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We are grateful that we have presented, with great pleasure the 3^rd EMBRIO International Workshop (EIW). This international workshop was conducted to explore and develop marine biodiversity through research sharing in the form of presentation and coaching under the topic "Scientific Writing and Communication in Fisheries and Marine Science" in order to encourage the improvement of scientific works.

Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University) is a leading institution in the research programs to explore and develop marine biodiversity in Indonesia. One of the ways is through EMBRIO (Enhancing Marine Biodiversity in Indonesia). As one of leading institution in fisheries and marine research program in Indonesia, EMBRIO aim to increase collaboration among researchers from various institutions within the relatable fields in order to increase understanding, utilization, and conservation of marine biodiversity.

Thus, the 3^rd EIW was held by EMBRIO team as a forum for researchers from all over the world to share their latest findings related to fisheries and marine biodiversity. The first International Workshop of EMBRIO was held in 2014 and second in 2016, which followed by several countries in Asia, Europe and Australia. We maintain the continuity of this activity, to build cooperation related to the development of marine biodiversity in Indonesia.

Kind regards,

Dr. Mala Nurilmala, S.Pi., M.Si.

Director of EMBRIO

List of Preface, About Embrio, Organizing Committee, Reviewers & Editors, Photograph are available in this PDF

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

Fish species mislabeling, wrongful description, and substitution by species with a lower value are problems that occur due to globalization of fish markets. Establishment of fishery products and seafood species identification methods becomes an important task for Indonesian fishery research laboratories and seafood control authorities. Therefore, various DNA barcode markers must be tested to determine which markers are suitable for rapid, simple, and applicable methods. This study aimed to determine the reliability of full-length DNA barcode and mini DNA-barcodes for raw fillets and numerous cooked Indonesian hairtails. The results showed all DNA barcode markers were successfully applied to all of the samples with the species level assignment of 97-100%. Our study proposed a practical molecular marker for the monitoring of quality and food safety assurance of important hairtail products.

This research aimed to reduce the urea level in the shark meat and to find out the suitable concentration of Averrhoa bilimbi extract to reduce urea level in the shark meat for processing of shredded meat. Trehis research were to soak the shark meat in the Averrhoa bilimbi extract with 0% (without soaking), 20%, 40%, 60% by three repetitions for each treatment. Parameter that observed in this research were the amount of urea in the product and organoleptic test of colour, taste, flavour, and appearance. Soaking in the Averrhoa bilimbi extract of 60% could reduce the urea level in the product as much as 69.51%.

Several studies confirmed that strong transformation of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) water appears along the eastern ITF pathway from Maluku to Ceram to Banda Seas. This is, presumably, caused by energetic internal tidal activities that generate turbulent mixing. This study was aimed to analysis the turbulent mixing using Thorpe method from CTD data set acquired during the STOKAS 2015 cruise onboard R.V. Baruna Jaya 7 in the eastern ITF region. The study area was divided into four regions: Sulawesi Sea (SUL), Maluku Sea (MAL), Ceram Sea (CER), and Banda Sea (BAN). Thorpe method provides an approach to quantify the overturn of water mass using Thorpe displacement – validated using Galbraith and Kelley (GK) test – and to calculate the kinetic energy dissipation (ε and vertical diffusivity (K_ρ). From diagram T-S, the transformation of ARLINDO waters was identified in the gateway. This is supported by a current pattern in which the ARLINDO water mass recirculated in SUL, then moved southward to MAL. The vertical diffusivity eddy (K_ρ) varied in the order of 10⁻⁵ to 10⁻² m²s⁻¹ and its kinetic energy dissipation (ε) varied in the order 10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻⁵ W/Kg in all regions. This mixing was indicated to be driven by internal tide.

Fishermen's income is basically obtained from wages for their efforts. However, the portion is depends on the systems set out in the prevailing agreement based on consensus or mutual agreement. Comparison between the systems is intriguing to be studied. This study aims to determine the implementation of profit-sharing system and the wage system applied on gill net fisheries business in Trisik Beach of Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, to determine the break even point (BEP) that is applied as a limitation in determining the implementation of the profit-sharing system and to compare the wage system obtained by fishermen labors and ship owners with the existing fisherman wage in Yogyakarta area. The methods used in this study included case study, sampling, data collection and analysis. The results of this study indicate that the income received by fisherman labors is Rp2,284,000 per month and Rp10,420 per hour, fisherman captain income is Rp6,602,000 per month and Rp300,420 per day or Rp37,552 per hour. However, for employees in the company, they earn Rp1,144,812 per month and Rp38,160 per day and Rp4,770 per hour. The profit-sharing system in gill net monofilament business in Trisik Beach is more advantageous, compared to the wage system in the area.

Leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus) is an important fisheries commodity in Saleh Bay, both ecologically and economically. Continuous exploitation of this species has caused population collapses in some waters due to high fishing pressure. Therefore, it is very important to estimate its population stock. Yield per recruit models usually being used to evaluate population stock also to estimate biological reference point. We estimated life-history parameters using length-based stock assessment, while stock size was estimated by virtual population analysis (VPA), and finally, prediction models was estimated using Beverton & Holt's yield per recruit model. We used the following variables: growth parameters, fishing mortality, length at first capture, and age at 50% recruitment into the fishery. From these variables we found that the F_current (0.26) is higher than the target reference point (F_MSY= 0.24), which confirmed the indication of slight increased exploitation rate (E=0.62). It is shown that the Plectropomus leopardus was overexploited with spawner biomass-per-recruit at 20.6% of pristine levels. The regulation measures to correct the exploitation pattern and to reduce fishing mortality smaller than Fmsy including limiting the catch size and control on fishing gear by limiting fishing effort.

This study aims to determine the effect of the methanol extract of sea water clams (Meretrix meretrix) against blood chemistry profile in vivo in Sprague Dawley rats. After three months fed by two different methanol extract concentration i.e. 0.1 g. kg⁻¹ body weight (M/0.1) and 1 g. kg⁻¹ body weight (M/1), blood serum has been taken prior for the analysis using Biocon Diagnostic test kit quantitatively. Based on the observations, growth, feed intake, weight of liver and kidney were found in normal conditions. When comparing urea, creatinine and cholesterol extents among the control and treated mices were not significantly different (p>0.05) while the levels of bilirubin and albumin between control rats treated with M/0.1 and M/1 results in different significantly (p<0.05).

This paper describes the effects of planting distance and seedling sources on the performance growth of K. alvarezii cultured by using a long line method. The research was conducted in Bungin Permai Village, Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. A factorially experimental design consisted of four seedling sources, namely tissue-cultured with nutrient enrichment (KJR-P), tissue-cultured without any nutrient enrichment (KJR-TP), conventional seedling with nutrient enrichment (KV-P), and conventional seedling without any nutrient enrichment (KV-TP). Three planting distances (10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) with three replicates. The parameters like biomass growth, daily growth rate, and pigment content, were paid in attention during the research. Results of this research reveal that the planting distance has significant effects on biomass growth, daily growth rate, and chlorophyll content. It proves that the 20 cm long of binding distance conduces the highest biomass growth, daily growth rate, and chlorophyll content in each source of seaweed K.alvarezii seedling. The Duncan test analysis for the 20 cm of planting distance indicates that the KJR-P seedling source yields the highest biomass growth (464 grams), daily growth rate (7.24%), and chlorophyll content (6.21 mg/g), and it is significantly different (p<0.05) with three other seedling sources.

An autonomous CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) Argo float was deployed in the deepest Weber Basin of Banda Sea to investigate seasonal changes of the upper-layer seawater properties from the first year of CTD time-series data between August 2017 and July 2018. It is found that the float trajectory formed distinct elliptical-shapes, exhibiting a new picture of deep clockwise circulation of the float parking depth at 1000 m. On seasonal scale, large fluctuation of properties, mixed-layer depth, and thermocline thickness, were associated with seasonal alternating Ekman upwelling and downwelling dynamics. Upwelling "colder" event (July-September) was characterized by outcrops of 27°C isotherm, 34 psu isohaline and 22 kg/m³ isopycnal at sea surface and large lateral variation of salinity in the upper 50 m. In contrast, these properties lines deepen down to about 100 m depth during downwelling "warmer" event (December-February). Amplitude of seasonal temperature change in the upper-layer was about 3°C. The very fresh water episode in the upper-layer was found during the monsoon break in April.

The use of squid attractors is expected to promote optimum sustainable utilization of fisheries resources. The exploitation of squid, the important exportable commodities, has been very intensive. Fisheries management on such resources should also promote business development based on sustainability and enrichment of the stocks. Squid attractors are appropriate technology that can make a fishing area as a gathering place for squid and fish. The study presented here was focused on the effectiveness of squid attractors as an alternative tool for enriching squid stocks in coastal areas. The squid attractors were tested in the field. The squid attractors were made of materials from harmonica wire, bamboo, used car tires, used drums and pipes. Such materials can be easily obtained by fishermen so that they can help themselves to make them promoting livelihood and improving the habitat. The construction of the attractors and presence of squid eggs were directly observed underwater. The fishing efficiency using the squid attractor found to be 60-70%, i.e. the proportion of number of squid attractors occupied by the squid. Deployment of squid attractors is a potential place for spawning habitat for the squids.

Bacteria associated with seaweed were involved in the production of metabolites associated with their host, so they tend to have nearly the same metabolites to defend themselves or as antibiotics. The aim of this study was to isolate and to identify bacteria with antimicrobial activities from the marine green algae (Halimeda discoidea). Laboratory analysis was for the isolation of bacteria, selection of bacteria with antimicrobial activities, antibacterial activity tests and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Results showed that six bacterial isolates were isolated from outside and inside of the algae, which have antimicrobial activities. One was selected for further work which was have more antimicrobial activities. The bacteria showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) but not against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The bacterial growth curve was at an optimum phase at the 10^th to 16^th hour. Microscopic analysis and biochemical tests showed that isolated bacteria were a rod-shaped Gram-negative, acid-free, non-endosporous, reacted positively to gelatin, citrate and carbohydrate, reacting negatively on motile, and urease. We conclude that the bacteria isolated from green algae which had more antimicrobial properties belongs to the genus Pseudomonas guezennei.

This paper describes how to integrate and harmonize governability that is built on the dimensions of the governance system, system to be governed, and interactive governance. This form of integration often causes trade offs between governability (interdimensional), resulting in one of the systems more likely to have a more prominent role than other systems. This condition is often overlooked in the current management activities. Harmonization between dimensions of governance is done to synergize the roles of each dimension's attributes to achieve good governance in reaching the objectives of the management. In a hybrid pattern (an integration between governance system and systems to be governed), the interactive governance process could be achieved through an adaptive and responsive management, and monitoring and evaluation, as well as regulatory aspects and involvement of the stakeholders as prime movers of the processes in all phases of management. This is especially important for areas without explicit customary marine management traditions where the emergent nonformal institutional set-up needs to fill a particularly large void in the nonformal adaptive core within the formal MPA framework governance. In this context, even effective rules which achieve undesirable outcomes need to be examined for underlying rationales and incentives.

Sargassum polycystum is a seaweed that has a chemical compound that can be used as an antibacterial. Tilapia fillet is one of the fish product which is known as perishable food. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of S. polycystum ethanol extract in resisting the deterioration rate of tilapia fillet quality. The tilapia fillet was given three treatments that was soaked with 1% S. polycystum ethanol extract, positive control (washed with 10 ppm chlorine water), and negative control (water) was then stored for 10 days at a temperature of 4°C. The results of the study found that tilapia fillets that are soaked with S. polycystum ethanol extract solution can maintain the organoleptic value. TPC of tilapia fillet soaked with S. polycystum ethanol extract was better than control. Chemical test results (pH and TVB) showed the fillet that was soaked with S. polycystum ethanol extract had a better value than the control. Treatment with S. polycystum ethanol extract acts as an antibacterial compound similar to the positive control, but better than the negative control. This can be used in extending the shelf life of tilapia fillets in low temperatures by two days longer than negative control.

Fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) which contains mixture of small protein or peptide and free amino acids may be good to be applied in children's diet, preventing and combating malnutrition problem through readily absorbed essential amino acid. Malnutrition is still a big issue in East Asian countries including Indonesia. According to FAO, in 2005—2015, the percentage of children under five who experience stunting increased from 28.6% to 36.4%, while the percentage of stunting for Indonesian children was 37.2% (2013), 35.6% (2010), 36.8% (2007). Malnutrition in children can lead to serious problems such as abnormal brain development and susceptibility to various infectious diseases. The last report in 2016 revealed that stunted children have lower content of essential amino acid in their serum compared to the normal children. The aims of this study were to produce and analyze the amino acid profile of two fish hydrolysate protein (FPH) products from Sardinella using local microbial protease isolated from hot marine water. The FPH-1 and FPH-2, both from soluble and solid part of hydrolyzed fish were dominated by amino acid lysine and leucine as well as glutamic acid. Both FPH products can potentially be used as ingredients for developing food for malnourished children.

Fishing industry is not only concern about sustainability, but also ensuring health quality of fish sold in markets. Therefore health quality level of fish market is critical. Fish market regulations have been issued by more than one government agency that have comparable authority. Different mandates of those institutions created a lack of comprehensive regulation on how to develop and manage healthy fish market well. This situation could puzzle existing fish market managers or fish market developers. Author used direct qualitative comparison between existing regulations and descriptive analysis approach to formulate a comprehensive health standard for fish market development. The result is a synchronized comprehensive health standard consist of five aspects with 59 criteria. Some parts of the comprehensive standard (four aspects and 17 criteria) was then used as try-out to assess the health adequacy level of the Muara Angke fish market. Simple check list with percentage calculation was implemented to determine the level of health adequacy of the market. The results showed that on average the level of health adequacy reached only 39.7%. It means that Muara Angke fish market is an unhealthy fish market and needs a lot of improvement to become a healthy and hygiene fish market.

This study aimed to figure out a spatial and seasonal variation of litterfall production and its correlation with environmental parameters. The area was distinguished into three zones based on species domination, landward (Xylocarpus granatum); middle zone (Rhizophora apiculata) and seaward (Ceriops tagal). Four square, 50x50 cm (1 mm nylon mesh) litter traps were hung randomly in each zone, and the litters were collected monthly. Secondary climate data were compiled from the NOAA and BMKG, while soil and water contents were acquired from TIO-RCO investigation. The number of litter production on Kema was in the moderate category compared to several studies. Spatially, total litter production on landward (6.90±3.67 t.ha⁻¹.y⁻¹) and seaward (6.66±3.08 t.ha⁻¹.y⁻¹) were not significantly different, but they had a significant difference to the middle zone (8.93±4.85 t.ha^{− 1}.y⁻¹). Vegetative parts were highly dominant on litter composition. Total phosphate was highly correlated with spatial differences. Mangrove produced more litter during the dry season due to their higher metabolic adaptation to cope with the higher temperature and salinity. Even though there was no significant correlation between climate factors and total litter production. During season-transition periods, production of litterfall doubled than either dry/wet season followed by climatic parameter changes delivering physiological stresses.

PT. X is constantly lost profit allegedly due to inefficiencies in the processing of demersal fish fillets. This research was aimed to analyze the problem using the Kaizen method, a systematic analysis approach for continuous improvement. The research included the definition of the main problem, identification of the root causes on the employees, methods, materials and machine aspects, as well as identification of actions that are technically implementable and financially require less cost but produce maximum impact. The analysis of the production data in the frozen grouper fillets processing found differences in maximum yield in two production lines: 31.20% in Line 1 and 35.25% in Line 2, while the company's overall standard yield was 33%. These results indicated that interventions in Line 1 are needed to increase the yield by 2%. Root cause analysis found a numbery internal aspects that could be improved through Kaizen intervention, namely sorting raw materials, filleting, skinning, and trimming. Two interventions were recommended including employees training who in those aspects, and calibrating the main equipment. With such interventions, the inefficiencies worth Rp. 6.000,-/Kg of final product equivalent to Rp. 1.000.000.000,-/year of production could be overcome.

Samples collected from two coastal areas by diving and using a boat. The fresh seaweed morphologically identified while the dried samples collected to be used for DNA testing. Previous research has been shown that there is an influence from environmental parameters on seaweed composition so that the water quality testing was carried out to determine the dominance of wild seaweed water. We conducted genomes extraction, PCR amplification, DNA sequencing testing, alignment with MEGA 7 application and made phylogeny tree, which are distributed at Tomini bay Dictyota sp., Halimeda sp., Padina sp., Polysiphonia sp., and Banten bay as Sargassum sp. This study evaluated the feasibility of using the ITS2 marker to identify some wild seaweed species, from Tomini Bay and Banten Bay waters. Five wild seaweed species collected from these waters were submitted for DNA barcoding. Currently available universal primers for ITS2 region amplification were sufficient to be successfully amplified and the result of DNA amplification continue to be sequenced. In conclusion, the data presented here indicates that ITS2 are useful markers for DNA barcoding of wild seaweed, with advantage for ITS2 due to the larger availability of analytical tools and reference barcodes deposited at databases for this marker.

Pathogenic bacteria were analyzed using the most probable (MPN) method, and histamine level was analyzed using spectrofluorometer. The best liquid smoke concentration was determined using a sensory hedonic test including smell, taste and texture. In addition, water content and pH were also analysed. Concentration of liquid smoke varied between 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2%. The best concentration of liquid smoke was 1%. Fresh fillet dipped in 1% liquid smoke showed significantly decreased total plate count (TPC), from 4.1 x 10³ CFU/g in fresh fillet to 7.4 x 10² CFU/g in fillet dipped for 20 minutes. Analysis of pathogenic bacteria showed a positive result in fresh fillet, and a negative result in fillets dipped in 1% liquid smoke, after 2 days of incubation at 30°C. Analysis of anti-pathogenic bacteria showed the positive results in fresh fillet, and negative result fillets dipped in 1% liquid smoke. Further analysis of histamine content also supports our finding, in which the level of histamine goes down from 19.55 to 18.56 when dipped in 1% liquid smoke solution for 20 minutes. The results indicated that dipping fillet in liquid smoke is a very effective treatment to prevent pathogenic bacteria and histamine forming bacteria.

The aim of this study was to determine the diversity of fish species, and the role of the Bogowonto River estuary as the nursery and feeding ground of fishes. Seven sampling stations were determined in the estuary of Bogowonto River. Fish samples were identified, and measured the length and weight. The results showed that 2235 fishes were caught consisting of 38 species. The monthly Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') ranged from 1.05 to 2.38, while the evenness index (E) ranged from 0.44 to 0.74, and the species richness index (D) ranged from 0.22 to 0.45. The diversity index at each station showed the range of 1.72 to 2.29, and the evenness index ranged from 0.59 to 0.85, while the evenness index ranged from 0.22 to 0.34. The presence of the most numerous species namely Mystus gulio had the occurrence of 35.35%, and the second largest number was Moolgarda engeli 14.08% then Ambassis macrachantus 11.54%. Most fishes were juvenile with average size of <10 cm and weight <15 g. Bogowonto River estuary has played an important role in providing a nursery, feeding and spawning ground for marine, brackish and freshwater fishes.

Tyrosinase is an enzyme that plays a role in the formation of melanin on two reactions, namely monophenolase and diphenolase. The process of melanin formation can be reduced through the inhibition mechanism of the tyrosinase enzyme. Seaweeds are natural organisms that have recognized lightening agents. Sargassum plagyophyllum contains secondary metabolite compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins while Eucheuma cottonii contains alkaloids and terpenoids. The aim of this research was to determine the tyrosinase inhibitory activity of seaweeds. The yield of methanol extract amounted to 1.342% in S. plagyophyllum and 0.2599% in E. cottonii. The inhibitory activity of tyrosine is performed by measuring enzymatic reaction using L-tyrosine (monophenolase) and L-DOPA (diphenolase) substrates and presented as IC50 value. The IC50 values of kojic acid as a positive control were 15.566 μg/mL for monophenolase and 29.156 μg/mL for diphenolase. The IC50 values of S. plagyophyllum and E. cottonii methanol extracts for monophenolase were 2195.206 μg/mL and 2691.478 μg/mL, respectively. The IC50 value of methanol extract was 1769.336 μg/mL for S. plagyophyllum and 2631.648 μg/mL for E. cottonii on diphenolase. Methanol extracts from these two species of seaweed have the potential to be developed as bioactive compounds in skin lightening cosmetics.

An exposure assessment was performed to estimate the potential of lead dietary intake in the Indonesian population. Dietary exposure assessment requires information on lead concentration in food and food consumption data. The data of lead concentration in food was a secondary data obtained through online research from several online scientific resources with keywords "lead in food, lead contamination". Food consumption data were obtained from Indonesian Individual Food Consumption Survey. Lead dietary intakes were estimated with a deterministic approaches that used lead concentration in food and maximum level (ML) of lead in food based on Indonesia Nation Agency of Drug and Food Control (INA-DFC) regulation with the average value of food consumption. Risk characterization was conducted by comparing dietary intakes with a Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI). The results have shown that the infant group (0-59 months) had highest lead dietary intakes. Lead dietary intakes of mean concentration of lead from references are lower than lead dietary intake of INA-DFC ML of lead in all age groups. Risk characterization results showed that lead dietary intake of average level data and ML are at high risk (>100% PTWI) in all age groups. Major contributors to lead dietary intakes are fish and seafood.

PT. XY is a company engaged in the production of frozen vannamei shrimp which cannot be separated from the problems related to the proficiency of machine or equipment. Therefore, steps needed to be taken to resolve the problem. This study aimed to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of production using Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) analysis. The steps taken were as follows: Availability calculation, Performance Efficiency calculation, and Quality Product calculation. A result from the 15 observations showed availability of 96%, performance of 65.84% and quality of 99%. The OEE results from these observations were 62.87%. The data illustrate the need for improvement until the OEE score reached 85% or more. The focus of improvement was aimed at improving performance. Things that must be done to overcome the low value of performance is the monitoring of employee performance at the glazing and packaging stages to reduce the inefficient work of the engine.

Seahorse is a unique bony fish, which has appearance male pregnancy. Seahorses also have properties that are very effective in treating the potential of deadly antimicrobial attacks. Therefore, the traditional system of consuming seahorses, because of overfishing, causing the population to become extinct. Seahorses are rare animals and only found in certain regions. All of Hippocampus are listed species under Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). which is intended as a sea horses export must be obeyed by countries that have signed CITES. Another effort that can be done is by developing cultivation. To support these activities, it is necessary to provide seahorses in bulk and not depending on the season. In other words, the procurement of juwana must be programmed so that they can be produced on time, the right type, the right quality and quantity and also the exact location. These criterias can only be obtained from hatchery activities. Seahorses hatchery is still very new and not developed yet, especially in Indonesia. In addition, information on reproductive biology aspects is also very limited, so more in-depth research is needed.

PT. XYZ is one of the companies in Makassar which engaged in the processing of octopus commodity. This study was aimed to identify factors contributing to the losses using kaizen method in a raw octopus processing industry. The factors contributing to the losses were identified from direct observation during octopus processing and analyzing company's data records from February until April 2018. The direct observation on gutting employees discovered the average shrinking size for A grade (2000 g-up) was 9.1%, B grade (1000-2000 g) was 10%, and C grade (0-1000g) was 10.6%. Inconsistencies were found after analyzing the data records at the gutting stage. While the standard gutting percentage is 12% on all octopus raw material sizes, the actual average gutting value was 13.7%. The results suggest that it is possible to establish a higher standard for optimizing corporate profits. The saving gained per 1% weight on C grade was estimated Rp 758,240,000,-/year while B grade was Rp 996,544,000,-/year, and A grade was Rp 1,191,520,000,-/year. These savings can be achieved by the addition of supervision during gutting process and sortation purchasing employee, training for employee awareness and work system applied by the company.

The purpose of this study was to assess the fish biodiversity of Sungsang estuaries in South Sumatra. The species diversity, evenness, dominance, degree of similarity, and composition of fish communities as well as some physicochemical conditions were analyzed in order to establish the baseline data inventory of Sungsang estuaries. The results show that all of the physico-chemical parameters were in good condition for fish sustainability. Forty-eight (48) species of fish belonging to 29 families of freshwater, brackish water and marine sources were encountered in the water bodies. Johnius belangerii, Johnius amblycephalus and Setipinna taty were species with a relatively high abundance, but the appearance frequency of these species was high, medium and low, respectively. The value of the Shannon's diversity index for fish resources was classified as moderate (H'=1.477-2.708). The index value of evenness was classified as high (J'= 0.616 – 0.876), while the index value of dominance was classified as low (D = 0.097 – 0.382). This result indicate that the species diversity was good enough, the species spread was evenly distributed, that there was a stable community structure and no domination.

Chitosan oligomer is a hydrolysis product of chitosan which can be prepared by enzymatic method, including chitosanase that may be produced by bacteria. Previously, chitosanase from Aeromonas media KLU 11.16 has been purified and characterized. The aim of this study was to analyze the bioactivity of chitosan oligomer prepared by using Aeromonas media KLU 11.16 chitosanase, as antifungal. Chitosan oligomer was prepared from shrimp waste chitosan, and hydrolyzed by 8U chitosanase per gram chitosan. The reaction time was for 2, 3 and 4 hours at 30°C. The oligomer produced then determined their yields and viscosities; and was identified by using a thin layer chromatography (TLC). Antifungal activity test against Aspergilus flavus, A. niger, Eurotium amstelodami and Emericella nidulans was performed on selected oligomers based on consideration of yield and TLC result, with oligomer concentrations of 0; 50; 100 and 200 ppm. The result showed that hydrolysis chitosan by Aeromonas media KLU 11.16 chitosanase for 4 hours reduced the viscosity from 187.5 to 13 cPs, and produced oligomers 96.14% of yield. The oligomers identified by TLC were monomer (1 unit) to hexamer (6 unit), and showed their antifungal activity against the four fungi tested. The best inhibition was showed by 200 ppm of oligomer against A. flavus.

Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty), a red seaweed, is the most widely cultivated commodity in Indonesia. However, there is a decline in the cultivation production in the last three years. One way to overcome this problem is by improving the quality of seedlings through a development of farming. Efforts made from these are to develop farming techniques using different planting distances (PD) treatments. This study aimed to determine the effect of different PD on growth and carrageenan yield of K. alvarezii using seedlings produced from mass selection combined with tissue-cultured method. This research was conducted in Marobo coastal waters, Bone District, Muna Regency, SE Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments based on different PD and five replications. The treatments were A: 10 cm PD, B: 15 cm PD, and C: 20 cm PD. The results show that the daily growth rate (DGR) of all treatments tended not to differ significantly. For 10 cm PD, the DGR tended to be higher and significantly different from the other two treatments, 15 cm and 20 cm. DGR averagely were 6.00±1.19%/day, 5.36±1.17%/day, and 5.27±1.62%/day for 10, 15, and 20 cm PD, respectively. The ratio of fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) showed no significant differences among treatments. Ratio of FW:DW treatments of 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm were 8.34:1, 9.58:1, and 8.98:1, respectively. For carrageenan yield, the treatment of 20 cm PD showed highest yield and it was significantly different from other treatments. Seaweed diseases and epiphytes found during this study were ice-ice and epiphytes (Sargassum polychystum).

The potential of microalgae Spirulina sp. biomass as a raw material food is very large. Spirulina sp. is believed to promote health effects in human being. This study was aimed to assess the phytosterol content and amino acid profile of microalgae. Microalgae has been targeted because of several advantages, namely high area productivity, relative ease to cultivate, lack of need to compete with food products in terms of fertile areas, ability to adapt to environmental changes by generating secondary metabolites that are useful, and possibility to be used to refine and take nutritive from effluent. Spirulina sp. was collected from Yogyakarta, Indonesia and was tested for proximate content, B-sitosterol and stigmasterol content and amino acid profile. Spirulina sp. can be considered as a source of functional amino acid (FAA) in human nutrition as they are rich in glutamic acid (75,320.79 ppm), Leusin (58,568.49 ppm) and aspartic acid (43,830.78 ppm). Saponification fraction of Spirulina sp. contain 5.39+2.29 % B-sitosterol and 7.61+2.01 stigmasterol.

The coastal of Lhok Bubon at West Aceh district, Aceh Province is ideal habitat for macro algae, such as Chaetomorpha crassa. The objectives of this paper is to analyse the antioxidant activity of C. crassa; to determine their antioxidant activities correlation with total phenolic contents with different extract of marine macroalgae. The C. crassa samples were collected from the coastal area of Lhok Bubon, West Aceh District (latitude 4011'51.07"N; longitude 9601'42.33"E) Aceh Province, Indonesia in June 2017. Several assay by laboratory approach including chemical composition, extraction, phytochemical screening, DPPH, CUPRAC, FRAP assays and measurement of total phenolic content (TPC) was used. The result showed that the antioxidant activities of three extract of green algae C.crassa clearly indicated that they possess antioxidant activity in different method including DPPH, CUPRAC and FRAP. The correlation has indicated to correlate positively between the total phenol content and antioxidant activity with three methods of antioxidant activity.

The rocky shore of the southern coast of Garut, which is directly adjacent to the Indian Ocean, is strongly influenced by large energy waves. This condition has an impact on marine biota, especially macroalgae. Macroalgae that grow in these waters are macroalgae with high adaptation. The aims of this study were to determine the diversity, adaptation and potency of macroalgae on the rocky shore of the southern coast of Garut, West Java. Observation of macroalgae on the southern coast of Garut was conducted on May 2016. The study was conducted in nine locations, namely Bubujung, Karang Paranje, Santolo Indah, Karang Papak, Taman Manalusu, Cicalobak, Karang Wangi, Ranca Buaya 1 dan Ranca Buaya 2. Macroalgae samples were collected by the transect quadrate method. Parameters measured were species, standing crops biomass and substrates of macroalgae. A total of 44 species (21 genera) of macroalgae have been successfully collected from the southern coast of Garut, West Java. The adaptation of macroalgae on the large energy waves was by morphological changes. There are 13 of 21 genera of macroalgae that were collected which were the economically potential. Hormophysa, Padina, Sargassum and Turbinaria are alginate producers, whereas, Gelidiella and Gracilaria are agarose producers.

Ilabulo crackers of skipjack fish (Katsuwonus pelamis) is one of the traditional food diversification products. The aim of this research in Indonesia was to analyze the physical and hedonic quality of Ilabulo Skipjack Fish Crackers fortified nano calcium bone on a different formula. Physical testing using TA-XT2i and hedonic quality using Kruskall Wallis non­parameter analyze and using SPSS 16 software. The data was using analysis of variance and a significant effect was continued by Duncan test. The results of this research showed physical analyze about the crispness that formulation B higher 17875.7/gf than formulation A 14366.2/gf, formulation C 10142.8/gf and formulation D 4884/gf. All results within different formulas obtained were significantly different. The hedonic quality of formulation A was chosen with the criteria of complete appearance, flat surface, neutral texture, brownish yellow color, slightly fishy and rather savory.

Fishery resources of Raja Ampat Regency's waters in West Papua Province have shown a declining trend in terms of total coral fish production. In order to sustainably manage the fishery for future utilization, a baseline analysis needs to be carried out as a tool for sustainable management. This paper attempts to indicate baseline performance of fisheries from bioeconomic perspectives. Data in this study was collected from primary and secondary data. Primary data collected by using quesionair for asking respondents who coastal people of Raja Ampat in 6 (six) villages, than secondary data collected should be in time series format and coming from officially office related government. Than the data resulted to be analyses using bioeconomic formula. One of important results of bioeconomic analysis is that currently there is no indication of overfishing yet in Raja Ampat waters. Total production in open access level has showen 3.97 ton per week. Effort in sole owner level (MEY) has showen 9.06 trip per week. Economic rent under sole owner regime is around Rp 43,040,425.19 per week. This condition has shown that catch per unit effort has been efficient, so that fish harvest has been better and will be followed by maximum economic rent.

Raja Ampat Regency in West Papua Province, Republic of Indonesia has abundant natural fishery resources. Marine Protected Area (MPA) has been established in marine areas of Raja Ampat Regency. To manage MPA better, measureable parameters and clear indicators are required. The decision on the indicators can be conducted by bioeconomic model approach. The results of research show that the establishment of MPA will increase harvest level and revenue. But "bigger is better" could not be adopted for the development of MPA. The optimal MPA size will contribute to increasing yields and revenue and can reduce the level of effort.

This study aimed to characterize the bread products that was given additional chitosan oligomer from crustacean (shrimp) waste. The making of bread with the addition of chitosan oligomer was carried out with concentration treatment (0, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) and the test parameters were chemical, physical (functional groups of chitosan oligomers, hardness with texture profile analyzer, and appearance of bread texture improvement using SEM tools) and sensory (hedonic). The results of chemical content of white bread showed that of moisture content ranged from 28.50% to 31.48%, protein content of 8.75%-10.85%, fat content of 5.87%-7.6% and carbohydrate (by different) of 48.77% to 56.88%. Analysis of hydroxyl groups in chitosan oligomers using FTIR displayed an absorption at a wavelength of 1437.7 cm⁻¹. Based on the results of hardness testing, the greater the concentration of chitosan oligomer added, the lower the hardness value of the resulting bread would be, making the texture softer. The results of SEM analysis showed that the addition of chitosan oligomer expanded more perfectly, especially in the addition of chitosan oligomer treatment by 0.3%. The overall hedonic test results on the bread gave insight that the addition of chitosan oligomer treatment by 0.3% was the most preferred.

Mud carb is one of the fisheries commodities that has a high economical value. Production of mud carb still depends on the wild stock for the seed, while the production from aquaculture sector has not been well established yet. Aquasilviculture is one of the options to develop aquaculture sector for this commodity in mangrove forest. This research aims to analyze and evaluate environment parameters that affected mud crab production in mangrove forest ecosystem at Mojo village, Ulujami, Pemalang. This research was conducted based on the survey method. The result from physical-chemistry analysis of the water in mud crab habitat showed that the most affecting factor in mud crab production was salinity. The production of mud crab tends to be high in salinity level between 21-25 g/L. From this result, site selection with stable water salinity should be considered for the development of mud crab aquasilviculture.

Coenobita rugosus is one of the most popular hermit crab species traded as pets due to its attractive colors, easy maintenance, and especially by its uniqueness in using others' shells as their home. The aims of this experiment were to improve survival rate of hermit crabs by providing their ecological needs in artificial habitat and to observe their behaviour in the designed artificial habitat. The experiment was conducted by designing five types of terrarium i.e. empty terrarium as negative control (T_C); terrarium with separating system (T₁); terrarium with separating system, hiding, and climbing space (T₂); terrarium with separating system and burrowing space (T₃); and complete terrarium with separating system and all spaces mentioned (T₄). The best survival and growth rate were shown by T₄ followed by T₂ terrarium. T₂ and T₄ survival rate were significantly greater (p < 0.05) from the three other treatments. Despite the low survival rate, terrariums with separating systems could maintain the survival rate of land hermit crab in the first 6 weeks of the experiment compared to control terrariums. This proved that a separating system holds an important role in keeping terrarium's cleanliness thus decrease the mortality.

Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a bioreactor which utilizes exoelectrogenic bacteria as electrocatalysis to convert bioenergy from biochemical substances into electrical energy. This research aimed to determine the formation of biofilms attached, the electrical voltage generated from MFC and its effect to reduce biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and to determine the characteristics of the microbes formed. The MFC system has a single chamber using boiled fish processing wastewater as media. Microbial density within the biofilm attached to anode and cathode of the MFC showed different microbial counts. There was quite high density on the cathode but no microbial growth on the anode, either by Nutrient Agar (NA) or deMan-Rogosa Sharpe agar (MRSA) media in plating method. The electricity produced was 0.39 V on average, the highest value was 0.49 V at 42 hours. The MFC system was able to decrease the average value of 83.0% BOD and 83.5% COD. The TAN value increased from 0.063±0.01 to 0.36±0.16 mg/L. There were 12 bacterial isolates, six grown on NA and others on MRSA. Three isolates that grew on NA had different characteristic groups of colony and six on MRSA showed six different characteristics.

Scalloped hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna lewini) are top predators in the marine ecosystem. This species also began to be listed in Appendix II CITES in 2013 and received Indonesia government regulation through banning export. Kutaraja is one of fishing port Banda Aceh, and hammerhead sharks often caught as by-catch from coastal and pelagic fisheries that operate in Indian ocean western part of Aceh. This research aims to determine the size distribution and sex ratio of scalloped hammerhead sharks that landed in Kutaraja fishing port. Data were collected including length distribution and sex composition of captured scalloped hammerhead shark during January-December 2017. Results show that the size distribution of hammerhead sharks are between 62 and 272 cm in Total Length (TL) with an average of 131 cm TL for males and between 58 and 281 cm TL with an average of 128 cm TL for females. There was a positive relationship between the total length and clasper length. The Sex ratio of male and female is 1:1.7. The result of this study hopefully will help management effort for this endangered species, especially in how to reduce the by-catch of female and immature hammerhead sharks that dominate the catch in Banda Aceh fisheries.

Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed collected from farmers in North Gorontalo were dried under the sun for 4-5 days. The aim of this research was to compare the quality of dried K. alvarezii processed by 3 different methods, i.e. use of plastic sheets, use of bamboo shelf and dry hanging. During the drying period, temperature was monitored and sensory checking was carried out to asses physical appearance, texture, moisture, impurities and CAW (clean anhydrous weed) levels of dried seaweed. Drying using plastic sheets and bamboo shelf was carried out for 5 days @ 6-7 hours at temperature of 29.8°C. The quality of K. alvarezii dried on plastic sheets showed less clean appearance, rather dull specific type, dry texture was less uniform, the clay was not easily broken, moisture level was 4.96%, impurities was 7.23%, CAW was 87.52%. The quality of K. alvarezii dried on bamboo shelf had a slightly less clean appearance, specific type of less bright color, less uniform dry texture, clay was not easily broken, moisture level was 4.64%, impurities was 7.18%, CAW was 74.77%. The quality of K. alvarezii dried by dry hanging over 4 days @ 7 hours at temperature of 29.8°C, had less clean appearance, specific dull color, evenly dry texture, the clay was not easily broken, moisture was 8.25%, impurities was 7.21%, and CAW was 61.29%.

The skin of fish contains collagen which can be used as a material for food, pharmacy or cosmetics. Collagen from fish is a good source of bioactive peptides which are produce through enzymatic hydrolysis and may be beneficial for human health. This research was conducted to investigate antioxidant and antifungal activities of milkfish (Chanos chanos) collagen which was hydrolyzed by Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus thuringiensis proteases. The collagen was isolated from milkfish skin and the hydrolysis was done using B. licheniformis protease and crude protease from B. thuringiensis at alkaline condition, 55°C for 30 and 60 minutes. The hydrolysates obtained were assayed for antioxidant activities using ABTS and DPPH methods and antifungal activities against Candida albicans. The results showed that generally, collagen hydrolyzed using B. thuringiensis protease both 30 and 60 minutes showed higher antioxidant activities than of that hydrolyzed using B. licheniformis protease. The hydrolysates also reduced C. albicans at least for 5 log cycles. The results indicated that collagen hydrolyzed using B. thuringiensis protease is very potent as antioxidant and antifungal against C. albicans in future pharmaceutical product.

Conservation effort of sea turtles faces several challenges, e.g. habitat destruction, eggs and turtle meat consumptions, or production of souvenirs (e.g. turtle bodies). In their duties, conservation officers may find sea turtles in different condition (e.g. body fragments, eggs, pieces of meat, etc.), usually it is difficult to identify due to incomplete morphology. Therefore, the use of DNA barcoding becomes an alternative for for identification at species level, contribute taxonomic and biodiversity research. This study was conducted to develop a protocol suitable for identifying sea turtles from different tissue samples conditions using DNA barcoding. A total of 16 tissue samples in different condition (fresh, dead-body, smoked-meat) were collected. A protocol was developed to enable identification of tissue samples of different quality or condition. A 719 bp control region fragment was analyzed. The high percentage similarity was confirmed in GenBank CO1 sequence with 99%-100%. Four sea turtle species were identified among the samples, i.e. Chelonia mydas (4 samples), Lepidochelys olivacea (9 samples), Eretmochelys imbricata (2 samples) and Dermochelys coriacea (1 samples). This study was successfully amplified by using DNA target of control region and therefore, will be beneficial for conservation management of sea turtles in Indonesia.

High proportion of dead coral in coral reefs ecosystem are inhabited by a wide variety of associated organisms such as crustacean as a place to live. However, lack of study on the functional of dead corals in high diversity such Indonesian coral reefs. This study aimed to investigate the diversity and density of inhabitant decapod species from two different dead corals with different life form and complexity (Pocillopora verrucosa and Seriatopora histrix). A total of 235 individuals consisting of 7 families, 11 genera and 35 species was observed in P. verrucosa. While in S. histrix, a total of 74 individuals consisting of 5 families, 6 genera and 11 species were recorded. Index of diversity (H') on dead coral P. verrucosa for decapods was higher than on S. histrix. Evenness index (E) in both types of dead coral was relatively steady. The domination index (D) for S. histrix was significantly higher than on P. verrucosa. The species density on P. verucosa was significantly higher (25 ± 11.34 ind/L) than on S. histrix (8 ±1.9 ind/L). This study is explaining the complexity of life form on the dead coral seems potentially inhabited by more and diverse decapods.

Sharks and rays are vulnerable species, which are highly exploited in Indonesian waters but lacked of detailed information on their ecology and fisheries status. This research aims to assess the level of vulnerability of sharks and rays to overfishing using the maximum intrinsic rate of population increase (r_max), derived from the Euler-Lotka equation, as a proxy of extinction risk. It is calculated based on several biological parameters including fecundity, maximum age, age at maturity, and the number of offspring. Using rmax calculation adapted to shark and ray life history traits by accounting for survival to maturity, we were able to calculate rmax values for 26 out of 208 sharks and rays species present in Indonesia. This includes vulnerable species such as Mobula alfredi, Prionace glauca, and Pristis zijsron. This result showed that r_max is a valuable tool which can be used to quantify extinction risk with some level of precision, but it also highlights the necessity to collect important biological information of the most vulnerable species to further estimate their status. This approach requires complementary information related to external threats such as habitat degradation, species economic value and threat level from local fishing effort and related fishing gears.

Equatorial Pacific Rossby waves may enter into the interior of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF)'s eastern pathway, such as along the Outer Banda Arcs (OBA). This study aimed to investigate the dynamics of the ITF along the OBA channel from Ceram Sea to Aru Basin to Western Timor Passage. This is necessary because it can provide information about the physical oceanographic conditions, especially the dynamics of the current in the study area. Based on the Hovmoller diagram, a propagation of the signal from kinetic energy was found along the OBA which its phase speed theoretically appears to be trapped in Rossby waves, because of the similarity of the speed phase. The normal mode analysis shows that the oscillation in Ceram Sea, Aru Basin, and Timor Passage has the same pattern based on the potential density and Brunt-Vaisala frequency profiles. The transport's coherence between Indo-Pacific meridional winds and transport volume in Aru Basin shows a strong coherence value (0.94) which is dominated by an annual variability with a period of 341 days. The results suggest that zonal winds along the equator Pacific Ocean act as a remotely forced Rossby waves that propagate westward, entering the interior of Indonesian Seas.

This research aimed to study the MSI of natural condiment cube coated with an edible coating, using the standard gravimetric method. Condiment pasta was performed into small cubes about 15 mm wide, dried, and coated with an edible coating made from carrageenan flour. Uncoated cube was used as a control sample. Samples of natural condiment cube were placed in a series of desiccators represented of a range of RH's, and allowed to equilibrate, indicated by constant weight of samples. Water content of equilibrated sample was then measured as equilibrium moisture content (EMC). Five models of the equation were used in this experiment to fix Moisture sorption isotherm (MSI) data. The results show that natural condiment cube coated with edible coating has lower water content than control. The equilibrium moisture contents of natural condiment coated with edible coating ranged between 7.0 and 76 % dry basis. Henderson models showed best-fit values of regression coefficients with mean relative determination (MRD) of 8.21, and moisture sorption isotherm curved were sigmoid. In conclusion, edible coated were effectively used as a coating of natural condiment cube, stored in ambient temperatures only in RHs lower than 75%.

As perishable food, fish require a proper handling from on-boarding, unloading, marketing and processing. This handling is closely related to the effect of fish product consumption on public health, such as seafood allergy by consuming degraded longtail tuna. This species is one of the dominant catches that landed at Pekalongan Archipelagic Fishing Port. This research aimed to evaluate longtail tuna handling to ensure the standard of quality assurance and safety of fisheries products. The fish quality was scored by scale of 1 – 9. Data were collected by sensory evaluation of fish quality during unloading process. The gap was assessed by comparing the actual process and the regulation in Minister of Marine Affairs Fisheries Decision – KEPMEN KP No. 52A/2013. The result showed that the quality of longtail tuna landed in Pekalongan AFP was acceptable by 7.85. The suitability to the handling standard was poor by 64.30%. The conclusion from sensory evaluation, the quality of longtail tuna landed at Pekalongan AFP is still in compliance with the quality of Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 2729:2013, but the level of suitability of handling longtail tuna has not complied with the regulation in Decision of Minister Marine Affairs Fisheries (MMAF) – KEPMEN KP No. 52A/2013.

Sargassum sp. is a type of seaweed that produces a high enough amount of alginate. Alginate is a natural anionic polysaccharide derived from the cell wall of seaweed. Alginate has several advantages such as sodium tripoliphospat, commonly used as one of the ingredients for meatballs. The purpose of this study was to identify brown algae used as samples, find out how to extract alginate, find out the quality of alginate produced, and apply alginate to the manufacture of tuna meatballs. The results showed that the sample of seaweed used was Sargassum polycystum. Alginate extraction process was done using Le-Gluahec-Herter method with ten stages of process. The resulting sodium alginate had a moisture content of 9.61%, ash content of 22%, pH level of 9.4 and a viscosity of 50 Cp. The character of the results met the 1981 Food Chemical Codex (FCC) standard for the food industry. The application of alginate to the manufacture of tuna meatballs can improve the texture of the resulting meatballs. The results of quality testing meatballs with chemical parameters and microbiology met the quality standards of fish meatballs, SNI 7266-2014.

Crispy fish seaweed is an innovative fisheries product. The chance to meet such expectation is high because, in crispy fish seaweed, two ingredients namely wheat flour as gluten and almond powder as vegetable protein are replaced by more nutritious component namely cornstarch as non-gluten, catfish meat as fish protein and refined carrageenan as an additive. This research aimed to find the best formula of crispy fish seaweed, through a series of modifications to the ingredient composition, associated with their characteristics and the property of the resulting product using web diagram sensory method. The results showed that the best formula is: 200 g catfish meat, 10 g margarine, 1 egg, 20 g cornstarch, 1 g cake emulsifier, 1 g carrageenan, 0.5 g salt, and 6 g garlic. The formula gives a sensory value of appearance 9, smell 9, taste 9, texture 9, crunchy 9. Other characteristics of the formula are: moisture content of 1.5%, 3.7 % ash, 54% protein, 11.6% fat, 29.6% carbohydrate, TPC 1.8 x 10², negative yeast, and total energy of 329.1 Kcal. This research also recommends a packaging and label design which is in accordance with the Indonesia Law No 7 of year 1996.

Indonesia is the heart of the Coral Triangle–the global epicenter for marine biodiversity, and home to many endemic, threatened and protected species. There is a need for rapid, low-cost methods to better identify and tackle seafood fraud in Indonesia because Indonesia is also the world's largest shark fishing nation. Levels of domestic consumption of sharks and their relatives are thought to be significant, with different drivers of consumption across different products and geographies, including active and passive consumption, where passive consumers being unaware of the species origin of their seafoods. This study applies a COI DNA barcoding method to identify seafood products sold in local markets, with the aim of better understanding of the species composition about non-fin shark products in the domestic trade, and assessing the reliability of the COI method for seafood forensics. The results showed that all sampled seafood products were successfully identified to the species level, with an accuracy of 97-100%. Samples varied from different products including satay, salted meat, and meat curry, which are mostly sold in traditional markets. The magnitude, distribution and drivers of domestic consumption of shark product need to be understood in order to guide the design of future conservation.

Seaweeds from seashore contain high nutrient and various bioactive compounds that have various beneficial roles such as antioxidant property. Antioxidants can improve health and play a role in preventing the emergence of chronic diseases. This study was aimed to characterize green seaweed salt antioxidant activity. The study consisted of analysis of the mineral, and NaCl content, as well as determination of the antioxidant activity of green seaweed salt by CUPRAC and FRAP method. Different factors affecting salt quality and antioxidant activityincluding types of seaweed (Caulerpa lentillifera and Halimeda opuntia), temperatures (40°C, 55°C and 70°C) and extraction times (10 and 30 minutes) were evaluated. The results showed that the interaction between seaweed, time and temperature did not significantly affect the level of salt content, but significantly affected the Na:K ratio and NaCl content. Salt of C. lentillifera treated at 40°C for 30 minutes showed the highest antioxidant activity measured with FRAP method (137. 07 μmol trolox/g), while salt of H. opuntia treated at 40°C treatment for 30 minutes gave the highest antioxidant activity as measured by CUPRAC method (58.14 μmol trolox/g).

Seagrass has the ability to store carbon through photosynthesis. The ability is influenced by environmental factors. This study was aimed to examine the diversity of seagrass and investigate the carbon storage in seagrass' biomass in two stations at Teluk Bakau Village, Bintan Island. This research was conducted at two stations including Beralas Pasir Island (small island) and Teluk Bakau Village Beach (mainland). Measure of seagrass biomass with dried seagrass sample was carried out at 60°C temperature. The analysis of carbon content was carried out on the biomass of the four dominant seagrass species found in the Teluk Bakau Village namely Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassia hemprichii. The results show that the carbon storage on seagrass has a correlation with seagrass biomass. Enhalus acoroides has the highest carbon content compared to the other three seagrass species. In general, seagrass located in Teluk Bakau Village Beach have higher biomass than seagrass located in Beralas Pasir Island, and it means that they have high carbon storage. This is expected to occur considering that the area of Teluk Bakau Village Beach is close to the mainland, where there is a high nutrient input support for the growth of seagrass biomass.

Antibacterial properties of nano-chitosan used for fish preservation would achieve optimum effect when combined with cooling. Applying nano-chitosan incorporated in ice can reduce the cooling cost of conventional fish industry. On the other hand, during fish handling, nano-chitosan has a high probability to be contaminated by salt in seawater. This study was aimed to test the effect of salt and freezing-thawing on nano-chitosan antibacterial activity. Nano-chitosan was prepared using ionic gelation and polyelectrolyte complex methods. NaCl (3%m/v) was added into nano-chitosan solutions to evaluate the effect of salt. Chitosan solution in diluted acetic acid was also tested as blank. The effect of freezing was undertaken by placing nano-chitosan and chitosan solution in the freezer until the solutions were completely frozen and then thawing the frozen solution in ambient temperature. The addition of salt not only reduced the particle size but also reduced zeta potential due to the possible neutralization. It also might reduce its antibacterial activity. Freezing effect increased particle size because low temperature triggered particle agglomeration but it did not show any changes in zeta potential. The result of this preliminary study indicated that nano-chitosan ice would give more benefit as fish preservative compared to plain ice.

Formation of formaldehyde in fish can occur naturally through the breakdown of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) become formaldehyde and the dimethylamine by-product in the fish during the postmortem phase by trimethylamine-N-oxide demethylase (TMAOase). The objective of this study was to characterize TMAOase which isolated from Saurida tumbil. The study was carried out by homogenizing of fish muscle using Tris-acetate buffer (pH 7.0) and centrifuged 10,000xg for 30 minutes. The supernatant was then added 1 M NaCl up to pH 4.5 and centrifuged at again. The supernatant was neutralized and heated at 80°C for 20 minutes, then centrifuged at 10,000xg for 30 minutes and then characterized by temperature, pH, cofactor effect on enzyme activity, and molecular weight. The same supernatant and then was dialyzed for 2 hours and determined its enzyme activity, protein concentration, and molecular weight. The result showed that TMAOase enzyme had optimum activity at pH 7 and temperature at 50°C and cofactor combination of cysteine, ascorbate, and FeCl2 could increase TMAOase activity. The dialysate had yield 3.71%, 1.78 fold purification, and molecular weight 20 kDa.

Seahorse is known as the organism with different reproduction mechanism from other organisms showing male pregnancy. Phenomenon of cryptic species and complex species often lead to morphologically misidentification. DNA barcoding is commonly used as a tool for molecular identification. From 33 types of seahorses in Indonesia, 7 of them were found in Bintan waters. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the species of seahorse by molecular marker based on 16S rRNA gene and determine the genetic relationship of seahorse from Bintan Island,Indonesia. The specimens were collected from Berakit,Bintan. DNA was extracted, then amplification of 16S rRNA gene fragment was carried out. The results showed that the sequence of amplified DNA of seahorse were Hippocampus comes has a high degree of kinship with H. comes originating from Taiwan.

UV radiation has negative effects on the health of the skin. The use of sunscreen everyday can absorb at least 85% sunlight at a wavelength of 290-320 nm. The purpose of this research was to find the best formulation of seaweed porridge Sargassum sp. and Eucheuma cottonii as a sunscreen cream qualified by antioxidant activity, SPF, physical evaluation of cream analysis and stability analysis. Cream formulation comprised of 5%, 6%, 7% and control. The best percentage of stocks from cream E. cottonii and Sargassum sp. were the cream preparation C. The value of antioxidant activity and SPF were 185±0.02 mg/mL and 2.1988, respectively. The pH value belongs to alkaline. Cycling test showed the cream preparation of the slurry E. cottonii and Sargassum sp. remained stable, there was no phase separation and discoloration. Centrifugal test results indicate that the cream has a shelf life for 1 year due to the absence of phase separation after given effect centrifugal force with a speed of 3,800 rpm for 5 hours.

The Berhala Strait is located between the islands of Sumatra and Kundur Island with natural resources on the seabed in the form of lead. One of the state-owned mining companies is PT Tambang Timah that has the authorization to exploit lead on the west coast of Kundur Island. Typical oceanographic conditions of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) range from 35-37 mg/L, naturally large rivers that flow into the east coast of Sumatra contributed to the increase of TSS. Indications of the process can be seen from the range of surface salinity in these waters ranging from 25.5-28.0 psu. Mining activities at coastal waters have the high potential to increase turbidity in the water column. The scenario in this TSS distribution model is based on 2D-hydrodynamics model. The increase of TSS within the seawater is caused by the operation of dredgers (6 units) and suction vessels (11 units). TSS Model is built for two different monsoons, the northeast and southeast monsoons. Lead/metal mining activities in the west coast waters of Kundur Island cause an increasing TSS concentration up to 90-100 mg/L. TSS distribution patterns from mining activities will be explained simultaneously in 2 different monsoons.

The mangrove ecosystem in Jor Bay is described as a socio-ecological system that has a multi-puidrose function and is related to ecosystem services. The concept of ecosystem services is based on the relationship between ecosystem quality and human well-being. But this relationship is complicated and we have a poor understanding of how the quality of mangrove ecosystems can affect human well-being, and how human well-being changes in response to increase or decline in ecosystem change. Therefore, an elasticity analysis is conducted to determine that linkage mechanism and simplify the complexities and context dependency of the ecosystem quality and human well-being relationship. The study was conducted in April-May 2018 in Jor Bay, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The approach that was used in this research is an Elasticity Model. The results obtained are ecosystem services that are most widely used in Jor Bay, especially in non-direct extraction use. The general condition of ecosystem services in Teluk Jor is still in a suidrlus condition (using a capacity matrix, demand matrix and supply matrix). After mapping out the elasticity, it was found that the mangrove ecosystem in Jor Bay has a high positive elasticity.

Lemuru Bleeker, 1853 is one of the most commonly found species in pelagic fisheries in Bali Strait. Data from the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) Terra satellite remote sensing, collected over a period of nine years from 2007 to 2015, were used to observe the spatial relationship between lemuru catches, Sea Surface Temperature (SST), and Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration in the Bali Strait, Indonesia. The purpose of the study was to provide information about the spatial relationship between lemuru catches and both marine environmental parameters. Linear correlation analysis was carried out to determine the level of relationship with the restriction of the analysis of long-term and seasonal relationships. The results showed that during the year of observation, lemuru catches showed a declining trend. Lemuru catches showed a correlation with SST and chl-a concentration, as clearly indicated by high responses in DJF (December-January-February) and SON (September-October-November) months and unclear responses in MAM (March-April-Mei) months and JJA (June-July-August) months. In DJF, the spatial relationship between both marine environmental parameters and lemuru catches was high in the central part of the strait and in SON in the northwestern part of the strait.

Corallivore became one of the biotic components that relate with coral coverage. The objective of this study was to determine the trophic structure of reef fishes, as well as the relationship between corallivores and hard corals in the northern part of Kepulauan Seribu. Reef fish species and benthic coverage were assessed using underwater visual census (UVCs) and Line Intercept Transect (LIT). The results showed that there were 120 reef fish species belonging to 7 trophic groups and 19 families. Pomacentridae and Labridae are the most abundant fish families. Based on reef fish components, Sepa Besar reef fish characteristics were dissimilar than the other sites. The highest coral cover was found in Pelangi Island, which related with the high abundance of corallivores. An abundance of corallivore groups showed a positive correlation (R² = 0.7786) with hard coral cover. The abundance and diversity of reef fish were affected by the availability and variety of food. Our study shows that coral covers affect the abundance of corallivore fishes. Variability and existence of food for reef fishes are really important for resort priprietors to be aware of especially for those who manage diving and snorkeling activities.

Two experimental groups were applied to measure oxygen consumption (OC) of young grey mullets Mugil cephalus (TL: 27.3±2.1 cm; TW: 187.9±45.8 g) at different temperatures (15, 20, and 25°C). Specimens of fish from seawater (30 psu) and freshwater (0 psu) were transferred in to brackish water (15 psu). Rate of fish OC after rearing in brackish water, showed significant difference (P<0.05) in that the grey mullets consumed 90.9, 116.8, and 172.1 mg O₂/kg/h at temperatures of 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively. In fish from freshwater transferred to brackish water, grey mullets consumed 80.5, 114.4, and 161.5 mg O₂/kg/h at 15, 20, and 25°C, respectively (P<0.05). The results showed that the highest oxygen consumption was found at 25°C compared to those at 15 and 20°C. However, the OC from both groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). It can be concluded, that the OC rate of grey mullets on brackish water has the tendency to increase by temperature rise.

Coastal degradation can be observed as destruction of mangrove area. The impact of mangrove destruction is evidenced by a significantly eroded area. Further impacts included lessened biodiversity, especially in the mangrove ecosystem. This study aimed to determine the impact of coastal damage to the mangrove ecosystem in Karawang coastal areas. The mangrove degradation was identified from changes in mangrove covered area by utilizing data from several Landsat TM satellite imagery and ground check equipped with GPS and Google Earth applications. Data from the inventory of mangrove area issued by the Perhutani of KPH Purwakarta 2017 were also used as supplement in determining the extent of destruction. From satellite imagery, the mangrove area in 2017 was 258 hectares. This area was only approximately 3% of the total area of mangrove protected areas assigned by the Regency Spatial Plan. Compared to the condition in 2009, the coastal destruction was significant. The worst mangrove degradation occurred in the sub-districts of Cibuaya, Tempuran, and Cilamaya Wetan. The coastal communities were aware of the problem. They understood that this problem was caused by coastal abrasion and land use change, wild catch, milkfish and shrimp aquaculture, salt ponds, rice farms, and tourism.

The objective of this research was to obtain the best formulation E. cottonii and K. galanga for the production of sunscreen cream. The ratio of E. cottonii and K. galanga was 1:1, mixed in three versions of a cream with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. The sunscreen cream were evaluated based on the antioxidant activity, The sun Protection Factor (SPF) activity of the cream quality (viscosity, pH, homogeneity), and the microbial test. The IC50 values of the sunscreen cream were 44.59 μg/mL (for cream with 10% concentration), 31.47 μg/mL (for cream with 20% concentration), and 20.32 μg/mL (for cream with 30%). The SPF values were 8.8 (for cream with 10% concentration), 13.3 (for cream with 20% concentration), and 16.7 (for cream with 30% concentration). The viscosity values were 19,400 cps (for cream with 10% concentration), 18,000 cps (for cream with 20% concentration), and 15,600 cps (for cream with 10% concentration). The pH values of sunscreen cream were 6.52 (for cream with 10% concentration), 6.61 (for cream with 20% concentration), and 6.75 (for cream with 30% concentration). All of the sunscreen cream treatments were of a good homogeneity and absent at microbial test. The best formulation was Cream D, so that the E. cottonii and K. galanga have synergistic effects to be used as sunscreen.

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) hormone has roles in inducing maturation, ovulation and fish spawning. Ovaprim is a reproductive hormone product that can stimulate the ovulation process and fish spawning. HCG hormone in marineculture is widely used for spawning fish with doses at around 1000 IU and 2 times of injections. This research was aimed to determine the effect of the combination of hCG and ovaprim hormone on spawning and figure the best treatment in inducing the spawning process of silver pompano. The method used four treatments: hCG x hCG, hCG x ovaprim, ovaprim x hCG, and ovaprim x ovaprim with three replicates of fish spawning (1 pair of parent fish). The best result in accelerating spawning latency time is ovaprim x ovaprim treatment and best performance is hCG x ovaprim treatment.

The main branch of Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) from Makassar Strait passes through Flores Sea. The variance of ITF transport volume was influenced by climate phenomenon such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This research was conducted to describe the relationship between the ENSO and the ITF transport variability. This relationship was explored using data from INDESO model 2008-2015. The variability of transport volume was analyzied using continous wavelet transform and band-pass analysis. Water circulation was analyzed by summing up the average of water current and sea temperatures. The Flores ITF was a portion of Makassar ITF and Eastern ITF that enter via Lifamatola Passage. The flow in the upper layer was intensified during the west monsoon while in the thermocline layer was intensified during the east monsoon. Flores ITF moved along the northern part of Flores Island and was dominated by zonal velocity component.

The utilization of mangrove plants as traditional medicinal ingredients has long been utilized by the community for treatment of various diseases in favour of bioactive components from its secondary metabolites. Secondary metabolites from mangroves could act as an antioxidant to prevent oxidative stress. Mangrove may contain endophytic microbes in its tissues that are capable of producing secondary metabolites. In theory, endophytic microbes isolated from a plant can produce secondary metabolites similar to those of the original plants or even in relatively high numbers. In this research, two mangrove species Avicennia marina and Xylocarpus granatum from Serang, Banten province, samples have been taken to investigate the antioxidant activities of its extracts. Furthermore, isolation of endophytic microbes from both mangroves had been done. This research succeeded to isolate six fungi and three bacteria as endophytic microbes. Meanwhile, the highest extraction yield was obtained by the leaves of A. marina that is approximately 3% (w/w), whereas mangroves' endophytic microbe highest extract yield was obtained by bacteria from fruits of A. marina 18 mg/100 mL media. For antioxidant activities, the highest activities were obtained by fungi within the stems and the roots of A. marina, also additionally fungi in the leaves of X. granatum.

The effectiveness of green light emitting diodes (LED) in influencing the behaviour of fish has not been investigated. This study aimed to determine the optimum color and light intensity for catching yellowstripe scads (Selaroides leptolepis) based on their behavioral response and light adaptation. An experiment used two types of LED, blue and green, operated at three levels of light intensity, low (20 lx), medium (35 lx) and high (50 lx). The experiment was conducted in a tank to determine the fish preference zone and pattern of behavioral response to different colors and light intensities. Their retinal adaptations were investigated histologically. For all colours and light intensities, the schooling fish was located mainly in the bright zone (67%). The cone index and swimming speed of fish were slightly increased by intensity. The highest light adaptation was found on blue LED exposure at a light intensity of 88.70%. When being exposed to the green LED, the fish gradually swam closely to each other and formed a stable schooling formation. However, when being exposed to the blue LED, the fish keep swimming widely and randomly. The green LED was an excellent fishing lamp for controlling behavior and harvesting yellowstripe scad in liftnet fishing.

Fishery in Jakarta bay has been the backbone of coastal livelihood for many years. The purpose of this research was to analyze the sustainability of capture fishery system in Jakarta bay based on embodied energy (emergy) approach. An emergy evaluation method or so-called emergy synthesis, the whole system is considered through a diagram in which the resource emerge flow and information are encouraged for system analysis, or in this study using the Ulgiati and Brown (1998); Odum (1996) approach. The results of this study showed that the emergy sustainability index (ESI) = 0.001159 sej/yr which explains that the system is not sustainable while the contribution of the catching fishery sector to the economy can be seen on the value of emergy yield ratio (EYR) = 1.00 which indicates the still low contribution of capture fishery sector to the economy of DKI Jakarta. From this research, it can be concluded that intrinsically capture fishery at the bay of Jakarta not sustainable and not give a maximal contribution to the economy of DKI Jakarta.

Coastal zones play an important role in providing various valuable ecosystem services. However, it is also sensitive and vulnerable to environmental changes due to human overpopulation and interactions between the land and ocean. Pramuka Island, located in the Kepulauan Seribu National Park, can potentially be developed as a marine ecotourism area. Some coastal ecosystems on the island can be promoted as tourist attractions. The existing coral reefs, sea turtles, and mangrove forests are potential resources that can be used as tourism objects. However, the different objectives of marine ecotourism and ecosystem conservation might raise management conflicts in relation to land use on the island. This research aims to propose a strategy for the management of Pramuka Island by synergizing the conservation interest with the development of marine ecotourism area. It employs the ecology based Management-Driver Pressure State Ecosystem Service and Response (EBM-DPSER). The results showed that government policy is in need to reduce conflicts between conservation and economic interests.

Seaweeds have bioactive compounds with enormous health prospective which interests the pharmaceutical industries. The isolated bioactive compounds of seaweeds have been utilized as drug and food in the world. Phytochemical constituents of seaweeds have an assortment of prospective biological activity, such as antidiabetes. In worldwide the appearance of type two diabetes mellitus (T2DM) as the greatest non-transmittable disease has motivated search for new antidiabetic approaches. The purpose of the research was to determine the phytochemical properties and antidiabetic effect using α-glukosidase on methanol extract, n-hexane, chloroform, and water fraction of marine red algae Halymenia durvilae. The result of this study showed the phyto-constituent of H.durvilae includes steroids, flavonoids and triterpenoids are present in all extracts. Saponins and hyquinones showed their presence only in methanol extract. Alkaloid and tannin were not present in methanol extract and its fractions. H.durvilae on the extract and its fractions had antidiabetic activity. Water fraction had the highest activity to inhibit α-glukosidase (IC₅₀ 4.34±0.32 mg mL) followed by chloroform, hexane and methanol extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that H.durvilae could be used as a dietary food source of bioactive compound especially natural antidiabetic compounds.

This study aimed to fill the gap of knowledge on this group of fishes by estimating the natural stock, species composition and biodiversity of target reef fishes from three regencies; Alor, East Flores (Flores Timur) and Southwest Maluku (Maluku Barat Daya/MBD) using underwater visual census method. A total of 176 species belong to 19 families of economically important target fish were recorded from 62 survey sites. The highest estimated stock is located in Southwest Maluku Regency – based on both abundance and biomass values, followed by Alor Regency and the lowest in East Flores Regency. Target fish species from the family of Caesionidae has the highest composition both based on abundance (74%) and biomass (40%). The highest species composition of target fish is from Pterocaesio tile (57.65%) which is more than 50% of the overall target fish. Community structure of target fish in the three regencies is still in a relatively good condition based on diversity index (H'), evenness (E) and no domination (C) of a single species occurs inside the target fish community, with exception in Alor Regency where the community of target fish is indicated to be under pressure. Biodiversity index by Bray-Curtis analysis in each location shows that most of the sites have the similarity of 67.51%, suggesting that there is not much difference in terms of target fish community structure between the three regencies.

The elevated extinction risk of elasmobranchs is proportional with the increase of fishing mortality due to overfishing. Indonesia is the biggest shark fishing country in the world, with Tanjung Luar as a fishing village specifically targeting sharks. More than 30 species of sharks and rays that have been landed in Tanjung Luar recently received increased conservation status under the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This research aimed to analyze the catch abundance of vulnerable or endangered elasmobranchs in Tanjung Luar and identify the fishing seasons. Four years of landing monitoring data from 2014-2017 were analyzed the fishing seasons and fisheries pattern of vulnerable or endangered elasmobranchs species in Tanjung Luar, calculated Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) based on fishing power index and also fishing season index. The CPUE of sharks and rays from 2014 to 2017 fluctuated but was not significantly different. We found that shark fishing season occurred in six months and ray fishing season occurred only in four months. The results suggested that management measures should focus on gear control and spatio-temporal closures which could have significant benefits for the conservation of elasmobranch species, and may help to improve the overall sustainability of the fishery.

The use of sunscreen is highly recommended to protect the health of the skin from ultraviolet radiation. Most commercial sunscreens contain artificial preservatives such as methylparaben, which can be detrimental to health. Preservatives in sunscreen can be substituted with natural ingredients, in which Sargassum polycystum ethanol extract is offered as an alternative in this research. The preservative is made from S. polycystum extract with addition of seaweed porridge of 1:1 S. polycystum and Eecheuma cottoni mixture. The quality of cream is tested using total microbial test, durable power prediction, antioxidant and SPF value. Its physical stability is tested through sensory testing, pH measurement, cyling test and centrifugal test. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used as control and is then treated with methylparaben and the extract for comparison, the extract was found to have comparable microbial results with 8 weeks of preservation compared to methylparaben (9 weeks). In addition, the cream shows stability up to one year, a balanced pH according to SNI, shows no foul odor, antioxidant activity (IC50 ) of 105.42, SPF value of 2.00, and moderate to favorable consumer acceptance.

Pongok Island has the potential of coastal ecosystems, namely mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef. Recently, increasing use of bombs and potassium in fishing can be destructive hence the ecosystems need to be conserved in order to be utilized sustainably. The management in question is the establishment of a conservation area that involves fishing communities so that an assessment of the community's perception of the determination of conservation areas is needed. This study aims to determine the perception of fishing communities towards the establishment of conservation areas in Pongok Island, South Bangka Regency, Bangka Belitung Province, Republic of Indonesia. The selection of respondents was done by using purposive sampling. Data analysis used is descriptive analysis to explain the perception of the fishing community towards the determination of conservation areas. The results of the study show that public perception is quite good because the highest percentage of assessment level is found in the assessment criteria of agree and strongly agree. The community perception on establisment of concervation areas is a high with the level of strongly agree criteria of 34.418% and 55.105% agree criteria and low rating on appraisal criteria are sufficient to agree at 8.827% and disagree at 1.650%.

Indonesia has a very high diversity of Cetacean, observation with good accuracy and precision must be a priority in every observation. Several methods have been developed to help calculate the marine mammal population, one of them by using Vertical Take-off and Landing (VTOL) Unmanned Aerial System (UAS). VTOL UAS is flown at a certain height to capture photos that contain the number of individuals in a pod, while also mapping the movements and recording their behaviors. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal angle to capture the photos. Several observation angles, 30°, 60°, and 90° were tested Observations were conducted in three sites in Indonesia (Sepa Island, Thousand Islands, Kepulauan Seribu National Park (TNKS); Liang Beach, Maluku Island; and Nai Island Kei Achipelago). The results showed that the angles greatly affected the number of objects in the photograph. For example, on the Island of Sepa, at the angle 30°, 60°, and 90°, the number of dolphins obtained were 3, 9 and 14, respectively. This study did not find any object rejection during observation with VTOL UAS. This study suggests that higher angle of photograph from VTOL UAS increases the accuracy of the observation of marine mammals.

The use of symbionts is the most efficient way to obtain antibacterial bioactive compounds without the extraction of the host plant. Caulerpa racemosa or sea grapes are known to have symbiotic bacteria. This study was aimed to examine the antibacterial activity of symbiotic bacteria of C. racemosa. The research obtained two isolates from the inside of algae that formed an obstruent zone and of antagonist activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi bacteria. Further analysis of the isolate coded CaD51 by paper disc diffusion showed that the bacteria produced an obstruent zone by 5.08 mm against S. aureus and had 50% Minimum Inhibitory Concertration (MIC) on both pathogenic bacteria. The bacteria reached their optimal growth rate at the 16th to 20th hour. The CaD51 were identified as gram negative bacteria, coccus, acid intolerant, not producing spores, not motile, and anaerobic facultative. Based on these key identification properties, the isolate CaD51 belongs to the genus Neisseria.

The efforts to utilize fishery resources by processing fish is needed to fulfill food nutrition, such as "otak-otak" made from mackerel (Scromberomorus commersonii). However, "otak-otak" has a relatively short shelf-life, thus preservatives are needed. Liquid smoke of coconut shell is used because it contains phenols which has antibacterial activities. This study aimed to determine the effect of liquid smoke addition to sensory and chemical characteristics on the "otak-otak" and to determine antibacterial activities of liquid smoke using Total Plate Count (TPC). Treatments used were adding 3% liquid smoke (control, mixing, boiling, soaking) and two factors addition of liquid smoke and duration of storage time at ±4°C for 0, 8 and 12 days. The results showed that the variation had a significant effect on hedonic testing. The chemical characteristics of the phenol, moisture, and fat levels had a significant effect on the control method with all treatments, but not in the mixing treatment. Treatment without liquid smoke on the 12^th day were unacceptable with a TPC value of 4.97±0.02 log CFU/g, while in mixing, boiling, soaking liquid smoke 3% for 12 days were still acceptable with a value of 4.29±0.1 log CFU/g, 4.55±0.04 log CFU/g, 4.39±0.07 log CFU/g.

Semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) is one of the products from Kappaphycus alvarezii, which has the potential to be developed in Indonesia. However, unbleached seaweed will produce SRC with light brown colour due to natural seaweed pigments. Peracetic acid (PAA) is a strong oxidizing agent that has the potential to be used as a bleaching agent in the SRC production. This research aimed to study the effects of the PAA as a bleaching agent on the characteristics of SRC from K. alvarezii. Chopped seaweed was heated in 10% KOH at 80°C for 30 minutes. Bleaching was carried out at room temperature for 90 minutes using PAA at a concentration of 0.5%, 1.5%, and 2.5% (w/w) or using 1.5% (w/w) of sodium hypochlorite. Bleaching using PAA produced SRC whiter than without bleaching and bleaching using sodium hypochlorite. SRC brightness increased with increasing concentrations of PAA and while the yield reduced, as well as the viscosity, gel strength, sulfate content and ash content. The best concentration of PAA was 0.5%. At best, PAA concentration bleaching produced white SRC flour with a lightness value of 80.46±0.01; yield of 23.50%; viscosity 99.33 cP, gel strength 307.63 g/cm², sulfate 13.29% (w/w), ash 8.33% (w/w) and acid-insoluble ash 1.33% (w/w).

Gonggong snail is one of the famous and highly-priced local seafood in Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province. It is an icon of Tanjung Pinang city. Until now, general research on Bintan gonggong snail is scarce, even if it has the potential to be used for aquaculture, functional food ingredient, and medicine. Research of bioactive peptides are mostly performed using the group of molluscs (gastropods). The research on protein profiles and DNA isolation has never been studied in hemolymph Bintan gonggong snail. This research was aimed to identify protein profiles and DNA isolation in hemolymph Bintan gonggong snail (Strombus sp). Protein profiling used SDS-PAGE. DNA isolation used Qiagen DNeasy methods, while PCR used primer histon H2A. Identification on protein profiles displayed that thin-shelled and thick-shelled gonggong snails had a similiarity value of 37 kDa, whereas the other protein profiles were different. The types of protein of Bintan gonggong snails were predicted to be histone proteins. The DNA of hemolymph Bintan gonggong snails had a similiarity value of 75 bp fragment histon. It is predicted as protein histon H2A and will be developed potentially as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs).

The intensive culture system of white shrimp with high stocking density leads to slow shrimp growth performance. An alternative way to increase the growth performance of white shrimp is using a prebiotic. This study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of honey as a prebiotic through commercial feed to improve the growth performance of white shrimp. The white shrimp were reared with comercial feed that have been enriched with honey. This study consisted of four treatments, which were: control (without prebiotic), and the giving of honey at dosages of (A) 0.2%; (B) 0.4%; (C) 0.6%, each treatment with three replications. The average weight of vaname shrimp used was 0.44±0.11 g, maintained with a density of 270 shrimp/m^-3 with an aquarium size of (60×30×30 cm³). The results of this study indicate that honey with a dosage of 0.6% results in the best growth performance with a growth rate of 0.14±0.002 g/day, specific growth rate of 4.70±0.02%/day, and feed conversion ratio of 1.53±0.02.

The surrounding waters and the physical mechanisms within the ocean are playing a major role to bring nutrients to Bone Bay, field observation in October 2014 and analysis of numerical modeling were conducted in order to understand the pattern of water circulation, as well as the variability of seawater transport and its impacts to the biogeochemical distribution. The results of the observation show that the distribution of salinity is lower in locations closest to the gulf (Transect A) and higher towards the furthest locations from the gulf (Transect D), followed by the pattern of other parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a). This happened due to the low current speed in the Flores Sea during the time of observation hence no water flowed into the gulf which was dominated by freshwater from rivers. It is confirmed by the transport model that shows that seawater is transported strongly to the north from January to March and due to the topography at the mouth of the gulf, the water accumulates and forms an eddy which transports water to the south in April until the next few months. This explains the distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton inside the gulf from January to March.

The coast of Southeast Indian and the tropical part of the Western Pacific is a habitat for the tropical sea grass Enhalus acoroides. In Ekas Bay, East Lombok, E. acoroides grows well in seashores, which is important to tropical marine ecosystem. Previous research reported the pharmacological activity of E. acoroides such as antioxidant and antibacterial. E. acoroides was tested to identify their secondary metabolites using phytochemical screening. The secondary metabolites were further characterized using thin layer chromatography with specific spray reagent. The phytochemical screening identified primary metabolites such as carbohydrates and proteins. On the other hand, the phytochemical screening also detected secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, phenolic, tannin, saponins, flavonoid, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes. The TLC profile with specific spray reagent confirmed the bioactive components such as phenolic, flavonoid, and terpenes in methanol extract of E. acoroides. These results had a significant impact on profiling the marine plant as a new drug candidate. The information of secondary metabolites from E. acoroides will contribute to further research in determination of antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of E. acoroides, as a promising marine drug candidate from Indonesia.

There are 11 processing factories producing pangasius frozen fillets in Java and Sumatra, Indonesia. PT. X is a fisheries processing company engaged in catfish fillet freezing in Indonesia, identified problems with the effectiveness of the individual quick freezing due to machinery that suddenly stopped, decreased the speed of production, length of preparation time and arrangement. The problems cause loss, reduce the efficiency and effectiveness of the operation. This study aimed to investigate three steps needed to prevent and overcome the problem: availability, performance and quality. The data obtained from the observations determined an availability of 82.34%, performance of 75.21% and quality of 99.94%, with an overall equipment effectiveness (OEE) value of 60.43%. This study show that if availability values can be increased to 100%, it can save the company electricity costs by 329,611.37 IDR per day. The data show that the value of the OEE engine can still be increased to 85% or more. The results suggest that the matters should be addressed are increasing the coordination of the employees and creating a standard operating procedure (SOP) in the freezing stage 1 and 2 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the machine.

Ujung Kulon National Park (TNUK) employs a management with the zonation system established to maintain the sustainability of resources, one of them are coral reef fish. This study aimed to identify the influence of management status on coral reef fish. Field observations were conducted on 14-22 October 2017 in Ujung Kulon using underwater visual census method, by recording the fish found in observation transects. The coral reef fish most frequently found in Core Zone was Caesionidae, while in The Marine Protection Zone is Acanthuridae. The Core Zone has higher species richness, and more abundance of coral reef fish than the Marine Protection Zone, although only species richness parameter shows a significant difference based on statistical tests. The management status that regulates the activities in each zoning has an impact on the coral reef ecosystem, including coral reef fish communities in it. Coral reef fish in the Core Zone have more diverse species than the Marine Protection Zone, because the coral reefs in the Core Zone are more preserved than the Marine Protection Zone.

Portable FADs is a transformation of the conventional FADs which uses the concept of fish responses related to the use of sound frequencies. Portable FADs is a new innovation auxiliary gear in pelagic fishing. The aims of this study are to know the prototype of portable FAD, to know dominant fish compositions of the catches around portable FADs and to analyze total buoyant and sinking force of portable FADs. The study was conducted in laboratory and field experiment in Sunda strait waters. Data analysis were performed by using buoyancy force and sinking force analysis of portable FADs and the composition of the catch. The prototype of portable FADs was made from fiber with dimensions L x W x H = 63 x 43 x 25 cm. The composition of the dominant fish around portable FADs are 83 tails of Rastrelliger sp., 57 tails of Istiophorus platypterus and 51 tails of Euthynnus affinis. Portable FAD has total buoyancy and sinking force of portable FADs are 192.888,2 GS and GS 179.538,19.