Table of contents

International Water Power Engineering Forum - 2018 (WPEF-2018)

Abstract

The International Water Power Engineering Forum - 2018 (WPEF-2018) was held in Kazan State Energy University (Kazan), Russia, from October 29 to November 2, 2018.

10th anniversary Water Power Engineering Forum was organized by Kazan State Power Engineering University, National Research University "MPEI", JSC "NPK - Mediana - Filter" with sponsorship from JSC NPK - Mediana - Filter.

The International Water Power Engineering Forum - 2018 was of considerable scientific and practical interest.

WPEF-2018 is of considerable scientific and practical interest. It contributes to the development of advanced experience in the implementation and operation of world water treatment technologies, wastewater treatment and disposal, ensuring optimal water-chemical regimes, improvement of chemical and technological monitoring systems, development of aqua biotechnology and aquaculture. Issues related to heat supply, energy and resource saving were covered as well. The conference participants were the representatives of academic science, university science and members of the largest energy enterprises.

The proceedings are a compilation of the accepted papers and represent an achievement of the conference. This book covers 2 chapters: Chapter 1 Water treatment, aqua biotechnologies and Chapter 2 Thermotechnical Engineering.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

We justified the need to purify wastewater, coming from industrial enterprises, from aromatic compounds using sorption technologies. The objects and methods of our research are described in this paper. In the process of studying adsorption mechanisms of aromatic compounds on bentonites of various modifications in static and dynamic conditions, the basic characteristics of adsorption processes were established. Bentonite, modified by carbon nanotubes after thermal treatment, proved to be the most effective with respect to organic compounds. Three most effective compositions of multicomponent adsorption filter for wastewater treatment from nitro and amino compounds are described. We developed the technological design of a local water treatment plant designed for purifying the wastewater, coming from industrial plants, from aromatic compounds. Multicomponent adsorption filters for wastewater treatment have been developed and patented.

New acid corrosion inhibitor OPC-2000 has been developed for a single stage process of isoprene synthesis. Gravimetric method has found high effectiveness of the inhibitor in conditions of dilute ortho-phosphoric and sulfuric acids towards alloys Incoloy 825 and 12X18H10T being applied within the range of 10-16 g/dm³. According to electrochemical investigation, OPC- 2000 is an anodic class inhibitor. It has high dispersing properties (no sediment formation in reactors), the fact being confirmed in the course of PJSC Nizhnekamsneftekhim's industrial trials while a single stage of isoprene synthesis.

An analysis is submitted of the main developments in energy and resource efficiency both in currently operating water treatment systems and those being put into service. A big potential for energy efficiency exists in reverse osmosis installations regarding reduced source water consumption and also disposal of concentrate forming in the water treatment system cycle. A promising development in energy saving is reducing the temperature of raw water warming.

The paper describes a new method for studying the structure of metastable carbonate solutions, based on obtaining pK- and pH-spectra of solutions from potentiometric titration data. The decoding method is used to obtain the equations for calculating the coordinates of the spectra. In the production of thermal and electrical energy in modern thermal power plants (TPP) operate with water systems that have a constantly producing phase instability. Such systems include (1) water systems in intermediate stages of water treatment, in particular lime-coagulated or clarified water after pre-treatment, (2) cooling water in the circulating cooling system (COO) of the station, (3) water heat transfer medium in conjugated heat networks, (4) boiler water. All these systems are characterized by the presence of a stabilized (metastable) solid phase, mainly calcium carbonate, capable of forming a crystalline phase of calcite under certain conditions. The crystallization process is undesirable, since it can lead to dense deposits on the heat exchange surfaces. Approximately the instability of such systems is characterized by the value of ΔQw - by changing the total alkalinity of water in time (hours, days). The method of quantitative determination of stabilized calcium carbonate in water systems of TPPs is currently lacking. Development of a technique for potentiometric analysis of carbonate-alkaline solutions.

The results of laboratory studies and industrial experiments on the neutralization and purification of highly mineralized acid waste regeneration solutions of the ion-exchange water-preparation plant H-cationite filters are given. As the reagent the carbonate sludge from the pre-cleaning of the water treatment plant was used. A sludge was used in a dry dehydrated form. During a laboratory study, it was shown that there are a significant sulfate content reduction and a pH increase. The sulfate determination was carried out by turbidimetric method using a Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrophotometer. The water treatment sludge using at Novo-Salavatskaya TPP is able to reduce the sulfate content in acid waste water from 16.8 g / l to l g / l. This way of neutralizing can reduce these penalty sanctions for thermal power plants for wastewater discharge.

Studies on electrodialysis concentration/desalination of concentrated salt solutions (NaCl) as a model of soft highly mineralized liquid waste have been carried out. The apparatus of the EMA line manufactured by JSC «Membranines Technologijos LT» were used as electro-membrane devices. Apparatus are distinguished by reliable operation in concentrated mineral solutions under high currents. IONSEP-HC/MC ion-selective cation- and anion-exchange membranes intended for work with highly mineralized sewage was used. Studies have shown the possibility of utilization of concentrated electrolyte solutions, as models of highly mineralized VPU waste with high efficiency. To a residual electrolyte concentration in dialysate at a level of 0.2-0.25 g/l, the unit cost of electricity for salt transfer is approximately 1 kWh/kg, the desalination ratio is 100-150. When the concentration of electrolyte in dialysate is less than 0.1 g/l, the process practically stops due to the increasing influence of the reverse diffusional salt transfer. The calculated maximum salt (NaCl) concentration in the concentrate is 15-16 mass. %

The main, the most acute problem of barometric technology today is reagent provision. For its stable and trouble-free operation, a complex of expensive and unique chemical reagents (biocides, antiscales, washing compositions) is required. Each manufacturer develops his own chemical composition for a certain membrane type. This leads to a significant cost rise of reagents, as well as creates a dependence of the consumer technology from a particular supplier. However, these reagents do not always meet the quality requirements - despite the guarantees provided by manufacturers, the equipment fails before the due service life as a result of deposits in the pores and on the membrane surfaces. To develop a more effective washing composition, it is required to determine the type and consist of these deposits. The report illustrates the methods for determining the consist and type of deposits on reverse osmosis membranes. The solution of the problem of reagent provision for the example of the wastewater treatment plant at the Ashalchinsky field of the extra-viscous oil of PJSC "Tatneft" is presented.

The Aral Sea Region is characterized by being a very demanding consumer of industrial wastewater treatment. We studied the effects of various pretreatment methods on aluminum production. This method can be used as an alternative one in industrial wastewater treatment. The aim of multi-year study is to explore a nanofiltration as a one of the most attractive technologies for this application since nanofiltration membranes can retain ions and small organic molecules from an aqueous solution. But it is also very challenging due to the presence of salts and operating problems such as fouling, salt deposition, etc. Result becomes available thank to experimental set-up based on an ion exchange and a reverse osmosis. Results are also verified by evaluation tests and field applications showing their usage and wastewater conversion efficiency. The technological scheme includes combined water treatment plant using desalination technology and additional block functioning for an aluminum production and a temporary storage. Aluminum is to be produced of the Syr Darya river rich of it with the help of cutting-edge technology of oxide film removal and cartridge packing. This work evaluates the use of aluminum accumulated in the reaction unit by means of aluminum powder plus water module to reduce the pollutant contents of industrial wastewater quickly and effectively. The invention makes it possible to reduce the cost of aluminum by 3-4 times. Energy consumption of the desalination process was also discussed. Extracted aluminum is a superior material for industry. The high activity of aluminum to water is prohibited by a thin layer of aluminum oxide on its surface. The water treatment system with a combined phase purification and desalination may contribute up to 50 per cent to meeting the reduction of energy consumption for end product (aluminum).

The thermal desalination technology is considered one of the most environmentally friendly and perfect for the preparation of steam turbine additional water. The purging water of the evaporative unit is an alkaline, highly mineralized, intensely colored solution, in which sodium salts (sulfates, chlorides) and alkali are mainly contained. The total salt content exceeds 30 g/kg. There is significant content of organic substances, silicates. A technology has been developed for processing of a thermo-desalting complex excess purge water by electromembrane methods to produce alkali and softened water. A schematic solution of the electromembrane utilization of purge water excess from an evaporator water treatment plant is presented.

The work presents a study on the precipitation of calcium carbonate in the presence of four inhibitors: aminotris(methylenephosphonic acid) (ATMP), 1-hydroxyethane-1,1 diphosphonic acid (HEDP), polyacrylate (PA), copolymer of acrylic and allylsulfonic acids (PAC). Using the laboratory methods for evaluating the effect of antiscalants for inhibition, the following order in terms of decreasing effectiveness HEDP > ATMP > PAS > PA at a concentration of 4 ppm has been observed. It was revealed that polymeric antiscalants can effectively cope with the suppression of the precipitation of calcium carbonate at higher concentrations than phosphorus-containing preparations. It has been shown that in the presence of antiscalants, a change in the structure and modification of CaCO₃ occurs.

Relevance of the research is caused by high costs of maintenance for Dreissena removal from water inlets of a water intake system.

In this regard, the article is directed to the development of the technology and the technological scheme of biofouling prevention on water intakes.

The main approach to this problem research is the development of the technology and the technological scheme of biofouling prevention on water intakes.

New reagent composition with optimal phosphate:thermal polymer ratio has been developed and studied for steam-and-condensate channel protection and its corrosion prevention as well as for on-line washing to remove old silicate deposits formations. Optimal dosage and water-chemistry conditions for a medium pressure steam boiler with specified quality of feed water have been selected. The causes of silicate deposits in medium pressure waste-heat boiler have been analyzed. The reagent efficiency has been evaluated while industrial applications.

The article deals with the problem of rational use of waste of enterprises for the production of silicate cement. Currently the production gliezh waste (burnt clay) does not find its application and is disposed of. A method of obtaining a sorbent based on the gliezh waste is suggested, the aluminium oxide content in which ranges from 15 to 40 % and silicon oxide – from 55-75 %. Pre-burnt clay is treated with sulphuric acid, and then calcined in a muffle furnace at t = 300 °C. The resultant sorbent has high rates of wastewater treatment from heavy metals.

Relatively cheap and high-efficient catalysts for purification of waste gases of thermal power plants from nitrogen oxides have been developed. Pilot batches of catalysts were manufactured. The analysis of the results of research and testing of new catalysts in industrial conditions of thermal power plants of chemical enterprises.

This article covers the development results and manufacturing application of high technology of water scrubbing for waste gases against dust for environmental management of finely broken stone of limestone wastes burning in rotary kilns. The followings are obtained under production conditions firstly: current sanitary standards for gas cleaning, comprehensive utilization of trapped slurry and closed water circulation.

The results of the development and implementation in the production of highly efficient technology of wet cleaning of waste gases from dust to solve environmental problems of the processes of burning waste of small limestone in rotary kilns. For the first time in industrial conditions is reached: modern sanitary standards of cleaning gases, full utilization of collected slurry and closed-loop water circulation.

The granulated hydrophobic sorption material created on the basis of the chemical water treatment sludge of thermal power plants "SM-5" is studied. The information basis obtained in the experiments on the kinetics of adsorption makes it possible to model the dynamics of adsorption in a fixed bed of "SM-5" granules.

The paper presents laboratory and experimental studies on the purification of surface water sources from oil contamination by sorption material on the basis of production waste. Energy waste is a slurry of chemical water treatment, which is formed during liming and coagulation at the stage of preliminary purification of natural water. Based on the sludge, the hydrophobic sorption material "MGSM" was developed. The following requirements are imposed on the sorption materials that allow, at low costs, the most effective cleaning of the water surface from petroleum products: hydrophobicity, oil capacity, buoyancy, ease of utilization from the water surface, efficient work in a different temperature range, resistance to water disruption, non-toxicity, optimal price. The material obtained has these requirements. The technical characteristics of the developed sorption material were determined: oil capacity, wetting contact angle, an express analysis of the quality of the aqueous extract of the hydrophobic sorbent developed for the acute lethal toxicity of fish of the Poecilliareticulata Pet. and crustaceans Daphniamagna Str. A technological scheme for utilization of oil-contaminated hydrophobic sorption material as a secondary energy resource in industrial enterprises is proposed, a calculation of the volume of air and combustion products during its combustion, calculation of harmful emissions, thermal calculation, and prevented environmental damage.

The majority of installations of the reverse osmosis take root into production without preliminary approbation. In this regard optimization of the equipment operation is performed in the conditions of commercial operation. The possible solution of this problem is use of test membrane installations of JSC NPK Mediana-Filter for evaluating intensity of pollution of membrane elements and the directed choice of the washing solutions of production installations.

The paper discloses the results obtained in experimental study, implemented at an operating water treatment unit of the thermal power plant. The study was carried out via using the method of a complete factorial experiment. As a result of the experiments, the dependencies between objective functions and a number of controlled parameters have been determined. Regression equations have been derived and cross-sections of the response surfaces have been constructed in a natural scale, that adequately describe the processes of corrosive gases desorption within the "decarbonizer - vacuum deaeratof' system. The data obtained allows one to assess the minimal technologically acceptable level, when it is possible to lower the temperature of the treated water and, consequently, to reduce the energy costs for its heating, and to specify the conditions when the reduction of the energy costs for supplying air to decarbonizer is possible.

The existing technology of cleaning internal surfaces of oil pipelines from oil residues and solid sediments leads to the formation of a large volume of liquid hydrocarbons contaminated with mechanical particles and various resins. Currently, in the oil industry, mobile steam generator plants of PPU 1600/100 are used to steal sections of oil pipelines. The standard nozzle burner used in the PPU 1600/100 does not allow to burn effectively liquid waste similar to contaminated liquid hydrocarbons formed during the cleaning of the inner walls of the main oil pipelines. The article presents the results of operation of steam generator sets of PPU 1600/100 with a nozzle-free burner device VGU-1.

To control the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous media and to ensure effective sewage treatment of natural contaminated waters, a luminescent solid-substrate method was applied. This method permits combining the preceding sorption concentration of substances on a cellulose matrix, modified with a surfactant, and analyzing directly in the solid phase of the sorbent. Optimal characteristics of luminescent control of ecotoxicant content before and after water purification were determined

This article focuses on sorption properties of sorbents based on modified wheat husk. It presents kinetic characteristics and isotherms of sorbents sorption. We studied the influence of pH environment on the efficiency of wastewater treatment from heavy metal ions.

This article provides the detailed optimization processes and enhancement, in the field of water treatment systems, for the energy sector needs. The developing of the unique water purification system design based on modern techniques for equipment is presented according to ASTM standards. As well as the project proposes a new methodology for complex analysis of quality data after each purification section in order to manage all possible need in the water for the power plant. The analysis allows producing the more accurate selection of the filter systems, thereby prevent failures of such sophisticated and expensive equipment as reverse osmosis and continuous electrodeionization.

Results of technical and economic calculations for various methods of water desalting are presented in article. The prime cost of the desalted water received by each of the considered methods is calculated (in costs of thermal and electric energy). On the basis of the obtained data conclusions are drawn on applicability of each of the considered water desalting methods.

A new technology for low-temperature degassing of the make-up water was developed using natural gas as a desorbing agent. The calculation of the energy efficiency of the developed technology for a typical power unit of the heat power plants (HPPs) is performed. Theoretically necessary and actual specific costs of natural gas are estimated to ensure the normative quality of the deaeration. The calculation of the hydrodynamic characteristics of the atmospheric deaerator at work on natural gas is presented.

The present study treats on cleaning wastewater originated from industrial buildings using sorption materials. As sorption materials for the recovery of heavy metal ions, industry wastes were used: threshing millet, cotton fiber, chitosan. The basic sorption characteristics such as purification efficiency, sorption capacity, specific surface and sorption capacity on water were considered. Conditions and modes of heat treatment of sorption materials (temperature and time) are described. A combined use of materials in the form of a layer-by-layer filter and granules is proposed. The efficiency of cleaning materials is 93 to 99.9%, the sorption capacity is from 6.9 to 50 mg/g.

The article considers the possibility of using materials on the bases of wastes of subtropical crops for water purification from phenol. The modification of banana peel, orange peel and pineapple peel by chemical and thermal methods was carried out. The static and dynamic capacity of obtained sorbents was determined; their ability to regeneration was estimated.

Assessment of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of per oral intake of chemicals with drinking water for children aged 3-6 year sold living in 4 districts (zones) of the city of Kazan was carried out. A quantitative characteristic of risk was performed with application of regional exposure factors (REF) at the median level (Me) and the 95-thpercentile (95P). Analysis of the risk data showed that only 5 substances (magnesium, nitrates (in NO₃), fluorides, oil products, and chloroform) made from 62.5% to 89.8% of contribution to total risk value in all zones. General toxic effects for critical organs and systems were due to oil products (from 29 to 54.7%) in the 2^nd and the 4^th zones, chloroform (from 10 to 30.6%) and nitrates (from 12.8 to 35.9%) in all zones, magnesium (up to 11.2%) in the 3^rd zone, and fluorides (from 13.7 to 14.3%) in the 1^st and the 3^rd zones. The unacceptable risk level (HI_Me = 11.8 and 9.9; HI_{95-th Perc} = 14.8 and 12.5) was identified in the 2^nd and the 4^th zones with a mixed type of water in the utility and drinking water supply. The ingestion of chemicals with drinking water in different zones of the city of Kazan indicates an alarming and high level of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for the child population health.

Results of experimental research of sorption purification of wastewater and surface water from petroleum and petroleum products by sorption materials on a basis of industrial waste have been given. Polyethylene terephthalate, ferritized galvanic sludge (FGS), oxidized and thermally expandable graphite have been chosen as the components of the sorption materials (SM). The sorption material on the basis of FGS has magnetic properties and it allows to extract the sorbent from water with the help of a magnetic separation. Physical and chemical properties of SM (buoyancy, water adsorption, petroleum capacity), kinetic regularities of the sorption of petroleum products by the sorption materials have been studied. Specific surface area, porosity, and particles dispersion have been determined. A possibility of using sorbents to collect petroleum products from the water surface has been shown.

The problem of handling of nuclear power plants radioactive waste has a significant impact on the development of the nuclear industry. An effective strategy for radioactive nuclear waste should include all of the components and processing steps since waste formation to final disposal, taking into account emergence of new technologies, changes in the regulatory authority requirements, the duration of the time intervals separating the initial and the final stage of the treatment process [1]. After unloading from the reactor core spent fuel assemblies are placed in spent fuel pools for removing of residual heat and radioactivity decrease. After one year of conditioning radioactivity is reduced by about 10 times, after 5 years radioactivity is reduced by 35 times. After 3-5 years the spent fuel assemblies can be transported to a centralized storage facility or sent for processing. However, the maintaining of necessary conditions for temporary storage is an important task that is carried out by special water treatment systems of the spent fuel pool [2]. This article considers the water purification system of the spent fuel pool of the Beloyarskaya nuclear power plant, which is the flagship of Russian nuclear power industry.

A natural and technical complex, including the industrial part - the turbine condenser and cooling system, and the natural part - the cooling reservoir with the surrounding atmosphere, is one of the options for the operation of the circulating system technical water supply of thermal power station and nuclear power station. For cooling equipment Zainskaya state district power plant as a pond-cooler is used Zainskoe reservoir. According to the available data on the reservoir-cooler of Zainskaya state district power plant, the average water temperature in comparison with the natural temperature of the water body in summer months exceeds the current requirements, which negatively affects the functioning of the reservoir and the operation of the power plant itself. The mathematical analysis of the reservoir cooling capacity and the technical justification for the introduction of additional methods for achieving the optimum temperature regime at the point of heat exchange water discharge of the Zainskaya state district power plant are carried out in the article. According to the obtained results, the expected water temperature in the hottest month of the year as a result of wastewater discharge will not exceed a critical temperature maximum of 28 ° C.

The article is devoted to the actual problem of purification of small rivers from ecotoxicants. In this paper we consider the biological method of cleaning small rivers with biofilters. The degree of bioaccumulation of heavy metals by water plants by Elodea canadensis and Cladophora aegagropila on the example of the river Shugurovka of the Republic of Bashkortostan is estimated.

The previously discovered effect of the corrosive wear increasing of thin-walled St3 steel plates oriented parallel to the magnetic field lines of the Earth's magnetic field was investigated. The remanent magnetization of the samples was measured on a rectangular grid. A relatively large value of the normal components of the residual magnetization was established for parallel orientation of the samples. The slowing down of corrosion is associated with the action of the magnetic field gradient on paramagnetic ions in the electrolyte.

Described flow analyzer of water on the presence of impurities, based on proton magnetic resonance - PMRA. Presented common appearance and construction, mode of operation PMR-analyzer. Presented equations of received dependences for determination of salts and oil impurities in water. Proposed structure and technologic schemes for removal of impurities from water in the installation with rotating magnetic and nonuniform electric field with continual online control of water purity bu flow PMR-analyzer.

The quality of water and fodder components in conditions of industrially developed regions with a high degree of anthropogenic pressure on the territory become especially significant factors. The increasing demand for hydrobionts as a source of food continues to grow annually. This fact is connected not only with the increase in population, but also with the fact that preference is increasingly given to healthy food. To improve the rates of growing aquaculture and expand its species diversity, it is necessary to increase the production of feed, expand their range and develop new technologies for obtaining highly effective feed additives. A feed additive for fish feeds based on secondary raw beekeeping materials is characterized by a complex chemical composition and is a universal source of natural biologically active complexes. The practical absence of heavy metals, radionuclides, pesticides and other harmful substances in the feed additive based on bee products does not pollute the aquaculture of water bodies, and its properties due to a unique composition contribute to the accelerated elimination of toxic substances from the body of fish. The combination of ecological approaches and the introduction of innovative technologies in the production of aquaculture facilities allows to solve such key tasks of social development as ensuring food security and maintaining public health.

We carried out cultivation of Chlorella sorokiniana microalga using various irradiation sources: daylight lamp with spectral range 530-610 nm and filament lamp with spectral range 3.5-5.0 μm. Specific growth rates were evaluated for these conditions at exponential phase. From the obtained biomass we extracted lipids and determined its' fatty-acid content. Also we analyzed triacylglycerol (TAG) content and unsaturated fatty acids, as well as oleinic acid content. Biomass irradiation by infrared source causes enlarging of total lipid content in alga biomass, as well as saturated fatty acids and oleinic acid portions. It is viable to use infrared irradiation mode for accumulation of non-polar lipids (TAG) at stationary growth phase, which might be used for biofuel obtaining after fractionating. Polar lipid fraction, extracted from biomass at linear growth stage, might be used for obtaining essential polyunsaturated fatty acids.

With a view to year-round valuable fish farming a control system terming their breeding and growth, protected by USSR inventor's certificates and Russian inventor's patents, was developed. The management principle is fish contents in "critical" salinity along with the simultaneous thresholds "signal" factors (temperature and light) and subsequently obtaining offspring and juveniles in complex of optimal ecological conditions.

For the implementation of the proposed industrial biotechnology and year-round fish farming a new installation of water recycling system (WRS) hatcheries and farms was developed by means of the underground conditioning of fish cultivation medium. Their essence is that fish farm water supply systems are additionally provided by underground, or in a half in ground large volume tank-sump tanks. Such WRC, being isolated from climate conditions, allow to conserve and use natural seasonal water resources and first consensually resolve earlier alternative volume-dependent energy problem (requiring lower volumes of water) and water purification (requiring its increasing) in septic tank-sump tanks. The basic principle of their operation is filling one tank-conditioner by "cold" water and the other by "warm" at the appropriate seasons and by additional water supply fish farm systems water circulation. Techno-economic calculation shows, that with the increasing volume of such water air conditioning heat transfer will be proportionally reduced, but productivity increases and reduces its system specific cost while maximizing reliability.

The question of natural water quality for a long time has wondered researchers and ordinary citizens. Cities expanded, population increases, it leads to a deterioration in natural waters by sanitary-chemical and microbiological indicators. In this regard, this article concerns the question of the monitoring of physicochemical indicators and introduction the new indicator – Redox potential (Eh). Dynamics of Eh changes in the rivers of the Republic of Tatarstan and surrounding areas as well as natural and artificial water reservoirs, including basin-coolers of energy facilities are researched in this article. Conducted full-size data and experiments made it possible to establish the Eh sensitivity in relation to the pH. In the article has showed the possibility of introducing Eh indicator into the assessment of water quality on the assumption of further consideration and detail.

In the context of the growing interest to urban ecology, in particular the forces of human impacts on aquatic ecosystems, and the inevitable need for electricity generation for the life of the townspeople, becoming especially topical study thermal effects on basin-coolers. In article is described modification of the temperature condition of the basin-cooler within range of the Kazan CHPP-1, namely the process of cooling water during open offtake (in the dynamics of years). Demonstrated the lowering of water temperature (average of the season) in open offtake and in the basin-cooler – the Sredniy Kaban lake.

At present the bulk of all water bodies in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Tatarstan in particular is experiencing significant anthropogenic impact. One of the types of impact is thermal. The article shows the positive effects of thermal contamination on lake-type basin-cooler such as increasing of the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water in winter, improving the state of bottom sediments as a result of the water circulation, and expanding the possibilities of aquaculture. The possibilities of integrated use of lake-type coolers for recreational purposes are shown (combining the technical use of lake water with recreational purposes through the implementation of sporting events and the creation of a park and observation zone on the lake).

One of the sources of increasing fish production in Russia is intensive fisheries development of cooling reservoirs of thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. Cooling reservoirs have a unique temperature regime, which differs from natural water bodies by a higher temperature throughout the year. The increased water temperature causes changes in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the forage reserve, the ichthyofauna, the habitat of the hydrobiont and creates favorable opportunities for the introduction of a complex of thermophilic fishes and enhance the fish productivity of water bodies. The rise in water temperature also accelerates chemical and biochemical processes, promotes the intensive decomposition of organic substances, influences the gas regime of the reservoir, as a result, there may be overseas phenomena and the death of fish in cooling reservoirs. Therefore, the growing of aquaculture objects, the most resistant to high temperatures and temperature and gas changes, is becoming topical.

Water - the most important mineral on Earth, which can not be replaced by any other substance. It makes up most of any organisms, both plant and animal. The problem of preserving water quality is at the moment the most urgent. Science knows a lot of pollutants of natural waters, which adversely affects the health of the population, leads to the death of fish, waterfowl and other animals, as well as the death of the plant world of reservoirs. At the same time, not only toxic chemical and oil pollution, but also the excess of organic and mineral substances coming with flushing of fertilizers from fields, are dangerous for aquatic ecosystems. A very important aspect of pollution of the Earth's water basin is thermal pollution, which is the discharge of heated water from industrial plants and thermal power plants into rivers and lakes.

The development of hydropower and the creation of reservoirs of the Volga cascade had an impact on the state of populations of sturgeon species of fish, while creating incentives for improving the biotechnology of their reproduction and cultivation. This period is characterized by the desire and technical and technological capabilities to restore the number of sterlet in the Kuibyshev reservoir. Release of sterlet can be conducted not only in the vicinity of potential spawning grounds, but also in the feeding areas. Taking into account the possibilities of long-term development of the Kuibyshev reservoir with the directed formation of ichthyofauna and planning of sterlet catches in the volume of 480 tons, annual releases of juveniles with a mass of 3 g in the amount of 57 million pieces are required. The analysis shows the need to organize significant production of sterlet juveniles for stocking the Kuibyshev Reservoir.

Among the few commercial invertebrates in Europe, the most valuable resource species of crustaceans are representatives of the genus Astacus, primarily broad-fingered crayfish (Astacus astacus L.), which lives in inland waters - lakes, rivers, reservoirs. Crayfish are an integral part of the trophic chain of freshwater ecosystems, performing sanitary functions, utilizing animal and plant remains, thereby improving the epizootic situation and hydrochemical regime of water bodies. In the Republic of Tatarstan, before the regulation of the Volga River, there were 2 species of the genus Astacus - narrow-fingered crayfish (A. leptodactylus Esch.) and broad-fingered crayfish (A. astacus L.), and in the 30s of the 20th century, only the narrow-fingered crayfish in consequence of epizootics plague of crayfish. Presently, both species of crayfish are represented in crayfish populations, and in the Kuibyshev reservoir zone the ratio of narrow-fingered to broad-fingered crayfish is 3: 2, in the zone of the Nizhnekamsk reservoir - 1: 1. In the catches there are individuals from 8 cm to 17 cm with a body weight of 20 to 100 g. The females of narrow-fingered crayfish were 27.8%, and females of broad-fingered crayfish - 20% of the total number. In connection with the worldwide trend in the growth of the popularity of crayfish in food use, the importance of research of natural populations as a potential breeding stock for the tasks of industrial crayfish farming grows.

In connection with the increase in energy prices and the deterioration of the environmental situation, the problem of introducing biogas plants is becoming increasingly important. In this case, the selection of promising raw materials for the production of biogas becomes actual. The organization of energy-biological complexes on coolering reservoirs will allow not only to solve the problem of thermal emissions of power plants, but also to obtain biogas. The article deals in detail with the creation of energy-biological complexes at reservoirs of power engineering objects. Special attention is paid to the use of aquatic vegetation for the production of biogas, as a stage of utilization of excesses of the higher aquatic vegetation of the cooling reservoir of the power station.

Increase of production of fish by traditional methods, based primarily on the extensive use of natural resources, has certain natural limitations.The limiting factors are land, water and the environment. Considering this fact, the perspective expansion of industrial farms, provided with superintensive technologies, is actual. The role of abiotic environmental factors in the life of fish is enormous. For example, the water temperature determines the intensity of metabolism and is a natural stimulus determining the begining of spawning migration of fish. Water temperature has a very important influence on the life of the organism, particularly on the metabolic processes, the behavior and dispersion of organisms. Water quality is one of the most important factors stimulating the development of water biotechnology. In this regard, we explored the physical and-chemical features of the Volga water from the viewpoint of the trout-breeding. The analysis revealed that the water does not fully meet the required water quality for trout ponds. Characteristics as pH, absence of hydrogen sulfide meet the requirements; such indicators as permanganate and bichromate oxidation, BPK5, ammonium ion, nitrates and nitrites, oxygen content are noted exceeding the standard values for trout farms. Power engineering and fish farming are connected closely – power plants contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for the cultivation of commercial fish, including valuable and fish-breeding complexes based on water coolers help to improve their environmental condition. At the same time in Russia in recent years, this industry is beginning to receive attention it deserves. The experience of Western countries shows a new direction of the industry development: in the previous period the favorable conditions for growing and breeding fish were created on the basis of the warm water for increasing production capacity of energy enterprises due to energy production and fish production, nowadays the power plants are built at fish-breeding enterprises in order to optimize costs and increase profitability of fish production.

River crayfish - a delicious food product. On the caloric content (72kcal/100g), the content of fats (2.83%), protein (17.13%) and vitamins of group B (thiamine, riboflavin, etc.), crayfish are not inferior to freshwater fish, and by a number of parameters exceed them. Meat of crayfish is rich in sulfur, phosphorus, iron, cobalt, magnesium, fluorine, potassium, selenium, chromium, calcium and vitamins of group B (B12, B6, B2, B1, B9,), C, E, K, PP and D. There is practically no cholesterol in it, but there are a lot of organic acids. A promising target of cultivation, both in Russia and abroad, is currently the Australian red-cheeked crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus. It is cultivated in such countries as: China, Brazil, Ecuador, America, and others. Currently, in spite of the presence of active crayfish farms in Russia, the biotechnology of growing Cherax quadricarinatus is not sufficiently developed. The main advantages of Cherax quadricarinatus over crayfish that live in our region (Astacus leptodactylus, Astacus astacus, etc.) are: high growth rate, tolerance to water quality, lack of pelagic larva stage. It is advisable to use cooler reservoirs of energy objects for growing valuable warm water aquaculture objects, since the water temperature of these reservoirs is higher than the natural. Energy can contribute to the development of warm water crayfish farming both in the Republic of Tatarstan and in Russia as a whole. Due to the excessive heat that enters the natural reservoirs from energy facilities, an excellent opportunity appears in the absence of the cost of expensive equipment, to grow valuable products. According to expert estimates, the cultivation of crayfish is 5-6 times more profitable than fish.

Directed formation of ichthyocenoses on the basis of reservoirs - energy objects - an important task for pasture aquaculture. At the energy facilities to ensure the operation of the main equipment, the main issue is water supply. The water intake structure, as the main technological element of the water supply system, must uninterruptedly take out water, at the same time functioning as a fish protection facility. According to the requirements of the Russian legislation, the effectiveness of preventing fish and other aquatic biological resources from entering water intake facilities should be at least 70%. Fish protecting device (FPD), along with high fish protection characteristics, should have a reliability that allows to maintain their functions during the entire period of operation. There are three main principles for preventing the ingress of juvenile fish into water intake facilities using FPD: ecological, behavioral and physical. At the present time, the most common at water intakes are net FPD, morally obsolete, according to many practitioners. They account for more than 60% of all FPDs. Among the promising types of fish protection structures are air-bubble type structures that operate on the principle of an ascending water-air curtain formed by a system of bottom modules with aerating nozzles. Among the advantages of this type of FPD is the positive effect on the hydrochemical state of water bodies. Aeration promotes the oxidation of organic substances in water, contributing to a decrease in the level of eutrophication of the aquatic ecosystem. Further improvement of the FPD at power facilities is important for the work on the release of valuable fish species, especially sterlet juveniles when stocking the Kuibyshev and Nizhnekamsk reservoirs.

Aquaculture products provide about 58% of the total production of aquatic ecosystems. The global trend of population growth, increasing the press on the environment, the requirements for improving the quality of life and consuming products make the trend of growth in aquaculture products sustainable both in the world and in Russia. The role of abiotic environmental factors in the life of fish is enormous. Thus, the water temperature determines the intensity of metabolism and is a natural stimulus determining the onset of spawning migration of fish. The water temperature has a very important effect on the vital activity of the organism, in particular, on metabolic processes, on the behavior and distribution of organisms. Since the beginning of the 20th century, aquaculture has been closely linked to the development of energy. At the first stage - with hydropower, and then with thermal power. If the use of water reservoirs - hydropower facilities is based on extensive technologies that are related to pasture aquaculture, aquaculture farms - live fish farms - highly intensive industrial farms. These areas of aquaculture development coexist and complement each other. Modern pasture fish farming today is not possible without the release of valuable species of fish to form a species composition of ichthyocenoses. At the same time, the development of highly industrial commodity farms implies the use as a brood of individuals of valuable species of fish seized from the natural environment to improve the genetic characteristics of juveniles. At the present time, there is an increase in the range of fish grown due to the use of warm waste waters of energy facilities.

In a time when increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, particularly on the water ecosystems, determine the water status of reservoirs (by physicochemical and biotic indicators) in order to highlight priorities at the field of water protection and management is the urgent question. In this case, the particular significance has lakes located within megalopolis and which is multiple-use objects. The article discusses in detail how to change temperature condition of basin-cooler of heating plant: vertical and horizontal. As a result of analysis of physicochemical indicators the water quality index is displayed. Index allows you to estimate the water quality by the rate of pollution through the use of perspective an integrated indicator-total antioxidant activity. Special attention is given to such physicochemical indicator as redox potential.

A complex ecological situation develops in the area of the largest reservoir of the Volga cascade – Kuibyshev, especially in the areas of concentration of population and production. In connection with the development of aquaculture, the problems of conservation and reproduction of sterlet in the Kuibyshev reservoir become actual. Taking into account the tasks of preserving water quality in the upper part of the Volga reach of the Kuibyshev Reservoir as a spawning site of sturgeon in the early 20th century, special attention was paid to the impact of waste water discharges from the Mari Pulp and Paper Mill (JSC "MTSBK"). The hydrochemical and hydrobiological characteristics of section of the Volga reach of the Kuibyshev reservoir and secondary settler of JSC "MTSBK" were studied. The change in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the hydrobiocenosis in the conditions of functioning water treatment plant was shown.

On the basis of the analysis of long-term data of chemical and biological monitoring, the ecological state of the Kuibyshev reservoir (the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) was defined. There were used the dissolved oxygen, BOD, ammonium content and pollutants with excess of maximum allowable concentration (15 ingredients in total) as markers of chemical pollution. Total number of a zoobenthos and relative number of oligochaetes were chosen as biological indicators. Based on chemical and biological indicators it was noted that the lower sites of the Kuibyshev reservoir are less polluted in comparison with top sites which ecosystem now is in transition state from equilibrium to crisis.

Activated water - such water, in which the structural network of hydrogen bonds loosens, water molecules acquire additional degrees of freedom, which facilitates the assimilation of such activated water by the cells of living organisms and accelerates the removal of biological slags. The essence of water activation is the destruction of cluster structures to saturate water with monomolecules. The cluster of activated water contains 5-6 molecules (ordinary water 13-16 molecules). Such water is considered more active in terms of biophysical and biological indicators. Water, activated in any way, has a high fluidity (has a low surface tension) and a dissolving power. Water with micronized clusters has higher reactive properties, better penetrates through biological membranes, is quickly excreted from the body. Effectively replaces and supplements all kinds of cleansing food supplements and physiotherapeutic procedures. Used for complex purification of the body: neutralization and excretion of slags, toxins, carcinogens and radionuclides. The paper considers experimental data on the determination of the total antioxidant activity of water systems saturated with hydrogen using the coulometric method of analysis, with the water having the highest increase in activity up to 20 times. We studied the functional drink "Arkhyz + Antioxidant = Zhivitsa", all the ingredients that make up it have a natural origin. Saturation of the drink with hydrogen leads to an insignificant increase in the total antioxidant activity (by 16.5% rel.). The presence of active organic compounds in water leads to a decrease in the effect of hydrogen on the total antioxidant activity, probably due to a change in the structure of its aggregates consisting of a different number of molecules.

Sustainable water use in a broad sense is a combination of all forms and uses of water resources that directly and indirectly affect the formation of the water fund. When operating hydropower facilities, it is necessary to comply with the requirements for the rational use and protection of water bodies. The article presents the results of the assessment of the specificity of water consumption and water disposal in the Kuibyshev reservoir within the Republic of Tajikistan, as well as the calculation and assessment of the main trends in water reservoir quality dynamics. Calculation of the index of the combinatory water pollution index during the period 2009-2017 yrs allowed to reveal a moderate tendency of its decrease within the limits of the 4th class of quality from the upper reaches to the dam of the Kuibyshev reservoir.

The data on the nutrition of silver carp and its role in reducing the level of eutrophication and increasing the fish productivity of the reservoirs of the Kuban basin are given.

The effect of infrared irradiation on the process of higher water plants phytoremediation of heavy metal ions is in the focus of this study. The influence of various factors (initial concentration of the solution, duration of the irradiation) on the extraction of copper by eichhornia is discussed.

The article presents data on the composition of the ichthyofauna of the Kuibyshev reservoir for the period (1957-2017). A list of fish in the reservoir is presented, compiled from recent studies, taking into account new taxonomic revisions and reports (13 units, 19 families, 47 genera and 59 species). During the existence of the reservoir, its ichthyofauna was replenished with 18 new species, 9 of which formed self-reproducing populations.

Based on the experimental results mathematical modeling of surfactant molecules organization in aqueous solutions into nanostructured formations was performed. The effect of the addition of carbon nanotubes on the processes was investigated. Numerical calculations of CTAB micelles dimensionless electrostatic potential were carried out in the framework of two most commonly used approximations: the Poisson-Boltzmann model and the jellium-approximation model for various surfactant concentrations in the presence and without of carbon nanotubes. A calculation procedure was developed that made it possible to determine the region of the most active counterions redistribution. The possibility of the interaction between micelles was noted, as a result of which a common self-consistent electric field appears, leading to spatial ordering in the bulk of solution. It was shown that there is a more rapid decay of the potential for the case of CTAB micelles in the presence of carbon nanotubes, which may indicate a change in the micelles morphology and their transition to a more compact form. It has been suggested that because increasing in the local surfactant concentration is observed near the carbon surface, carbon nanotubes can act as stimulators for the formation and growth of supramolecular structural complexes.

The article considers the issues of forecasting the state of insulation of cable lines. It is shown that the insulation state is influenced by a large number of factors, some of which are indeterminate and can not be expressed in the quantitative form. It was proposed to use a fuzzy neural network for predicting the state of insulation, which ensures processing both quantitative and qualitative information, which makes it possible to obtain more valid results, in comparison with the use of only quantitative information.

Transportation of coolants, oil and oil products are associated with the flow of liquid medium through pipelines of circular cross-section. When the fluids move through the pipes, pressure losses arise on the friction of the flow against the pipe wall. Reduction of wall friction, and accordingly energy loss for pumping liquid can be achieved by pulsating flow in the pipeline. The pulsating mode has acceleration phases, which corresponds to a more complete velocity and deceleration profile, which is characterized by less filled velocity profile, in comparison with a stationary flow. The mathematical model is based on the theory of the boundary layer, using the Prandtl hypothesis on the length of the mixing path. As a result of the numerical experiment, qualitative and quantitative information on the effect of harmonic oscillations of the fluid flow on the hydrodynamic flow characteristics was obtained. The influence of frequency factors and the amplitude of flow oscillations is shown, as well as one of the main characteristics determining the economic effect of the process that is pressure loss on friction along the length of the channel. A method for creating harmonic and nonharmonic oscillations is proposed.

Russian power companies and those partnering with the power industry generate a strategic objective to optimize production and management costs while maintaining high quality of the products and services conforming to the international and domestic standards. This inevitably requires reorganization of business processes at all management levels.

Sustainable development and energy efficiency of the Russian economy depends on a number of factors; one of the essential factors is effective management of production enterprises.

The key method for improving the management efficiency is an array of instruments applied in leading industrialized countries worldwide and known as the "lean" production ("lean manufacturing") concept.

In the last 20 years, Russian production enterprises have tried to introduce both lean production methods, and separate tools in practical management. Large power corporations, such as Gazpromenergoholding, Rosatom arrived at meaningful positive results. Lean production practices in Russia are topical for research into methods and primary ways of adopting the lean production (LP) instruments by the domestic industry.

The objective of the research is to classify and provide quantitative assessments of expected positive economic effect through adoption of the lean production instruments at nuclear industry enterprises.

The methodological framework for the research included lean production state standards (GOST) and research reports by foreign and domestic authors doing research into the LP concept, models and instruments.

The information base of the research consists of data from foreign and domestic scientific publications, Rosatom State Corporation's official data and open data from professional communities' websites.

The state data of the market structure and the development of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The major LNG projects being implemented or planned for implementation on the territory of Russia. Characterized prospects for the development of LNG production in Russia up to 2023. The main problem of LNG projects implementation. Marked instruments contributing to the development and the energy efficiency industry improvement.

This article is dedicated to the assessment of the usage influence of LED lights of varying color spectrum on plant growth and development, and determining their usage impact. The research interest is focused on the usage of LED-based light system inside greenhouses for optimization of lighting conditions.

Research methods. The current research focused on the following Green-LP™ LED-based grow lights: GLP-FH-56-B (30/70 % red(660 nm)/blue(445 nm) spectral composition), GLP-FH-56-R (70/30 % red/blue spectral composition) and GLP-FH-56-RB (50/50 % red/blue spectral composition). Examination of the influence of plant lamps on the growth processes was carried out at the laboratory conditions (23 °C during the day and 20 °C at night, humidity from 75 % to 80%, with the varying PAR intensity and the daylight of 16 h (supplementary illumination was provided for 6 to 8 hours)) with lettuce as a subject. Phenological observations and biometric registrations were conducted according to generally accepted techniques. Chlorophyll content was measured using the express method with atLEAF+ device. Results. Based on the results of the conducted experiments the highest germination rate was observed under the lamps with blue and blue-red spectral peaks, salad seedlings had largest shoot fresh weight under grow lights with red and blue-red spectrum peaks (0.235 and 0.250 g, respectively). The shoot weight exceeded that of control group of plants 1.8 to 2.1 times. Additionally, plants grown under the lamp with a blue spectral peak had 17 to 29 % more powerful root system than those grown under red one and 43 to 73 % higher than control group. Highest chlorophyll content was observed in plants grown under the lamps with blue spectral peak (440-450 nm), which exceeded by two times that in plants grown without supplementary illumination and was 1.8 times higher than that of plants grown under a high-pressure sodium arc lamp.

Conclusion. LED lamps with different illumination spectrum can serve as an additional light source for plants grown inside greenhouses, positively affecting both growth and development of plants, and economical efficiency.

The paper analyzes the structure of the energy balance of the Russian Federation for power systems, draws conclusions on the impact of HPPs in the structure of electricity generation on the price of electricity for ultimate customers. The influence of the construction of new hydropower stations on the development of waterways is considered.

The following aspects of development have been identified based on the introspective approach: conditions for the sustainable development of hydropower, hydropower and ecology, hydropower and scientific and technical development, development of the social environment and human capital. On this basis, the conditions and principles of sustainable long-term development of the industry are determined. The analysis made it possible to formulate recommendations on targeted long-term proposals for the development of the industry in the areas analyzed.

At the present stage of social development, the need to assess the prospects for the rational use of the hydropower resource potential in Russia had been manifested as an independent unresolved problem, which urgently requires the study of its essence, regularities, the specifics of manifestation and the mechanisms for its solution. This testifies to the urgency of the conducted research, whose purpose was to conduct analytical work on the evaluation of current priorities and directions in energy development and the study of new approaches to long-term planning in hydropower development. The solution of the task was accomplished on the basis of a systematic approach to forecasting the resource potential, energy, hydropower and economic development of the country, which is the novelty of the work. The conclusion is the increasing role of hydropower. The article is interest to scientists, government employees, professors, students and all those who are interested in sustainable development of the society.

This work presents investigation of IR-irradiation influence on seeds of beans (Phaseolus), its' growth and development affection during soil purification from chromium (III) ions by energy-saving reagentless phytoremediation technique.

The algorithm for selecting an energy-efficient secondary energy generation system for large industrial enterprises is proposed. The updated coefficients of the system use of heat and exergy and the Sankey diagram are given. The software implementation of thermodynamic calculations of complex industrial schemes with secondary energy generation devices is presented.

The article contains theoretical and methodological materials based on the analysis of literature data and research in the field and in laboratories using actual methods of processing initial information and analyzing them.

The article presents the development strategy of the energy supply system for National Research University "Moscow Power Engineering Institute" (MPEI) buildings based on green building. The designing mathematical model of one of MPEI academic buildings connected with the Scientific and technical library of the University has been created in Passive House Planning Package and designPH software. The parameters of the building energy supply system with the lowest energy consumption are presented.

The paper analyzes the structure of the energy balance of the Russian Federation for power systems, draws conclusions on the impact of HPPs in the structure of electricity generation on the price of electricity for ultimate customers. The influence of the construction of new hydropower stations on the development of waterways is considered.

The aim of the work is to improve cyclone and filter dust collectors by increasing the efficiency of fine particle deposition classes PM₁₀, PM_2,5 as well as reducing energy and material costs. The analysis of existing methods of cyclonic filtration of industrial dispersed emissions is carried out. The laboratory tests of the cyclone filter, made by modernization of the cyclone CN-11-200, were performed, the aerodynamic characteristics of its operation were found. The calculated determination of the efficiency of suspension deposition from multiphase flow in the separator using a dimensionless Re_r criterion is performed, derived from the Navier-Stokes single-phase flow equations of motion and the particle motion equation based on Newton's law. A numerically studied the aerodynamic parameters of the cyclone on the basis of computational fluid dynamics methods. For mathematical modeling of turbulence we used the DES model

The aim of this work is development of a technological scheme of gasification of biomass to generate electricity, as well as development of efficient circulating fluidized bed gasifier with heat exchanger. The paper deals with the existing technology of biomass gasification and the influence of thermal parameters on the composition of gasification products.

In this article the heat exchange processes happening at reactions of burning of methane-hydrogen fraction in power coppers of TGM-84A and TGM-84B are investigated. Questions of distribution of thermal streams on fire chamber height are considered. Results of calculations of operating conditions on burning of methane-hydrogen fraction are compared with operating conditions of work of coppers at combustion of natural gas.

As a result of the research, additional factors that significantly influenced the reliability of the consumers' heat supply were assessed, an assessment of the influence of these factors on the reliability of the operation of the heat network was made. The influence of additional factors is taken into account when developing a new methodology and algorithm for calculating the reliability of consumers' heat supply; a program for calculating the reliability of consumers' heat supply was developed.

Currently, in various industries for both sanitary and technological treatment of heterogeneous flows, as a rule, several devices are used that consistently provide the coarse and fine stages of gas clean up. For example, to prevent the penetration of mechanical (solid and liquid) impurities to the measurement instruments, regulation, control and automation at compressor stations of gas transmission systems the gas cleaning units are setup. They consist of two types of apparatus - cyclone dust collectors and filters. Similar gas cleaning devices are at booster compressor stations of TPPs. In this paper, we consider the effectiveness of using a multi-cyclone apparatus for such purposes, the elements of which combine both stages of cleanup. The problem of finding the optimal arrangement in the apparatus of cyclone elements with tangential inlet branch pipe is solved. A numerical model of the multi-cyclone is created and several variants of the arrangement of elements are considered. The most effective arrangement was determined taking into account the total hydraulic resistance of the apparatus and the trajectories of the motion of suspended particles.

The possibilities of using computer simulator-analytical complexes for training and retraining of large thermal power plants personnel are analyzed. Long-term experience of simulators using at the Thermal Power Stations Department (TPP) of Kazan State Power Engineering University (KSPU) is generalized. The requirements for computer simulators for the higher educational process are grounded.

It is considered the problem of the dynamics of sole drop dispersed jet in gas crossflow in active zone of contact heat exchanger with ring-gap nozzle. The equations are offered to estimate the motion trajectory of drop and residence time in active apparatus zone for transient mode 2<Re_d<500.

The reheating part of the moisture separator-reheater (MSR) of nuclear power plant (NPP) steam turbine occupies a significant part of MSR volume and requires large consumption of metal. The superheating of low pressure steam provides by the high pressure steam condensation. This steam supplies partly from turbine inlet and partly from turbine stage bleeding because of two superheater stages. The significantly less heat transfer intensity at the single-phase side of reheater comparatively with condensation side requires intensification of heat transfer from the heated-steam. For such goal the different methods can be used: for instance the cross flow of the coiled tubes and finning of straight tubes bundles. Also is perspective the usage of artificial roughness in form of small "moons" and other types of artificial roughnesses.

In the article an influence of various oxidizers on the composition of sulfur products at bitumen gasification process are described. As an object of research the natural bitumen of Ashalchinskoe oil field of Tatarstan Republic (Russia) was chosen.

By applying to the surface of the nylon membrane of polystyrene particles, dynamic nylon-polystyrene membranes with a final content of 3.4 % by weight were obtained. The content of polystyrene on the surface of the nylon membrane is indirectly confirmed by IR Fourier spectroscopy methods. An increase in the contact angle of the droplets of distilled water of the membrane as a result of depositing polystyrene particles on the surface of the initial membrane was revealed. According to the results of scanning electron microscopy, it was found that polystyrene particles with sizes from 0.05 to 0.2 microns are located on the surface and in pores of a nylon substrate. After applying a layer of polystyrene on the surface of the membrane, the specific productivity of the membranes decreases by an order of magnitude, due to the intensive accumulation of polystyrene particles in the pores and membrane surface. The maximum productivity of the initial and dynamic membranes is observed when the distilled water is passed through. Dynamic membrane ultrafiltration with a surface layer of polystyrene is designed to separate water-oil emulsions. The degree of separation of water-oil emulsion with a concentration of oil products of 10 g/dm³ is more than 98 %.

In article the current state of gasification technologies in Russia and in the world is analysed. The perspective directions of development of process – entrained flow gasification of coal-water fuel for the purpose of producing syngas for further catalytic conversion and producing chemicals are defined. The mathematical model of thermophysical characteristics calculation of process is presented. Determination results of design parametrs of a gasifier are given.

The opportunity of application of Stirling engine with non-conventional and renewable sources of energy. The advantage of such use. It has been established that the four input parameters, the only parameter which can be easily changed during operation, and which effectively affects the operation of the engine is the phase difference. Dependence of work per cycle of the phase difference, called the phase characteristic, visually illustrates mode of operation of Stirling engine. The mathematical model of the cycle of Schmidt and the analysis of operation of Stirling engine in the approach of Schmidt with the aid of numerical analysis. To conduct numerical experiments designed program feature in the language MathLab. The results of numerical experiments are illustrated by graphical charts.

The opportunity of application of Stirling engine with non-conventional and renewable sources of energy. The advantage of such use. The resulting expression for the thermal efficiency of the Stirling engine. It is shown that the work per cycle is proportional to the quantity of matter, and hence the pressure of the working fluid, the temperature difference and, to a lesser extent, depends on the expansion coefficient; efficiency of ideal Stirling cycle coincides with the efficiency of an ideal engine working on the Carnot cycle, which distinguishes a Stirling cycle from the cycles of Otto and Diesel underlying engine. It has been established that the four input parameters, the only parameter which can be easily changed during operation, and which effectively affects the operation of the engine is the phase difference. Dependence of work per cycle of the phase difference, called the phase characteristic, visually illustrates mode of operation of Stirling engine. The mathematical model of the cycle of Schmidt and the analysis of operation of Stirling engine in the approach of Schmidt with the aid of numerical analysis. To conduct numerical experiments designed program feature in the language MathLab. The results of numerical experiments are illustrated by graphical charts.

Intensification of different system mixing process, particularly in non-isothermal conditions, is a critical task for many industries, where local overheating prevention, chemical reaction acceleration or heat and mass transfer coefficient increase are required. In this regard, an experimental study of the mixing process was carried out using the transformer oil as an example. Temperature equalization time in the fluid and the mixer power consumption were used as indicators of the process efficiency. The influence of the mixer type, presence of bafflers in a vessel, and the mixer speed on the fluid mixing intensity revealed the optimal design and process parameters of the mixing units.

The results of neural network modeling of surface heat transfer intensifiers in the form of spherical recesses are presented, based on experimental data. The possibility and prospects of building artificial neural networks for modeling the characteristics of heat exchange surfaces are shown.

Power transformers represent the largest part of capital investments in transmission and distribution of substations. In addition, disconnections of the power transformer cause significant economic damage to the electrical network. One of the most important parameters that determine the resource of a transformer is the temperature of the hottest point, which is determined by the density of the heat fluxes. An important task is to improve the quality of transformers, develop the most advanced technologies for their production, create and use the most modern and highly efficient materials, and reduce energy losses during their operation. The solution of these problems is impossible without deep understanding and study of the thermal regimes of the transformer.

Data of experimental study of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer of dynamic packing and some comparative characteristics of the packed device with packing, which have wide industrial application, are given in the article.

Heat treatment of aluminum ingots is a fairly energy-intensive production. Therefore, increasing energy efficiency in such processes plays an important role in reducing economic costs. The mathematical model of heat exchange occurring in the cooling chamber of aluminum ingots after homogenization annealing is considered. The model obtained made it possible to study the heat transfer in the cooling chamber. To improve energy efficiency and reduce economic costs, options for recycling hot air from the cooling chamber are offered. The estimation of economic efficiency from use of each of variants carried out.

In power system the main heat carrier is the fresh water received from natural sources, and containing a large amount of various impurity – from the dissolved mineral salts to organic compounds. In housing and communal services and the industry cases of operation of heat-exchange devices and package boilers without special preparation of water aren't rare. During the operation of the heat-exchange equipment of impurity are allocated in a firm phase both in the form of deposits and in the form of slime. Sediments cause deterioration in a heat transfer that leads to decrease in overall performance of the equipment (to an excessive consumption of fuel, metal overheating, etc.). The radiation surfaces of modern steam generators heating are intensively warmed with a furnace torch. Density of a thermal stream in them reaches 600-700 kW/sq.m, and local thermal streams can be even higher. Therefore even short-term deterioration in coefficient of a thermolysis from a wall to the boiling water leads to significant increase in temperature of a wall of a pipe (500-600 °C and above), durability of metal can it is insufficient to sustain tension which has arisen in him. The metal damages which are characterized by emergence of blisters, fistulas are a consequence of it, and it is frequent also a rupture of pipes. The scum reduces the useful section of pipes, increasing the hydraulic resistance of pipes of the heat exchanger. Everything together it involves an excessive consumption of fuel, and according to expert data the layer of scale up to 0.2 mm thick increases fuel consumption by 3%, and a layer in 1 mm for 7%.

The object of our experimental investigation is a heat pump system operating at low temperatures of a low-grade heat source. The purpose of experimental research of the heat pump installation is to increase the efficiency and reliability of heat pump unit by adjusting compressor performance. To carry out the experiment we connected the reciprocating compressor with Variable Frequency Drive of AC 0..650 Hz, designed for rated capacity of 2.2 kW, as well as electricity meter. The dependence of heat load of pump condenser on the speed (rpm) is approximated by the formula and will be used to design a heat pump unit. The proposed experimental unit allowed us to determine the correlation between basic characteristics and the compressor shaft speed and determine the possible range of its regulation (50..180%). The obtained results allow us to design the water treatment plant with using heat pump unit with quality regulation systems as well.

The numerical results of the effect of short twisting devices on the damping coefficient of swirl are presented. As for twisting devices four-, six- and eight-blade inserts with a twist ratio S/D = 3...5. To describe the rheological behavior of a pseudo-plastic fluid, the 0.65% aqueous carboximethyl cellulose (0.65% CMC) solutions is taken. The problem is solved by using Comsol Multiphysics.

The article describes existing methods of reducing the technological minimum with a quantitative assessment of reducing emissions of pollutants at the CHP using the method of bypass. With the help of specialized program complex the efficiency of the method has been analysed on the example of the power units at Yuzhnaya CHP-22 and CHP-21 JSC "TGC-1" with turbines T-250/300-240 and T-100-130. The article provides guidelines for the range of application of this method as well.

The paper presents the mathematical model and the numerical studies results of heat transfer and hydrodynamics at circulatory heating of the M100 fuel oil in the RVS-3000 tank. Calculations for various inclination angles of the nozzle in the range of 40° to -40° in increments of 10° were made. The winter storage period of fuel oil in the fuel tank is considered. Comparison of the tank heating time up to the hot storage temperature (60°C) and up to the fuel temperature before feeding to the nozzles for combustion (90°C) is performed.

The experimental results of kinetics of biogas formation for the organic waste utilization are presented for the case where combinations of technological and microbiological methods are used to enhance the process (ultrasonic pre-treatment and coenzyme with a new plant supplement). The plants from Amaranthaceae family are used as plant supplements. The influence of Amaranthus hypochondriacus and Amaranthus retroflexus L. on the process of methanogenesis for poultry wastes is analyzed. Based on the experimental results it is obtained that the maximum daily yield of biogas from substrate including the Amaranthus retroflexus L. and Amaranthus hypochondriacus are 310 ml and 252 ml respectively. For example the maximum daily yield of biogas from substrate without any plant supplements was 211 ml ("pure substrate"). Thus the biogas output rate from poultry waste using the biomass of plants from Amaranthaceae family is 47% higher than standard case. The total biogas yield using the plants supplement from Amaranthaceae family is higher than standard case.

In this paper we present a new method for calculation of the thermal diffusivity of a rigid body. This method is based on contactless thermal treatment of the examined construction material by an infrared radiation source. Further we analytically find one-dimensional non-stationary temperature field of a rigid body during its heating using data from thermal elements. The calculation of the thermal diffusivity of a rigid body is made using differential heat equation.

The analysis and systematization of the main factors determining the parameters of the electrochemical protection of underground metal communications (UMC) is carried out in the article. Reasons influencing current consumption and power losses in the DC circuit of the cathodic corrosion protection are discussed in detail, and practical recommendations for their reduction are given. Preparatory measures have a significant impact on anticorrosive protection of power pipelines, namely, measures to improve the quality of insulation (increasing the electrical resistance of coatings and ensuring their integrity), measures to ensure high longitudinal conductivity of pipelines, and removal of contacts of underground metal structures with other earthed structures. On the basis of the research, practical recommendations for reducing power losses and reducing current consumption in cathodic protection systems are given.

The possibility of applying a new type of thermal insulation, which will significantly reduce heat losses during transportation of heat, increase the service life of the pipeline, and reduce the cost of heat insulation work considered. Using multi-layer thermal insulation, which is a system of closed, sealed microvolumes (pores), which are filled with carbon dioxide proposed. As a shell, high-density polyethylene is used. Such a film can be used as a ready-made material for insulation of pipelines. Depending on the temperature of the pipeline, the required number of layers of thermal insulation is applied to the pipeline.

When hydroturbines operate at part load or over load, intense pressure and vibration pulsations may occur. One of the instability mechanisms is due to the presence of a cavitation bubble (or cloud) behind the runner. Chen et al. [1] the phenomenon is modeled using the concept of cavitation compliance. They demonstrated the destabilizing effect of the diffuser and swirl. In the present work, the influence of two factors on the coefficients of the characteristic equation, whose solution yields natural frequencies and oscillation increments, is revealed. They are the vorticity distribution and the size of the cavitation cavity behind the runner. It is shown that the effect of swirl on stability is much smaller than that described in [1] and rapidly decreases with the growth of cavitation bubble size.

Approach to the solution of a problem of optimal power and resource-intensive process design under uncertainty is proposed. The problem has a form of two-stage optimization problem with separate chance constraints. The approach based on the problem's functions approximations allows us to avoid calculation of multiple integrals. This allows us to reduce the problem of stochastic nonlinear programming to the usual problem of nonlinear programming.

Approach to the solution of a problem of optimal power and resource-intensive process design under uncertainty is proposed. The problem has a form of one-stage optimization problem with separate chance constraints. The approach based on the problem's functions approximations and approximations of the regions of the constraints satisfaction. This allows us to avoid calculation of multiple integrals. Thus we reduce the problem of stochastic nonlinear programming to the sequence of the usual problem of nonlinear programming.

The mathematical model describing heat-mass transfer in the course of rheologically complex media in a tubular reactor is developed in the article. Using the example of the continuous production scheme for grade B2 polymethacrylate, solutions of the characteristic equations confirming the possibility of emergence of critical flow regimes for certain sets of control parameters were obtained.

The article presents the results of experimental studies of the thermal and ecological performance of the Firematic 60 boiler manufactured by Herz Energietechnik GmbH. Wood pellets with diameter of 6 and 8 mm and biochar from hydrolytic lignin were used for combustion. The components of the boiler's heat balance and the emission of harmful substances were determined during the burning of the biofuels. In the course of experimental work high energy and environmental performance of the Firematic 60 boiler was reached while working on granulated fuel which gives a reason to recommend this boiler for heat supply of low-rise buildings in the conditions of the Arctic region. Organized in Onega City production of biocahar from hydrolytic lignin allowed to obtain high-quality fuel from biomass that has remained in dumps for 40-60 years. Experimental data on the change in the apparent and bulk density, mechanical durability of wood pellets thermally pretreated for 90 minutes in an electric furnace without oxygen at temperatures of 200, 250, 275 and 300 °C was obtained. It has shown that with an increase in the temperature of wood pellet torrefaction all these parameters decrease. The influence of the torrefaction process parameters of the hydrolytic lignin on the sorption properties of the biochar has been studied; sorption properties have been compared for the granules produced from the hydrolytic lignin and coniferous wood.

The paper investigates the solution of an urgent energy problem in Republic of Burundi. The pyrolysis process using a recycling of peat, wood waste, agricultural biomass, domestic and industrial waste with the objective of obtaining a secondary energy resources is proposed. Based on this method a pyrolysis gas with a ratio of CO and H2 varied from 1:1 to 1:3 is obtained. The main variable factors determining this composition are the temperature. With the increase of temperature, the pyrolysis gas increases. The number of experiments with fixed factors was chosen at least eight. The experimental setup was used to study the pyrolysis gas of dry sawdust and peat in the temperature range from 450 to 1150°C.

Data of experimental study of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer of cascade bowl-type heat and mass exchange packing with dripping spray mode and some comparative characteristics of the packed device with packing, which have wide industrial application, are given in the article.

The results of testing the SIV method (Smoke Image Velocimetry) for two-dimensional instantaneous flow velocity vector fields measurements were presented for the case of flow in the near wake of a cross circular cylinder at Reynolds number of 3900. Measured profiles of the streamwise and transverse flow velocity components in the near wake of the cylinder at different distances were compared with the direct numerical simulation and experiments of other authors. The capabilities of SIV method were confirmed.

The development of heat supply schemes is particularly relevant today as according to the Federal Law of Russian Federation of July 27, 2010 No. 190-FZ "About heat supply" after December 31, 2011, the availability of a heat supply scheme is mandatory for settlements and urban districts in Russian Federation. Heat supply schemes are developed in accordance with the Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 22, 2012 No. 154 "On requirements for heat supply schemes, the procedure for their development and approval".

In the article, the object of the study is a sorption material obtained by low-temperature pyrolysis from a sludge of a biological sewage treatment, and processed by ultrasound. Ultrasonic treatment is one of the methods for improving sorption characteristics by increasing the specific surface area. The adsorption capacity of pyrolysis products by methylene blue on a UNICO 2800 spectrophotometer and iodine by the titrimetric method was studied. An increase in sorption activity after ultrasonic treatment on the sorption material was found: by 2.3 times for methylene blue, 2.5 times for iodine. Sorption properties with respect to iron, copper, nickel, and zinc ions under static conditions using the atomic-emission spectrometry method with inductively coupled plasma on the Agilent 720-OES spectrometer were studied. The degree of extraction of heavy metal ions using the pyrolysis product of sludge after ultrasonic treatment reaches: for Fe – 98.7%, Ni – 84.4%, Cu – 90.5%, and Zn – 95.2%. Ultrasonic treatment with a frequency of 35 kHz for 30 minutes allows to increase the sorption capacity of the product of pyrolysis of mud sediments by Ni ions by 2.4 times, Cu - 1.2 times, Zn - 1.7 times.

Data of experimental study of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer of packing with adjustable parameters and some comparative characteristics of the packed device with packing, which have wide industrial application, are given in the article.

The oil and gas industry is one of the leading branches of Russia, the basis of the economy. Therefore, it is obvious that increasing the technical and economic characteristics of equipment in the field of oil production is a priority for the scientific community. And there are several solutions aimed at solving this problem: use of intelligent control systems for electric drive; replacement of asynchronous motors with synchronous ones. With the integrated use of these points, it is possible to reduce energy consumption, as well as increase the percentage of extracted resource. Numerical values are individual for each particular variant, but savings of 25-35% are achieved.

The research is aimed at solving the fundamental scientific task of creating scientific fundamentals, deep processing of hydrocarbon raw materials (preliminary gasification, conversion, pyrolysis of solid minerals and renewable combustible resources) to produce liquid and gaseous fuels and a total increase in efficiency.

This article proposes an automated system for monitoring and controlling the parameters of the coolant in the housing and communal services as part of the energy saving program. The proposed system is based on industrial controllers with Ethernet 100 Base-T, RS-232 and RS-485 interfaces, as well as software created in the CoDeSys software environment.

The article devoted to theoretical and methodical materials based on the researches conducted within trial tests reverse ultra-sonic flow meters on different areas of exploited oil fields.

The article describes the laboratory setup designed to study the combustion of multicomponent fuels, in particular methane-hydrogen fuel, with air. The setup simulates a boiler with a heat exchanger. The results of experimental simulation of the initial combustion regime optimization of propane-butane fuel according to the existing algorithm are developed.

A method for degassing the make-up water is described, the feature of which is the use of the exhaust gases of the boiler after the smoke exhauster as a desorbing agent. In the exhaust gases of the boiler, there is a small portion of corrosive oxygen, due to the fact that all oxygen is consumed in the combustion process in the furnace. The problem of the possible saturation of the deaerated water with carbon dioxide due to its increased content in the boiler waste gases is solved by dispensing the alkaline agent into the make-up water. The mass exchange efficiency of the make-up water degassing by the proposed method is estimated, the required specific consumption of the exhaust gases for deaeration is theoretically calculated. It is shown that the consumption of the desorbing agent, which is the exhaust gas, is sufficient for degassing practically any quantities of nutrient and make-up water.

Franke's critical dependence determines the theoretical relationship for the numbers Nu for pulsating and stationary flow regimes. It is based on the heat exchange intensification hypothesis due to the interaction of the pulsating velocity profile and the boundary layer near the heating surface. The article presents the results of studies to test the efficiency of the Franke's ratio for a given range of pulsed combustion chamber diameters, as well as to determine the influence of the geometric parameters of the chamber on the convective heat transfer from the combustion products to the walls of the chamber

The model, describing a processes of convective masstransfering in a tubular electrolytic cell with the much distinguishing sizes of electrodes is proposed suitable for practical calculations.

The electrochemical reactor permitting to clearing of water with the help of chemical reactions in bulk of a solution at participation of electrogenerated reagent is created.

The paper presents the results of an experimental and numerical study of hydrodynamics and heat transfer in a pebble bed with internal volumetric heat release. An experimental setup was designed to investigate the hydrodynamics and heat transfer at the radial flow of a single-phase coolant. The pebble bed was set from 2.0 mm diameter sphere made of AISI 420 steel. The internal heat release model in the pebble bed is provided by high-frequency induction heating, whereby the thermal power of the high-frequency installation is 20 kW. The experiments were carried out in the range of mass flow rates of 0.1 - 0.6 kg/s. The test section simulates the fuel assembly of a nuclear reactor with microfuel. Pebbles are placed between the inner and outer perforated covers. Radial coolant flow is achieved to minimize pressure losses. The inner cover is cone-shaped and is the dispensing manifold for the coolant. The conical shape of the cover provides a uniform flow rate of the cooling liquid along the length of the test section. The temperature distribution in the pebbles were recorded.

In this paper, an iterative model is constructed for the formation of a sediment of inertial aerosol particles on the surface of a cylindrical fiber, taking into account its effect on the gas flow and further settling of the particles. Parametric calculations are carried out for various values of the porosity of a number of fibers and the Stokes number, which determines the inertia of the particles. The shape of the sediment varies depending on the particle size. For strongly inertial particles, the thickness of the layer of settled particles is close to uniform. For weakly inertial particles with a small porosity of a number of fibers, a nonuniform distribution of the thickness of the deposited layer along the streamlined surface is observed.

Nowadays in Russia we see rapid modernization of power engineering and transport systems. Under these conditions the issue concerning improvement of regional heat supply system energy-efficiency has gained a new importance. The aim of this study is to find new development directions of the public-private partnership (PPP), specifically from the perspective of its energy efficiency. Amid the financial crisis and economic sanctions the formation of public-private partnership allows increasing of energy efficiency of regional fuel and energy complex by means of regional energy service company creation. This paper will be useful both for central and local government and for private business.

This work makes it possible to link ground rules for thermal and electrical energy markets with generation plant operating. Here we consider various procedures for optimization of combined heat and power plant operating mode by means of underutilized equipment mothball. This work results in process flow diagrams for turbine hall and relative increment charts, which can be used for plant loading in the optimal way.

With the use of laws of conservation of different substances, the transfer equation in the combustion chambers is formulated as a partial differential equation of the second order. The solution of the obtained equation by the Fourier-T method is proposed, which helps to evaluate the influence of various factors on the space-time temperature field of the combustion chamber quickly; it is shown that the generalized Nusselt number mainly affects the solution. The developed technique allows us to estimate the temperature field of the furnace at a certain flow rate of the combustion products at the inlet of the combustion chamber as well as their composition and temperature using the analogy with heat conductivity processes. The conditions for the reliable application of the developed model are determined. Applying the theorem on multiplication of solutions, we may estimate the temperature field in the combustion chambers of various structural configurations which is an extension of a zoned method.

The work is devoted to the increase of ecological parameters of organic fuel burning process in power boilers combustion chambers. The technological method of nitrogen oxides decomposition on the surface of carbon particles with the formation of environmentally safe carbon dioxide and molecular nitrogen in low-temperature swirl combustion is considered. A methodology, a mathematical model and a program for calculating the process of a fuel combustion under conditions of multiple circulation, with periodic return of fuel particles to zones with the initial concentration of oxygen, are developed. It is shown that the stepwise supply of the oxidizer to the flare leads to a decrease in the generation of toxic nitrogen oxides, the formation of reducing zones, and the decomposition of the formed nitrogen oxides on the surface of burning coke particles. It has been established that the amount of decomposed nitrogen oxides depends on the surface area of the reacting fuel particles, as well as the time of their stay in the swirl zone of the low-temperature swirl furnace. With the use of calculated results, emissions of nitrogen oxides of reconstructed boilers are reliably predicted.

This article discusses the issues of increasing the efficiency of energy use in the thermal scheme steamed boiler house. A positive effect is achieved by transforming the excess energy of water vapor into electricity and avoiding the use of steam at the stage of heating the raw water.

In this paper, we propose and consider a scheme for the combined operation of an absorption heat pump and a combined-cycle plant. A computational study was carried out and the results confirming the effectiveness of the scheme were obtained. The heat power of the gas heater of the network water due to the inclusion of an absorption heat pump is increased by 12-14% from its previous value.

Research is devoted to increase in system effectiveness of transportation of thermal energy. The control system of thermal insulation properties realized in the environment of LabVIEW is developed. Assessment of transport losses of heat taking into account real service conditions of pipelines and heterogeneity of thermal insulation properties is carried out. Influence of extent of aging of thermal isolation on increase in size of density of a thermal stream is shown. Calculation of specific thermal losses of an elevated steam line taking into account thermal destruction of isolation is carried out.

The necessity of application of computer technologies in the educational process with increasing requirements to the higher technical education quality is shown. The possibility of the program complex using of finite element modeling in the learning process, in the numerical study of the convection effect on heat exchange in the porous insulation of heat network pipelines using thin-film coatings, is considered.

The article is devoted to the development of basic principles and the creation of prototypes of devices for monitoring the rigidity of industrial water in the heat supply systems of the power system. The proposed approaches are based on the electrochemical principle, according to which the industrial water is an electrolyte with a certain chemical composition and electrical conductivity. Based on this principle, new methods and measuring devices are being developed to determine the rigidity of industrial water in heat supply systems by continuously measuring the concentration of alkali and alkaline earth ions.

The thermal and thermodynamic calculation of closed and open loop individual systems of coal preparation at TPP with different types of mills reveals the possibilities of increasing the efficiency of the technological scheme by utilizing the heat removed from the system and thus increasing the thermodynamic efficiency.

The process of developing a virtual laboratory stand of automatic temperature control in the closed heat supply system is discussed in detail in the article.

The virtual laboratory stand of the temperature control system can be easily replicated. It provides a significant reduction of material and time costs for its creation and maintenance. This distinguishes it from traditional laboratory equipment

In this paper we consider actual questions, connected with construction and usage of multisensor analyzers of "electronic nose" or "electronic tongue" types. Despite a large amount of papers concerning various aspects of this theme, there is a significant lack of methodological works among them. This work presents a discussion on general key problems of improvement of intellectual multisensor analyzers, namely the problems of optimization of sensor system, selection of algorithm means, evaluation of identification ability of the analyzer, typification of the utilized project design solutions at its construction. Typical examples of intellectual multisensor analyzers are presented, which are successfully used in various areas, including that for control and monitoring of water quality.

The paper presents the results of a numerical study of the flow in the elbows of the ventilation systems in buildings of thermal power plants. Elbow fittings, as well as other shaped elements of ventilation systems are the main causes of energy losses. A method is proposed for reducing such losses through the use of an insert profiling the sharp edge of the elbow along the outline of the vortex zone. For a wide range of practical dimensions, numerical models of "sharp" elbows at 90° have been studied, a good correspondence between pressure losses in them, numerical and known experimental data has been shown. The outlines of the vortex zones, as well as the lengths of the influence zones of the elbow on the flow parameters upstream and downstream, are determined. Next, numerical models of profiled elbows are constructed and studied; a significant reduction in pressure losses (up to 64%) and lengths of influence zones (up to 45%) as compared with unprofiled ones is shown. Dependence has been found to determine the local resistance coefficient of the profiled elbow, which can be used in the design of ventilation systems.

The paper presents the results of numerical simulation of energy-efficient inlet parts of exhaust ventilation systems in the form of the last side orifice and an exhaust hood. The profiling of the inlet sharp edges is used, which is made according to the outlines of the vortex zones that generates when the flow is separated at this edges. For this, the non-profiled geometry of the exhaust orifices is first modelled, where the outlines of the vortex zones are determining. Then a numerical model with profiling is created and the energy losses of such an improved shaped elements is determined. A significant reduction in pressure loss has been obtained: for the exhaust hood more than 40% and 30% for the last side orifice.

In this work results of mathematical modeling and results of the pilot studies conducted at the laboratory stand for the system of heat supply of Kazan, the development of power of the large cities directed to development of an integrated approach at a research of problems are integrated. By means of the program Zulu complex the mathematical model intended for optimization of work of power systems during their operation has been created.Results of the conducted researches have allowed to analyse influence of stage-by-stage introduction at consumers of automatic metering stations and weather regulation (AITP) on a hydraulic operating mode of system of heat supply for large municipal associations. In this work the main criteria are also considered, the algorithm and a method of calculation of power efficiency is developed by optimization of systems of municipal heat supply by introduction of the automated individual thermal points (AITP). The questions of influence of the made technical solutions on financial and economic and investment indicators are raised. The considered actions for energy resources saving are investigated for the purpose of reduction of volumes of consumption or more rational use of fuel and energy resources.