Table of contents

Their great diversity and potential makes the development of marine and fisheries resources a priority for Indonesia, and a key orientation of long-term development planning. The development of valuable maritime and fishery resources has been encouraged by the government as a means to achieve food security and economic independence.

These abundant marine and fisheries resources are the mainstay of Indonesia's efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 14: "Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development".

As a contribution towards achieving SDG 14, each year the Faculty of Marine Science and Fisheries at Universitas Hasanuddin holds a national and international marine and fisheries symposium. The theme of the 2019 Symposium is "Managing Aquatic Resources for Sustainable Development". This symposium will provide opportunities for participants to exchange information, knowledge and experience, as well as to initiate partnerships for research and outreach activities in the field of marine science and fisheries. These exchanges and partnerships will contribute towards enhancing the potential, development and utilization of marine and fishery resources in sustainable ways.

A warm welcome to the researchers and participants from a wide cross-section of the marine and fisheries sector and thank you for coming to taking part in this Universitas Hasanuddin Marine Science and Fisheries Symposium. A heartfelt thank you is also due to the many people and organisations that have provided support or contributed in any way towards the successful realisation of this Symposium. May all the contributions made during this event provide valuable input to support marine and fisheries development in Indonesia.

Makassar, 5 September 2019

Dean,

Dr.Ir.St Aisjah Farhum, MSi

List of Event and logistic division, Registration and full paper division, Financial division, Equipment and transportation division are available in the pdf

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (EES) (ISSN: 1755-1315) have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceeding Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceeding journal published by IOP Publishing

The climbing perch, Anabas testudineus Bloch 1972, is a valued freshwater fish with a wide distribution in South and Southeast Asia. This study examined the meristic counts and length-weight relation of climbing perch from Sigi District, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, close to the eastern extremity of the species distribution. Specimens collected from wetlands in Sigi District were weighed and measured (total length) to derive length–weight relation (n = 265) and meristic counts (n = 140). Length (L, in mm) – weight (W, in g) relation (W = a·L^b) parameter b = 2.98 overall; for females b = 3.06 while for males b = 2.88. Maximum length L_max was 163 mm. The meristic formula using median values was D, XVII+8; A, X+9; P, 13; V, I+5; C, 16. Mean scale counts for both male and female climbing perch were: longitudinal 31 and vertical 15. There was no significant between-sex difference in meristic characters. Although the average growth pattern was isometric, males exhibited a slight allometric negative tendency. Low maximum size is consonant with other indications of a population under pressure, reinforcing the need for sustainable, holistic wetland management. In the context of domestication, high variability in meristic characters may indicate high genetic diversity and/or plasticity, which could provide scope for selective breeding.

Lumpue Beach is an urban area in Parepare Bay with a harbour, tourism, and a landfill site. The purpose of this research was to determine the provenance, level and distribution of heavy metals in coastal sediments. Surface sediment samples were analysed for grain size, mineragraphy, petrography and total heavy metal content (Cu, Zn, Pb, Co, Ni, Fe). The minimum-maximum background enrichment factor (EF) range was calculated from the plagioclase mineral content of trachyte porphyry and andesite. Weathering alteration was quite high in trachyte porphyry rocks; andesite mineragraphy produced predominantly sedimentary plagioclase (25-45%), hornblende (10-40%), and rock fragments (40-45%). The grab sampling method produced samples dominated by plagioclase (30-50%), hornblende (15-40%) and alkaline chemical conditions were important in Fe, Ni, Pb, Cd, Cr, and Cu enrichment. Enrichment of heavy metals was supported by the mesokurtic-very leptokurtic dynamic sorting characteristics of Lumpue beach, becoming very leptokurtic - platykurtic to the north (Parepare Bay). The enrichment factor (EF) of Pb > 1 was calculated from the concentration of various non-earth sources. The order of heavy metal concentration based on EF 0.5 ≤ EF ≤ 1.5 was Pb> Zn> Cr> Fe> Cu> Ni, with Cu ≤ 0.5, indicating heterogeneous heavy metal sources correlated with urban area, river and ultrabasic regional lithology, with Trachyte-andesite alteration, especially enrichment in heavy metals Ni, Cr, Cu. Index of geoaccumulation (Igeo) was in the ranges: uncontaminated to heavily contaminated for Fe; uncontaminated to moderately contaminated for Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Cd; and uncontaminated for Pb. The intensity of heavy metal contamination followed the direction of sedimentation from various sources. Euclidian Cluster distance showed heavy metal distribution patterns correlated with rivers passing through urban areas and with regional geological lithology.

Village maps can provide geospatial data and information that would enable them to become an important instrument in regional development planning. The purpose of this study was to produce geospatial data and information on coastal village resources based on the Indonesian Geographic Information Agency (BIG) reference guidelines. The study was conducted in Langnga Village, Mattiro Sompe District, Pinrang Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. This research used raster and vector data. Raster data consisted of high-resolution images obtained from Unmanned Areal Vehicles. The ground truthing used open access applications and interviews with the community. The licensed Arc.GIS 10.5 software was used for the spatial analysis. The dominant land cover/land use categories were aquaculture ponds and rice fields. These areas have historically undergone a dynamic change of land use from rice fields to ponds and back again. Other land uses were settlements inhabited by farmers and fishermen. White sand beaches are one potential resource in this villages, but they are prone to abrasion. The spatial information contained in the village resource and boundary map can be considered as a breakthrough step and could become a pilot for other villages to follow.

Skipjack tuna is an important fishery species, targeted by purse seine and handline fisheries in Makassar Strait. Fish distribution patterns are markedly influenced by several underlying oceanographic factors. This study aimed to assess the relationship between skipjack CPUE and some oceanographic variables, and map out the distribution pattern of this fish in the study area during January-May 2018. To meet these objectives, we combined satellite data of sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a concentration (chl-a) with catch data. We used generalized additive models (GAMs) to explore skipjack abundance in relation to the oceanographic conditions and we employed the gravity centre of fishing ground movements to map the fish distribution pattern. Results indicate that SST and chl-a significantly influenced skipjack tuna CPUE. The fish schools were mostly located in the eastern Makassar Strait. In January skipjack schools were initially in Majene offshore waters and moved to Mamuju waters in February. The skipjack schools returned to the border area between Polman and Majene waters in March and then made a continuous migratory journey to the south-western areas of Barru and Pare-pare offshore waters in April. In May, the skipjack tuna returned to concentrate in southern areas of Majene waters. We proposed that the fish schools followed a clock-wise distribution movement pattern where the habitat displacements may have a link with the dynamic ranges of preferred oceanographic conditions (habitat hotspots). It is likely that these areas provide good feeding opportunities for skipjack tuna.

A green technology known as rapid biofloc was implemented to reduce environmental damage while improving production of Pacific whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei to meet global market demand. Since there was no intensive application of biofloc technology being implemented at an industrial scale, this study aimed to assess the effect of biofloc in order to optimize water quality and maximize overall shrimp production. To speed-up the development of biofloc in L. vannamei cultures, an isolated biofloc boost-up bacteria inoculum was added during a new shrimp post-larvae (PL) stocking program. Samples of water, shrimp and biofloc were collected at ten day intervals from the new stocking of shrimp PL until harvest time (±100 days). Biofloc was observed starting to form as early as 10 days after shrimp the cultivation period began, and biofloc formation was speeded up by the addition of the inoculum. The biofloc effectively enhanced good water quality which resulted in an increase in shrimp biomass. The rapid biofloc formation and aggregation of beneficial microbes in the biofloc were responsible for maintaining good water quality and optimizing shrimp survival and production. Therefore, knowledge on the microbial composition in biofloc is deemed important for the successful design and application of biofloc technology to support a sustainable shrimp aquaculture industry.

The processing of tuna loin produces by-products which can be used to increase the total economic value of tuna. One way to use these by-products is to make fish sauce through a fermentation process. Fermentation can increase the nutritional value and extend the shelf life of the product. This study aimed to determine the physico-chemical characteristics and amino acid profiles of fermented fish sauce made from tuna loin by-products. All experimental treatments were conducted with three replicates. The data are reported as mean values ± standard deviation. Physical characteristics measured included colour (L: 4, a: 0.6, b: 2.3) and viscosity (9.58 cP). Chemical characteristics measured included salt content (26.57%); acidity (0.11%), pH (5.00), TVBN (26.00 mg% N), Protein (11.30%), and moisture content (59.00%). The amino acid with the highest concentration was glutamate (1.01%).

Penja is the local name for the postlarvae of fish belonging to the Gobioidei, whose appearance at certain times is an amphidromous migration process from the sea to rivers. This group of fish is generally referred to as amphidromous gobies. This study aimed to reveal some facts related to the species diversity of penja based on morphological characteristics. The study was conducted from October 2017 to March 2019 in West Sulawesi and Gorontalo Bay, Indonesia. Amphidromous goby samples at the penja (postlarval) stage were obtained from fishermen's catches and from traditional markets in each location. The samples obtained were measured and described based on morphological differences. The total length of the sampled penja ranged from 18 mm to 58 mm. All penja were identified as belonging to one of two families, the Gobiidae and Eleotridae. Although the species obtained from the waters of West Sulawesi and Gorontalo Bay were similar, there were variations in species composition (relative abundance) based on observed morphology of penja postlarvae from these two locations.

Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) have become the preferred choice in skipjack tuna fisheries rather than looking for free-swimming schools (FSS) which is considered less effective. This study aimed to identify the effect of oceanographic conditions on skipjack tuna catches in the FADs versus free-swimming schools in the Makassar Strait. We collected fishing data from vessels using purse seine fishing gear and satellite-based oceanographic data (Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (chl-a)) from May to July 2017. The satellite and catch data were analysed using a Generalized Additive Model implemented in R and mapped using Spatial Analyst in ArcGIS 10.6. The results showed that SST ranges in the FAD areas were relatively wider (29 – 31°C) than those in free-swimming school areas (29.5 – 30.5°C). The chl-a concentrations in free-swimming school areas were relatively higher (0.25 – 0.80 mg m-3) than those in the FAD areas (0.15 – 0.50 mg m-3). It was also found that mean skipjack tuna catches in the FAD areas (337 fish/setting) were relatively higher than in the free-swimming school areas (145 fish/setting). These findings suggest that the high skipjack tuna catches in Makassar Strait were significantly affected by specific SST ranges and relatively low chl-a.

The use of clove oil as an alternative to cyanide has proven effective for catching several types of ornamental fish on coral reefs. However, it is very important to evaluate the post-exposure condition of non-target organisms in coral reef ecosystems where ornamental fishing occurs, such as juvenile tridacnid clams. The aim of this study was to analyse the condition of juvenile clams (Tridacna derasa juveniles, size class 3-4 cm shell width) after exposure to clove oil at the concentrations found effective for ornamental fish capture. A factorial experimental design was used with 7 clove oil concentrations (control, 20 ppm, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, 50 ppm, 60 ppm, 70 ppm) and 5 post-exposure times (1,5,9,13 and 17 days) with 3 replicates per treatment. The juvenile clams were acclimatized for a week before being exposed to clove oil for 5 minutes, then transferred to a recovery aquarium for 60 seconds before being placed in holding aquaria. The density and mitotic index of the zooxanthellae in the clam mantles were measured for each treatment and time. There was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between control clams and those exposed to clove oil with concentrations from 20 - 70 ppm in either the density or the mitotic index of zooxanthellae present. These results indicate that juveniles of the clam Tridacna derasa did not experience a significant decline in quality (condition) after a short exposure to clove oil, such as might typically occur if clove oil was used in ornamental fishing on coral reefs.

Crabs, including the blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus), are one of the top five Indonesian fisheries export commodities. The blue swimming crab (BSC) is captured by various fishing gears that are indicated to threaten the sustainability of BSC resources. The aims of this study were to determine the biological condition of BSC by fishing gear, especially carapace width and weight relationship; sex composition and berried or non-berried female (BEF/NBEF); and carapace width distribution. BSC samples were randomly collected from four fishing bases in Gresik and Lamongan, East Java, Indonesia, from July to September 2018. The study found allometric and isometric BSC growth patterns at Gresik and Lamongan, respectively. Sex ratio of male and female crabs was balanced (1:1) with 16% of BEF in Gresik, while in Lamongan, there were more females than males (1:1.6) with 20% of BEF. Overall, catches were dominated by the size class with 11-12 cm carapace width and 70-90 g in weight. The carapace width distribution of indicated that catches from traps were dominated by BSC with of carapace width >10 cm (94%), (according to Ministerial Decree of Marine Affairs and Fisheries number 56/2016, >10 cm of carapace width is the legal size for BSC capture). Meanwhile, BSC catches from gillnets and mini trawls comprised 69% and 52% in the legal size class (>10 cm carapace width), respectively. Promoting traps as a BSC fishing gear can support the implementation of the ministerial decree in the field.

This research aimed to examine effect of commercial feed enrichment with Piper betle leaf extract on the growth and survival rate of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). This study used an experimental method with 15-20 g tilapia seed as test organisms at a stocking rate of 150 fish/m². A Completely Randomized Design was used with five treatments and three replicates. The treatments were: A (pelleted feed/control); B (10% Piper betle leaf extract/kg feed); treatment C (15% Piper betle extract/kg feed); treatment D (20% Piper betle leaf extract/kg feed); and treatment E (25% betel leaf extract/kg of feed). The parameters observed during this study were the net increase in biomass and survival rate of the tilapia seed. All data were tabulated, then analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). Water quality parameters in each treatment remained within acceptable limits for tilapia grow-out throughout the study, with pH 6.0–7.96; temperature 27.1 - 34.8 °C; DO 3.7 - 4.8 ppm and 0 ppm ammonia. The Piper betle leaf extract concentration in treatment D (20%) gave the best results, with 342.33 ± 10.60 g net increase in tilapia seed biomass and 100%± 0% survival rate.

Environmental degradation has continued to increase in the last decade, requiring us to put increasing efforts into environmental mitigation, including in terms of food production. Future food production must be able to minimize the use of fresh water, fertilizers and pesticides, and reduce soil erosion. The Multitrophic Aquaculture System (MAS) approach could be one positive solution to this problem, by cultivating multitrophic organisms in the same system. This study aims to present details of the processes involved in implementing MAS on a microcosm scale that is currently underway. In the future, this system will be scaled up to in-situ level using brackish water ponds. In the present study, red seaweed Gracilaria changii was used as an autotrophic organism while the grouper Epinephelus fuscoguttatus as a heterotrophic organism. There are two treatments and one control, each with three replicates. This study shows that the system developed works well enough for seaweed. Seaweed seems to grow well, even though the growth rate is still low. Groupers, which are in the same system, are also in quite good condition, although some groupers showed low appetite, most likely due to low oxygen supply and excessive nutrition in the water. These challenges may be overcome by using higher seaweed stocking density. The system can maintain several water quality parameters, such as pH, at optimal level.

This study was conducted from June to November 2018 around the educational fish ponds of Hasanuddin University, Bojo Village, Mallusetasi Sub-District, Barru District, Indonesia. This study aimed to identify the mangrove species present, the crustacean and molluscan macrozoobenthos associated with the mangrove ecosystem, and to evaluate the level of stability of the mangrove ecosystem for the development of edu-tourism activities at the study site employing a Macrozoobenthos Ecological Index. Data on mangrove, macrozoobenthos, and other environmental parameters, were collected at five stations with three replicates per station. Mangrove data was collected within 10 m × 10 m plots, while macrozoobenthos were collected with a shovel and sieve net. Seven mangrove species were found: Avicennia marina, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, and Sonneratia alba. The width of the mangrove belt ranged from 28.23 to 57.00 m meaning that it was well below the national green belt standard (50-200 m). The organisms associated with mangroves included crustaceans (three species) and molluscs (seven species) with an abundance of 0.01 - 0.07 ind/m2. The Diversity Index was in the average category (1.49 - 1.92), while the Evenness Index ranged from unstable to under pressure (0.476 to 0.64). The Dominance Index was in the unstable category (0.185 - 0.264). Based on the Macrozoobenthos Ecology Indicator, the mangrove ecosystem in the fish ponds was categorised as stable to average. The land suitability analysis indicated that the mangrove ecosystem in the study site was in the conditionally appropriate category for the development of mangrove edu-tourism activities.

Wrasses are reef fish that play an important role in maintaining the health of coral reef ecosystems. Some species of wrasse, such as the Napoleon wrasse Cheilinus undulates, have high economic value and are threatened with overexploitation. This study aims to analyse the species diversity of wrasses caught by fishermen operating in the Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was conducted from January 2018 to May 2019, on a monthly basis. Sampling was carried out by collecting all wrasses landed on one chosen day at Makassar Fisheries Port. The species diversity parameters observed were the species name and the number of individuals of each species. Based on these data, the diversity index, evenness index, domination index, and similarity index were calculated. Wrasse diversity was always in the medium range, indicating that ecologically wrasse habitat is still quite productive and has remained balanced over a considerable period time. It appeared that capture fisheries had not caused serious problems for the wrasse community diversity and structure.

Parrotfishes, aside from playing an important ecological role in coral reef ecosystems, are an economically important fish group exploited for human consumption. Excessive exploitation of parrotfishes could cause ecological disturbances in the coral reef ecosystem. This study aimed to examine the species composition and population dynamics of parrotfishes caught by fishermen in the Spermonde Islands, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Parrotfishes were collected from the catches landed in Makassar Fisheries Port. Monthly samples comprised all parrotfishes landed on the sampling day. Sampling was carried out throughout 2014 and from January 2018 to May 2019. The parameters observed were the name and the number of each species. The composition and dynamics of the Parrotfishes species were analysed using the Diversity Index, Evenness Index, Dominancy Index, and Similarity Index. During the study, 6,684 parrotfishes were collected belonging to 34 species, of which 10 species had a mean sampling presence over 90%, i.e. Chlorurus bleekeri, C. capistratoides, C. sordidus, Scarus chameleon, S. flavipectoralis, S. ghobban, S. niger, S. quoyi, S. rivulatus, and S. schlegeli. Long-term monitoring of parrotfish species composition indicate that parrotfish diversity was consistently at the moderate level, indicating moderate productivity, fairly balanced ecosystem conditions, and moderate ecological pressure. Over the study period, parrotfish species were evenly distributed, no one species was really dominant, and the high Similarity Index indicated little change in species composition. These results indicate that the fishing pressure from traditional capture of parrotfishes using nets and spears has not had a serious impact on the condition of parrotfish resources.

The redbreasted wrasse Cheilinus fasciatus is an ornamental fish exploited for the marine aquarium trade. Even though it has white flesh, the redbreasted wrasse is not popular as a food fish because the flesh is quite thin. The redbreasted wrasse is widely distributed in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It lives in tropical waters at depths of 4 to 60 m and at temperatures of 23 to 27°C. The objective of this study was to describe the gonad maturity stages of this fish using macroscopic characteristics. Sampling was carried out at Makassar Fishing Port from January 2018 to May 2019. The parameters observed in both male and female specimens were gonad length, width, weight, and gonad colour. Each specimen was also weighed and measured. Five gonad maturity stages were identified and described: Stage I (Immature or transition), Stage II (Early maturation), Stage III (maturation), stage IV (mature) and Stage V (post spawning or spent). These stages were described based on macroscopic structure and morphometric parameters of the gonads. The five stages coincided with changes in the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI), indicating that the five stages were valid. These stages could be used as a practical reference for identifying gonad maturity and describing the reproductive cycle of the redbreasted wrasse C. fasciatus.

The rising of the earth's temperature and climate change have attracted the attention of many scientists and environmental experts. One of the main strategies being proposed to minimize the acceleration of the earth's temperature is to increase the potential of carbon sequestration from the atmosphere by taking advantage of the ability of plants, including algae, to utilize carbon dioxide in photosynthetic processes. This study aimed to estimate the carbon sequestration capacity and total carbon sequestration of macroalgae (seaweeds) commonly used in mariculture or in brackish-water pond (tambak) aquaculture. The study was conducted in August 2018 in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia Carbon sequestration was estimated using the oxygen exchange method. Three maricultured seaweeds (Kappaphycus alvarezii green and brown strains and Eucheuma spinosum) and two pond-cultured seaweeds (Gracilaria verrucosa and Caulerpa racemosa) were studied. Thallus sections weighing 2.46-4.91 g were inserted into clear bottles (270 mL) filled with seawater and incubated for 3 hours (09.00-12.00), with 5 replicates for each seaweed. The bottles were attached to the seaweed culture lines (maricultured seaweeds) or placed in the ponds (pond-cultured seaweeds). Bottles filled with ambient water (containing phytoplankton) were used as controls. After 3 hours, titration was used to measure the oxygen exchange in each bottle, and the results converted into carbon sequestration. Seaweed productivity ranged from 0.660-11.997 mgCO₂/gbk/hour with the lowest sequestration by K. alvarezii green strain and the highest by E. spinosum. Carbon sequestration was estimated at 57.64 tons CO₂/ha/year for maricultured seaweed and 12.38 tons CO₂/ha/year for pond-cultured seaweeds. The total annual carbon sequestration from seaweed cultivation in South Sulawesi was estimated at 2,656,625 tons CO₂/year from mariculture and 621,377 tons CO₂/year from pond culture.

Seaweeds of the genus Gracilaria are an important aquaculture commodity, commonly cultured in brackish water ponds as well as in coastal waters. In South Sulawesi, Indonesia, the Gracilaria acultured in ponds has been named G. verrucosa, while Gracilaria cultured in coastal waters has been named G. gigas. Morphologically, these two types of Gracilaria do look different. Detailed examination shows that they appear to have similarities. This study aimed to examine whether these two types of Gracilaria are different species or not. The study used morphological characters and COI mitochondrial gene barcoding to assess the Gracilaria types cultured in ponds and coastal waters. Samples were collected from Ujung Baji Village in Takalar Regency, the main seaweed producing region in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The results indicate that both Gracilaria types have similar genetic characteristics as well as shared morphological characters. Based on these analyses, it is considered that both Gracilaria types cultivated may be strains of the same species.

This research series consisted of 4 (four) research activities, two implemented indoors at the Center for Brackishwater Aquaculture (BPBAP) Takalar in July - August 2017, and two carried out in the coastal waters of Aeng Batu-Batu Village, Galesong District, Takalar Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia in May - July 2018. The objectives of the studies were to analyse growth and content of specific nutritional components (carotenoids, fibre, and minerals) of the seaweed Caulerpa lentillifera. The C. lentillifera cultivated indoors and in coastal waters had the same cultivation period and initial seedling weight. There were differences in C. lentillifera growth and nutritional content between the two treatments. Growth and mineral content were higher indoors; likely due to the presence of readily absorbed minerals in the substrate provided (a mixture of sand and coral fragments). Higher carotenoid and fibre content in C. lentillifera cultivated in coastal waters was likely due to carotenoid synthesis by the seaweed to protect chlorophyll from damage, and increased photosynthesis producing more complex carbohydrates (fibre). Although lower than in some previous studies, the mineral and fibre content of C. lentillifera in both treatments was higher than the levels found in most land plants seaweeds.

The striped snakehead Channa striata is a highly nutritious and economically valuable food fish. Wild populations are declining due to habitat degradation and conversion as well as overexploitation. To promote sustainable use of this resource, a striped snakehead domestication program was initiated in 2013. Earlier research found that golden snail (Pomacea sp.) was suitable as a natural feed for the grow-out of striped snakehead juveniles. This study focused on the formulation of feed for fry, applying a fully randomised experimental method with 5 replicates. Each experimental unit (aquarium with aeration) contained four striped snakehead fry (total length 3.42 ± 0.21 mm). The feed treatments used commercial HI-PRO-VITE 782 feed, with golden snail flour added in 4 doses: A (0%), B (20%), C (25%), D (30%). Total length and weight were measured weekly; water quality and survival were monitored. Overall, the length-weight relation was allometric negative. In terms of both length and weight, growth was highest under treatment C and lowest under treatment A. Growth was significantly different between treatments: A and C for length and weight (analysis of variance with Tukey post-hoc test, α=0.05). Growth patterns and condition factor varied between treatments, with treatment C yielding better balanced growth compared to B (slower increase in length) and D (slower weight gain). Survival rate did not differ significantly between treatments. We conclude that enrichment of commercial feed (HI-PRO-VITE 782) with golden snail flour can improve striped snakehead fry growth, with 25% the most effective dose.

Coral degradation has become an important issue in the Kapoposang Marine Tourism Park, Kapoposang Island, Pangkep Regency, South Sulawesi. This study aimed to monitor changes in live coral cover over the period of 2006-2017. The study integrated two methods: the interpretation of multitemporal satellite images and Rapid Reef Assessment (RRA) surveys. The results revealed changes in each benthic category on Kapoposang Island (i.e. live coral; dead coral; rubble; seagrass/algae and sand). During the period from 2006 to 2017, live coral cover decreased by 13.18% while dead coral and rubble (coral fragments) increase by dead 9.63% and 0.15%, respectively.

Seagrasses are marine flowering plants, which form extensive meadows mostly in shallow water marine environments. They provide a wide range of ecosystem services, which can be grouped into four broad categories: provisioning (e.g. food production); regulating (e.g. controlling climate and disease); supporting (e.g. nutrient cycles and oxygenation); and cultural (e.g. spiritual and recreational benefits). These services directly or indirectly benefit humans. Seagrass have contributed to the fulfilment of human needs for a very long time, before the term "ecosystem services" was coined. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding public awareness on seagrasses and the benefits they provide. In this study, we conducted a workshop in Selayar Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, an area with extensive seagrass meadows. The workshop focussed on seagrass meadows in the context of coastal community livelihood-related activities. The 50 workshop participants came from a variety of backgrounds, mostly related to the marine and fisheries sector (e.g. fishermen, vocational high school students, conservation agency staff, district government fisheries officers, and fisheries extension staff). The workshop revealed that many marine and fisheries stakeholders have a high level of awareness regarding seagrasses and the basic ecosystem services they provide. Some key points were identified from the workshop: 1) seagrasses were recognised as a resource; 2) the most and least frequently mentioned ecosystem service types mentioned were "provisioning" and "cultural", respectively; 3) threats to seagrass meadows were identified and practical recommendations to minimize the threats were formulated.

The success of fishing operations is influenced by various factors that interact with each other, one of which is the fishing vessel. Purse seine fisheries make a substantial contribution to capture fisheries in much of eastern Indonesia, including the seas around Sulawesi. Purse seiners must conform to standard criteria to ensure the success of the catch. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the design viability of purse seiners operating from Bone Regency in South Sulawesi. This study evaluated four purse seiner vessels, measuring the main dimensions and curvature of the vessels to obtain vessel offset data. The data obtained were analysed using the Maxsurf V8.20i program to produce line drawings and calculate the three-dimensional (3D) hydrostatic and stability properties of the vessels. These were used to evaluate the design viability based on compatibility with standard criteria. The purse seiners operating in Bone Regency had a casco hull type design, with V-bottom bow sections and U-bottom stern sections. The vessels had a large cross-sectional area which allowed considerable space for the placement of the purse seine net and fishing catch. The ratio of the main dimensions and hydrostatic parameters of the sample vessels did not match the standard criteria for purse seine vessels. However, the results obtained for the static stability of the sampled vessels did meet standards that are in accordance with the criteria of the International Maritime Organization.

Sandfish Holothuria scabra is a promising aquaculture commodity. Techniques for producing this species have been developed rapidly in recent decades to address the issues of increasing market demand and overexploitation of wild populations. Providing sandfish seed with suitable size for stocking (20-50 g) is one of the main issues in mass production of sandfish. Developing reliable nursery techniques could solve this problem. This study aimed to investigate the survival and growth performance of sandfish juveniles in two types of nursery cage: (i) floating net cages and (ii) fixed net cages. The experiments were conducted in a tidal earthen seawater pond in Sekotong, West Lombok for 14 weeks between August 5 and November 13, 2015. Each type of experimental cage had 3 replicates, stocked with 15 juveniles (mean initial weight 4.22 g) per cage. Feed was provided naturally from the substrate in the pond and in seawater, which was exchanged daily following the natural tidal cycle. Juveniles showed rapid growth and high survival rate for both floating and fixed net cages during the first six weeks of culture with no significant difference (P<0.05). Conversely, at the end of the experiment, the growth and survival of juveniles in the fixed net cage were lower because of the extreme low tide and the dry season, which began after week 6. During the low tide, floating net cages stayed submerged in the water while some parts of the fixed cages were exposed, killing the juveniles attached to the net. Our findings suggest that both cages were suitable for use in sandfish juvenile nurseries, although it is better to use the floating net cage in tidal ponds.

The aim of this study was to analyse the variations and structure of seaweed farming household incomes; to quantify the income coming from various income sources and to analyse the efficiency of seaweed farming. The study was conducted in the village of Bungin Permai, South Konawe from July to September 2016 using structured interviews. In total there were 96 household respondents involved. Income structures and strategies were analysed descriptively, while the amount of income was determined using income analysis. The results showed that most respondents worked in the fisheries sector as seaweed farmers (n=75; 77%) and also as fishermen. The average income generated by seaweed farming households was IDR. 29,154,121 annually; the income from seaweed farming was IDR. 10,556,724 annually, while the income obtained from non-fishing activities was IDR. 11,071,875 annually. The respondents generated additional income by catching crabs, fishing using traps and anchored lift nets (bagan). When all the depreciated assets (e.g. ropes, floats, and traditional boats) were included in the expenses, the mean C/R (cost-to-revenue) value of seaweed farming was 1.88. The lowest R/C was 0.96 while the highest was 21.04. Those R/C values mean that seaweed faming in Bungin Permai was generally efficient and profitable.

This research aimed to determine and assess the growth, production, and quality of seaweed after pre-treating seedlings using lantana extract. Research on the use of common lantana Lantana camara extract in the culture of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii was carried out both at experimental and mass culture scales at several locations in the coastal waters of South Konawe in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The treatments were soaking seaweed seedlings in solutions of lantana extract with various dosages and soaking times before planting them out in coastal waters. Observed parameters were incidence of ice-ice disease and seaweed growth rate. Results showed that, during the culture period, there was no incidence of ice-ice disease on seaweed seedlings pre-treated with Lantana extract. Thalli were healthy and dark-coloured with no ice-ice disease symptoms, while seaweed seedlings (controls) without extract soaking pre-treatment were paler in colour and ice-ice infected parts of the thalli were white. The result also showed that pre-treatment with lantana extract could increase the growth rate, with the highest net growth at a treatment dosage of 500 ppm with 30 minutes soaking time. The average value of net (absolute) growth (AG) was 387.15 g/clump, equivalent to a 12.9-fold increase from the initial weight of 30 g/clump. The average highest specific growth rate (SGR) was 6.43 %/day, while for seaweed seedlings without immersion in Lantana extract the highest SGR was only 5.86%/day. The highest average production was 417.15 g/clump, while seaweed seeds without extract yielded on average 295.70 g/clump. The highest average carrageenan content was 53.5%, compared to 38.6% for untreated (control) seaweed.

Four steroids were isolated and identified from the acetone extract of Clathria sp., namely clathruhoate or 3β-(butiryloxymethyl)-A-nor-5α-cholestane (1), 3β-(acetoxymethyl)-A-nor-5α-cholestane (2), 3β-(hydroxymethyl)-A-nor-5α-cholestane (3), and 3β-(hydroxymethyl)-A-nor-5α-cholest-15-ene (4). Isolation was carried out using chromatography techniques including Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) and radial chromatography (RC) with silica gel as adsorbent and mixture of solvents as eluent. The Structure of isolated compounds was determined by spectroscopic methods i.e. FTIR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and also by comparing the spectroscopic data with similar data from references. The compounds isolated were evaluated for biological activity against a radical agent (DPPH radical). The relationship of the steroids showed that compound 3 is an oxidation product of compound 4. Clathruhoate (1) is formed by esterification of compound 3 with buthanoic acid, and compound 2 is produced by esterification of compound 3 with acetic acid. The radical scavenger potential of the methanol extract and steroids from Clathria sp. can be summarized as follows: methanol extracts > compound 4 > compound 3 > compound 2 > compound 1.

Coral disease prevalence is defined as the ratio of diseased coral colonies to total colonies in a certain place. Coral community health is determined by measuring coral colony health using an index based on the percentage of diseased coral colonies within a quadrat transect. Disease in coral can be triggered by environment factors. Declining seawater quality leads to stress of the coral host and faster growth of pathogens both in the water and the body of the corals, caused coral disease. Prigi Bay is a heavily used area that has valuable ecosystems including coral reefs; however, nowadays the high level of anthropogenic activities in this bay is becoming a threat to coral health. The aim of this research was to examine the coral disease prevalence in Prigi Bay. Three stations were selected as coral disease monitoring stations: Patuk Sewu, Watu Lunyu, and Damas. In total, we surveyed 5,057 coral colonies. The highest coral disease prevalence was found at the Patuk Sewu station (17.23%), while at the Watu Lunyu and Damas stations prevalence was 3.31% and 3.15%, respectively. High coral disease prevalence in Patuk Sewu may cause by the abundance of explained growth anomalies (EGA). EGA is strongly correlated with water quality, which has been associated with the kinds of disease observed. Since Prigi Bay is in the utilization zone, with a busy fishing port and fish processing industries that are likely sources of pollution which could influence water quality and the health of the environment. Coral disease prevalence in Prigi Bay can be considered as high, and future research should focus on other aspects of coral condition and the stressors affecting corals.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Melastoma malabathricum leaf extract on growth and spawning of the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus. This research was conducted from March to May 2019 at the Hasanuddin University mini hatchery in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The study used five treatment doses of M malabathricum leaf extract: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20μg/g of female crab body weight. The extract was dissolved in water and an aliquot of 0.1 mL was injected into each crab. The results showed that there was a decrease in growth in all treatments within the first 10 days after injection, but an increase after the 20th day. Doses of 15 and 20 ug/g resulted in the highest spawning rate, ie 100% after 30 days. Crabs with no extract treatment had the lowest spawning rate, which was only 33%. The conclusion of this study is that an appropriate dose of M. malabathricum leaf extract can be used to stimulate spawning of Portunus pelagicus.

The objectives of this research were to investigate the chemical composition and the antibacterial activity of honey from East Nusa Tenggara, produced by Trigona spp., on pathogenic bacteria in fish. The honey used in this research was collected specifically from Semau and Timor Islands while Aeromonas hydrophila and Vibrio alginoliticus were used as the testing bacteria. The chemical composition tests included moisture content (gravimetric), pH, total sugar (spectrophotometric). The honey was tested for the presence of the following active compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, tanin, saponins, steroids and terpenoids. Antibacterial activity tests were conducted using "paper disk" method with undiluted honey samples. The moisture content of the Semau honey (33 %) was higher than that of the Timor honey (24.65 %), but the total sugar of the Semau honey ( 6.62 %) was lower than that of the Timor honey (74.22%). All honey from both sources (Semau and Timor) in East Nusa Tenggara contained alkaloids, steroids and terpenoids but did not contain flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Antibacterial tests showed that the honey from both sources, Semau and Timor, showed antibacterial activity against V. Alginoliticus and A. hydrophila; the V. alginolitycus inhibition zone diameters were 8.5 mm and 10.5 mm, respectively, while and the A. hydrophila inhibition zone diameter was 8 mm for both honeys.

In Indonesia, flyingfish are abundant and distributed in Makassar Strait, Flores Sea, Banda Sea, Sulawesi Sea, Maluku Sea, Arafura, Northern Sea of Papua, and Halmahera. The aims of this study were to analyse and describe the characteristics of flyingfish habitat, based on oceanographic conditions and eggs catches, and to visualize the variability in spatial and temporal patterns of predicted potential spawning grounds. The research was conducted in Fak-Fak and adjacent seas in the Indonesian Fisheries Area WPP 715, from 130°−134° E and 2°S−5° S. Data were collected during 2018 for selected months: June, July, August and September. Remote sensing data used in this study included chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) OCI-Algorithm, Sea Surface Temperature (SST) 11μ daytime, Absolute Dynamic Topography (ADT), Significant Wave Height and Ocean Surface Current (meridian and zonal components). Fishery data were collected from fishermen's GPS units, and through participatory mapping. Based on the mapping of fishing locations of flyingfish fishermen, there were four locations where fishing frequency was high. The potential fishing grounds were approximately 5-40 miles from mainland of Fak-Fak. Chlorophyll-a concentration in Fak-Fak waters ranged from 0.201–2.13 mg/m3. The temperature was estimated to be in the range of 27-31°C, with an average temperature of 27.1°C. ADT only changed by 0.01 cm in height each month with a range between 0.88–1.02 cm. Wind was one of the driving forces of geostrophic current. The waves reached a peak in August, with heights ranging from 0.70 to 1.6 metre. Flyingfish were predominantly found in oceanic zones.

The purpose of this research was to observe the antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activity of an edible coating chitosan galactose complex. The treatments were: A Control chitosan; B Control commercial chitosan; C Chitosan with 0.5 g Galactose; D Chitosan with 1 g Galactose; and E Chitosan with 1.5 g Galactose. The coatings were evaluated using in-vitro testing. The parameters analysed were antioxidant activity (DPPH method), antibacterial and anti fungal activity (inhibition zone method). The result showed that the 1 g galactose-chitosan complex performed better as an antioxidant than chitosan. Antioxidant analysis with the DPPH method found IC₅₀ values of 43.20 – 73.15 ppm, with chitosan galactose complex (D) as the best antioxidant among the tested treatments. Antibacterial activity of the chitosan galactose complex (D) against pathogen bacteria from tilapia fillets produced a 12 mm inhibition zone. Antifungal activity of the chitosan galactose complex (D) against pathogenic fungi from smoked fish produced an 18 mm inhibition zone. This chitosan galactose complex could be used as a natural food preservative.

Vannamei shrimp production in Indonesia has experienced a rapid development in the last decade. One of the main problems in the cultivation of vannamei shrimp in ponds is the high use of artificial feed. This study aimed to examine the combination of feed dose and feeding frequency on the growth and survival rate of vannamei shrimp farmed in ponds. Vannamei shrimp juveniles were kept in square floating net cages (1 m x 1 m x 1.5 m) called hapa suspended in the ponds. The feed formulation used corn flour substituted with 50% sweet potato flour as a carbohydrate source. The research used a factorial Completely Randomised Design (CRD). The first factor was the feed dose (3%, 6% and 9% of shrimp bodyweight) and the second factor was the feeding frequency (3, 4 and 5 times per day). There were 3 replicates of each combination of treatments giving a total of 27 experimental units. The experiment lasted 8 weeks. The results showed a significant influence of treatment applied on the growth and survival of juvenile vannamei shrimp. The highest daily growth rate of shrimp was 3.98% obtained with the 3% feed dose treatment combined with the feeding frequency of 4 times per day. The highest survival rate of vannamei shrimp was 80%, obtained with a combination of 3% feed dose and feeding frequencies of 3 and 4 times per day.

Artificial reefs (ARs) have been implemented as a tool to increase fish catch by gathering fish and creating new habitat. In Japan, fisheries production has been decreasing in the last several decades. Research on ARs to date has mainly focused on fish biomass and community structure. The present study describes the community structure of marine organisms attached to the ARs deployed in Mitsu Bay, Hiroshima, Japan. We compare those communities on three types of ARs, which are made of timbers (ATRs), ATRs with oyster shells (ATRsOS) and ATRs with leaves and branches (ATRsLB). Attached organisms were collected seasonally from 2016 to 2018. Overall, 272 taxa were identified from two deployment sites. Arthropods were the dominant group identified, followed by molluscs and annelids. Seasonal variation of individuals collected was observed, with numbers being high in summer and low in winter. The number of individuals was high in the first year after deployment of ATRs, decreasing in the second year and beyond, suggesting the animal community may have matured by balancing the growth and feeding by fish. All three types of ATRs were commonly large in individual number and small in species number, characterized by a low diversity index. The highest individual number and highest species number were observed in ATRsLB and ATRsOS, respectively. More specifically, the diversity index for simple ATRs was lower than those for ATRsOS and ATRsLB. This result suggests that ATRs with additional materials can provide a wide range of feed animals which may attract more fish. The deployment of ATRs made of materials like timbers and oyster shells is also good practice for promoting a recycling-oriented society.

The aim of this research was to describe the osteology of Balistoides viridescens. The specimen described was collected from the Paotere Fish Market, Makassar City. The weight and total length of the specimen were 2.85 kg and 46 cm respectively. Osteological description was conducted after the specimen had been prepared and X-rayed. The specimen was cleaned and the flesh separated from the bones (skeleton) using a boiling method. The skeleton was then dried under the sun for 2 weeks. The dried bones were then prepared and arranged for osteological description. Photographs were taken with a Samsung EK-GC100 Camera. The results show that B. viridescens has a compressed body shape, a small mouth with incisiform teeth, 7 abdominal vertebrae, 7 pairs of ribs, 9 caudal vertebrae, and one urostyle vertebra.

The decree of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 2 of 2015 has disturbed many fishermen in Indonesia, including Scottish seine fishermen. In that decree, the government concludes that the Scottish seine is not selective in catching fish and tends to disrupt the sustainability of small pelagic fish resources. This study aimed to analyse the biological aspects of fish caught with Scottish seine nets during the west monsoon season in the waters of Mamuju, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The study was carried out from January to March 2016 with a case study of 1 unit during 30 fishing trips. The data collected included the type of fish caught, the weight and length of each fish by species. Data on fish taxa and size were analysed graphically and descriptively. The composition of the fish caught during the study was: shortfin scads (38%), bigeye scads (18%), sardines (14%), mackerel tuna (9%), Indian mackerel (7%), torpedo scads (6%), white trevally (3%), and other species (5 %). The length of shortfin scads, bigeye scads, sardinella, and mackerel tuna ranged from 9.9 - 18.2 cm; 8.5 - 19.5 cm; 10 - 12.5 cm; and 10-15 cm, respectively. In general, the fish caught were still classified as immature and not suitable for capture. To support sustainable fishing, it is necessary to limit fishing in the period from January to March.

A grafting experiment using tissue-cultured and local strain Kappaphycus alvarezii seedlings was conducted from January to April 2019 and consisted of two steps. Firstly, grafting and propagating the seedlings using three different initial weights (IW) of 10, 15 and 20 g. Secondly, a culture experiment using the new seedlings produced from the first step. Seedlings were completely attached to each other after 18 days following the first step with a mean 75.0% grafting rate. The new seedlings were then cultured for 45 days using a long line method. The highest daily growth rate (DGR) was 4.36 %.day-1 obtained from 20-g IW while the lowest DGR was 4.01%.day-1 from 15-g IW. It was found that rapid changes in water salinity and turbidity may affect the success in terms of grafting rate and DGR. The ratio of fresh weight (FW) to dry weight (FW:DW) showed no significant differences among treatments although the 20-g IW showed the highest FW:DW ratio (8.21: 1) followed by 15-g IW (7.87:10) and 10-g IW (6.63:1). In contrast, 10-g IW and 15-g IW showed a significant difference in term of carrageenan content from 20-g IW. The 10-g IW carrageenan content was highest (40.38%) followed by 15-g IW (40.25%) and 20-g IW (38.34%). Salinity was 24-32 ppt, temperature was 29-31 °C. Nitrate and phosphate were 0.324-0.420 mg.l-1 and 0.180-0.538 ppm, respectively, while turbidity range was 3,128-9,336 NTU. In conclusion, for this method of grafting, it is recommended to use 20-g initial weight.

This study aimed to compare the differences between characteristics of skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis) fishing grounds in the Gulf of Bone and in the Makassar Strait. We used catch size and volume data from FAD areas in the Gulf of Bone and Makassar Strait, and satellite image data including sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (CHL-a). We used ECDF (Empirical Cumulative Distribution Function) analysis to determine the relationship between the oceanographic variables and skipjack CPUEs that occurred in the Gulf of Bone and the Makassar Strait. The resulting data for the two fishing areas were then compared using the Spatial Analyst in ArcGIS 10.2. The analysis showed that the average SST and CHL in the Gulf of Bone (30°C and 0.3 mg m⁻³) were higher than those in the Makassar Strait (29.5°C and 0.24 mg m⁻³). The size of skipjack tuna caught in the two fishing areas was different. The mean total length of Skipjack tuna caught in the Makassar Strait was 23 cm, while in the Gulf of Bone it was 41 cm. There was little overlap in the size distributions. These data suggest that skipjack tuna caught around FADs in the Gulf of Bone tend to be larger than those in the Makassar Strait which may be stimulated by relatively higher productivity and thus feeding opportunity.

The sandfish Holothuria scabra is a benthic animal of high ecological and economic value. The high economic value of sandfish has led to declining populations due to overfishing. Initiatives to improve sandfish production have included restocking, sea-ranching and aquaculture (captive breeding and grow-out). These initiatives require a supply of animals (seed and/or broodstock) that often originate far from the location where they are needed. This calls for a good transportation system so that the sandfish arrive in good condition. This study aimed to assess the evisceration rate of sandfish transported using open and closed transportation modes. During the study, different modes of packing, density, transportation time, and holding time were evaluated. This study indicated that delivery using open systems gave poor results; besides being less practical, post-transport evisceration was very high. The ratio of oxygen and water and the packing density did not appear to affect the sandfish evisceration rate. Evisceration seemed to be triggered by the presence of dead and decaying sandfish in the bag. Sandfish that survived transportation generally recovered swiftly after being placed in a pre-prepared holding tank. The transported sandfish were used for multitrophic aquaculture and the post-transport survival ratio was very high.

Indian scad (Decapterus russelli) are one of the pelagic fisheries resources in the Madura Strait. The Probolinggo area of the Madura Strait contributes to the scad (Decapterus spp) fisheries production in East Java, Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to observe the biological aspects of Indian scad (D. russelli) caught in Probolinggo waters which were landed in Paiton (in 2017) and Mayangan (in 2018). The method used was descriptive, with a random sampling technique. Sampling was carried out in Paiton, Probolinggo Regency (January 2017-May 2017) and Mayangan fishing port, Probolinggo City (December 2017-April 2018). Results showed that the growth pattern of Indian scad in Paiton was allometric positive (W = 0.0049L^3.2882) while in Mayangan it was allometric negative (W = 0.014 L^2.8513). The sex ratio (male:female) was 1:1.67 in Paiton and 1: 1.14 in Mayangan. Gonad maturity stages I to IV were found in this study. Gonad maturity of male and female fish was dominated by stages I and II with 79% immature and 21% mature fish in Paiton; 68% immature and 32% mature fish in Mayangan. The mean gonado somatic index (GSI) was 0.83%in Paiton and 0.76% in Mayangan. Length at first capture (Lc) and length at first maturity (Lm) in Paiton were 15.1 cm and 17.1 cm, respectively, whereas in Mayangan Lc and Lm were 15.9 cm and 16.9 cm, respectively. The catch was dominated by immature fish so that fishing efforts need to be controlled to enable sustainable resource use.

The Banggai cardinalfish Pterapogon kauderni (commonly referred to as BCF) is a fish endemic to the Banggai Islands, Central Sulawesi. Recently, Banggai cardinalfish have been introduced to several regions in Indonesia as a side effect of Banggai cardinalfish trading and mariculture. BCF juveniles cultured by the Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut (BPBL) Ambon were released in several locations around Ambon Bay during 2014 - 2017. Around 20 - 500 BCF were released at each location. This study was carried out in April 2018 as a first monitoring of Banggai cardinalfish population status at all "restocking" locations in Ambon Bay. The data were collected by SCUBA diving using a Belt Transect method, with BCF size classes based on standard length (SL). The results found Banggai cardinalfish at three out of five monitoring locations. The first location was the Ferry Port, where 20 Banggai cardinalfish were released in 2014; the BCF density was 41 fish/100 m², dominated by adults (> 3.5 cm SL). The second location was behind the Natural Sciences Faculty of Pattimura University where 20 Banggai cardinalfish were also released in 2014; the density was 73 individuals/100 m² (with evenly distributed size). The third location was the bridge behind the SUPM campus, where 500 Banggai cardinalfish were released in 2016, but only 2 fish/100 m² (adults > 3.5 cm SL) were found during the study. No Banggai cardinalfish were found at the other two locations, namely the Port of Ambon and Suli Beach, although there were 500 individuals were released at each of those two locations in 2016 and 2017. These result shows that BCF have been able to adapt and breed rapidly in some coastal areas in Ambon Bay that provide suitable habitat for Banggai cardinalfish.

Water birds are significant wildlife in mangrove ecosystem. These aquatic birds have prominent roles for the integrity of the ecosystem. This research aimed to analyse water birds habitat suitability level at Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area in Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Geography Information System (GIS) and remote sensing approaches were employed in this study. Eight parameters were used for water bird habitat suitability assessment: land type, food class, water level, human disturbance, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and temperature. All data parameters other than land type were interpolated using Inverse Distance Weighted Interpolation (IDW) in ArcGIS 10.5. Meanwhile, land types were digitized on-screen using Landsat 8 imagery (acquisition October 2018), based on GPS field tracking. The suitability assessment was done by weighted overlay analysis, based on the scoring and weighting of each layer. The results showed that the area suitable for water bird habitat at Lantebung Mangrove Ecotourism Area was approximately 44 ha or 51.2% from the total area. The majority of suitable area consisted of mangrove forest, mudflat in front of mangrove forest, and mudflat behind mangrove forest. Further sustainable effort is needed to manage the available habitats, so that water bird population can be conserved.

Combining local seaweed thalli with tissue culture seedlings through grafting has been suggested as way to improve seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii seedling quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth of K. alvarezzi seedlings produced from a combination of three seedling sources using a straight connection grafting method. We applied the grafting method using local and tissue-cultured seedlings. The trials took place in the coastal waters of Sasara, Buton Utara, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia from January to April 2019. The grafting combinations were: tissue culture and local; tissue culture and tissue culture; and local with local. The bonding period for all combinations was 9 days after the initial insertion and the success rate was 91.66-93.33%. The grafted seedlings were then cultured for 45 days using a longline technique. The water temperature, salinity, and nitrate and phosphate concentrations affected grafting success. The salinity range was 29-33 ppt and water temperature was 28-32° C. Nitrate and phosphate ranges were 0.263-0.463 mg.L⁻¹ and 0.112-0.218mg.L⁻¹, respectively; turbidity was 1.59-2.35 NTU. The highest daily growth rate was obtained from the grafting of tissue cultured and local strain seedlings (6.51 ± 0.340%.day⁻¹) whereas growth rate was lowest for the local with local grafts (5.76 ± 0.378%.day⁻¹).

This research was conducted for four months from January to May, 2019 in Sasara coastal Waters, Kulisusu Bay, Buton Utara, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia. The aim of this research was to determine the best oblique incision length (OIL) to use in slide-slipped grafting using tissue cultured and local seedlings in terms of the growth and carrageenan yield of the seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii. The treatments used in this study were A: 25-mm OIL, B: 30-mm OIL and C: 35-mm OIL. After 18 days, grafts using all OILs were successfully attached together. The new seedlings were then cultivated for 45 days. The results showed that the daily growth rate (DGR) did not differ significantly between treatments. The 25-mm OIL treatment had the highest DGR (3.98±0.97 %.day⁻¹) followed by 35-mm OIL(3.90 ± 1.32%.day⁻¹ and 30-mm OIL (3.69 ± 0.91 %.day⁻¹). The ratio of fresh weight (FW) to dry weight (DW) also showed no significant differences among treatments. FW:DW ratios of treatments 25 mm OIL, 30 mm OIL, and 35 mm OIL were 8.13:1, 7.42:1, and 5.78:1, respectively. For carrageenan content, 30-mm OIL seedlings of showed higher content but it was not significantly different from the other treatments. Water quality parameters were: salinity 24-32 ppt; temperature 29-31 ° C; nitrate 0.336-0.432 mg.l⁻¹; phosphate 0.195-0.542 ppm; and turbidity 3,124-9,331 NTU.

Large pelagic fish (LPF hereafter) is an important group of fishes targeted by local fishermen in the Indonesian Fisheries Management Area-713 (IFMA-713). This IFMA includes the Makassar Strait, Flores Sea, Bali Sea, and Gulf of Bone. The objective of this study was to identify the preferred oceanographic conditions based on LPF fishing grounds in the study area. The experimental fishing was conducted from April to September 2018 by using local commercial fisheries (pole and line and purse seine). The fishing base of pole and line vessels operating in the Gulf of Bone was at Murante fish landing site, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. On the other hand, the fishing base of purse seine vessels operating in the Makassar Strait was at Siddo fish landing site, Barru Regency, also in South Sulawesi. Oceanographic factors such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll-a (SSC) concentration, and depth were derived from satellite data. The LPF fishing grounds were analysed and visualize using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques. Based on the results, LPF distributions tended to be the highest in specific oceanographic conditions, including SST of 30.0 - 31.0 °C and SSC of 0.20 - 0.30 mg.m⁻³. They were mostly found in nearshore and offshore areas (maximum depth of about 2,000 m). The selected oceanographic factors played an important role in explaining the LPF fishing grounds. This information could be used for spatial prediction of potential LPF fishing zones in relation to the fish distribution and abundance during the Southeast monsoon in the IFMA-713.

Lobster fisheries play an important role in the development of Indonesian fisheries management. The tropical lobster genus Panulirus has high species diversity in the Indonesian Eastern Indian Ocean. The Indonesian government has designated lobster fisheries as one of the types of fisheries requiring special attention in 11 of the Fisheries Management Areas in the Republic of Indonesia (FMARI). Each management area has specific ecological characteristics and may have unique lobster species richness. Studies on the temporal and spatial distribution of lobster species during all life phases are necessary to determine the connectivity of lobster populations. This study aimed to identify the species of lobster larvae of the genus Panulirus in FMARI 573. Samples were collected from several locations, including Pacitan, Trenggalek, Tulungagung, Banyuwangi, and Lombok, in July-August 2018. Data were analysed descriptively through species identification based on morphological traits. Identification of the samples was carried out at the sampling site and in the laboratory. The study found six species of lobster larvae: Panulirus ornatus (local name udang mutiara), P. homarus (udang pasir), P. penicillatus (udang batu), P. versicolor (udang bambu), P. longipes (udang batik) and P. polyphagus (udang Pakistan). These species were unevenly distributed at the study sites. Further research is needed to analyse the distribution and connectivity of lobster populations by analysing species composition during different life phases (larva/puerulus, juvenile, adult) at different spatial and temporal scales.

Feed is one of the factors that determine the success of rearing mangrove crab larvae (Scylla olivacea). The use of artificial feed in the form of micro diet can guarantee higher availability and flexibility of feed. The artificial feed generally used is commercial produced and relatively expensive; therefore research is needed to produce good quality artificial feed at low prices. This study aimed to determine feed with certain protein raw materials that can replace commercial feed in terms of glycogen content of larvae, metamorphosis rate and feed price. The experimental design to determine the treatment effect on larval glycogen content was a completely randomized design of eight treatments with three replicates. The treatments were: A) 100% Artemia meal, B) 100% fish meal, C) 100% squid meal, D) 50% Artemia meal, 50% fish meal, E) 50% Artemia meal, 50% squid meal, F) 50% fish meal, 50% squid meal, G) 35% fish meal, 35% squid meal, 30% Artemia meal as raw material for feed protein and H) commercial feed. The rate of metamorphosis and price of feed were analysed descriptively. Results of the variance analysis showed that the difference in feed protein raw material had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the glycogen content of the megalopa stage larvae. The glycogen content in treatments C and E was not significantly different (p>0.05) but was higher and significantly different (p<0.05) than other treatments. Mangrove crab larvae in treatments A, C, E and F have reached the megalopa stage at the age of 18 days, while other treatments have only reached the new megalopa stage when the larvae were 19 days old. The lowest production cost of making the low budget feed is feed with protein raw material in the form of 100% fish meal and the most expensive one is feed with 100% raw material Artemia meal. Based on the result of this study, feed with protein raw material in the form of 100% squid meal can be used as a substitute for commercial feed, besides providing a better response to glycogen content and metamorphosis rate, the price of this feed is also cheaper than commercial feed.

Mangroves are known to play a role in fisheries production, but specifically, however the associations between economically important fish species and mangroves with varied characteristics are not yet widely known. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship (association) between economically important fish species and mangroves with varied characteristics in Maumere Bay, Indonesia. The research used spatial and non-spatial methods; the research on economically important fish species used an experimental fishing sampling method. Correspondence analysis was applied to answer the question why certain economically important fish species were associated with certain mangrove characteristics. The mangroves at the study locations with characteristically dominant species Bruguiera parviflora, Avicennia alba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Ceriops tagal, with a moderate value of the Shannon diversity index (1< H' ≤3), and moderate value of the Simpson dominance index (0.5< C ≤0.75), associated with the economically important fish species Psammoperca waigiensis, Synanceia verrucosa and Pomadasys maculatus. The locations of mangrove with high mangrove cover (≥ 80%), Avicennia marina as dominant species, large area (100 ha) and high density (≥ 3000 trees / ha), Rhizophora mucronata as dominant species, and high value of Pielou's evenness index (0.6< e ≤1.0) were associated with the economically important fish species Upeneus mollucensis, Lethrinus lentjan, and Lutjanus bitaeniatus. The mangrove locations with medium cover (50% - 75%), moderate values of Simpson dominance index (0.5< C ≤0.75) but high mangrove belt width (≥ 400 m) were associated with the economically important fish species Siganus javus, Stegostoma fasciatum, Mugil cephalus, Carangoides malabaricus and Chanos chanos.

Marine and coastal tourism are both among the largest segments of the tourism industry and fastest growing local economic activities. However, tourism is also one of the main contributors to environmental depletion. This study aimed to evaluate the condition of the water quality, and the compatibility and the regional carrying capacity of the coastal area of Bontang City intended for marine tourism. Data were collected by purposive randomised sampling and used multicriteria analyses, based on the reference point methodology by adjusting parameters for each tourism category. The data were quantified using a matrix method then analysed descriptively. The results showed that the water quality qualified based on water quality standards with pollution index values of 0.72 and 0.80 for Kedindingan Island and Beras Basah Island, respectively. The tourist compatibility index for the mangrove tourism category was very suitable (80.7%), the snorkelling tourism category was appropriate (64.42%) and the beach tourism category also appropriate (78.6%). Furthermore, the regional carrying capacity was 392 people/day for the Beras Basah Island and 10,766 people/day for Kedindingan Island.

This preliminary study performed a small-scale experimental evaluation of the effects of trampling on tropical seagrass meadows. The study site was Barrang Lompo Island, in the Spermonde Archipelago, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The experimental design comprised two trampling treatments (trampling by an adult and by children) and a control plot (no trampling). The trampling was carried out daily over a three week period. After trampling (adult or children), the detached seagrass leaf biomass was higher than uprooted seagrass biomass. Trampling by an adult had a greater effect on seagrass density than trampling by children. Three weeks after trampling ceased, both treatment plots exhibited substantial recovery, with final density closer to control density in the plot trampled by children.

The dusky parrotfish Scarus niger is an important economic fish. Like other reef fish that have good taste, white and thick meat, and don't have a lot of tiny bones, the dusky parrotfish is a fine food fish. The dusky parrotfish has a very wide distribution in tropical and subtropical sea waters. This study aimed to validate the maturity stage descriptions based on macroscopic characters. The results of this study are expected to be a reference in the study of the reproductive biology of dusky parrotfish and other parrotfishes, such as first maturity and the reproductive cycle. The samplings were done monthly at Makassar Fisheries Port from January 2018 to May 2019. The parameters measured were total length, body weight, gonad weight, gonad length and width, and liver weight. The observed aspect was the gonad colour and condition for both male and female fishes. Five stages of gonad maturity used to identify the gonad maturity stages were quite accurate. The accuracy was indicated by the gonadosomatic index (GSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) values that increased progressively from Stage I to IV. This accuracy validates macroscopic characters used for identifying the maturity stage of dusky parrotfish

The diversity and abundance of aquatic plants in freshwater ecosystems are very important as supporting factors for ecosystems. Conservationists can help to preserve species from the threat of extinction. How can we support the most species of aquatic plants at minimum cost? One strategy is to search for them and identify biodiversity hotspots, especially where an exceptional concentration of endemic species is undergoing significant loss of habitat. The genetic resources of aquatic plants represent the health of aquatic environments, i.e. lakes, rivers and waterfalls. The erosion of these resources threatens the stability of inland water health. We examined the patterns, causes and implications of freshwater macrophyte richness and rarity in Manado. The provincial richness of all macrophyte species, including rare species, showed strong preferences for mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Meanwhile, the rare species occurring nationally were more evenly distributed across the entire gradient of trophic conditions. From the four survey locations in the waterfalls, lakes, and river flows of the Manado area, a total of 37 species of aquatic plants were collected. Each area surveyed included different species and this is unique to the Wallace region.

Cantrang is active fishing gear. The workings of the Cantrang, drawn on the bottom of the water and the size of the small mesh, included in the category of fishing equipment damaging the environment and marine biota. In the PERMEN-KP/2/2015, Cantrang can no longer be used. For survival, fishermen must replace or reconstruct the investment used. The research objective is to analyze and obtain a model of investment reconstruction that can provide maximum income to fishermen in the Makassar Strait and Bone Bay waters after prohibiting the use of Cantrang in the Republic of Indonesia fisheries management area. The study used 6 treatments, namely; Scenario 1 without reconstructing, Scenario 2 reconstructing the net, Scenario 3 reconstructing the rope, Scenario 4 reconstructing the boat, Scenario 5 reconstructing the machine and Scenario 6 reconstructing the investment thoroughly. The study was conducted in August 2016 - July 2017 in 3 locations namely Takalar, Pangkep district, and Palopo City. The research location was determined intentionally by considering the existence of Cantrang and representativeness of the waters of Bone Bay and Makassar Strait. Sampling using census method. Research result; (1) Scenario 1. has a MtpI value equal to 0 (zero), which means that without reconstructing investment, income equals 0 (zero) (2) Scenarios 2 and 6 have a positive MtpI value which means that reconstructing investment causes an increased income (3) Scenarios 3, 4 and 5 have a MtpI value equal to negative which means that reconstructing investment causes a decrease in income.

Little tuna landed there are three types: Euthynnus affinis, Auxis thazard, Auxis rochei. The analysis shows the condition of the resource indicates the condition Over Exploited. Length and weight relationship tuna (Auxis thazard) total positive allometric Length of first caught fish (Lc) of 27.08 cm, The length at first maturity (Lm) 28.39 cm L_t = 35.40 {1 − e^{−0.58(t + 0.26)}}, total mortality (Z) = 4.08 per year, Fishing mortality (F) = 2.91 per year, natural mortality (M) = 1.17 per year, with the Exploitation rate (E) = 0.71 per year which, if E> 0.5 is overfishing. The relationship between length and weight of Tuna (Euthynnus affinis) was unsexed W = 0.1078 L ^3.48. The value of Lc and Lm were 37.51 cm, 38.43 cm, and 40.17 cm respectively. Von Bertalanffy growth L_t = 72.50 {1 − e^{−0.11(t +0.27)}} equation of this study was. The rate of total mortality (Z), natural (M), and catch (F) were respectively 0.56, 1.74 and 0.01. The peak season tuna catch in PPN Prigi was occurred in September (515.865%) with the low season occurred in January (1.244%). As for UPT PP Muncar, the peak season cob arrest took place in March (316.315%) with famine in February (6,651%). Little Tuna food was consist of 7 groups, namely: small fish, shrimp, Ascomycota, Chloromonadophyta, Chyanophyta, Chrysophyta, and Chlorophyta.

Channa micropeltes or toman is a native freshwater fish species and not commercially species in Malaysia. The fish become one of the anglers' attractions to Kenyir Lake, especially for recreational fishing purpose. However, parasitic diseases are one of the most common problems for this fish population. Studies on parasites of C. micropeltes is essential to our knowledge for the maintenance of natural resources. So, the objectives of this study were to identify the cestode and observe the histopathological changes on gastrointestinal tract of infected C. micropeltes. About 15 C. micropeltes were caught by using fishing rod. The fish were pithing, dissected and gastrointestinal tract was removed, then placed on petri dish. The stomach and intestine were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and proceed for preparing histology slides by using standard method for histology. Then, the tissues were stained by using hematoxylin and eosin (H & E) stain. The tissue changes were described. The cestodes were collected, fixed in 70% ethanol, stained with aceto-carmine and prepared the permanent slide. The cestodes morphology were observed under microscope for identification. In this study, only Senga rostellarae was identified. The histopathological changes showed the intestine with severe villus damage with destruction of villi epithelium and necrosis. Some areas with cross section of cestode showed increase of goblet cells and generated necrosis. Based on this study, S. rostellarae was a dominant species, and its activities caused severe damage to the fish intestine. The conditions can cause death to the fish due to hemorrhage and malabsorption of nutrient.

Indonesia protested the policy of the WTO, which required the abolition of subsidies. Therefore, Indonesia, through the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs then attempted to roll out an exception to the WTO provisions. At the 11th Ministerial Conference in Buenos Aires, Argentina, the ministers of the member countries of the WTO agreed to accommodate the interests pursued by Indonesia to review the application of fisheries subsidies. This research then analyzes fisheries subsidies practice in Indonesia. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the policy of fisheries subsidies implemented by the government has not been planned with good policies and management so that the subsidy has an impact on overfishing, overcapacity or IUU Fishing. Therefore, the author initiated the Co-management of Green Fisheries Subsidy policy. The core of this idea focuses on the management of fisheries subsidies that support the sustainability of fisheries resources involving various relevant stakeholders. This idea uses seven principles which are then applied in the stages of establishing a policy of providing subsidies in each region based on the bottom-up principle so that the implementation of subsidies will be more effective and efficient based on the needs of each region. The author uses a normative juridical research method by examining library materials or other secondary materials. The author uses the literature study. The tools used are documents in the form of primary, secondary, and non-legal materials. The data obtained were analyzed qualitatively, then presented descriptively.

Tuna fisheries in Morotai Island have great potential economic value. The production of Tuna in 2016 as much as 325 tons. This condition then made Tuna as the superior commodity in this territory [3]. Know the productivity and the pattern of tuna fishing season can maximize tuna production in Morotai Island. The purpose of this research was to investigate the productivity and Yellowfin Tuna fishing season in Morotai Island waters. The study used a survey method by conducting, the preliminary study in June 2018, and collecting data in the field during July-August 2018. The primary was obtained from fishing results data, numbers of the fishing trip from Tuna's fishers. For the time series secondary data were derived from DKP Morotai Island is the time series data year 2009-2016, DKP Province Maluku Utara, The Log Book of Pacific Tuna Fishers Cooperative, and BPS Morotai Island. The analyzing consisted of CPUE analysis and time series (moving average) analysis. The research results showed that productivity catching Tuna is 0.798 tons/year. Although the productivity in every year was fluctuating but have a low trend, because of the catching of Tuna in Morotai Island used motorboat with small capacity, which is 1,5-3 GT. The analysis results of time series (moving average) analysis showed that the season for fishing Tuna happened throughout the year, with the peak of season happened in March and June.

This study aimed to examine the development of seaweed in Takalar District. The method used in this study is a survey and direct interview using questionnaires and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) to various parties and stakeholders related to the production and development of seaweed. The study location is located in Takalar District Results The study of strategies for various aspects of development and productivity of seaweed can be applied with; 1) Expanding cultivation land and innovation and developing the latest cultivation technology, 2) Conducting gradual extension of seaweed farmers, 3) Development of seaweed processing industries, 4) Building nurseries to meet the availability of good quality seeds, 5) Conducting Training and Assistance in implementing the latest technological innovations, 6) Providing venture capital assistance and system improvement Warehouse Receipt 7) Scheduling seaweed cropping patterns, 8) Building and developing seaweed storage warehouses, 9) Developing new technologies to overcome pests and diseases in plants seaweed, 10) Conducting seaweed farmer institutional strengthening to strengthen the bargaining position of seaweed prices 11) Improving the quality of seaweed

It is well known that marine microalgae have a high diversity and potency as natural food for aquaculture, a high bioactive compound, and source of biofuel. Tetraselmis sp. is one of the marine-green algae, which has a high lipid content. A completely randomized design was used in this experiment with four levels of temperature treatments (28°C, 30°C, 32°C, and 34°C) and three levels of nitrate treatments (0 gr/L, 0.2 gr/L and 0.4 gr/L) with length of culture was 21 days. The result of our study showed that the highest growth rate was found at 30°C with double nitrate concentration account for 0.20 cell/day. The highest biomass was found at 0.20 g/L nitrate treatment for 34°C temperature treatment account for 0.17 g/L, while the lowest dry weight was 0.08 g/L that was found at 0.0 g/L nitrate treatment for 28°C temperature treatment. The highest free fatty acid percentage was found at 30°C of temperature treatment at the 0.40 g/L of nitrate concentration treatment, account for 8.81 %. Statistically, results showed that increasing temperature affected significantly to biomass and free fatty acid while increasing nitrate was different significantly on growth rate, and biomass.

Two methods, tissue culture, and mass selection are generally used to improve the quality of the seedlings of the red algae K. alvarezii. Mass selection is relatively new to be adapted to the Indonesian seaweed farming. In this study we attempted to cultivate the seaweed for 10 months (February-November 2013) in Bungin Permai coastal waters, South Konawe, Indonesia. Cultivation was performed for 30 days of each cycle, using long-line method. Each rope contained had distance between clumps of 15-, 20-, 25- and 30-cm. The selection was carried out until 9^th generation. The results showed that the daily growth rates (DGRs) among treatments were found to vary and tended to have seasonal variation. Minimum DGRs occurred in October while the maximum was in April/May. The DGRs range was from 3.81±1.80%/day to 8.32±1.12%/day while mean annual DGRs of 15-, 20-, 25- and 30- cm PD were 6.46±1.98, 6.62±2.00, 6.74±2.01, and 6.90±2.03%/day, respectively. No significant differences was found among four different planting distance. The mean carrageenan (semi-refined carrageenan/SRC) yields were varied among treatments and tended also to have seasonal variation. Minimum SRC of all treatments was varied and occurred in March/June while the maximum SRC were in May/October/November. The carrageenan yields range were from 31.53±2.04% to 48.91±5.05%. The highest mean annual SRC was recorded for 15-cm planting distance (PD) (42.02 ± 3.38%) followed by 30-cm PD (41.58 ± 2.95%), 20-cm PD (41.56 ± 6.03%) and 25-cm PD (41.45 ± 4.09%). The quality of cultivars produced from the selection met international specifications suggesting that mass selection for longer period could be 'a new method" to produce better quality of seedlings.

Seaweed is one of the marine biotas that has several benefits for health and cosmetics. The objective of this study was to isolate and test the activity of chloroform fraction of Sargassum hystrix seaweed extract in inhibiting the α-glucosidase and identification of the active fraction compounds. S. hystrix was extracted by maceration, then partitioned using chloroform and methanol. The chloroform fraction was further separated by column chromatography to obtain purer compounds. The extract of S. hystrix, chloroform fraction resulting from partitioning and chloroform fractions from column chromatography were tested for inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase. The active chloroform fraction inhibits the α-glucosidase then identified its compounds using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS). The result showed that chloroform fraction (IC50 = 0.726 mg/mL) had a higher inhibitory activity of the α-glucosidase than acarbose (IC50 = 1.890 mg/mL). Column chromatography separation produced seven chloroform fractions. The highest inhibition activity was found in the second chloroform fraction (41.62%), third (51.39%), and fourth (30.49%). Based on GC-MS analysis, several compounds were thought to be able to inhibit the α-glucosidase. The identified compounds were 2-Hexadecene-1-ol, 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-; Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester; 9-Octadecenoic acid, methyl ester; Phytol; Stigmasta-5,24(28)-dien-3-ol, (3.beta,24Z)- and 6-Hydroxy-4,4,7a-trimethyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro benzofuran-2 (4H )-one.

Sungkur ship is used to catch fish and shrimp in the coastal waters of Tanah Laut Regency. The ship is operated actively in a push manner. This research aimed to: (1) Analyze the Sungkur ship enforcement arm during the fishing operation (2) Analyze the Sungkur rolling ship movement in regular wave beam seas conditions. The research was conducted in March-May 2018. The research used an experimental method of the fishing operation. Analysis of data through simulation and numerical using naval architecture formula and the results interpreted descriptively. Equipment that is used includes Sungkur fishery, camera, stationery, measuring instrument, water pass, slide, yarn, pendulum, GPS, stopwatch and computer. The results of study showed that the main dimension value ratio of sample ship L/B = 4.68-7.0, L/D = 5.0– 1.2, and B/D = 1.0-2.0. GZ enforcement arm during operation of the Sungkur ship was above the minimum standard value that has been set IMO that is equal to 0.675. Rolling highs at 14.4° with a wave height of -0.46 m and the lowest rolling at -14.4° with a wave height of 0.46 m.

Gregarines are groups of protozoan parasites that ubiquitously infect arthropods worldwide including host from terrestrial and aquatic environment. To date, 1,600 gregarine species have been described, but less study for invertebrates have been recorded for these apicomplexan parasites. Wild marine bivalve species Anadara cornea (Reeve, 1844) populations were surveyed for gregarines at Setiu Lagoon in Terengganu, Malaysia for a year. This species of bivalve was previously unlisted as hosts. Malaysia is known as a country that experience with rainy and dry season. The trends of rainfall regime in Peninsular Malaysia is mainly affected by the seasonal monsoon i.e. Southwest (SW) monsoon (May to October) and Northeast (NE) monsoon in November and ends in April the following year. The objective of this study was to associate the incidence of gregarine in common wild bivalves, A. cornea of Setiu Lagoon, Terengganu in relation to water quality and seasons. Gregarine prevalence and mean intensity of infections were compared between seasons. Samples were collected at seagrass beds which contain sandy muddy area which is a suitable habitat for this bivalve. The study was conducted from January to December 2018 with a total of 480 sample bivalve collected (n=40 per month). Total numbers of parasites were counts during this study were 33,239 phagocytes. The highest intensity of the infection of the parasite was found in November (n=5014) and the lowest number of infection was in January (n=767). The confidence interval for proportions normal approximation in the prevalence of dry season was 48.9% with 95% of CI=45.3%–54.3%. The confidence interval for proportions normal approximation in the prevalence of rainy season was 47.7% with 95% of CI=43.2%– 52.2%. Risk estimation for odds ratio (OR) was 0.087 with 95% CI=0.01-0.68 Pearson Chi-Square showed the significant value (p≤0.05) cases via season. Most of the site infections of this parasite were on gill and digestive tract. Prevalence of parasites was considerably the same for both seasons. The mean intensity levels of infections were slightly high during the rainy season, which was assumed characterized by low surface seawater temperature, low salinity, and high levels of rainfall. Regression analyses revealed that season was significantly related to gregarine prevalence and intensity. This result emphasizes the importance of considering season and habitat as a part of the consideration factor while studying gregarine in bivalve ecology.

Kuri Caddi is located in Nisombalia village, Maros regency, South Sulawesi which has the potential of mangroves and marine ecosystems that are quite extensive and still maintained. This potential then attracts the attention of local tourists and foreign tourists. Communication in English is an obstacle Kuri Caddi community to interact with foreign tourists. An activity called Blue-Forest aims to improve communication skills in using the English language to support the sustainability of mangrove in the hamlet attractions Kuri Caddi. English-card and English speaking is the method used to support these activities. The results of this activity were the increased knowledge of the English language as measured by pre-test and post-test. only 20% of people in Kuri Caddi could answer questions on the pre-test, whereas in post-test, have seen some people who have increased up to 70% in material English card. As for English speaking occurred an increase of 50% from previous pre-test results.

The coastal area is one of the natural magnificence that is visited by many tourists because it has unique attraction such as white sand, exotic waves, unique coral reef, and beautiful natural scenery. The natural magnificence must be maintained by a variety of damages due to human activities and natural processes such as the tsunami. The impact of the tsunami disaster, in addition to psychological trauma also had an impact on the condition of the objects of tourist attraction, which eventually led to a decline in the number of tourists. Some damage to tourist objects and attractions studied in this paper include spatial conditions, changes in the transparency of seawater on the coast and the condition of existing coral reef. The analysis was carried out by comparing the conditions before and after the impact of the tsunami at Tanjung Lesung Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in December 22^th 2018. Through this analysis, it is expected that the management of coastal tourism in the after tsunami Tanjung Lesung SEZ can be carried out more comprehensive and sustainable. Therefore coastal tourism activities will still provide benefits both ecologically and economically for community, government and private administrator of SEZ.

Shortfin scads fish is a pelagic fish that has an important role in the economic sector of fishermen in South Sulawesi waters. In the last five years, there has been a decline in catch resulting from uncontrolled exploitation. However, there is no control instrument for the exploitation of shortfin scads fish to date, hence, there is a concern that the sustainability of shortfin scads fish resources will be threatened. This study aimed to determine the exploitation level of shortfin scads fish (Decapterus macrosoma) caught with a purse seine. The research was carried out in the waters of Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, from April to August 2018. The method used was direct observation. Data on catches were recorded based on the fish species caught at the time of hauling. Data time series of shortfin scads fish and effort data tabulated from fisheries statistical data. Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) of shortfin scads fish in Bulukumba waters in 2016-2017 exceeded the maximum sustainable production (MSY) of 10,739 tons/year (overfishing). The regression analysis between effort and CPUE Schafer model, showed the estimation parameter intercept value (a) 42.38620491, slope (b) -0.041823411. The equality relationship interpreted as the fishing effort for f units per year will reduce the production value (CPUE) of shortfin scads fish by 42,386 tons/year. The estimation of sustainable potential value (MSY) of shortfin scads fish in Bulukumba waters was 10,739 tons/year, while the optimum fishing effort (f_opt) was 507 units/year and the total allowable catch (TAC) 8,591 tons/year.

This study presents a fine-scale Geographic Information System (GIS) method to explore existing environmental and farm management constraints at extensive brackish water aquaculture ponds located in Losari District, Cirebon Regency, and West Java Province. The sampling method followed a detailed survey method, employing high-resolution satellite imagery of worldview-2 and GIS. Detailed pond unit and layout canal maps were used to guide soil and water sampling, measurement of land elevation and tide observation. The result showed that the existing pond canals were not able to supply 4,800,000 m³ daily required quantity of culture water for the total 2,360 ha pond area due to high sedimentation at the mouth and along the canals. The result of spatial analysis of soil and water variables also indicated that, despite generally good soil and water quality, some existing environmental variables could potentially limit the productivity and sustainability of the existing brackishwater ponds. The soil variables such as phosphate (PO₄-P) content (79.16 ± 28.34 mg / L) exceeded the optimum standard value of 35-46 mg/L, whilst total nitrogen (Total-N) content (0.07 ± 0.025 %) was lower than the optimum value of > 0.2%, for brackishwater aquaculture. Water quality variables comprising (NO₂-N), total ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) were also identified as limiting factors. Without a significant improvement in pond engineering and better understanding and management of existing environmental limiting factors, the increase in productivity and the sustainability of brackishwater fish ponds in the region seem almost impossible.

Dynamic interactions of the land zone and the ocean, human activities, and also natural hazards such as tsunamis can affect the changing of coastal areas. Tsunami historical events illustrated that the topographic elevation of the coastal area could be important physical parameters for creating tsunami vulnerability areas. The integrated approaches of spatial multi-criteria in the term of Geographical Information System (GIS), the analysis of satellite image, and social parameter analysis were used to map the risk area due to tsunami. This study tried to assess the distribution of tsunami vulnerability area in coastal area of Banten, western part of Java Island, Indonesia. The study applied GIS analysis, satellite image analysis, and the integration of participatory approaches through Analytical Hierarchy Process for the tsunami vulnerability assessment. Vulnerability parameters applied elevation, slope, coastal proximity, coastal shape, and land use is divided into five classes of vulnerability. Based on the land use parameter, plantation area was the widest area included in the category of medium class of tsunami vulnerability, while the very high class of tsunami vulnerability was the irrigated rice field. Very high vulnerability areas were found in the west coastal areas of the sub-districts of Labuan Pagelaran, Patia, Sukaresmi, and Panimbang. The results illustrated in this study can be used as one of the important basic information for creating tsunami risk map. SIG based analysis can aid in a wide range of disaster assessment and facilitate regional planning for management and mitigation of natural disasters such as tsunamis.

This study aimed to determine the quality of commercial fish floss in the Yogyakarta region based on the similarity and dissimilarity in the dominant spices perceived by panelists. Projective mapping (PM) or napping has attained much attention in recent literature as a method for fast sensory profiling and measurement of consumer perception. Configurations from PM have been shown to provide similar product maps. Observation of projective mapping was carried out on ten commercial fish floss using 80 untrained panelists. Panelists were instructed to group samples according to their perception in a sheet flat area 60 × 60 cm². The coordinates of the grouping sample were recorded. Results of the study were able to detect 12 flavored spices obtained; samples were scattered in four groups of dominant herbs. Fish floss AK, KF_T, and DE contain nutmeg, turmeric, tamarind, and ginger as the dominant flavor. The brands N_S, TS, and SM exhibit dominant taste of fish flavor, candlenut, lemongrass, and a slight chili. N_L, SR, and KF_L had the dominant taste of bay leaves, coriander, cutcherry, and chili. SF_S brand had a dominant flavor of galangal. The result of this study can be used as a reference for the development of the fish floss industry in the Yogyakarta area for new industries and the destination of new products from various raw materials of fish.

The sea of North Maluku province geographically faced to the Philippine sea and it is a potential zone with the availability of export-grade fisheries resources. Criminal penalties in the fisheries sector are mostly cumulative, both aimed at offenses of crimes and offenses. Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 Year 2004 concerning Fisheries, states that what is called the practice of illegal fishing can be classified as: Article 84 paragraph (1), paragraph (2), paragraph (3), Article 85, Article 92, Article 93, and Article 94). In the case of being caught red-handed, by the authorities over which Fisheries Law No. 45 of 2009. The next problem in law enforcement is the issue of legal norms where the Act that is implemented still gives a gap for the occurrence of abuse of authority. Also, the next problem is culture in law enforcement and in society. The transcendental approach emphasizes the importance of this morality problem; Second, in terms of legal norms, it is necessary to formulate legal norms that are more deterrent to perpetrators of crimes and law enforcement officers who violate; and, third, in the matter of legal culture, it is necessary to change the legal culture which originally emphasized rational values into legal behavior based on transcendental values in Segulaha adat.

In order to realize participatory, responsible and sustainable management of Fisheries Resources a regulation or policy is needed to embrace these efforts in an integrated manner. The purpose of this study is to find out and analyze the implementation of Participatory Policy through the Quality Awareness and Quarantine Community Movement (Gemasatukata) in the Untia Village of Makassar City. The research method used is a qualitative approach with the type of descriptive research then data collection is obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. The focus of this study examines policy implementation from aspects of achieving policy objectives, target groups, implementing organizations, and environmental factors. The process of data analysis includes data reduction, data display, and conclusion. The results of this study indicate the government's concrete efforts through interactive communication and obtaining effective information through inputs from the fishing community that explain the root of the problem at hand but the findings of this study show that the empowerment program aimed at this group of fishermen received physical assistance but the essence of behavior change has not been implemented optimally because these behavioral changes require a short process and program sustainability.

Coastal communities were mostly characterized by small-scale fisheries, facing difficulties to improve livelihoods and coastal management. Thus, community needs to build the organization and alternative livelihoods must be developed. This study aims to: 1) Asses the socio-economic information; 2) Analyze the dynamic of marine and fisheries activities, and 3) Analyze the activity to improve the capacity of community for coastal resource management. Data were collected during 2017 through interviews using structured and semi-structured questionnaires, both open and closed ones to 42 fishermen/seaweed farmers; 20 respondents from local fishery officers, seaweed collectors, traders, and exporters, processing companies, and coastal women/fishermen's wives. Representatives of 11 relevant stakeholders were also interviewed. The result shows that coastal community livelihood activities in Takalar District consist of fishing, aquaculture, and the processing of fishery products. Fishing activities carried out by fishermen using the size <5 GT vessels and fishing gear such as nets and fishing rods. There is growing aquaculture in seaweed commodities particularly Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, while for Gracilaria sp., and Caulerva sp. were started to be developed. Initial activity planning was done to increase the resilience of coastal communities, based on the social and economic profile then composed the activities plan to increase resilience of people in Takalar District.

Fishermen society, especially coastal areas, want an increase in the economy. One of the catalysts is by participating actively in fisheries cooperatives. This study aims to determine the role of cooperatives as a catalyst for the economy. Through fisheries cooperatives, fishermen society as members gets more value than fishermen society who are not members of cooperatives. This research was conducted at the Juku Lele Cooperative in Somba Opu District, Gowa Regency, from January to March 2019. The alternative revenues as catfish farmers calculated are 2,567.5 million for members and 198.328 million for non-members. Ratio profit margin cooperatives as an economic catalyst are 65% for members and 23.93 for non-members.

Syirkah catfish is formed from the belief in the strength of pilgrims and the desire to present a business model without usury. The purpose of this study was to find out how much the benefits and contributions of the Syirkah of catfish to the economy of pilgrims. This research was conducted in April 2018 - March 2019 in Makassar, South Sulawesi. Respondents who have interviewed directly, the data obtained were analyzed further using income analysis. The results of this study show that economically, this Syirkah catfish is a loss. The harvest target of 1.5 tons is not met from the seed stock of 15,000 seeds. But on an institutional basis, this Syirkah of catfish contributes where the losses incurred are shared equally. The absence of usury makes the loss experienced is not large. The return of joint capital after the harvest is sold at 70% of the value of the shares planted.

Catching flying fish (Hirundichthys oxycephalus) in the central of Makassar Strait using drifting gillnet with a mesh size of 2.54 and 3.18 cm was carried out in west and east season. Drifting gillnets with mesh size of 2.54 cm and 3.18 cm caught H. oxycephalus with a number of catches that varied every month throughout the season. The objective of this study was to compare CPUE rates of two different mesh size of gillnet and to describe the sea surface temperature conditions at the fishing ground locations. We conducted this research during east season (April-June). The study used satellite SST data combined with experimental fishing by operating one experimental unit of drifting gillnets with mesh size of 2.54 cm and 3.18 cm in the fishing area for 30 fishing trips. CPUE (kg hauling⁻¹) was the amount of catch per hauling. The difference in catch between the mesh size of 2.54 and 3.18 cm was assessed by t-test analysis using SPSS software package. The results showed that CPUEs per piece of gillnets with the mesh size of 2.54 cm were ranged from 0.23 to 2.90 kg hauling⁻¹ with 1.38 kg hauling⁻¹ on average, while the CPUEs for the mesh size of 3.18 cm were ranged from 0.47 to 8.93 kg, with 3.28 kg hauling⁻¹ on average. The t-test showed that mesh size of 3.18 cm was significantly different from the mesh size of 2.54 cm. CPUE of drifting gillnets with the mesh size of 3.18 cm higher than the mesh size of 2.54 cm and occupied the potential fishing grounds with relatively warmer SST of 29-31°C. This suggests that the gillnet mesh size of 3.18 cm is better than the other size for catching flying fish within the potential fishing grounds during April-June.

Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid compound from Rhodophyceae extraction of K. alvarezii using alkali solvents. Conventional extraction methods that have been using certain solvents in large volumes require a long time and low yields resulting in high production costs and large amounts of waste which pollute the environment. These adverse effects can be minimized by extraction with the help of ultrasonic waves which will provide an intensive stirring effect to damage the cell walls of seaweed so that the process of mass transfer will be faster. The extraction temperature greatly influences the quantity and quality of carrageenan which is often carried out in conventional extraction. In carrageenan extraction activities from K. alvarezii with the help of ultrasonic waves, the effects of temperature and time on these two parameters will also be studied. This activity was conducted to determine the time and temperature of carrageenan extraction from K. alvarezii seaweed using an ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz with temperature variations of 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 °C, and time variations of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes. The results of extraction of K.alvarezii seaweed with a time variation of 40 minutes and temperature variation is 70 °C, with the optimum value of temperature and extraction time is 70 °C for 30 minutes which produces carrageenan as much as 44.46%. The carrageenan quality test produced water content ranging from 6.27-14.18%, ash content 12.33-13.69%, viscosity of 10.4-27.9 cP and gel strength ranged from 926.26 to 4945.99 dyne / cm².

Lift-net (local term: Bagan Rambo) is one of the most productive fishing gear in the coastal community of Gulf of Bone, including those in the Bone District. This study aims to explain the characteristics of the marketing channels of frigate tuna caught by fishermen and the effectiveness and efficiency of frigate tuna market system. The study was conducted from December 2017 to February 2018 at Bone District, South Sulawesi Province-Indonesia with a purposive sampling method of 37 units of lift-net and 481 fisheries households. The results of the study show that lift-net owners and fishmongers are the main channels of catch marketing (66.7%). For Bone sub-district of Tanete Riattang Timur 50% of catches go fishing auction and fisheries companies. The effective marketing system of frigates tuna are: 1) fishermen get more profit if they sell their catch in kg instead of selling per bucket, 2) the boat owner and fishmonger get a big profit, at the sale of a minimum price. The effective marketing channel is directly selling catches to fisheries companies.

Pangkilan Bare fish or Matano Medaka fish (Oryzias matanensis) is one of the most endemic species of freshwater fish that lives on Lake Matano. The purpose of this study was to determine the histopathology of the liver and intestines of the Matano Medaka fish contaminated by iron and nickel. The samples used were 6 fish with average size was 48.36 mm ± 0.74 mm. Samples were then processed with host technique analysis. Based on the results of this study obtained histopathological change that occurs in the liver and intestine in the form of hemorrhage, necrosis, fat degeneration, hydropic degeneration, lysis of hepatocytes and numerous melano macrophage. The results of measuring the water content of Matano lake contain iron (Fe) <0.03 mg / L and nickel (Ni) <0.07 mg / L. Therefore, the results of measurements of metal content in Matano lake sediments contain iron (Fe) 3.08% and nickel (Ni) 0.15%. The results of these measurements averaged above the threshold. Therefore, the high concentration of metals is thought to have a relationship with the abnormal tissue of fish organs observed in this study.

A chocolate bar and products is a universal product, suitable as a vehicle for fortified spirulina to enhance premium nutrition. This study was conducted to determine the stability of milk and dark chocolate fortified nanocapsule carotenoids of Spirulina platensis. The base of chocolate formula was designed by community industry of chocolate bar in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta. Two types of chocolate (milk and dark) are fortified with nanocapsules carotenoid of Spirulina. The composition of chocolate paste: cocoa butter is 27.5:25 (milk) and 58:24,5 (dark), nanocapsule was added amount 0.372%. Fortified and control product were tested on 80 untrained panelists. The results showed that fortified chocolate did not show differences in aroma, taste, and texture with control. The dominant profile of aroma and chocolate flavor between fortified products and controls in the milk or dark chocolate was detected similar components but the intensity is slightly different. Fortified chocolate with nanocapsules spirulina showed the flat bloom development was lower than control. The equation of regression of milk chocolate stated linear regression curve (y = 1.5655 + 27,611) and dark chocolate (y = 1.2713 x + 26.559). Fat blooming reaches the limit of the white index number (> 31.5) in milk chocolate appear at the 6th month of storage and the dark one start at the 9th. The results showed dark chocolate has a shelf life 1.5 times longer than milk.

MARRS (Mars Assisted Reef Restoration System) is an artificial reef method that resembles spider webs and has been implemented in several regions of Indonesia, including Samuh beach, Nusa Dua, Bali. Since July - October 2018, 761 MARRS units, supporting a total of ± 10,600 coral fragments, have been installed. The aim of this research is to provide an initial investigation into establishing a mini-coral reef park in Indonesia. Monitoring was done by identifying habitat geomorphology methods with photo transects and coral propagation status in MARRS using the random visual census method. From the process of habitat geomorphology classification in the artificial reef network, there were 9 types of habitat classified on the fringing reef, reef flats and fore reefs. Ten hard coral species from the Scleractinia group were identified from 10 randomly-selected and monitored MARRS units: Acropora formosa, A. hyacinthus, Pocillopora verucosa, P. damicornis, Psammocora sp., Symphyllia sp., Stylophora pistillata, Turbinaria sp., Echinopora sp. and Favites sp. Three significant coral factors were found to be present within the coral propagation system: resistance, competition and predators.

Almost all fishing boats operating in Indonesia are made of wood. The hulls of wooden boats are exposed to heat everyday and float in seawater, a combination which can cause parts of the boat's hull to be quickly damaged. One type of damage that occurs all the time is the attachment of fouling organisms (animals and marine plants) which encrust the hull of the boat; therefore, the hull should be careened once a week, as otherwise resistance will increase, reducing the speed and increasing fuel consumption. Fibreglass is a composite material which is strong, weather resistant and easily formed. This composite material can be applied as a coating material for wooden boats to overcome weathering and repair leaks. This applied research directly practiced a method to repair wooden boats by coating with 2 layers of fibreglass. The stages included the removal of all fouling and other coatings (e.g. paint) and contamination, drying and repairs, coating with two layers of fibreglass, followed by finishing. The results showed that the use of fibreglass to repair wooden boats can be a very effective technique with the following advantages: boards of boat hulls that are immersed in water do not decay, so that there is less likelihood of leaks developing; the technique reduces outlay because maintenance costs of fishing boats are reduced; boat maintenance will be easier because it is only necessary to clean the fouling attached to the hull; longer boat life and greater hull strength, as protection with fibreglass can strengthen old wooden construction elements and enable them to last longer.

Sea cucumbers are fisheries commodities that have important economic value. Indonesia is the largest producer of sea cucumbers in the world, and South Sulawesi Province is the largest producer of sea cucumbers in Indonesia. Although the export volume of Indonesian dried sea cucumbers or trepang is large, the export value is not high due to the low quality of trepang. This study aims to examine the techniques or method of sea cucumber processing in two locations in South Sulawesi where sea cucumbers are processed to produce trepang. The study was conducted by observing the processing stages used in the Sembilan Islands Sub-District, Sinjai Regency and Labbakkang Sub-District, Pangkep Regency. The study found that, in general, the basic stages in trepang processing were removal of the viscera, salting, boiling and drying. The most prominent difference in the processing of trepang in the two research areas was the lack of a fumigation process. In other countries where the quality of trepang is better; the process of fumigation is an important stage to increase the durability and aroma of trepang.