Table of contents

United Nation reported that the world population reached 7.5 billion last year and it is projected to become 9.1 billion in 2050 and so there will be about 21% more population than there were last year. In this situation, agricultural sector has a huge task to increase production to meet increasing demand for food, feed, fiber, and fuel.

However, agricultural sectors have currently faced a lot of obstacles. Climate change and massive uses of agricultural lands for housing and industries are few examples of those challenges. Public perceptions in considering health and safety aspects of food production for both consumption and the environment should also be taken into account. Here, innovation and technology are greatly important to be involved in dealing comprehensively with the issues of sustainable agriculture and food security along with addressing the issues across sectors including agriculture, biodiversity, conservation, and the policies.

In this situation, Universitas Padjadjaran had taken an opportunity to take a part in solving issues by conducting the first and the second International Conference on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security which were successfully held in 2011 and 2015, respectively. It is a right time now to conduct the third conference on the same theme with a special emphasis on the use of innovation and technology.

On behalf of the committee, I greatly appreciate and warmly welcome all speakers and participants in particular to our respected overseas guests who have made their long journeys meaningful. In this special opportunity, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the Rector of Universitas Padjadjaran, the Vice Rectors, Deans of Faculty of Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Industry and Technology, and Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, for their sincere attention and collaboration as well as to all sponsors for their cooperation.

Sincerely yours

Prof. Husmy Yurmiati

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The usage of rice straw as an alternative basic compost fertilizer is needed. Rice straw processing into compost fertilizer through stage chopper. Chopper is the size reducing stage that it is easily decomposed. The chopper processing can be done by using straw chop machine. This research aims for performance test and economic analysis. Research use descriptive analysis. The results of performance test of straw chop machine have actual capacity is 103.32±12.068 kg/h, engine efficiency is 79.59%, power requirement with load and without load are 1.1±0.067 HP and 0.698±0.109 HP, specific load 7.94 W/kg, chopper yield is 94.33±0.97%, the percentage of chopper chunks is 83.55±0.04%, engine noise level 76.6±0.5 dB, and vibration level on the framework, hopper and chopper cylinder are 18±4.9 mm/s², 53.94±1.3 mm/s² and 21.6±4.6 mm/s². Based on the result of economic analysis of rice straw chop machine have the basic cost is Rp.46,159,621.- with gross income Rp.55,792,800.-/year. The breakeven point has been reached when the machine has chopped 41,078 kg of rice straw. This rice straw chopper machine has met the economic feasibility criteria of NPV>0 that is Rp.52,821,891. BC Ratio>1 with value is 1.17. IRR value> MARR interest rate (9%) with IRR 102%.

The aim of this research is to get the body weight performance and growth pattern of Friesian Holstein dairy cows from birth to 18 months. This study used monthly weight data of dairy Friesian Holstein cows from birth to 18 months (508 head). Obtained standard equation of body weight by using logistic regression model =363.53⁄=1+〖6.57e〗^(-0.21(x)) ) (Se = 14.78; r = 0.989), inflection point occurs at age 10 months (body weight 232.4 kg). The actual body weight of calves at birth until the age of 2 months is lower than the weight of the alleged body. The actual body weight of the calf aged 3 to 6 months is higher than the body weight of the estimation and the actual body weight of the calf above the estimation weight standard. The actual body weight of 7-9 months is still higher than the weight but at 10-12 months the actual body weight is lower than the expected weight, (puberty phase) that will affect growth. Month at 13-16 actual body weight is lower than the weight of the estimation body, as well as the previous month that is the first period of lust and puberty.

This research aimed to investigate the potential use of banana peels waste for sheep feeding. Completely randomized design was used to compare the chemical, phenol, and tannin compositions between raw and ripened banana peels from 4 different varieties (Ambon, Muli, Nangka, Kapas). Moreover, a 2x4 factorial design was used to test the main effects of ripening stages (raw, ripened) and doses (10, 20, 30, 40%) of Ambon banana peels on in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility (DMD and OMD, %), ammonia (NH3, mM), volatile fatty acids (VFA, mM), pH, and total gas production (TGP, ml). Raw banana peels contained less (P<0.05) dry matter (DM, %) and total digestible nutrients (TDN, %) but it contained higher (P<0.05) crude fiber (CF, %) and gross energy (GE, kcal/kg) compared with ripened banana peels. Raw and ripened banana peels contained considerable amount of total phenols (TP, %) and total tannins (TT, %) although being not different (P>0.05). Based on in vitro assessments, raw Ambon banana peels had lower (P<0.001) DMD, OMD, and VFA but higher NH3 (P<0,001) than ripened ones. Adding Ambon banana peels from 10 to 40% replacing roughage in the diet increased (P<0.001) DMD, OMD, and VFA but decreased (P<0,001) NH3. Both raw and ripened Banana peels have the potential for sheep feeding based on their chemical and in vitro assessments.

The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of five different lactation curve models to estimate 305 days milk yields in Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cow at BBPTU HPT Baturraden. Appropriate lactation curve could provide useful information for genetic breeding programs, herd nutritional management, decision taking on the culling cows and milk production simulation systems. The analysis was carried out on a total of 8.167 milk yield records based on test day (TD) from first to fourth lactation from 2014 to 2017. The models compared were Wood, Yadav, Ali-Schaeffer, Wilmink, and Guo and Swalve models. The results showed that the Ali-Schaeffer's model was the best model to predict milk production. It is known from the coefficient of determination at first, second, third, and fourth lactation respectively were 0.99156, 0.99074, 0.98985, 0.96706, correlation between predicted and observed values (r) were 0.99577, 0.99536, 0.99491, 0.98339, and Se were 0.30, 0.37, 0.38, 0.63.

Information about milk production in dairy cows is obtained most accurately by daily recording, but with consideration, such as time and cost. This study aimed to obtain accurate and efficient recording patterns to estimate milk production in dairy cows. This research used recording of milk production in BBPTU-HPT Baturraden. The data used is the record of milk production of Test Day (TD) from the year 2014-2017 as many as 8696 records of TD that derived from 213 head of cows on first lactation. The record of TD milk production is the recording of milk production performed only on certain days during a lactation period. The milk production expectant curve used is the Ali-Schaeffer. The result of this research that Ali-Schaeffer equation with correlation between estimated and actual value (r) 0.991, standard error (se) 0.64, and standard deviation (stdv) 0,01. Recording of milk production Pattern 5, namely the recording of milk production in TD 1, 2, 5, 8, and 11, showed the highest correlation value (r=0.998). It is recommended to record the milk production in the early months of lactation and combined with the recording of TD milk production periodically every three months, from mid to late production.

The purpose of research was to empower the members of rural poultry farming to increase productivity of kampong chicken. The development of Science, Technology and Arts (IPTEKS) for society in Treman Village aimed to increase nutrient for society, to help them to build rural poultry industry belongs to community, and to supply kampong chicken to "Damar Merah and El'Shadai" farmer's groups of Treman Village. The materials were kampong chicken supplied by kampong chicken breeder in Treman Village. The research method used is survey method, with the respondents amounted to 20 farmes determined by purposive sampling ie farmers belonging to the group, the development of science and technology for the region. Data analysis used is descriptive analysis. The result show that increasing of skill and competence of "Damar Merah and El'Shadai" farmer's groups after granting new hatching machine and Day Old Chick. Both of groups can accept new application in modern poultry farming management through modern breeding system. The development of rural poultry farming program to kampong chicken farmers of Treman Village, North Sulawesi can increase knowledge, skill, and income of the kampong chicken farmers.

This research was aimed to find out the use of fermented complete feed based on mixed Pennisetum purpureum and Indigofera sp on performance of Garut male lambs during fattening. A completely randomized design was used to compare 5 different complete feeds containing different Pennisetum purpureum (60, 70, 80, 90 and 100%) and Indigofera sp (40, 30, 20, 10, 0%) mixtures using 5 replicates. The measurable parameters were dry matter consumption, body weight gain, as well as feed conversion efficiency. The results showed that different mixtures of Pennisetum purpureum and Indigofera sp had a significant effect (P<0.05) on dry matter consumption with the highest dry matter consumption was obtained by mixture of 80% Pennisetum purpureum and 20% Indigofera sp (1,313.4 gram/head/day). However, the mixtures had no significant effect (P>0.05) on body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency of the lambs.

Aim of crossbreeding practice is to increase local or indigenous breeds productivity by introducing exotic breeds. It expected that crossbreed result better performance. For that, this study aims to evaluate the reproductive rate (RR) performance of Boer goat compared to its F1 cross. Kidding record were collected in CV. Kambing Burja, East Java, Indonesia from January 2012 to December 2015. In this study, Boer bucks (purebred) were mated with two doe breeds that are female Boer (100% Boer) and female F1 Cross (50% Boer). For evaluation purposes, litter size, kidding interval and annual pre-weaning mortality were used as components for reproductive rate calculation in both mating system. Result shows Boer does significantly (P<0.05) perform better in litter size at year 2012, 2014 and 2015 when compared to F1 cross. In term of kidding interval, Boer and F1 cross shows different value in each observation year, moreover Boer goat show lower preweaning mortality percentage than F1 cross. According to RR value, we can see that Boer has better performance compared to F1 cross, however its value was varied in every year observation. Based on this result we can concluded that Boer reproductive performance is relatively better than its F1 cross.

The golden snail can breed very quickly and could become a pest for the plants especially rice plants. The Gold snails contains to use as duck feed. One of ducks that developed in West Java, is Rambon duck. In the maintenance of ducks, to improve productivity, usually required additional substances in ration. Noni plant which fruit is very nutritious, and contains anti-microbial that increase the productivity of livestock. This study aims to determine the level of gold snails and the Noni Fruits flour in a ration that gave the best Rambon duck performance and IOFC in the Jatigede Reservoir area. The research was done experimental and all data were analyzed statistically with Anava and further test with Duncan Test. The research used 200 DOD of Rambon duck that given 4 ration treatment containing gold snail flour (K) and noni fruit flour (M). The treatments were P1 (R1+0.45% M), P2 (R1+0.60% M), P3 (R2+0.45% M), dan P4 (R2+0.60% M). Parameters measured were feed consumption, body weight gain, feed conversion, carcass weight and IOFC. The results showed that P2 treatment (gold Snail 5%+0,60% noni fruit) gave the best Rambon duck performance with the value of IOFC Rp. 11,675.74 each bird

This study aims to determine the potential of microorganism in processing of mixed sheep feces and rice straw, used as a starter in the preservation of forage feed. The method is, in the 1^st phase with 3 treatments of carbon and nitrogen ratio with 6 repetitions and the 2^nd phase with 3 treatments of molasses in the base medium, which are grouped in dry matter content with 6 replications. The results of the 1^st phase showed the preferred treatment of T2 (C/N ratio 30) yielded an initial number of bacteria of 2.87 x 10¹⁴ cfu/g and fungi 9.6 x 10¹³ cfu/g, and decreased into 4.2x 10¹⁰ cfu/g and 3.7 x 10¹¹ cfu/g, respectively. At the end of initial degradation, bacteria identified were Bacillus sp and fungi identified were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus glaucus, Aspergillus terreus, Rizophus sp. The results of the 2^nd phase showed that the highest bacterial colonies were achieved in T2 with DM3 of 38 x 10⁶ cfu / ml and the bacterial consortium identified were Bacillus sp and Lactobacillus sp. The number and types of bacterial consortium isolated and identified in the liquid medium can be used as a starter in the preservation of forage feed.

Maize can be developed as an alternative staple food in anticipation of dependence on rice consumption which continues to increase along with the increase of population. In order for increase corn consumption it needs to be assembled to improve corn nutrition and taste at an affordable price. The objective of this research was to increase amylopectin content in QPM corn grains without reducing the potential of protein quality and production potential.The method used in this research was Back Cross Breeding. This research was done until the formation of Genotype F2. Stages of the method that has been done were started by hybridization between corn Variety of Srikandi Putih (Recipient's parents) and corn Local Waxy Corn (Donor Parents). Recipientparents were planted in 3 rows and donor parents in 1 row. Each row consisted of 40 plants. The crosses resulted in the genotype F1. Genotype F1 planted in 2 rows and then selfing 21 plants to yield Genotype F2. The research results showed that amylopectin content of corn grains in F1, F2, Parent of Srikandi Putih Variety and Local Waxy Corn were 92,57%, 91,31%, 81,92% and 97,80%, respectively. At this stage of the study, it is concluded that there was a change of amylopectin content of grains in Genotype F1 and Genotype F2 due to crosses compared to their parents.

Pasundan cattle is a local livestock that has lived and well adapted in West Java. In 2015, the population declined by 20.96% caused by the high selling prices and changes in land functions. The impact of declining of the population can causes genetic degradation indirectly. One of the efforts to increase the population is selection of cattle based on luteinizing hormone receptor gene polymorphism that can used as molecular selection for reproductive traits. Thirty seven heads of Pasundan cattle with artificial insemination calving records was used in this study. The exon 11 of LHR gene was amplified and subsequently analysed by sequencing method. The sequencing result were found three genotypes of CC, CT and TT in SNP g.1337C>T. The frequency of T allele (0.527) shows more dominant over C allele (0.473). The chi square test showed that Pasundan cattle were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The heterozygosity value of Ho (0.513) indicating that the heterozygosity value of the LHR gene belongs to high category (>50%). The high genetic diversity of the Pasundan cattle population indicates that there has not been selection program yet. The results of this study can be used as a reference to continue the selection program improving genetic quality in the reproductive traits of Pasundan cattle.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism on exon 2 of leptin gene which changes encoding from Arginine to Cysteine could change the function of Leptin as an obese gene which regulated feed intake and energy expenditure. The aims to analyze point mutation based on SNP exon 2 of Leptin gene of Pasundan cattle. This research used 49 DNA of Pasundan cattle from BPPT SP Cijeungjing. Multiplication of DNA was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Analyze of SNP on exon 2 Leptin gene based on nucleotide sequence from direct sequencing of PCR product which was alligned with leptin gene sequence from gene bank using Bioedit and MEGA 5.2 program. The results showed nucleotide sequence of exon 2 Leptin gene in Pasundan cattle is different from Leptin gene sequence of Bos indicus and Bos taurus. It was found one synonymous SNP that did not change amino acids Serine encoding on S17S, and two non-synonymous SNP which altered amino acids encoding, i.e R25C and R25H. In Pasundan cattle, the frequency of C allele (42.86%) was higher than A allele (31.64%) and T allele (25.50%). Six genotypes were identified i.e. CC (24.49%), CT (32.65%), CA (4.08%), TT (8.16%) and TA (2.05 %), AA (28.57%).

Calcium ions play important roles in several cellular processes including signalling pathway, membrane fusion and cell adhesion. In sperm, it is known that intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca²⁺]i) regulates acrosome exocytosis and flagellar motility. [Ca²⁺]i is generally regulated by influx and efflux of calcium ion. Plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) pumps the [Ca²⁺]i excess, providing a fine-tuning of [Ca²⁺]i concentration for sperm functions. To date, information related PMCA family in chicken sperm is still not documented yet. Therefore, this study was subjected to characterize expression and localization of PMCA family in chicken sperm. In this study, we selected PMCA2 and PMCA4 as representative to a specific tissue and a housekeeping isoform, respectively. Immunohistochemistry of PMCA2 and PMCA4 in chicken testis showed that both transmembrane proteins are expressed at the edge adluminal of the seminiferous tubule, indicating that these proteins are present in morphologically matured sperm that completed spermatogenesis. This was confirmed by immunocytochemistry, showing that PMCA2 and PMCA4 are highly enriched in the midpiece of chicken sperm. Furthermore, sub-cellular fractionation, combined with western blotting, showed that both isoforms are exclusively found in the membrane fraction of the sperm, together suggesting both PMCA are localized to the plasma membrane overlaying midpiece.

Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Smith) is plant material that can be used as a medicine, food, cosmetics, and bio-pesticides. The existence of torch ginger in nature is becoming more limited due to the utilization of health care services mainly as a medicine continues to increase. In conventionally, plant propagation of torch ginger is derived from a rhizome, but seedlings produced tend to have the level of low proliferation and susceptible to infections of soil pathogens. This research aimed to know the influence of sucrose and BAP concentration on bud growth of torch ginger in in vitro. The research was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Research method used was a descriptive design with experiment treatments i.e. sucrose (20 g/L, 40 g/L, and 60 g/L) and BAP (0 mg/L and 1 mg/L). The result showed that the use of sucrose 40 g/L + BAP 1 mg/L gave the best response to the shoot growth on 6 WAI and capable to produce green shoots on 8 WAI.

Torch ginger (Etlingera spp.) is one of the herbal plants native to Indonesia that has long been known and used as medicines. Exploration on torch ginger plant needs to be done to conservate and determine genetic diversity. Study of genetic diversity torch ginger in the district of Pangandaran is important because as long as there has been no study in depth the potential of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship germplasm of torch ginger Genetic diversity based on this research had a proportion of 47% of the total of 100% in the PC1-PC3 was based on the analysis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with the character influencing that form clumps, line leaf midrib, plant height, stem diameter, leaf length, color scales rhizome, stem color, rhizome and the leaf base forms. Based on the results of the genetic diversity cluster analysis found that narrow torch ginger euclidean indicated by coefficient of 0.79 and was divided into six clusters. Accession which had the closest kinship i.e. accession N1 from Cikadu subdistrict of Cintakarya and accession N2 from Cikoang subdistrict of Cintakarya, while accession with the farthest kinship namely accession N29 from Jangraga subdistrict of Mangunjaya with range euclidean of 0.79.

Chili is one of the most important vegetable spice crop valued for its aroma, flavor, and pungency for Indonesian food. An experiment on chili (Capsicum annuum L) was undertaken to study the genetic correlation and relationship of morphological and fruit characters on capsaicin content using path analysis. The F2 population was developed from the cross between the high capsaicin content of cayenne pepper CF02 inbred line and curly chili K15 inbred line. Capsaicin content was negatively associated with fruit surface, fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and fruit weight per plant. Based on path analysis, these characters had direct effect and indirect effect on capsaicin content. Direct selection may be executed considering these traits as the primary selection criteria to reduce the indirect effect of other characters during the development of high yielding chili variety.

Capsaicin is a compound that produces a spicy taste in chili. Inheritance of capsaicin is valuable information for breeders to determine the selection methods and when the selection will be conducted. The objective of this experiment is to observe the inheritance pattern of the capsaicin content of Indonesian chili landraces. The experiment was conducted at Ciparanje Experimental Station of Universitas Padjadjaran. One hundred sixty-seven F2 plants were analyzed for capsaicin content in the laboratory. The results showed the distribution of capsaicin content was continuous using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Many genes might control capsaicin content in Indonesia chili landrace. The capsaicin content of the male parent was 4,565 ppm, and the female parent was 8,540 ppm. The capsaicin content among F2 plants ranged from 621 ppm to 14,348 ppm. The average of capsaicin content in the F2 population was 4,814 ppm. The capsaicin content of some F2 progenies showed higher than their male parents. However, some F2 progenies showed also low capsaicin content compared with their female parent. Segregation transgressive of capsaicin content occurred in F2 generation.

CBM is highly potential as a source of renewable energy that can be activated with methanogenic bacteria. The rumen content is a waste of slaughterhouse can be utilized as a source of methanogenic bacteria. The aims to study the role of rumen fluid as a source of methanogenic bacteria in activating coal bed methane. Descriptive research method using 2 types of media consist of standard media (A) and enriched media (B). The application of rumen fluids for CBM activators are lignite, sub-bituminous, and bituminous coal in biogenic fermentation. The inoculum dose was observed at levels 6% of rumen media. The technique for counting microbes is through Total Plate Count in anaerobic Hungate tube. VFAs production was measured by titration method and methane production was analysed by gas chromatography (GC). All of parameter observed was measured on days 0, 2, 10, and 15. The highest number of anaerobic bacteria was found on day 10 and methane production was found on day 15. The highest production of VFA and methane occurred in biogenic fermentation of lignite. The results showed that the contents of rumen have the potential for the activation of coal bed methane in biogenic fermentation.

Kiluan island located in the waters area of the Kiluan bay, Kiluan Negeri Village, Tanggamus District, Lampung Province. Ecotourism is a development of tourism concept which based on nature conservation, and because of its magnificent natural potential and its beautiful scene, Kiluan Island coast has become a popular ecotourism spot. However, the conservation management never been better. The purposes of this research is to identify any Potentials, and every important aspects for Kiluan island coast's conservation and ecotourism spot development. This research used survey methods, which is water quality measurements, and questionnaire. The condition of Kiluan island's water qualities are still accordant with the standard of Indonesian constitutions specified by the Ministry of Environment Number 51 of 2004, section 1 about Sea Water Quality Standard for Marine Tourism, with the result that the water is very suitable to be used as marine ecotourism spot. Tourist perception about the condition of the Kiluan island coast are very good, that 67% scores good for the flora and fauna ecosystem, 73% scores very good for the potentials of natural tourism, 73% scores very good for the Natural Scenery, 63% scores good for the water activities enjoyment, and 53% scores very good for beach recreation tours.

Development of food crops is not only addressed to a momentary increase in production but also attention to the aspect of land conservation in order for the system of production can be sustainable. Intercropping system is one way of managing agricultural land which can minimize the risk in the utilization of dry land for the development of food crops. The availability of water on dry land are generally affected by rainfall and the ability of the soil to retain water. The potential water resources available in the ground is indispensable in agricultural hydrology and water management in the framework of developing food crops. This study aims to determine the moisture content of the soil and water balance of the land in the region of Arjasari, Bandung Regency. The methods used in this research is a descriptive analysis. The research was carried out from March until November 2015. The results of this study showed that the moisture content of the soil in the study ranged from 314.2 mm/m up to 472 mm/m with the moisture content of the soil which can be utilized by the plant a maximum of 185 mm/m.

The Cisangkuy sub-watershed area, West Java is mostly up land farming. In the dry season the region often experiences drought. Efforts to anticipate regional drought can be done by calculating the balance of water availability of the region. One of the most important water balance calculation parameters is evapotranspiration. Direct evapotranspiration measurements in the field represent actual circumstances, but for large areas require large and long-term costs. One way to get regional evapotranspiration data is by reducing evapotranspiration information from remote sensing data. LANDSAT 8 OLI / TIRS satellite imagery is one of the resource satellites commonly used in agriculture. This study aims to determine the estimated value of evapotranspiration in the sub area of Cisangkuy watershed using LANDSAT 8 OLI / TIRS satellite imagery. The method used in this research is the energy balance model with descriptive analysis. The results showed that the highest value of evapotranspiration on August 17 in Cisangkuy Sub-Basin area in mixed forest was 4,190 mm / day. The results of data reliability analysis using root mean square (RMS) error indicate that satellite image can be used to identify evapotranspiration in Cisangkuy sub watershed with RMS error value of 1.124. The RMS value is still smaller than the average evapotranspiration field measurement difference, so it can be said that the evapotranspiration estimation is accurate.

Utilization of phosphorhizobacteria has the potential to increase the growth of maize by producing organic acid and promoting its phosphatase activity. The research to investigate the capability of phosphorhizobacteria isolates to produce organic acids to convert organic P into inorganic P so that P is available and can increase the nutrient uptake by plants. The experiment was conducted at the Soil Biology Laboratory in Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran. It was arranged as complete randomized factorial design, consisted of 16 treatments (combination of singular and consortia of phosphorhizobacteria isolates: J1M, J3T and J5H and two concentrations) with 3 replications. The suspension of phosphorhizobacteria isolates were inoculated into media Murphy then planted the maize seedlings into it. The produced organic acid, phosphatase enzyme and seedling growth were measured at 14 days after planting. Results showed that phosphorhizobacteria isolates has the ability to produce oxalic acid, tartaric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid and maleic acid along with maize seedlings. The interaction of consortia phosphorhizobacteria isolates (J1M+J3T) capable to increase maize biomass 21.87% higher than control and P uptake by 3.13 mg/100 g. The J5H isolate can significantly promote the highest phosphate solubilizing index and phosphatase activity

One of the problems in the utilization of Andisols for agriculture is their high retention of phosphate by allophane mineral which has variable charge. Such phenomenon can be reduced by giving high phosphate fertilizer or increasing organic matters. This research aimed to understand the effect of dose of P fertilizer and types and dose of organic matter fertilizers to reduce P-Retention and soil pH0 on Andisols planted with sweet corn, so the efficiency of phosphate fertilizer utilization could be achieved. This research was conducted in glasshouse experiments using Completely Randomized Design respectively. The result showed there were no interaction effects between phosphate and organic matters on P retention, P total, P availability, P uptake, pH and pH0. Optimal dose of phosphate fertilizers for sweet corn was 45 kg/ha P2O5 for all organic matter fertilizers.

Abstract.The formation of soil microaggregate and macroaggregate involves different microbes. A Screenhouse experiment to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and rhizobacteria on soil microaggregate stability and soil macroaggregate stability (soil microaggregate and macroaggregate stability) had been carried out. The treatments included AMF (control and Glomus sp.) and rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas diminuta, P. diminuta + Bacillus alvei, P diminuta + P malei, P malei). The results showed that inoculation Glomus sp. and rhizobacteria didn't increase the stability of microaggregates (0.2 mm – 0.3 mm and < 0.2 mm). Inoculation Glomus sp and rhizobacteria increased water stable aggregate (2,83 mm – 4,8 mm, 0,50 mm – 1,00 mm, and 0,30 mm - 0,50 mm) and inoculation Glomus sp increased water stable aggregate (2,00 mm – 2,83 mm dan 1,00 mm – 2,00 mm). The experiment indicated that rhizobacteria didn't effect soil microaggregate due to silt fraction domination and Glomus sp was involved in the formation of macroaggregate

Fluctuations in rice production due to conversion of paddy field to other various land use defected the rice production in Indonesia, and in turn it may endanger the food security. Efforts to utilize hydroponics as a technology of vegetable production in limited land availability has developed. However, the practice of hydroponics in rice plants is still limited due to the availability of special nutrient. This study aims to determine the benefits of silicate rice husk extract on the growth of rice hydroponics. The research design used was complete randomized block design. The observed growth parameters are : plant height, electrical conductivity of nutrients and pH. The observed data were analyzed using variance analysis. If the results of variance analysis are significant, the analysis will be proceed with Duncan multiple range test. The results showed that application of rice husk silica extract of 20 ml/L through leaves gave the same response with sodium silicate (Na2O3Si) application through nutrient solution, but had significant effect on the change of electrical conductivity value and pH of nutrient solution. The results showed that silicates derived from organic materials can replace the role of silicates derived from inorganic materials on paddy hydroponic.

Land optimizing in oil palm plantation could be conducted by adopting polyculture cropping system of maize grown under oil palm trees during immature stage (IS) due to wider plant distance. The maize growth depends on genetic and environmental condition such as soil fertility, in fact oil palm plantation is often located in marginal area which is lack of fertility like Inceptisol soil type in Jatinangor, so that it needs supply of biofertilizer to improve soil fertility. This study was to get interaction effect between biofertilizer application and kind of maize varieties that is giving best effect on growth and yield of maize under polyculture system of immature oil palm trees. The experiment was conducted from November 2017 to February 2018. The experimental design was using split plot which was biofertilizer as a main plot and biofertilizer application as a subplot. The result showed all varieties of maize gave significant effect on plant height, leaves number, and cob size. Independently, maize variety of DR6 gave the best effect on plant height at 4 and 6 WAP (weeks after planting), DR1 gave the best effect on leaves number at 4, 6, 8 WAP, and DR5 gave the best effect on cob size.

Many uneconomical coal mining areas which have low calorific value can be found in Kalimantan, Indonesia. In those areas, coalbed methane (CBM) mainly methane (CH4) is formed, trapped and accumulated in the pores or cleats during the lifetime coal formation. This condition can potentially be utilized as an alternative energy source. Adding a source of methanogenic bacteria and organic matter is an option to maximize methane in CBM. High carbon content causes young coal to become a source of nutrients for methane-forming microorganisms. Methanogen type microorganisms play an important role in the manufacture of CBM and they can only work on anaerobic conditions. The purpose of this research is to know the relationship between coal characteristic and coal function as microbial growth media to gas formation which can be utilized as environmentally friendly alternative energy. The research used explorative method with descriptive analysis. The research parameters were three coal characteristics, methane production, and Volatile Fatty Acids. The results indicated that coal characteristics support symbiosis and microbial growth with total bacterial counted > 10¹⁰ CFU/ml, while the amount of acetic acid larger than butyric acid and propionic acid which support sustainable methane gas formation.

Studies on green tea and turmeric utilizations as natural additives in ruminant diets are still limited. In this experiment, randomized completely design was used to compare the effects of 4 experimental diets: T0 = control diet without green tea and turmeric powders; T1 = diet with 1% turmeric powder; T2 = diet with 2% green tea powder; and T3 = diet with 1% turmeric acid and 2% green tea powders on performance of local lambs. Based on the results, adding 2% green tea or 1% turmeric powders or their combination had no a significant effect (P>0.05) on feed intake (g DM/head/day) of local lambs confirming that their uses did not reduce diet's palatability. The two herbal inclusions had also no significant effect (P>0.05) on average daily gain (ADG, g/head/day) and carcass percentage (%).

Duckweed has been used as animal feed which contains high nutrients, ie proteins and amino acids, but the water content is high. This is a limitation in its use Therefore, research was conducted to improve dry matter, mineral content and lower duckweed crude fat content. Duckweed fermentation is divided into two stages, firstly, Trichoderma harzianum (Th) (3x10⁷ spores/100 grams substrate) with added ZnCO₃ (186 ppm) and dl-methionine (286 ppm), secondly, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) (3x10⁷ spores/100 grams of a substrate). Completed randomized design (CRD) was used in experimental design with 20 experimental units, the treatments consist of P1 (Fermentation using Th for 1day continued with Sc for 9 days), P2 (Th for 3 days continued with Sc for 7 days), P3 (Th 5 days continued with Sc 5 days), P4 (Th 7 days continued with Sc 3 days), P5 (Th 9 days continued with Sc 1 day) with four replications. Analysis of variance was conducted to know the treatment effect, then followed by the Duncan test to know the difference between treatments. Fermentation using Th and Sc has a significant effect (P<0.05) on dry matter, ash, and crude fat in the duckweed. The best duration of fermentation is Th for 3 days and Sc for 7 days (P2) that increasing dry matter (92.95%) and ash (21.35%), and lower crude fat (2.37%). Duckweed fermentation with the combination of Th for 3 days and continued Sc for 7 days with added dl-methionine and Zn yield the highest dry matter and ash content, and lowest crude fat contents.

Natural autoantibodies (NAAb) have been found in plasma and milk of dairy cows. Natural autoantibodies maintain homeostasis and may prevent infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between concentration of plasma free fatty acid (FFA) and the levels of NAAb in plasma binding glutamate dehydrogenase (GD) and carbonic anhydrase (CA) in cows 2 weeks after calving. In total, 55 Holstein-Friesian dairy with 60-d dry period lengths and fed 2 early lactation diets (glucogenic or lipogenic). Blood was sampled at week 1 and 2 after calving. Result showed that from week 1 and 2 relative to calving, levels of IgG and IgM binding CA were positively related with concentration of FFA in plasma. Levels of IgM binding GD were negatively related with concentration of FFA in plasma. It is concluded that IgG and IgM binding CA in plasma might be an indicator for energy status and reflect metabolic status in dairy cows 2 weeks after calving.

The purpose of research to determine the effect of addition Noni fruit juice into drinking water on body weight, percentage of carcass, abdominal fat and meat cholesterol on sentul debu chicken phase growth. The research used 120 day old chicks of Sentul chicken and were raised until 12 weeks old. The research were conducted using a completely randomized design with six levels of noni fruit juice into the drinking water, P0 (without the addition of noni juice into drinking water), P1 (1 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water), P2 (2 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water), P3 (3 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water, P4 (4 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water and P5 (5 ml of noni juice/1 liter of drinking water) and four replications, each replication consisted of five sentul chickens. The observed variables were final body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat and meat cholesterol on sentul chicken. Data were statistically analyzed for variance using a Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results showed that the addition of noni juice until 3 ml/1liter into drinking water gave no significant effect on the final body weight, percentage of carcass and abdominal fat and meat cholesterol,but the addition of noni juice 4 -5 ml into drinking water was decreases the final body weight, carcass percentage and meat cholesterol of sentul chicken. It can be concluded that the addition of noni juice into drinking until 3 ml/1 liter the best result on final body weight, carcass percentage, abdominal fat and meat cholesterol Sentul Debu chicken phase growth.

Strawberry becomes one of the popular plants in agro-tourism by combining strawberry plantation with culinary tourism. Increasing growth and yield of strawberry plant can be achieved by applying liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) of vegetable waste and planting media. This research was conducted to study interaction between LOF and planting medium (PM) and to inquire about the best dosage of LOF and planting medium for the growth and yield of strawberry. This research was conducted in the sub-district of Cibiru, Bandung City, West Java. The research design was Randomized Block Design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was vegetable waste of LOF with four treatments level respectively: p0: without LOF application, p1:250 ml, p2: 500 ml, and p3: 750 ml. The second factor was planting media with three treatments level respectively : m0: without husk charcoal, m1: (1:1) soil and husk charcoal, m2: (1:2) soil and husk charcoal. The research finding came up by the existence of interaction in leaf width with the highest number by 835.42 cm² in combination of p2m2 treatment.

Many plants that are considered to be weeds have the potential to exhibit allelopathy; they might therefore be used as a herbicides to control other weeds. The aim of this study was to identify the best potential bioherbicide against spiny Amaranthus spinosus growth at various concentrations from among five weed species: Imperata cylindrica, Cyperus rotundus, Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides, and Axonopus compressus. The study followed a non-factorial, completely randomized design, examining 17 treatments with three replicates. Extracts of the leaves, tuber, and/or rhizome of the five sample plants were obtained using maceration and were applied to the indicator weed A. spinosus at concentrations of 10%, 20% and 30%. A synthetic herbicide (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid at 0.686 kg/ha) was used as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. The application of allelopathic extracts of the weeds at various concentrations significantly affected the height growth rate, the percentage of weed control, leaf area, root length, and shoot and root dry weight growth of A. spinosus. The greatest inhibition on A. spinosus growth at 7 days after application was observed with a 20% concentration of A. conyzoides, followed by 20% concentrations of C. rotundus, C. odorata.

Coffee of Liberika Tungkal Komposit (Libtukom) is a superior commodity that adapts well to the peatlands in West Tanjung Jabung Regency, Jambi Province. Libtukom coffee, which has a distinctive flavor, is the main source of income for the community in Tanjung Jabung Barat Regency. The problems in the cultivation of Libtukom coffee include pests and diseases. This study aimed to provide information on the type of pests and diseases that attack Libtukom coffee. The study was conducted in March-September 2017. Data were obtained from direct observation (primary data) and other sources (secondary data). Data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that some of the pests that attack Libtukom Coffee were coffee fruit borer, white lice, and stem borer, with intensity of mild-moderate attacks. Diseases that can infect leaves Libtukom Coffee were mainly (rust and red rust) and roots (root fungi). White root fungus attack is the main problem of Libtukom coffee in peatland, Jambi Province. Farmers generally recognize the root fungus infection, which was already found in more than 30% of the plant population.

Blast disease (Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most important diseases of rice that can significantly reduce paddy production. This disease causes a potential loss of 3.65 tonnes/ha with loss percentages ranging from 60-100% if the disease is not handled properly. In spite of the issue of the negative effects of synthetic pesticide usage, the blast disease is commonly controlled using synthetic fungicides. Therefore, the exploration of potential botanical pesticides may provide safer and environmentally friendly blast disease management. This study aimed to test the potential of binahong plant (Anredera cordifolia) as botanical fungicide to inhibit the growth of P. oryzae and the development of blast disease in laboratory testing. The experiments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 7 treatments of 5 extract concentrations and 2 controls. All treatments were repeated 5 times. The effectiveness of binahong leaf extract in controlling the pathogen and the disease was tested using poisoned food technique and detached leaf assay. The binahong leaf extract tested in the concentration range of 0.25-2% showed the ability to inhibit the growth of P. oryzae with the highest colony growth inhibition of 25.11%. Characteristics of P. oryzae mycelium and colony in the binahong leaf extract treatment were different from the control treatment. The treatment of paddy leaves with binahong leaf extract suppressed the blast disease development through the lessening of diseased paddy leaf area percentages. This study indicates the potency of binahong leaf extract for sustainable rice blast disease management.

Several rhizobacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of healthy oil palm trees showed prospective ability as biocontrol agent against pathogenic fungi Ganoderma boninense Pat. The fungus is the causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease can cause yield reduction up to 80%. Therefore, searching for effective compound to control the disease is a continuous process. Rhizosphere bacteria isolates were grown on ISP2 agar media and incubated for 14 days at room temperature. The media with fully grown cultures were cut into cubes and added with methanol. It was shaken and the bacterial cells were then removed through centrifugation and series of filtration. The final filtration was conducted using 0.2 µm to sterilize the filtrate. The filtrates were subjected for antifungal activity against G. boninense using agar well diffusion. The result showed that the crude metabolites produced by the rhizosphere bacteria demonstrated the ability to inhibit the growth of G. boninense in the agar diffusion method. The highest inhibition reached 51.63%. Furthermore, G. boninense mycelia were also experienced malformation by the presence of the secondary metabolites. The isolated rhizosphere bacteria showed promising ability to produce antifungal compounds which were able to inhibit the growth of G. boninense as well as causing the morphological changes of its mycelia.

Major constraints in potato production includes bacterial wilt disease (Ralstonia solanacearum) and late blight disease (Phytophthora infestans). To support environmentally-friendly agricultural system, a microbial consortium containing Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus subtilis and non pathogenic Pseudomonas sp. has been studied for biocontrol plant diseases in horticultural crops. For application, the microbial consortium was mixed with organic matters (10%, v/v). The objective of this research was to obtain dosage and application frequency of microbial consortia mixed with chicken manure for controlling bacterial wilt disease and their effects on airborne disease, late blight disease, in potato. The experimental design used was Randomized complete design with 10 treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of application of the mixture in planting hole at the dosage of 25, 50 or 100 g solely or in combination with drenching the water suspension of the mixture weekly or every two weeks. The results showed that the dosage and application frequency of the microbial consortia mixed with chicken manure influenced their abilities in suppressing the bacterial wilt disease in potato. The application of the mixture at planting hole with the dosage of 50 g per plant followed by drenching the water suspension of the mixture every week suppressed the bacterial wilt disease by 75.0 - 81.9%.

Production of rice plants is affected by pest attacks. This study aimed to (i) analyze the trend of rice production and pest in Riau Province over the past 10 years, (ii) to predict the trend of pests and rice production of Riau Province for the next 5 years, and (iii) to formulate policy alternatives in order to increase rice production and pest attack control in Riau Province. Secondary data covering production data and paddy pests were obtained from related institutions. For validation and completion of some secondary data, the primary data was collected from direct observation and various competent sources. The data were analyzed in tabulative, regression and simple descriptive to answer the research objectives. The results showed that there has been a decline in rice production in Riau Province for the last 5 years was quite high (23.0%). The decline in production is mainly due to a decrease in harvested area. The decline in production is also caused by pest attacks. The type and extent of rice pest attack show a fluctuating trend. There are 8 types of pests causing rice crop failure (puso), namely bird, rice bug, golden apple snail, stem borer, brown spot disease, blast, and bacteria leaf blight. The total area of rice pests attack by category of puso 161.4 ha. In the next 5 years, Riau rice production is predicted to increase every year while pest attack will decrease every year. Rice production can be increased through increasing harvested area, reducing land conversion, water availability. While pest attack can be suppressed through the use of resistant varieties, early detection, simultaneous control, and intensify counseling.

Pesticide action can leave a residue in plant, including in the nectar and pollen of the flowers. Besides residues, sprays of pesticides could also make unintended possible effect to honey bee and other pollinators. Pollinators have a great impact on plant productivity, so it was important to keep the pollinators in healthy and in high diversity for sustainable of environment, food, and economy. The research was aimed to obtain valuable information regarding on pesticide use in both locations. The survey was divided into two steps. First, we did a preliminary survey to determine representative locations of study, and then followed by the second step, it was in-depth interview of pesticide use directly with 61- and 51 respondents in Pangalengan and Majalengka, respectively. Ninety six pesticide trademarks were applied by farmers in Pangalengan, meanwhile, 83 trademarks were in Majalengka with the variable bioactive compound. Neonicotinoids as bioactive of some pesticides were found only in one farmer from Pangalengan who used Alika (pesticide brand name). Besides, there were 13 active ingredients of fungicides, 15 insecticides, one herbicide, and one molluscicide found in Pangalengan. In Majalengka, there were 9 active ingredients of fungicides, 19 insecticides, and one molluscide. They usually applied herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides at least twice a week during crop cultivation. Although some farmers may be aware of pesticide hazards, adequate protection is hardly taken to minimize the risks. Sixty percent of farmers mentioned the presence of honeybees on their land. Farmers' knowledge in the use of pesticides is appropriate and safe for both the health of pollinators and farmers when applying pesticides in the field.

Honey is believed as functional food. Honey is very viscous fluid and make it difficult to flow. Rheological properties of honey is an important parameter to control and process design in food industry where honey used as food ingredients. Rheology is the study of flow and deformation properties of a material when pressure given to it intentionally or naturally. The majority of fluid foods had flow behavior best modelled with power law model which divide fluid into three models: Newtonian and non-Newtonian (Dilatant and Pseudo plastic). The purpose of this study was to examine the rheological characteristics of honey and the effect of temperature on viscosity as well as knowing how accurate the rheological model used (Power Law) to analyze the fluidity properties of honey. The method used is an experimental method with a descriptive analysis. The results showed that the honey used in this study has showed pseudo plastic flow properties with a flow behavior index value of 0.95 $(\tau =6318.46{\gamma }^{0.947})$. Effect of temperature on the viscosity of honey showed that the viscosity of honey decreases with increasing temperature and best modeled with Arrhenius equation $(\mu =1.05\times {10}^{-10}{e}^{\frac{76.01\text{&#x000A0;1}}{8.314T}})$. The results of honey flow simulation through the vertical glass tube transport system showed a very high degree of accuracy when compared with the actual results (99.57 %).

Milk is generally a product that is quickly damaged by microbes due to the complete and balanced nutritional content of milk so that microbes are very easy to grow. Preservation technology is needed to increase durability of milk and one of them by fermentation using Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). Setyoghurt products with mung bean extract supplementation and BAL starter used with Lactobacillus casei ALGHCH 212 combination can effectively inhibit pathogen bacteria growth (E coli, Listeria, Pseudomonas, S aureus) in 24 hours incubation compared with control of antibiotic amphicillin with a concentration of 31.25 mg/ml.

This research was aimed to determine the chemical and microbiological characteristics of fermented cheese whey beverages which was made with soymilk powder addition. The research was done experimentally using Completely Randomized Design (CRD), three treatments and replicated six times. Parameters taken were total plate count, pH, lactic acid content, lactose content and viscosity. The impact of the treatments significance was determined by ANOVA and the difference between treatments was determined by Tukey test. The best soymilk powder addition that produced desirable fermented cheese whey beverages properties was 12.5 % with properties as follows : the total plate count of 175 x 10⁹ colonies/g and pH of 3; Lactic acid content of 0.675 %; Lactose content of 7.2623 %; and Viscosity of 24 823.33 cP.

Local isolates of lactic acid bacteria isolated from Bakasam had potential to producing extracellular proteases. The research was carried out with the purpose of knowing the biochemical character of protease produced from isolates of lactic acid bacteria. The results showed extracellular protease isolates BAL 2 (Lactobacillus acidophillus) has a specific activity i.e. of 0.89 U/mg. Biochemical characterization of proteases indicates optimum pH 5.5, and is inhibited by chelating agent EDTA. The result of the purification with Sephadex G-100 column showed a band on SDS-PAGE with the size of molecular weight approximately 90 kD.

The non-destructive method was used to predict the moisture content, firmness, total dissolved solids, and color values (including L*, a*, b*, h^⊘ and C*) of sapodilla fruit using near infrared spectroscopy with wavelength of 312 - 1050 nm. Irradiated and measured sapodilla samples were analyzed using partial least squares (PLS) algorithm of multivariate calibration technique to build the calibration models. Validation analysis was performed to build validation models and verify the calibration models. The accuracy of the validation models were defined by the ratio performance deviation (RPD) and root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) values on each parameters. The RPD and RMSEP values of moisture content, firmness, total dissolved solids, L^*, a^*, b^*, h^⊘ and C^* were 1.35 (0.01), 3.82 (2.08), 2.04 (1.70), 3.32 (1.30), 3.20 (0.82), 3.41 (1.38), 3.64 (2.03) and 3.11 (1.32), respectively. The results showed that nondestructive method using near infrared spectroscopy was able predict the quality of sapodilla fruit with high accuracy and low error.

The physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic characteristics of peeled onion have decreased during storage. The alternative technology to maintain the characteristics of peeled onion was ozonation technology. The aim of this research was to determine the characteristic of peeled shallot ?? (shallot or onion, should be consistent) which treated with or without ozone and its characteristics during storage at 5±2⁰C. The ozonation used bubbling method with ozonizer TIP-01. The research method used was regression and correlation analysis. This experiment consisted of 4 treatments, without ozonation which was not packaged and packed with clingwrap plastic and 0,8 ppm ozonation result which was not packaged and packed with clingwrap plastic (should improve the English and rewrite again). The analysis was carried out for 15 days with intervals of time every 3 days. The results showed that the peeled red onion with ozone concentration of 0,8 ppm and packed in plastic clingwrap changed its physical characteristics, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic slower than the peeled onion without ozonation and packed with plastic clingwrap. The peeled Onion with ozonation of 0,8 ppm and packed with clingwrap plastic lost its weight by 4,51%. The color was bright brownish red (L*: 52,52, a*: 12,65, b*: -3,2), VRS levels decreased by 10,29 µgr/g and the total number of microorganisms decreased by 1,17 log CFU/g. The overall color, aroma, and appearance were not favored by panelists with consecutive values of 2,80; 2,87; 3,0 respectively. The peeled Onion without ozonation that was not packed with clingwrap plastic experienced weight loss by 12.30%. The color was bright red brown (L*: 60, a*: 8,34, b*: -065). VRS levels decreased by 7,78 µg/g and the total number of microorganisms increased by 9,38 log CFU/g. The overall Color, aroma, appearance was not favored by panelists with consecutive values of 1,73; 1,87; 1,73 consecutively.

This research aims to know the effect of the concentration of sucrose and bread yeast to the successful process of cocoa beans fermentation. The research was conducted in the form of Completely Random Design of Factorial Pattern, two Factors. The first factor is sucrose consisted of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, and 3% sucrose. The second factor was the bread yeast consists of two (2) concentrations: 0,5% and 1 %, and each repeated twice to obtain 16 experimental units. The observed parameters were fermentation index, slaty beans and the pH of cocoa beans. The result of the research showed that there was an interaction between sucrose and bread yeast in the successful process of cocoa beans fermentation in small scale. The treatment without sucrose and adding 1% of bread yeast had a better effect to the fermentations index value of 1,72; salty beans were 1,56 and pH beans was 5,30.

The local isolates of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have not been optimally developed in the cheese making process. The aim of this research was to know the clotting activity and the percentage and characteristics of curd produced during milk fermentation using local isolate of BAL L casei 2.12. The results showed that during 12 hours incubation the value of milk clotting activity (MCA) was 8.33 SU / mL, the curd percentage was 12.5% (w / v) with curd firmness (++++) very good and Total Plate Count 1.14. 10⁹ cfu / g. These results indicate the use of L casei 2.12 as a starter LAB probiotic capable of causing coagulation of casein and produce fresh cheese probiotic.

Sheep skin has a high content of collagen and can be an alternative to gelatin making. Utilization of gelatin increasingly widespread so that it becomes life style. gelatin is often used for food or non-food. This study aims to determine the effect of HCl concentration on the quality of sheepskin gelatin. Sheep skin obtained from slaughterhouses in Brebes district. Parameters in this study were yield, protein, viscosity, gel strength and gelatin morphological structure. Different HCl concentrations (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) are used to catalyze collagen from sheepskin. Hydrolysis of sheep skin collagen was performed for 4 hours with temperature 55-66^oC. The results showed no significant effect on quality of protein and yield but significant effect on viscosity and gel strength. The observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show a very fine morphological structure of gelatin produced with 1% and 1.5% HCl catheters. Gelatin catalyzed with HCl 1% and HCl 1.5% was appropriate standard GMIA.

Dental caries or cavities are most commonly found in the oral cavity. Dental caries is caused by plaque-forming bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans. Getting dental care with a professional dental expert every two weeks or three-monthly intervals can prevent caries but it is expensive and difficult for most individuals. So an alternative is sought, especially in herbal plants. Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) from the Ranunculanceae family has been used as a medicinal plant for various diseases for more than 2000 years. This study aims to determine the antibacterial effect of Nigella sativa L. seed ethanol extract on Streptococcus mutans and to find out at what concentrations Nigella sativa L. seed ethanol extract provides antibacterial activity. This research was carried out by extracting Nigella sativa L. seed using ethanol solvent. Activity tests are carried out using paper disc diffusion method. The results of inhibition zones obtained from concentrations of 400, 600, and 800 mg/mL of black cumin extract were 13.3, 16.4 and 20.3 mm, respectively. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration test (MIC) for Streptococcus mutans bacteria was obtained at a concentration of 380 mg/mL.

Musa acuminata Colla 'Muli' is one of the most popular banana variety in Indonesia. As a commodity that is consumed fresh, is important to regulate the ethylene production of climacteric fruit in order to extend the shelf life and reduce deterioration. 1-MCP (1-Methylcycloprophene) is a potential chemical that can effectively regulate ethylene production in Muli bananas. In this study, 1-MCP in different concentrations (0, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 µL L^-1) were applied at two maturation stages to observe the effects. Lower 1-MCP concentration was effective in delaying fruit ripening on mature green stage shown by fruit firmness maintenance and improved shelf life up to 4.5 days longer than control. The application of 1-MCP was effective in delaying fruit ripening if applied prior to climacteric stage.

The low access to finance institution is one of the obstacles faced by beef cattle farmers in the rural area. The cause were the high interest rates, collateral, lack of information, inadequate credit supply, long procedures and a relatively long distance between farmers and finance institution. The existence of Agribusiness Micro finance Institutions in Indonesia is one of the steps taken to overcome the constraints access financing faced by the community in the rural area. The study examined the effect of Agribusiness Micro finance Institution beef cattle farmers in rural areas in South Sulawesi. The study used descriptive research. The convenient sampling procedure was used to select eighty beef cattle farmers. Data were generated through questionnaire and interview, then used descriptive and descriptive statistics analysis. The findings in this study were agrobusiness microfinance institutions increasing access to capital for beef cattle farmers, empowering farmer group members and increasing their involvement in farmer group activities, raising farmers awareness to allocate their savings for farmers group interest. Thus the micro agribusiness microfinance institution has had a positive impact on the economic life of the community farmer in the rural area.

Abstract.This research aimed to study improvement of beef cattle farmer-based organization in partnership system of Hasanuddin University Maiwa Breeding Centre. The research population was 75 farmers with a sample of 43 respondents whose determination was carried out in descriptive statistics using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique was carried out by simple random sampling. Observation data retrieval techniques are direct observation on MBC Unhas locations and in-depth interviews using structured questionnaires. The analysis was carried out quantitatively descriptively using descriptive statistics (frequency distribution table). As a result, the improvement strategy on resource (R), organization (O), and norm (N) aspects was perceived as less effective in achieving strengthen beef cattle farmer-based organization in partnership system of Maiwa Breeding Center.

Cirebon has already been known as one of the mango-producing areas. However, until now, mango agribusiness in the area has not been able to maintain the quality and guarantee the availability of mangoes throughout the year. The problem was caused by the dynamic behavior of the farmers. This indicated that the development of mango agribusiness in the era of globalization should be based on the improvement of agribusiness behavior of mango farmers. The purpose of this paper was to analyze the factors that determine the improvement of agribusiness behavior of mango farmers. The research method employed in this research was survey technique in Greged district of Cirebon regency using simple random sampling technique involving 130 mango farmers. Data were analyzed using path analysis. The results of the study showed that the most powerful factors in improving agribusiness behavior of mango farmers were resource factor (9.2%), institutional factor (8.2%), cultural factor (7%) and technological factor (4.8%). This indicated that the development of sustainable mango agribusiness model in Greged district of Cirebon Regency should be focused on optimizing its resources, increasing its institutional role, preserving the mango cultivation of its farmers and increasing the role of the use of mango farming technology.

Cooperative Producers of Coffee Margamulya (CPCM) is one of the cooperatives that help coffee farmers in Pangalengan to access capital and market with other parties. This research aims are : (1) to identify the performance of Coffee Producers Cooperative Margamulya, and (2) to identify the role and impact of cooperative in agribusiness java preager coffee. The research design used is qualitative descriptive with case study method. The research result showed that Margamulya Coffee Producers Cooperative had an important role in the development of Java Preanger coffee farming in terms of procurement of production input, facilitation of production process, product marketing, financial service, business risk minimization, and human resource development. The impact of cooperative's activities on the success of coffee farming are: ensuring the continuous input supply with cheaper price, standardization and improvement of product quality, increasing production volume, establishing effective distribution network, providing price guarantee, reducing the risk of production failure, and increasing the income of farming.

Red chili was a strategic food commodity. Demand for red chili tends to increase, while production and prices fluctuate so as to affect the inflation rate was quite significant. Information about red chili consumer behavior can be used for product planning and price control. The purpose of this research was to know (1) the characteristics of red chili consumers, (2) the consumption pattern of red chili on household, and (3) the correlation between consumer characteristic and red chili consumption pattern. The research method was descriptive survey. Data collection with structured interviews and observation. Data analysis with cross tabulation and chi-square correlation test. Respondents were 69 housewives. The results showed all respondents used red chili for daily cooking. Average family income was 3-5 million/month. The pattern of red chili consumption was relatively stable on ordinary days and increased on feast days. There was a significant correlation between the number of families and the spicy taste with the consumption of red chili.

Economic globalization encourages coffee farmers to prepare themselves to adapt and compete. In dealing with this issue, Margamulya Coffee Farmer Group has transformed into a cooperative under the name of the Margamulya Coffee Producers Cooperative (MCPC). MCPC sold 80% of its coffee production to PT Taman Delta Indonesia (PT TDI) and was committed to its permanent supplier. In fulfilling its role as coffee suppliers, farmers were faced with a lot of capital needs to produce quality coffee. MCPC needs capital to pay farmers cherry as well as processing and marketing costs. This study aims to describe the coffee value chain in MCPC, to identify the perpetrators and their business processes, and to design financing pattern suitable for farmers and MCPC. The method used was case study at MCPC using value stream mapping technique. The results show that there are two value chains in coffee agribusiness in MCPC while the actors in the chain consist of Farmer-Cooperative-Exporter and Farmers-Cooperatives-Retail (café/others). The business process in farmers remained in coffee producing, while the cooperatives focused on processing and marketing. The result of this study shows that the proposed financing model of value chain financing for its success requires the involvement of stakeholders from outside the supply chain. Value chain financing for structured markets gives more guarantee of business sustainability due to market certainty and price. This encourages farmers to maintain both the quantity and quality of their coffee products.

Dairy farming is dominated by smallholder producers in Pangalengan area. The characteristics of poverty trap are lack of capital, low productivity, low income, low savings and investment. Therefore, the purposes of this research were: 1) to find out the ability of smallholder farmers to increase the family income; 2) to analyze which factors influence on the existence of keeping dairy cows in small scale; and 3) to know the efforts of smallholder producers release from poverty trap. The research method used a survey method with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Number of respondents that chosen in study location were 100 respondents. The ordinary least square (OLS) is used to analyze the factors that affect the keeping dairy cows in small scale. The results showed that: 1) small scale dairy farms (one to three heads) have not been able to meet the needs of family life; 2) factors that influenced on the ownership of dairy cows in small scale those are cows asset, dairy farming income, cow productivity, and non-formal education; 3) the efforts of smallholder farmers to quit from poverty trap must increase number of cows, productivity, earnings, and improve non-formal education in the form of training and guidance.

Access to finance has an important role in managing agriculture. Farmers in Indonesia can access finance from different sources of finance such as from banks, micro finance institutions, government through farmers' associations, buyer/traders, agricultural input kiosks, and from other sources of finance including family and friends. The objective of this research was to analyse the financial access of farmers and factors associated with the access. A survey was conducted to collect data especially from one hundred banana farmers in the centre of banana production in West Java, i.e. Cianjur and Ciamis District. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. The results show that the majority of farmers had access to finance from government distributed through farmers' association, and from family and friends. Furthermore, the results show that factors associated with the financial access of farmers differ among the sources of finance. Age and farming experience have statistically significant association with the access to finance from bank. Moreover, education and farm size significantly associate with the access to finance from buyer/trader.

Food security at the household level essentially shows the ability of households to meet the food adequacy. This ability is influenced by complex factors but generally related to socio-economic aspects, food production behavior, consumption and allocation of household resources. The objectives of the research are 1) to identify the social and economic characteristics, 2) to identify the food consumption pattern, and 3) to analyze the level of household food security based on the quality of food consumption. This research was conducted in Lanrisang Sub-district, Pinrang District, South Sulawesi Province. This research is a depth survey research in 50 farm households in rice field agroecosystem that were chosen through simple random sampling. The analysis method was descriptive analysis, farm activities analysis and food consumption quality. The results showed that the description of socio-economic conditions of farmer household is 60% low educated, 58% had < 7 years of working experience on farm, 52% have ⩾ 3 family members, 74% with the income of ⩾ IDR 1,800,000, 86% of household expenditure on food, and only 9 people (18%) have alternative job. The level of household food security of farmers in rice field agroecosystem is categorized as "food insecure."

Empowering smallholders' cocoa based on agro-industry requires readiness of the cocoa commodity itself from on-farm to off-farm. The research technique conducted in this study is a descriptive survey approach. The research site is Luwu Raya in South Sulawesi Province. This study uses literature and interviews as a data collection technique. Interviews were conducted with related parties such as government agencies, cooperatives, manufacturers, cocoa farmers associations, and farmer groups which were selected purposively. Collecting secondary data is done by collecting documents in the relevant agencies. Data and information obtained were analyzed descriptively correlatively. The results showed that empowerment of community cocoa into an independent community through agro-industry became a necessity, considering the potential of the community's cocoa in producing cocoa beans was quite large and only a small portion was processed into finished products. To that end, in order to reach an independent community on cocoa commodities, various things are needed such as transferring technology based on local potential, facilitating the government in providing bailouts and processing machines, and supporting regulations that favor farmers.

Forests as a model of national development have significant benefits for the living and livelihood of society. It gives balance and dynamic benefits in either ecological, socio-cultural or economic sides. The study aims to develop a development model of community forest in Bulukumba Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The selection of respondents was carried out purposively, namely selecting respondents who were involved in community forest management. Methods of data collection in this study were conducted through interviews, discussions, questionnaires and field surveys. The respondents came from various experts and stakeholders related to community forest development activities. The secondary data collection was obtained from literature sources and documents from related institutions with this research. The analytical method used is a dynamic system analysis method for community forest development in Bulukumba Regency consisting of needs analysis, problem formulation, system identification and model simulation. The research result showed that the dynamic model of community forest management was built with three (3) sub-models, namely; community forest area, community forest production, and economics of the community forest. The scenarios built in this community forest development model are a combination of four (4) aspects, namely the policy of community forest development, the effectiveness of the nursery, the management system and the existence of counselling. The simulation result of the community forest development model in Kajang District was the optimistic scenario.

Probiotics have several positive benefits such as reducing pathogenic bacteria population to help food digestion and lowering blood lipid levels. Therefore, a study was conducted to evaluate the effect of fermented cow milk, soybean milk, and combination of both with probiotic bacteria on HDL, LDL, and blood cholesterol level of rats. A total of 30 rats,8 weeks old were used in this study in a Complete Randomized Design. The rats were randomly assigned into 5 treatment and replicated 5 times of 1 rat each. The rats in first group (P0) were given basal feed without probiotic, P1 = basal feed + fermented cow milk; P2=basal feed +75% fermented milk + 25% soybean milk; P3 = basal feed + 50% fermented cow milk + 50 % fermented soybean milk P4=basal feed + fermented cow's milk with different bacteria. There was a non-significant reduction in LDL, and cholesterol level of rats, also non-significant addition in HDL due to probiotic supplementation and the highest reduction is in group fed P4. Addition of probiotic in diet of rats gave the same respond, but have beneficial effect in improving blood cholesterol although non-significant different

This study was aimed to determine the nutrient quality of paddy ratoon (Oryza sativa) at various cutting ages. The design used was completely randomize design with factorial design. The first factor is the cutting height with a cutting height of 10 cm, 20 cm. The second factor is cutting ages which is 14 days cutting ages, 21 days cutting ages and 28 days cutting ages and 35 days cutting ages. The result showed that cutting age of paddy ratoon as forages that produce optimal nutrient quality is at the age 14 days after cutting, with 10.34% crude protein and 28.45% crude fiber and 1.15% crude fat. Height cutting of paddy ratoon is not significantly affected nutrient quality

An effort to meet the national food need is by utilizing productive forest areas under albizia stands. Food stuff such as peanuts can grow under albizia forest stands. The purpose of this research was to know success of agroforestry system implemented to tree after initial release of contract. This study was conducted under albizia stand of state forest Blitar in East Java. Research design was used in this study was randomized block design. 4- year- old albizia stages with 0%, 25%, 50 % trimming intensity with plant spacing of 2 m x 3 m, 3 m x 3 m, 3 m x 4 m. Albizia trees that used for this comparison as many as 120 albizia trees. Results showed that soil lies under 4-year-old albizia trees still produced peanut with highest weights 129 g/m² and lowest weight 117 g/m² while highest biomass about 115.10 g and lowest biomass about 98.23 g. Application of agroforestry system under 4-year-old albizia stand is still good and intensive, creating work, improving social welfare, local community opinion change into positive perceptions for forestry development, forest protection, forest fire prevention, reducing rapid forest degradation and environmental quality conservation of forest areas.

The effectiveness and successful of selection depend on the value of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance estimation. The purpose of this research is to measure the value of genetic parameters (variability, heritability and genetic advance) of F² lines derived from crossing of mutant red rice, local accession of red rice, and commercial upland rice varieties. This research used single plant design. The rice materials used in this research was the F² seeds derived from hibridization between MR1512 X Inpago 8, MR1512 X Banyuasin, Inpago 8 X Balok, Balok X Banyuasin and Balok X Inpago 8. Selection intensity used is 10%. The filled grains and grain weight have a wide phenotypic variability, whereas the plant height and the productive tiller numbers have wide genotypic variability. The high heritability value was found in the plant height, flowering time, and harvest time. The high genetic advance was found in plant height, productive tillers number, flowering time, and harvest time. In the present work, it has been shown that the plant height, productive tiller numbers, flowering time, and harvest time are the important traits for use in rice lodging tolerance breeding program.

Central Maluku district is one of the priorities region in the development of paddy fields in the province of Maluku. Maluku province was only able to meet the needs of 58% of the rice. Fulfillment needs rice is one of the Government's efforts in food self-sufficiency. Increased agricultural productivity through the extension of new rice fields became one alternative settlement in fulfilment of rice. The increase in rice production through the expansion of rice fields is still possible. The success of the process of the expansion of paddy fields depend on the expansion of the activities in the rice production. The process of the expansion of rice fields is preceded by feasibility investigation location. Feasibility study of the site was conducted to find out the feasibility of potential land with the observations in the field which is then processed and spatial dianalis in using ArcGIS software. Results of a survey investigating the Central Maluku with the total area of 594.29 ha based on the suitability of the land for the potential expansion of new acres of rice paddies 587.35 ha from 2 (two) subdistricts include North Eastern Seram Subdistrict Kobi m2 170.87 ha and North Seram Subdistrict covering 416.82 ha.

The low available nutrient and C-organic cause dryland has a low fertility rate. Biochar and manure application in agricultural cultivation must be reviewed further in order to obtain an effective and applicable way to increase production yields and to improve soil fertility. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sawdust biochar and cow manure on soil fertility in peanut land. This includes two types of soil amendment made from locally available raw materials (sawdust biochar and cow manure). Data analysis was conducted by using Randomized Block Design with factorial 3 x 3 and 3 replications. First factor was sawdust biochar (0 t/ha; 2.5 t/ha; and 5 t/ha). Second factor was cow manure (0 t/ha; 2.5 t/ha; and 5 t/ha). Soil samples were analysis on 45 days after planting and the observed variables were : (1) C Organic; (2) Total N; (3) C/N ratio; and (4) soil pH. The sawdust biochar application has a significant effect on C-Organic and soil pH. The best biochar application was 2.5 t/ha. Cow manure application has not significant effect on C-Organic, Total N, C/N ratio, and soil pH.

Supply chain is an important key for any businesses' existence and development, since this concept can be a solution for them to hold efficient operational practices, minimizing cost, and on time delivery. Therefore, appropriate management practices on supply chain of agricultural commodity could be a substantial matter since it has been facing problems in efficiency, supply, and minimizing cost. The higher the economic value of a commodity, the more important the role of management on its supply chain. One of Indonesia's strategic and high valued commodity is shallot due to its high consumption and great contribution on regional economic development of production areas. Performance of shallot supply chain may impact on the parties involved, as farmers, traders, and suppliers. Thus, in order to formulate an accurate strategy to improve shallot supply chain performance, a measurement model is needed. This research employed Supply Chain Operations Reference (SCOR) method to identify the model, while analytical hierarchy process (AHP) was used to determine the weight of each indicator in the model. Findings of this research indicate that production is the key aspect on shallot supply chain. Furthermore, quality and order-fulfilment the most significant parameter in defining its performance is quality. Cost and order-fulfilment are proven as the highest weight-scores attribute and indicator, respectively, in measuring the performance of shallot supply chain.

Bogor Taro is an important local staple food, a potential substitute to rice as carbohydrate source in Indonesia. However, its production in the last decade tends to decline due to unsuccessful breeding program. Taro contains both nutrients (carbohydrate) and anti-nutrients, such as calcium oxalate that cause itching sensations when consumed. At present, through somaclonal variation technology by gamma radiation, six mutant-clones have been produced. We investigated technology to improve carbohydrate content and to depress calcium oxalate on the six mutant-clones available. We used iodometric titration to examine carbohydrate levels, permanganometric titration to measure calcium oxalate levels, argentometric titration to determine cyanide acid levels, and extraction method-gravimetric for saponins. We found, there were three mutant clones which have higher carbohydrate and lesser calcium oxalate content compared to the parent, namely B521 (5 Gy gamma radiation), B1023 (10 Gy gamma radiation) and B1511 (15 Gy gamma radiation) clones which will be proliferate to be a superior seeds.

Generally, Inceptisols has low to moderate fertility characteristics. This condition can make a problem on the development of upland rice production caused by poor soil quality. Upland rice is one of the cultivated plants that is cultivated on dry land. This research was aimed to find the perfect combination of organomineral including humic acid, zeolite, natural phosphate, and dolomite on soil and yield of upland rice in Inceptisols. This research was conducted at Ciparanje, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran from July 2017 to February 2018. This experiment applied a Randomize Block Design (RBD) consisted of 10 treatments and three repetitions with the combination of humic acid (6; 8; 10 kg/ha); zeolite (150; 200; 250 kg/ha); dolomite (100; 150; 200 kg/ha) and natural phosphate (250; 300; 350 kg/ha). The result of this experiment showed that there was a significant effect of the organomineral on pH, Organic-C and yield of upland rice but no for total N. However the combination of humic acid 10 kg / ha + zeolite 150 kg / ha + dolomite 100 kg / ha + raw phosphate 250 kg / ha is the best doses compared to other combinations.

Drought become the foremost abiotic stress limiting plant growth and leading to crop-yield loss. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and cellulolytic fungi (CF) on the growth, yield, mycorrhizal colonization, and the phosphorous (P) and proline contents of maize under drought. This study was conducted using a 3 x 3 factorial arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications The treatments were inoculation of native AM fungi (no AM fungi, Acaulospora tuberculata, and Gigaspora cf. gigantea) and native celluloltic fungi (no CF, Talaromyces pinophilus strain MR107 and Talaromyces pinophilus isolate OK3SP103P) evaluated under 50% field capacity (FC). Our results clearly indicated that increasing plant height, plant diameter, mycorrhizal colonization, and P content and decreasing proline content were affected either by native AM or cellulolytic fungi, but dry weight of 100-grain was only increased by native cellulolytic fungi. Combined inoculation of native AM and cellulolytic fungi improved P content and mycorrhizal colonization. Gi. cf. gigantea and T. pinophilus strain MR107 were more potential native inoculants to eliminate negative effect of water stress on maize.