf/cm², respectively. Therefore, Sonokeling can be classified into Strength Class II.

Various types of mangrove plants found in coastal areas have a specific strategy to deal with pollution conditions from heavy metals. One of the several strategies used by mangroves is by accumulating various kinds of heavy metals in various parts of the tree. Most species of mangroves such as Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Sonneratia caseolaris, Bruguiera gymnorhyza and others apply this strategy. Avicennia marina and Rhizophora mucronata are pioneer mangrove species that are able to accumulate heavy metals in the roots, stems and leaves. These species are also act as indicator of the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems. The presence of heavy metals will reduce water quality subsequently will decline the overall condition of the ecosystem. How big is the ability of Avicenia marina and Rhizopohora mucronata mangroves to absorb copper (Cu) and Lead (Pb) metals and how the conditions of the aquatic environment surrounding mangroves during heavy metal stress are need to be studied. Analysis of Cu and Pb heavy metals contents were carried out at the Chemistry Laboratory of the USU Medan Pharmacy Faculty. The mangrove species used for the analysis of Cu and Pb heavy metals were A.marina and R. mucronata that grew in Muara Sungai coastal areas from April to August 2018. The results showed heavy metal content of Cu was greater than Pb in wire roots, stems and leaves of A. marina trees. Analysis of roots, leaves and bark of R. mucronata also found greater content of Cu heavy metals than Pb.

Alstonia scholaris R.Br is one of forest plants that have medicinal properties used to treat various diseases. This study aimed to determine the activity of in vitro cytotoxicity of Alstonia scholaris bark against HeLa and Vero cells. Alstonia scholaris bark was macerated with 70% ethanol and fractionated using n-hexane and chloroform to obtain n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol fraction. All three fractions were tested using MTT assay against HeLa (cervix cancer) and Vero (normal) cells. The results showed that chloroform fraction was the most toxic to HeLa cells with IC₅₀ (125.06 μg/mL) and followed by ethanol fraction (200.07 μg/mL), and n-hexane fractions (238.47 μg mL) respectively. On the other hand, ethanol fraction was the least toxic to Vero cell growth with IC₅₀ (579.93 μg/mL), followed by n-hexane fraction (459.47 μg/mL), and chloroform fraction was the most toxic (396.24 μg/mL). It was suggested that ethanol fraction was the best fraction because it had the least toxicity to a normal cell, but still had toxicity to HeLa cell.