Table of contents

Preface

Integrated coastal management (ICM) has been acknowledged as the most effective approach in managing coastal and marine areas in integrative and holistic ways in the last two decades. Implementation of ICM practices in many areas in the region has given lessons learned either in success or fail stories. The success or fail of implementation of an ICM practice in an area will depend on a specific situation and condition of the area. Both ecological and social characters of an area are site specifics which are cannot be generalized and requires a "tailored-made design" in a specific area. In this conference, lesson learned on the implementation of various steps of ICM in many areas will be shared. Special approach/methodology/tools which has been applied to address specific problems will be discussed. The potential applicability and replication of specific approach/methodology/tools towards specific problems will be also discussed as well as enhance the scale of the application. ICM scopes are covering themes of: marine protected areas, coastal resources and ecosystem rehabilitation, sustainable fisheries management and ecosystem approach to fisheries management, coastal disaster risk reduction and climate change impact and adaptation management, community livelihood enhancement, ecosystem services and valuation, and marine spatial planning.

Besides ICM-related themes, this conference will also discuss the latest development of marine biotechnology covering bioprospecting, marine natural products, and marine environmental biotechnology.

List of Speakers and Conference Photographs are available in this Pdf.

List of Committee are available in this Pdf.

All papers published in this volume of IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science have been peer reviewed through processes administered by the proceedings Editors. Reviews were conducted by expert referees to the professional and scientific standards expected of a proceedings journal published by IOP Publishing.

The mangrove ecosystem in Jor Bay described as a social-ecological system (SES) that has a multi-purpose function and related to ecosystem services. The mangrove ecosystems have social and ecological dimensions that couldn't be separated. Management based on this approach is social ecology-based management, which is basically the integration between understanding ecology and social values. Therefore, the investigation of the linkage of the mangrove social-ecological system needs to be done in an effort to map the balance of mangrove ecosystem services in Jor Bay. The study was conducted in April-May 2018 in Jor Bay, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara. The approaches that used in this research are Burkhard Model. The results obtained are ecosystem services that are most widely used in Jor Bay is provisioning services, especially in non direct extraction use. For example taking some biota that live in mangrove ecosystem. The general condition of ecosystem services in Jor Bay is still in a surplus condition (using a capacity matrix, demand matric and supply matrix).

Sea turtles are endangered creatures. Organization around the world are trying to have conservation activities for these creatures. The success of these activities need public knowledge about sea turtle conservation. Students as the element of society can get this knowledge through Sea Turtle Watch Program. This program implemented on September 2018 with 34 students from SMA Negeri 69 Jakarta. Students attended classroom activity, discussion, and turtle observation practice. Program evaluation data collected by pre-post test about students' sea turtle conservation knowledge and perception of the program. Data were analyzed with t-test. The results showed that the data of students' pre-test and post-test value have significant difference. This study concluded that Sea Turtle Watch Program increase students' knowledge about sea turtle conservation and they have good perceptions about this program.

Understanding the spatial distribution of potential fish resources can optimize the management of capture fisheries, especially in coastal areas on small islands with limited supporting activities factors. Swept analysis is applied to the study of distribution of fish resources in waters around Bunyu Island in order to estimate spatial distribution of fish populations in Bunyu Island waters of North Kalimantan based on biomass, weight and number of fish abundance and to examine the effect of different sampling location and time difference of observation. Observations were made in 8 sampling areas around Bunyu Island waters in 3 periods, namely the southern season, the peak of southern seasons and the transition of the southern seasons to the northern seasons. Fish resources found in Bunyu Island waters are 59 species and non fish are 18 species, consist of 61 species of demersal fish and 16 pelagic species. Types of dominant demersal fish caught are 6 species and always found in 3 sampling periods namely Gulamah (Belanger's croaker, Johnius belangerii), Kuniran (Goat fishes, Upeneus sulphureus), Kurisi (Threadfin bream, Nemipterus sp.), Ote-Ote/Manyung (catfishes/Arius caelatus), Pepetek (ponyfish, Leiognathus sp.), and Puput (ray-finned fishes, Ilisha elongata). By area, the total biomass of fish resources from the three surveys showed variation. The lowest biomass of fish resources was found in the southeast of Bunyu Island (area H) of 890.92 kg / km2 and the highest was found in the southern area of Bunyu Island (area G) of 3804.11 kg / km2. Area H shows consistency in the least amount of biomass in each survey. Differences in biomass of fish resources are affected by the migration of fish determined by changes in sea current patterns, food availability, and predation.

The objective goal of this survey is to determine the socioeconomic conditions of the current Liquica and Atauro communities to be considered in preparation and implementation of marine protected area. Surveys were conducted in Liquica and Atauro using a questionnaire and combined with focus group discussions. The survey was conducted on fishermen, community leaders, travel service providers and local government. Survey results show that the socioeconomic conditions of the Liquica and Atauro communities still need to be improved, as the income level of the community is almost equal to the level of its family's expenditure. In addition, the people of Liquica and Atauro are still very dependent on the condition of the coastal and marine areas, so it needs to be strengthened with the development of alternative livelihoods that can supplement family income. Ocean economic activities would be feasible to be implemented in Liquica and Ataruro, especially fisheries, marine tourism and sea transportation. Tara Bandu's local institutions and regulations will very effectively serve as a bridge for institutional planning and implementation of management in Liquica and Atauro.

Small island in North Sulawesi facing a lot of influences from outside developed island, including from Philippines. This situation gives regional leakages for these islands and need to be mitigated in order to do not getting more loss and leakages. This study is trying a better solution to face this kind of problems. The study using an approach of ecosystem based business development. With this approach, we found that local ocean economics would be an answer toward small island development in North Sulawesi. By strengthen and developed local ocean economics, these small island could more better standing position to overcome the regional leakages. Their local ocean economics, such as fisheries, tourism based coastal and marine ecosystem, sea transportation, ocean based industry, ocean based infrastructure, and ocean based services, would be the best potential to improve their local economic development of the small islands in North Sulawesi. May, the result study by using this approach would be more benefit to be replicated in other small islands in Indonesia, especially which facing regional leakages from other countries.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the main effect of inland waterways, Cikarang Bekasi Laut (CBL) and Boro Boro project at Huripjaya estuaries, Bekasi. The purpose of this study, is to see the relationships between coastal fishermen and local investors and their workers as a migraine in managing marine resources, thus resulting in a decrease in fish catches by fishermen. This study uses a concurrent embedded model combination method (unbalanced mixture) where qualitative research methods as the primary method and quantitative methods as a secondary method. The purpose of using this combination method is that the data will be more complete, meaningful and accurate. The results of the study, based on the results of in-depth interviews and focused discussions, concluded that there was no agreement between the interests of traditional fishermen and project managers. It was shown that he did not pay attention to the fate of fishermen, but lately, information from the Head of the Kadus Dua had begun to record about 100 fishermen as prospective workers in one of the Cikarang Listriklindo projects. However, for other traditional fishermen do not know their fate, so the involvement of the local government.

During half of the century, the livelihood of the islanders of Pari, Seribu Island rapidly changing. The external factors which drive islander to only adjust and survive namely ecological change and tenurial insecurity. The degradation of water quality shifted islanders from sea to land, in land the islander face another challenge, the absence of tenurial insecurity led them to have protracted dispute against corporation whose land entitled and state that give legal justification over the corporation claim on their private land. This study case which using rational choice theory trying to describe the pattern of change on islanders's livelihood and analyse the factors that put the islanders in the state of anxiousness against future exclusion against them after long period of inhabiting the island. The study indicates that the absence of norms on the limited available resources and the absence of institutionalized collective actions put the islanders in jeopardy from exclusion and marginalization. To avoid further marginalization, it is urgent to formulate the contra-exclusion movement as a foundation for strong institutionalized collective action and specific affirmative policy on small island's limited available resources.

Mangrove ecosystem at Ujungpangkah is essential ecosystem and important areas for water bird habitat. Certain types of waterbirds are used by local community as protein substitude, but lately people also exploiting waterbirds for economic needs. As the consequences, populations and kind of species in the research area tend to decrease. This research aims to determine the diversity of water bird species that are utilized, to analyze water bird utilization rate, to analyze the water bird distribution and marketing network, and to create strategies for controlling water bird utilization. This research conducted in Pangkah Kulon village and Pangkah Wetan village, Ujungpangkah, East Java on February – March 2018 using interview to local people with purposive sampling and direct technique. The resuls showed, according to 95 respondents, 19 species waterbirds from 10 families are used. The form of utilization in order of the largest to smallest percentage are for consumption, for sale and as tourist attraction. Distribution and marketing water-birds meat are from hunter directly to the individual community and/or to the restaurant that provides birds menu.

Community attitude toward Marine Protected Area (MPA) management in Berau and Bontang, East Kalimantan is considered unsatisfactory due to interactions of several factors. The objectives of this research are as follows: (1) to analyze coastal community attitudes in managing MPA in Berau and Bontang, East Kalimantan and (2) to analyze the determinant factors influencing community attitudes in managing MPA. Primary survey for data collection was conducted from December 2017 to May 2018 using close-end questionnaire completed by 220 respondents that selected by non-proportionated random sampling from intersectoral fisher communities in Berau and Bontang, East Kalimantan. Inferences statistics based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was performed for analyzing the influence of different indicator groups. This study revealed that community attitudes in regional MPA management in Berau and Bontang, East Kalimantan was neutral to negative and influenced directly by socio economic characteristics, program implementation performance and community motivation. Community motivation were influenced by income generating and community existence acknowledgement, while program implementation performance were influenced by public communication approach and intensity of extension agent roles.

Seagrass beds are one of the coastal ecosystems with high productivity. Seagrass beds have also an ability to absorb carbon then store it as carbon stock. One of the potential seagrass beds located on the coast of Putri Menjangan, Regency of Buleleng, Province of Bali. This research aims to assess 1) the value of carbon sequestration, 2) the potential of carbon stock, and 3) carbon stocks value differences between below ground (Blg) and above ground (Abg). Collecting data includes measuring seagrass density, leaves productivity, dry biomass, and carbon content. There were 5 species of seagrasses, i.e., Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, Halodule pinifolia, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis, which exists in the area. Species of Cymodocea rotundata and Thalassia hemprichii dominate the seagrass beds on the field. Carbon sequestration by seagrass on the coast of Putri Menjangan was 1.45 gC/m2/day. Total carbon stocks (Abg + Blg) was 52.06 gC/m2 which the Blg carbon stocks was twice greater (67%) than the Abg carbon stocks (33%). These results suggested that the potential of seagrass beds in absorbing and storing carbon on the coast of Putri Menjangan was quite vast; therefore it is necessary to protect and preserve seagrass vegetation following the land use change and local development.

Makassar Strait is one of best fishing ground in Indonesia. The distribution of skipjack tuna can be detected with oceanography factor. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of eddies which has a relationship to chlorophyll-a in determining the skipjack tuna habitat. The study used geostrophic current data from AVISO which consisted of U (zonal component) and V (meridian component), chlorophyll-a data with spatial resolution of 4 km together with skipjack tuna catch. This research took place in May – July 2017. We used the satellite data of geostrophic current to identify the eddy fields. The results showed eddy intensity in Makassar Strait took place approximately 6-7 days until new eddy appeared. Two types of eddy (cyclonic and anti-cyclonic) were found in Makassar Strait waters. The cyclonic eddy location was appeared in Barru and Palu waters while the anti-cyclonic eddy was detected in the south of Makassar Strait. In addition, the distribution of chlorophyll-a in cyclonic eddy was higher than in anti-cyclonic eddy fields. We found that the occurrence of cyclonic and anti-cyclonic eddies are an important step toward defining skipjack tuna habitat which in turn, play an essential role for fishing operation and management.

Skipjack tuna is a typical tropical tuna species with very large potential, so that it becomes the main target among Bone Gulf fishermen. Oceanographic factor anomalies have an impact on the distribution and abundance of skipjack tuna. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between satellite data of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) anomalies and, skipjack tuna catch and distribution. Using the remote sensing data from May to August 2012-2018, we analyzed the SST and chl-a anomalies. The oceanographic and skipjack tuna Catch per Unit Effort (CPUE) data, we identified their relationship using the Generalized Additive Model (GAM). The results of this study indicated that positive and negative anomalies have occurred where SST ranging from -0.8 – 0.6 °C and, chl-a ranging from -0.06 – 0.08 mg m-3 during the study period. We found that the anomalies of both oceanographic factors influenced a shift in the distribution pattern of Skipjack tuna in the coastal waters of Bone Gulf. The SST and chl-a anomalies were statistically significant factors affecting skipjack tuna abundance. This study suggests that these variables play an important role in developing tuna fisheries management and conservation.

Open-access fisheries management is susceptible to overexploitation. Therefore, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been increasingly seen as one of the most important tools for sustainable fisheries management. However, MPA still has a possibility to be overfished as MPA may attract fishermen to utilize the area excessively. This study focus on nine MPAs in Indonesia using secondary data collected from Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries and Indonesia Statistic Center Agency from various years. This study used Schaefer and Fox model to measure the Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) as the basis to calculate overfishing index. Overfishing comparison analysis is done by mean difference t-test and panel data regression. The result revealed that MPA has lower fishing index compared to non-MPA. Also MPA establishment has negative and significant impact to overfishing index.

Indonesia has more than 600s offshore oil and gas platforms spread in its territorial waters and of that amount, about 50 % were built around 1980s. Since the first generation platform was built almost half a century ago, decommissioning the offshore structures is something that has never been done before in Indonesia. The assets are now approaching their end of production and touching a point of minimum economic viability. Therefore, the dismantling of those structures is unavoidable issues in the near future. However, this process is not easy and presents many challenges, eg. status of assets, costs, etc. The current regulations have not been able to get the operators to dismantle and write off their assets so that many of them are left abandoned and endanger for the sea traffic for instance. There is a trend that these abandoned and idle offshore structures have now become "a fashionable donation" project from oil companies to coastal state to be re-used as artificial reefs or also known as Rigs-to-Reef (R2R). This study is attempting to improve the visibility of R2R as a potential decommissioning solution in Indonesia that provide good benefits not only for the environment but also for the coastal community while at the same time offer effective and efficient way out for oil and gas companies. The feasibility study of platform placement was done in the provincial marine conservation areas (Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Daerah, KKPD) in Bontang, East Kalimantan.

High demand of tourism from those who look for new experiences has affected the development of new tourist destinations in various regions, including marine tourism and the small islands. Furthermore on the small islands, they offer high biodiversity, biophysical uniqueness, as well as the local wisdom and cultural distinctiveness of the community, which can be potential drivers of tourism development. In contrast, the potential of these small islands is still not optimally utilized to promote the welfare of the villagers and to attract the tourist to visit. This research was conducted by collecting primary data derived from observations, in-depth interviews with tourism stakeholders, as well as tourist perceptions in Pahawang Island Village, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The result showed that the high weight value of variable tourist attraction (3,795), low prices (3,733), and tourism Image (3,730) show no direct impact on improving community welfare in Pahawang Island Village. On the contrary, the benefits of Pahawang Island tourism significantly affect the residents of other village communities in Ketapang Port, Lampung. The low variable value of Pahawang Island tourism Amenities (2,904), such as the availability of telecommunications networks, banking services, health facilities and electricity networks. Therefore, it is concluded that the improvement of tourism amenities are suggested to enhance the benefits of tourism towards the Pahawang Island villagers.

This research aimed to analyze the sustainability of fisheries in the bay based on ecological footprint (EF) and bio-capacity (BC). The used methods were ecological footprint and biocapacity approaches based on primary production requirement (PPR). Data were derived by surveying main caught fish of small fishermen as a main basis of calculation and the trophic levels were determined by fish base data. The calculation of BC also followed the ecological footprint calculation pattern where its estimation was according to the water types. Results of this research exhibit that all water system types possess the value of EF is higher than the EC value. The average values of EF in tropical shelves (TS) and non-tropical shelves (non-TS), and C&C are 64708 km², 6474 km², and 8148 km², respectively. Whilst, the value of BC is around 2707 km² or only about 30% from all total waters of Jakarta Bay that is able to support fishing activities. Furthermore, the values of EF per-capita for TS and non-TS, C&CS, and BC, are 6.04 km²/fisherman, 0.71 km²/fisherman, 0.42 km²/fisherman, and 0,21 km²/fisherman, respectively. These counting results signify that the values of ecological footprint (EF) are higher than the values of bio-capacity (BC). This result infers that fishing sustainability in Jakarta Bay has delivered a heavy burden.

Wakatobi's natural landscape, well-known as "a real paradise under the sea", becomes one strategic area of the national tourism (KSPN). Wakatobi's ecotourism is based on the principle of sustainability. However, Wakatobi ecotourism does not meet ideal expectations. On the one hand, ecotourism is considered a way to avoid an environmental crises and to increase local economic growth. On the other hand, the development of Wakatobi ecotourism has resulted in marginalization and created a new social-ecological crisis. Access and opportunities of local peoples must be reviewed with the presence of the Tourism Authority Agency (BOP) as the protective body of the KSPN. BOP has become a new authority in the midst of overlapping authorities of Wakatobi National Park (TNW), Wakatobi District Government, and the customary authority. The customary authority as a public authority can at least be a "signpost" in the midst of state authorities (TNW, District Government & BOP), struggling to benefit from the nature of Wakatobi. Nevertheless, the paternalistic pattern of indigenous peoples also presents disputes in their institutions. Bajau ethnic, known as "orang laut", is always subordinated by "orang darat".

Muara Gembong used to a large area of mangroves at the northern tip of Bekasi Regency, West Java. Over the last 4 decades, this area has experienced significant changes in land use and loss of environmental and ecosystem services provided by mangroves. Past economic activities have resulted in the conversion of thousands of hectares of mangrove into pond areas in pursuit of fisheries production, which at the time became a national program. This change has resulted in ecological disasters and caused economic losses to coastal communities such as shoreline changes (causing the loss of several coastal villages) and sea water intrusion (damaging pond areas and resulting crop failure). This study assessed the impact of land used changes on mangrove dynamic and shoreline erosion rate along the 5 coastal villages of Muara Gembong over 42 years. Multi-temporal Landsat data set and ground truth survey were applied. The imageries have been classified digitally using Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithm and have been validated through the process of accuracy assessment. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) in ArcGIS environment was used to create transects and statistical analyses for the shoreline. The results show that since 1976 the area of mangrove forests has decreased by 55% and most of it has changed to become fishponds (increased to 35%). The land conversion has resulted in shoreline changes and the biggest erosion occurred in the Pantai Bahagia village with an erosion rate of 15.46 m/year and lost an area of 330,460 Ha.

The traditional fishermen who life in the eastern coast of Bintan Regency is highly dependent on the seagrass ecosystem. This situation will give pressure especially on the resources that used by fishermen. The aims of this study is to measure the sustainability of the relationship between traditional fishermen and the utilized resources. The source of data is derived from data which was taken in 2014-2015 in Pengudang, Berakit, Malang Rapat and Teluk Bakau villages. The parameters of the seagrass ecosystem include: seagrass, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, crab, squid, mollusc, nitrate, phosphate and silicate. Social parameters include: fishermen, fuel and fishing gear. Emergy analysis is used to measure the sustainability of the relationship. The results shows that the Emergy Yield Ratio (EYR) is 9.93E-06 seJ / east season and 6.52E-06 seJ / north season; Emergy Investment Ratio (EIR) of 8.98E-01 seJ / east season and 9.87E-01 SE / North season; Emergy Loading Ratio (ELR) is 2.56E + 00 seJ / east season and 2.42 + 00 seJ / north season; Emergy Sustainability Index (ESI) of 3.8806 seJ / east season and 2.70E-06 / north season. The seagrass traditional fisheries in the east coast of Bintan Regency is not sustainable.

This paper examines about seagrass ecosystems as a habitat function of variety type of association biota. There are a lot of research about seagrass ecosystem in study area, including the seagrass itself, associated organism and also seagrass transplantation activities that have been carried out. Moreover, there have been research on anthropogenic disturbances towards the presence of seagrass ecosystems in Teluk Bakau Area. This is occur because the seagrass ecosystem in Teluk Bakau has habitat availability in accordance with various associated biota. The association biotas which found in seagrass habitats are generally from Megabenthos type which is very closely related to the presence of seagrassesas the habitat. From the 3 stations which have been taken based on the substrate heterogeneity, there found 6 species of seagrass such as Enhalus acoroides (Ea), Thalassia hemprichii (Th), Cymodocea serrulata (Cs), Cymodocea rotundata (Cr), Syringodium isoetifolium (Si), and Halophila ovalis (So), where these five types of seagrass are favourite food of Dugong. Besides, there also found meghabenthos type as the association biota which consists of molluscs, echinoderms and crustaceans types. At station 1, there found 20 species, station 2 found 13 species and station 3 found 9 species. Nutrient degree in the substrate also determines the presence of various species associated of seagrass habitats in Teluk Bakau. The average of nitrate degree is 3.65 ppm where include in the medium category. Furthermore, the average of phosphate degree in the substrate of seagrass habitats is 2.06 ppm which include in the low category. Despite of it's important roles in shallow marine waters, not much credit was given to seagrass compared to coral reef and mangrove ecosystem. It was assessed indirectly in their role because of the existence of biota with economic values.

Birds are fauna that are widely spread from the coast and the sea to the tops of mountains. Spatial use of birds is related to habitat use in accordance with the preferences of each species. Ujung Pangkah is one of the coastal areas in Gresik Regency, East Java and is the estuary of the Bengawan Solo River. This region has extensive mangrove and mudflat habitats. In addition, this region also consists of islands which are formed from sediments of mud which become arising land. Space utilization of birds is closely related to the type of feed, the level of disturbance, and other activities. Ujung Pangkah also serves as a transit area for migratory birds, especially coastal and marine birds. In this study, spatial utilization patterns are needed to map the areas used by birds in their activities. The purpose of this study is to identify and calculate the value of bird diversity and mapping the pattern of spatial use along with the habitat types used. The study was conducted in October - November 2016 in three zones, namely the northern zone, eastern zone and western zone. The investigation was carried out with exploration methods at each observation point. The results showed the diversity of birds in the Ujung Pangkah area consisted of 59 species from 27 families. The species of Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) is a bird that uses the most extensive space and found in all study area. Habitat used is quite diverse that is mudflat, mangroves, ponds and residential areas.

The preliminary study showed that mangrove snails contain bioactive compounds and possess antioxidant activity, whereas these snails are only considered as pond pests. This study aimed to determine the activity of mangrove snails (Telescopium sp.) as hepatoprotective in Sprague Dawley rats induced by paracetamol. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with Duncan's follow-up test, where mice were divided into 6 treatment groups (with n = 3). The observations included the levels of enzyme serum Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and, malondialdehyde (MDA), and histopathological tissue. The results of histopathological analysis showed that dose of 75 mg/kg body weight were protective and repair on rat liver tissue.

Jakarta Bay is a coastal area that receives a lot of organic material input from rivers in Jakarta. The organic material is decomposed into nutrients and has implications for increasing the trophic state of Jakarta Bay. The aims of this study are to analyze the spatial distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and to estimate the trophic state of Jakarta Bay. The study was conducted from July to October 2017. Spasio-temporal distribution analysis of nitrogen was carried out with ArcGIS 10.4.2. Estimation of trophic state used TRIX Index. Ammonia and DIN distribution tends to be higher in the river mouth and in the middle of the bay, nitrite was higher in the eastern part of the bay and river mouth, while nitrates tend to be higher in the eastern part of the bay to the middle waters. Trophic state of Jakarta Bay can be divided into three trophic status, hypertrophic in coastal area, eutrophic in the middle of the bay, and mesotrophic in the high seas.

The condition of Jakarta Bay which receives a high load of nutrients causes the bay to experience phytoplankton blooms. One of the phytoplankton groups that often experience the blooms are diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) – in addition to its existence which are naturally abundant. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of diatom distributions in Jakarta Bay. Samples were taken in July to October 2017 at 15 sampling stations. The distribution of diatoms seem to be high in the central part of the bay (September and October) due to the higher Secchi depth than that in the river estuary; and higher nutrients level that that in the offshore area. Meanwhile, the distribution in the other months seem to be more influenced by nutrients (July) and seasonal variables such as water current, and wind (August).

Karimunjawa Islands has been designated as Marine National Park since the enactment of Kepdirjen PHKA No. SK. 28 / IV-SET / 2012. Marine tourism utilization zones have 2.45% of the total area in Karimunjawa National Park which has great potential to be developed. One of the resources used in tourism utilization zones is coral reefs. The value of economic valuation of coral reefs is considered necessary as an approach to demonstrate the benefits of managing coral reef ecosystems in policy making and providing useful information for the development of marine tourism. Marine tourism activities in Karimunjawa National Park are snorkelling and diving. The consumer surplus is predicted to be used as input for the management of coral reef resources for marine tourism activities in Karimunjawa National Park. The method used is the Travel Cost Method with structured interviews using questionnaires with 45 respondents. Correlation and regression analysis shows that the demand for marine tourism is influenced by travel costs, age, education, income, gender, travel length and distance. The economic value of snorkelling tours is 94 549 044 IDR / person / year and diving tourism is about 29 254 711 IDR / person / year. Total economic value of coral reefs amounting to 474 535 386 835 IDR / year. Based on this, the marine tourism of snorkelling and diving Karimunjawa National Park has potential to be developed economically through the determination of entrance costs or other management step such as a promotion.

Ecosystem services are very important for human life, but until now part of these ecosystems as a resource asset that contributes to the country's economy has not been evaluated further. Mangrove ecosystems are one of the ecosystems that grow in alluvial sludge in coastal areas and river estuaries. They have a very important role to support fishery productivity as habitat of nursery and spawning grounds for aquatic biota. Based on those conditions, this study is directed to explore ecosystem services of ecology economic value to enhance mangrove sustainability. The analysis from data of 2017 on mangrove ecosystem of Tangerang District, Banten showed that the total economic value of mangrove ecosystems per hectare is IDR. 49.260.590,16. The analysis of optimal resource allocation can be concluded that optimal of mangrove area is 415,89 Ha with total economic value IDR.20.486.986.843,00. Conversion of mangrove ecosystems into several land changes will have an impact on the habitat that lives in it also has a negative effect on the income of coastal communities who use it, that have to be managed carefully. Economic valuations based on ecosystem services can enhance sustainable management of mangrove ecosystems and provide welfare to coastal communities who use them.

Capture fisheries production has increased very rapidly, and its contributions to the economic growth of the region and the welfare of the people in Jayapura City have been quite significant. Up to now, the micro-analysis of capture fisheries, especially skipjack tuna, has often been carried out. Nevertheless, the competitiveness analysis of skipjack tuna is still limited, and capture fisheries development policies based on economic analysis are also lacking. Therefore, this analysis aimed to come up with economic policies in the development of capture fisheries in Jayapura City. The data collection was carried out in Jayapura City. The types of data used included fisheries production data, production costs and fishermen's income. Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) method was used to reach the objective of the study. The study findings showed that the Private Cost Ratio (PCR) was 0.395, the Domestic Resources Cost Ratio (DRC) was 0.387, the value of Private Profit (PP) was Rp.140.618.375, and the value of Social Profit (SP) was Rp.140.298.375. The research implication showed that the skipjack fisheries business generated economic and financial benefits for local fishermen, and it would be more competitive to be able to compete with skipjack tuna from other regions as well as other countries, particularly if supported by government policies on consistent and sustainable stabilization of input prices and production output of skipjack fisheries.

Lift net was a Makassar traditional fishing gear that attached into the seabed, used paraffin lamps as fishing devices and used net with mesh size 0.5 cm. Lift net had low selectivity whereas in order to obtain sustainable fisheries, the catches should be mature fish phase (gonad ripe). This study aimed to determine the value of opportunity loss due to the low selectivity in operation of lift net. This research was held in June - July 2018 in Makassar Waters. This study used secondary data of South Sulawesi Fisheries Statistics 2010 - 2016, primary data such length and weight of lift net catches and some literature studies. There were five species caught by lift net such as mullet (Valamugil seheli), shrimp (Penaeus merguiensis), peperek (Leiognathus equulus), sardine (Sardinella gibbosa), and anchovy (Stolephorus commersonii). Based on the results, the percentage of mature fish of lift net catches was 60% of mullet, 20% of shrimp, 39% of peperek, 5% of sardine and 5% of anchovy. The average value of the opportunity loss of lift net operation during 2010-2016 in Makassar waters was Rp. 437,090,000.

High fishing gear productivity can increase exploitation so that it can endanger the sustainability of resources. This study aimed to examine and find the best estimated model for the status of utilization. Next analysis are assess the level of degradation and depreciation of Skipjack tuna in the North Coast of Aceh (NCA). It conducted using vary methods on analyzing this problem. The methods are using both interview and bio economic Gordon Schaefer model. On bio economic analysis were using Fox Algorithm, Clark Yoshimoto Pooley, Walter Hilborn, and Schnute estimated model. Its result then compared to find best estimated model for the status of utilization Skipjack resources at NCA. The result shows Fox Algorithm has the best estimation model based on suitability on the field and statistical parameter. The highest production on MSY management regime is 3,348 tons per year and MEY management regimes shows maximum value at Rp.40.304 billion per year. Actual Effort are overfished both biologically and economically compared with optimal effort and sustainability effort. Actual Effort reach 8,618 trips per year while the optimal effort for sustainability is 8,039 trips per year and the economic optimum effort is 6.166 trips per year. The average magnitude of the rate coefficient values on degradation is 0.24 and depreciation Skipjack fish resources is 0.44. It means pelagic fish resources at NCA has not been at the level of degraded and depreciated.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth of fisheries sector in Indonesia is always above the National GDP growth, in Q3 2017, the fisheries sector grew to 6.79% with a GDP value of Rp. 169,513.10 billion while national GDP growth is only 5.03%, this is shows a very large fishery potential.. The government is increasingly focused on the fisheries sector because it is part of the national flagship sector in the Nawa Cita program, by issued many policies, one of them trawling bans in accordance with regulation 2 / PERMEN-KP / 2015. The aims of this study is to analysis the factors of fisherman production, the amount of financing/credit, trawling ban on fish production and Gemar Makan Ikan campaign against fish demand in the provinces of Java and Bali. This study used Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) method with panel data of provinces in Java and Bali islands from 2006-2017. In this approach, the assumption made is the amount of fish production is the same as the amount of fish demand on the island of Java and Bali. The result are number of fishermen and credits significantly positively to fish catching. Population is significantly positive for fish consumption. Ban trawl policy is still not felt by the impact. And Campaigns actually reduce fish consumption compared to without campaigns.

Gross Anguilla is one of economic commodity where have demand and price increase every year but not balance with stocking in the nature. Decreasing population was report in Japan, America, Europe including Indonesia which reported in the Central Sulawesi and Central Java water. One the effort to recover the population in the nature is by restocking. Anguilla restocking can be success if the fish used have high survival rate. Good performance of seed which can be obtained by stunting.

Gross Collagen is fibrous protein that becomes the main component of connective tissues. An alternative source of collagen derived from marine animals as a source of antioxidants is needed. Utilization waste from skin of parang-parang fish (Chirocentrus dorab) as a source of collagen can increase the sale value of waste. The purpose of this research were to extract the collagen from skin of parang-parang fish with acid soluble collagen method include salting out and dialysis, also to test the antioxidant activity of collagen with DPPH and CUPRAC method. Collagen extraction steps consisted of pretreatmented with 0.1 M NaOH for 12 hours, hydrolysed with CH3COOH 0.5 M for 48 hours, salting out with 1 M NaCl for 12 hours, and dialysed with distilled water for 12 hours. Concentration of dissolved protein for 12 hours pretreatment was 0.791 ppm. The yield of collagen was 0.9%. The characteristic of collagen analysed by FTIR spectra showed amide A (3425), B (2924.09), I (1647.21), II (1543.05), and III (1246.02) (cm-1). The yield amino acid of collagen was glycine (26.69%), proline (12.24%), glutamic acid (11.72%), arginine (9.81%), alanine (9.51%). IC50 from DPPH method was 926.25 ppm. The antioxidant capacity of 100 ppm collagen was 104.14 μmol trolox / g extract.

Collagen is an extracellular matrix connective tissue that account for about 30% of the total protein. Red snapper skin has the potential as an alternative source of collagen that can increase the added value of food and fishery industrial waste. This research aimed to isolate collagen by acid-soluble method and collagen characterization. Isolation of red snapper skin collagen consists of two stages, which are pretreatment with 0.1 M NaOH over 12 hours and hydrolysis with 0.5 M acetic acid over 48 hours. The pretreatment process resulted a non-collagen protein content at 0.2576% mg/mL. Hydrolisis with acetic acid yielded 9.71% (wet) and 41.19% (dry). Chemical analysis by amino acid analysis showed the dominant amino acid glycine, proline, arginine and alanine. Physical characterization of collagen was done by FTIR analysis and showed the presence of amide group A, B, I, II and III which belong to typical group of collagen.

The utilization of the resources of the coral reef ecosystem in Tanah Merah Bay area (Depapre) has been going on for a long time by the local communities around the area. Ironically, the dependents are still using destructive tools and methods, such as the use of blast fishing and tuba roots. On the one hand, local communities' expecially of the Tefraa / Tabla tribe have wisdom in coral reef resources that have been passed down through generations, namely the Tiaitiki system. This research will evaluate and assess the sustainability status of socio-economic and institutional aspects of coral reef management by local communities in three villages, namely Tablanusu, Tablasufa and Waiya villages using RAPSOCIO-ECOSYSTEM method modified from a Rapid Appraisal for Fisheries Approach (RAPFISH). Based on the findings of the study, showed that the socio-economic dimensions of the villages of Tablanusu and Tablasufa were in the "less sustainable", and the village of Waiya was "quite sustainable" with the leverage attributes, namely the level of existence of professional tourism guides, the existence of companion NGOs, dependence on fisheries as a livelihood, dependence on marine tourism as a livelihoods and Tiaitiki understanding (goals and benefits). The Institutional dimension shows that the three villages are in the category of "quite sustainable" with the leverage attributes, namely Tiaitiki area monitoring agency, NGO / stakeholders in the management especially the implementation of Tiaitiki, Tiaitiki management strategic document, availability of formal rules for managing Tiaitiki, and socialization (implementation, rules and sanctions) of Tiaitiki.

Coral reef ecosystems are one of the most productive natural resources of biodiversity in coastal areas. Estimates of the value of coral reef conservation can be used to select which areas are most suitable for protection within zones or zones of marine protection. This study aims to look at the protection status of coral reefs based on the coral morphology classification approach in Wakatobi National Park (WNP). Implementation of research in September 2016 to November 2017 in WNP, Southeast Sulawesi. This research method is built with a conservation classification based on three angles diagrams namely r (ruderals), K (Competitors), and S (Stress-Tolerators). The results of diagram analysis for 29 observation stations showed that the location was categorized into 11 locations for ruderal, 6 locations for competitors and 12 locations for mixed categories. The strategy for managing coral reefs in conservation areas can be done by looking at locations that are prioritized for protection, therefore morphology-based classification approaches can be applied in assessing the health conditions of coral reefs. For policy makers it is very helpful in determining the direction of area management, especially in the protection of coral reefs.

The existence of coral communities as a critical components have been highly threatened. Marine national park as a part of the marine protected areas (MPAs) has been established to protect the diversity of the coastal ecosystem. However, the hard coral communities within the national park are consistently degraded. It is important in assessing the coral cover at the national park to provide the natural pattern of coral community structures. The aims of this study were to compare the coverage of coral and dead coral with algae cover at two different reef depths (crest and slope) among two administrative villages (Panggang and Kelapa Island) within the Seribu Islands National Park, Indonesia. Overall, the hard coral cover percentage in Kelapa and Panggang Islands was higher in reef crest. The highest percent cover in the Kelapa (45.25 ± 2.61%) were higher than Panggang (26.86 ± 2.58%) Islands. In terms of dead coral with algae (DCA), percent cover at Kelapa (30.25 ± 2.66%) was higher than Panggang (24.16 ± 3.14%) Islands. The different of two depths have proved to be significant predictors of hard coral and dead coral with algae between Kelapa and Panggang. A total of 52 genera belonging to 13 families of hard coral were found during this study.

The success of the development of vaname shrimp mariculture technology has a positive impact on the community and the environment. The existence of sea shrimp farming involving the community can be the alternative livelihood for the local fishermen. These activities can be managed by several groups of fishermen in order to improve the joint economic welfare. Given the magnitude of the benefits received by the community, this program can be developed as a community-based business that is environmentally friendly. The business model can be a tool for making business guides that are easy to understand, designed and redesigned quickly. The business model approach that can be used to accommodate this is the Business Model Canvas (BMC), as a tool to identify the business components in detail with nine element attributes. The research on the development of the vaname sea shrimp cultivation business model (Litopenaeus vannamei) is intended to obtain a description of the vaname shrimp mariculture busines model that can be used to transfer ideas, knowledge and ideas from a research action (non-profit) to a business that can be managed independently by the community (profit oriented)

Marine scientists had applied many remote sensing methods to shallow-water marine habitat mapping. However, integrating traditional ecological knowledge and remote sensing application to produce marine habitat map was still very limited. The aims of this study are to try to implement the integration of traditional ecological knowledge and multispectral image classification for shallow-water marine habitat mapping in the marine protected area (MPA) of Kaledupa Island, Wakatobi National Park (WNP). Imagery data used was Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (2016). Fishers from Kaledupa Island visually interpreted Landsat 8 OLI multispectral image to identify sangnga (live coral), sangnga mate (dead coral), rondo (lamun), and one (sand). Their interpretations were used as input to image supervised classification with Mahalanobis and Maximum Likelihood. Then, habitat mapping with four classes could be produced. Results indicate that marine habitat mapping can be generated well by combining traditional ecological knowledge and multi-spectral image classification, Mahalanobis with the overall accuracy 71.67% and kappa statistic 0.62%; Maximum Likelihood Analysis with the overall accuracy 73.33% and kappa statistic 0.65%. This hybrid method is useful to marine scientists and coastal resource managers in producing swallow-water marine habitat map and management planning of MPA.

Acid sulphate soils containing very high iron is a barrier to agricultural development in coastal areas. Also known, Perumpung (Phragmites karka) grows in coastal marshes. This experiment was conducted to determine the adaptation of the Perumpung to iron ion stress, and also its accumulation rate in hydroponic media. Hydroponic nutrient solution (referring to Hoagland solution) is used to support the growth of the Perumpung seedlings, and adding iron solution as a contaminant at five different concentrations of 0 (without addition), 25 mgL^-1, 50 mgL^-1, 100 mgL^-1 and 150 mgL^-1. After 45 days of treatment, the results showed that Perumpung which was placed in a addition iron solution of 150 mg/L contaminant was dead, while the growth of Perumpung at 25 mgL^-1 iron addition concentration was not disturbed. The rate of iron absorption was 100 mgL-1 > 50 mgL^-1 > 0 mgL^-1 > 25 mgL^-1, respectively. Iron metal is stored in roots more than leaves/shoots.

Bubble-tip (Entacmaea quadricolor) is an anemone that can be associated with many species of clownfish. This facts makes E. quadricolor more interesting as a marine aquarium ornamental fish, however information about biological aspects of E. quadricolor is not widely available. The purpose of this study was to determine the feeding behaviour, digestion rate, and feeding absorption efficiency to support the maintenance of E. quadricolor. Anemones were divided into two groups, a groups fed with shrimp and a groups fed with grouper. The result shows feeding behaviour such as shortening of the tentacles and folding of the oral disc during the feeding response phase and the absence of pre-feeding response phase. Digestion rate obtained by E. quadricolor has produced egesta (indigestible residue) as early as 22--25 hours after feeding and ended in the course of 46--48 after feeding. Feeding absorption efficiency fed by shrimps and groupers of E. quadricolor was 40.60% and 39.87% respectively. Analysis with t-test showed no significant difference in feeding absorption efficiency between E. quadricolor fed with shrimps and fed with groupers.